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The Qur'ân IntraText CT - Index of footnotes |
1: See Qur'ân II, 129. 1: In Arabic iqra'; a great difference of opinion exists even among Mohammedans about the exact mean[...] 1: Sûrah LXXIV, 1-7. 1: See Part I, p. 74, note 2. 2: See Chapter XXXIII, ver. 36, note. 1: See Chapter III, vers. 115-168. 1: Chapter XXXIII. 1: See Chapter LXVI. 1: See note to vol. ii, p. 110, of Burton's 'Pilgrimage to El Medina and Mecca. 1: Geschichte des Qorâns, p. 43. 2: Mohammed may well have repudiated the charge of being a poet, for he is only credited with one ve[...] 1: See Part II, p. 13, note 1. 1: See my Arabic Grammar, p. 256. 1: See Chapter VII, ver. 179. 1: See Part I, p. 13, note 2. 2: Mâlik is evidently identical with Moloch, as Gehennum, hell, is the same as the Gehenna of the Bi[...] 3: See Part I, p. 138, note 1. 4: See Chapter II, ver. 32. 1: See above, p. xxx. 2: Cf. Chapter XV, ver. 44. 1: See Part II, p. 25. 1: 'The lowering of the head, by a person praying [or in prayer], after the act of standing, in whic[...] 1: Cf. Chapter XCVII, ver. 1. 2: The word originally meant 'purity.' 1: See p. xiii and Chapter II, ver. 153. 1: How natural this was to an Arab may be inferred from the anecdote related in Part I, note 2, p. 1[...] 1: See Chapter XLIII, ver. 12. 1: See Part II, p. 63, note.
2: As Allâh, not Allât, the name of a goddess. See p. 160, note 1. 1: See Introduction, p. xxxiv. 1: Here used for the Scriptures generally. 1: An allusion to the tradition of Mohammed's acknowledgment of the goddesses Allât, Al 'Huzzâ, and [...] 1: See Introduction, p. xxxiv. 1: See note to the passage in the translation. 2: See Introduction, p. xl. 1: See Introduction, pp. xxvi, xxvii. 1: This part of the sûrah is the second revelation after the appearance of the archangel Gabriel on [...]
2: Although the Arabic demonstrative pronoun means 'that,' the translators have hitherto always rend[...] 1: This change of number is of frequent occurrence in the Qur'ân, and is not incompatible with the g[...] 1: That is, the idols. 2: The vagueness is in the original; it is variously interpreted 'fruits like each other,' or 'like [...] 3: This is in answer to the objections that had been taken against the mention of such small things [...] 1: That is, truthful in their implied suggestion that man would be inferior to themselves in wisdom [...] 1: Cf. Exodus xxxii. 24, 26, 27. 2: According to some commentators, Jerusalem; and according to others, Jericho. 3: The word means Remission, or laying down the burden (of sins). 4: Some say the expression they used was habbah fi sha'hîrah, a grain in an ear of barley,' the idea[...] 1: The Mohammedan legend is that this was done by the angel Gabriel to terrify the people into obedi[...] 1: The tradition is that some inhabitants of Elath (Akabah) were transformed into apes for catching [...] 2: The legend embodied in this passage and what follows appears to be a distorted account of the hei[...] 1: A constant charge against the Jews is that of having corrupted the Scriptures. 2: A superstition of certain Jews. 1: Alluding to some quarrels among the Jewish Arabs. 1: The Qur'ân. 1: Exodus xxxii. 20. 2: The Jews objected to Mohammed's assertion that the arch-angel Gabriel revealed the Qur'ân to him,[...] 1: Solomon's acts of disobedience and idolatry are attributed by Muslim tradition to the tricks of d[...] 2: Two angels who having fallen in love with daughters of men (Gen. vi. 2) were condemned to hang in[...] 3: The Jewish Arabs used the first of these two words derisively. In Arabic it merely means 'observe[...] 1: The word resignation (Islâm) is that by which Mohammed's religion is known and by which it is spo[...] 1: Probably alluding to the occasion on which the Meccans prevented Mohammed from using the Kaabah, [...] 2: I.e. God forbid! 1: Imâm, the name given to the priest who leads the prayer, it is equivalent to Antistes. 2: The Kaabah or square temple at Mecca is spoken of as Bâit Allâh = Bethel, 'the house of God.' [...] 3: The Muqâm Ibrahîm, in the Kaabah enclosure, where a so-called footprint of the patriarch is shown[...] 1: See note, p. 15. The last sentence might be rendered 'until ye become Muslims.' 1: The word means in Arabic 'inclining to what is right;' it is often used technically for one who p[...] 2: The metaphor is derived from dyeing cloth, and must not be translated 'by the technical word bapt[...] 1: The point to which they turn in prayer, from qabala, 'to be before.' 2: At first Mohammed and his followers adopted no point of adoration. After the higrah, or flight fr[...] 3: I.e. at Mecca. 1: I.e. know Mohammed from the prophecies the Scriptures are alleged to contain about him. See Intro[...] 2: On the last day. 3: Or rather be not ungrateful, the word Kufr implying negation of benefits received as well as of f[...] 4: I.e. in the cause of religion. 1: This formula is always used by Mohammedans in any danger and sudden calamity, especially in the p[...] 2: Two mountains near Mecca, where two idols used to stand. 3: Or, 'respited,' as some interpret it. 1: Variously interpreted 'idols' and 'chiefs.' 2: Chiefs of sects and founders of false religions. 3: I.e. their mutual relations. 4: I.e. on earth. 1: I.e. as cattle hear the sound of the drover without understanding the meaning of his words, so th[...] 2: At the time of slaughtering an animal the Muslims always repeat the formula bismi'llâh, in the na[...] 3: I.e. the wayfarer. 1: The relations of a murdered man are always allowed to choose the fine instead of the blood reveng[...] 2: The legacy. 1: 'I.e. able to fast but do not. 2: I.e. who is at home during the month Rama.dhân and not on a journey, or in a place where it is im[...] 1: The Arabs before Mohammed's time had a superstition that it was unlucky to enter their houses by [...] 2: Or, 'cause,' see note 4, p. 21. 3: By beginning the fight yourselves. 4: The other Arabs had attacked them during the month p. 28 DHu'l Qa'hdah, which was one of their sa[...] 1: If a breach of their sanctity be committed. 2: I.e. going to the visitation at once without waiting for the month of the pilgrimage to come roun[...] 1: By trading during the 'Hagg. 2: On the rites and stations of the 'Hagg pilgrimage, see Introduction. 3: A'hnas ibn Surâiq eTH THaqafî, a fair spoken man of pleasant appearance, who pretended to believe[...] 1: Zuhâib ibn Sinân er Rûmî, who being threatened at Mecca with death unless he apostatized from Isl[...] 2: Here used as a synonym for resignation, i.e. Islâm. 1: In the Arabic hâgarû, i.e. who fled with Mohammed in his higrah or expatriation to Medina, from [...] 2: The gihâd, or general war of extermination against infidels, to threaten or preach which is a fav[...] 3: 'Hamr, which is rendered 'wine,' includes all alcoholic and intoxicating drinks. 4: El mâisar was a game of chance, played with arrows, the prize being a young camel, which was slau[...] 5: I.e. if ye wrong orphans. 1: Either wishing for a child, or saying, 'in the name of God,' Bâi.dhâvî. 2: See note 1, p. 1. 1: The confusion of numbers and persons is in the original. The meaning of the passage is that 'divo[...] 1: I.e. with honest intentions. 2: Until the time prescribed by the Qur'ân be fulfilled. 3: That is, unless the wife choose to give up a part of the half which she could claim, or the husba[...] 4: See excursus on the Rites and Ceremonies of Islâm. 5: Interpreted to mean either the middle or the odd one of the five. 1: That is, if ye are in danger, say your prayers, as best you can, on foot or horseback, not stayin[...] 2: The legend to which this alludes is variously told, but the most usually accepted version is that[...] 3: Samuel. 1: Saul. 2: The commentators do not understand that the word sakînah, which is in the original, is identical [...] 3: Samuel iv, v, vi. 4: Gideon and Saul are here confused; this portion of the story is taken from Judges vi. 1: Goliath. 2: Moses, called Kalîmu 'llâh, He with whom God spake.' 1: This is the famous âyatu 'l kursîy, or 'verse of the throne,' considered as one of the finest pas[...] 2: The idols and demons of the ancient Arabs are so called. 3: Nimrod, who persecuted Abraham, according to the eastern legend; see Chapter XXI, verses 52-69. [...] 1: According to the Arabic commentators, 'Huzair (Esdras) ibn Sara'hyâ or Al 'Hizr (Elias) is the per[...] 2: Cf. Genesis xv. 9. 1: I.e. by a mutual understanding between seller and buyer. 2: See note 2, p. 1. 3: I.e. Mohammed. 4: I must again remind the reader of the remarks made in the Introduction that the language of the Q[...] 1: I.e. his former conduct shall be pardoned.
2: On the occasion of the battle of Bedr. See Introduction. 1: The word also means 'illiterate,' and refers here to the Pagan Arabs in Mohammed's time. He seems[...] 2: See note, p. 15. 1: Amram; who, according to the Mohammedans, was the father of the Virgin Mary, (Miriam.) A confusio[...] 2: The Mohammedan superstition is that the devils listen at the p. 51 gate of heaven for scraps of th[...] 1: The legend is, that the priests threw lots by casting arrows into the river Jordan. The word used[...] 1: The Arabic expression is 'Havâriyûn, which means 'fullers,' and is explained by the commentators [...] 2: See note 1, page 15. 3: The Mohammedans believe that it was an eidolon and not Jesus himself who was crucified. 4: This word dhikr is used by Mohammedans for the recitation of the Qur'ân, and is also applied to t[...] 1: See note 1, p. 19. 1: This is said to allude to some Jews who professed Islâm in the morning and recanted at night, say[...] 2: A 'talent,' qintâr, is used for any very large sum, a dînâr ('denarius') was a gold coin worth ab[...] 1: I.e. pervert it. 2: In the original Rabbânîyîn, an expression identical with Rabboni, cf. John xx. 16. 1: The legend, borrowed from Talmudic sources, is that God assembled all past, present, and future p[...] 1: Another name of Mecca. 1: Alluding to an occasion in which the ancient rivalry between the two tribes of El Aus and El 'Haz[...] 1: I.e. only a slight hurt. 2: That is, unless they enter into either the spiritual or temporal dominion of Islam, by professing[...] 1: This refers to the battle of Ohod, when Mohammed experienced a severe check, and lost two teeth b[...] 1: Or 'battles.' 2: Or 'martyrs.' 1: Plunder. 2: This word is always used for the pagan Arabs. 1: He means that the loss at Ohod was more than counter-balanced by their previous success at Bedr. [...] 1: Mohammed, in his message to the Jewish tribe of Kainûka, used the words of the Qur'ân, and bade t[...] 2: The commentators say that the Jewish Rabbis demanded of Mohammed this proof of his prophetic miss[...] 1: This passage was revealed in answer to the objection of Umm Salmâ, one of Mohammed's wives, when [...] 1: That is, with their enemies.
3: That is, female slaves. 1: The Arabic idiom for the enjoyment of property being to eat it up, Mohammed here gives the men pe[...] 2: To idiots or persons of weak intellect. 1: The word in the original is that always used to express this relationship. 2: I.e. to the heirs. 1: Women taken in adultery or fornication were at the beginning of Islâm literally immured. 2: The commentators are not agreed as to the nature of the offence here referred to. The text, howev[...] 1: That is, from marrying again. 2: That is, a large dowry. 3: This question is ironical, and intended as a warning against bringing a false accusation of infid[...] 1: Man and wife. 2: I.e. slaves. 1: The abbreviated form taku (for takun) is used in the Arabic. 1: See note 3, p. 14. 2: See Chapter II, verse 61. 3: The word in the original means a fibre in the cleft of a date stone, or the rush wick of a candle[...] 4: Idols of the ancient Arabs; see p. 40. 1: Literally, a dent or cleft in a date stone. 1: See note 2, p. 40. 1: Mecca. 1: Captive. 2: Because a believer might not be attacked and plundered as an infidel might be. 1: Alluding to some half-hearted Muslims, slain at Bedr. 1: The pagan Arabs used to cut off the ears of cattle, and mutilate their slaves by branding, and fi[...] 1: Chap. VI, v. 67, which chronologically precedes the present; see Introduction. 1: See note, p. 8. 1: See p. 53, note 3. 2: This may allude to the time of his death after his second advent, when he shall slay the antichri[...] 1: See note 1, p. 73.
1: The Qurâish, who sent to meet Mohammed with 1400 men at 'Hudâibîyeh to prevent him from approachi[...] 2: Literally, 'stones set up,' Dolmens and the like, which are so common throughout Arabia. 3: By the game of mâisar, see p. 32. 1: Referring to the oath of fidelity which Mohammed's adherents took at 'Akabah. 1: Various stories are told in explanation of this passage, but they are all obviously apocryphal, t[...] 2: That is, the text foretelling the coming of Mohammed; see Introduction. 1: See note 2, p. 56. 1: The time before the Mohammedan dispensation is always so called. 2: I.e. to take his place. 1: The ancient Arabs always lit a beacon-fire as a proclamation of war, or a notice of the approach [...] 1: I.e. from the yoke of captivity. 2: See note 4, p. 32. 3: This has been thought by strict Musselmans to exclude the game of chess. Sunnis, however, play th[...] 1: These were the named given to certain animals which were marked and allowed to graze at liberty. [...]
2: Said to be a protest against the dualistic doctrine that Light and Darkness were two co-eternal p[...] 3: I.e. a term for your life and another for your resurrection. 4: By good or evil works. 1: I.e. the prophet. 1: I.e. their innate propensities to good and their reason. 2: Mohammed. 1: Most of the Mohammedan commentators say this word means 'treasuries.' The allusion, however, is o[...] 1: In sleep. 1: The Hebrew Terah is in Arabic Târah. Eusebius gives the form Athar, which may in some measure acc[...] 1: The Jews are here, as frequently in the Qur'ân, accused of suppressing and altering those parts o[...] 1: Mecca. 2: This refers to Abdallah ibn Sa'hd ibn Abî. Sar'h, who acted as amanuensis to Mohammed, and when h[...] 3: This word is nearly always used for the verses of the Qur'ân. 4: That is, partners with God, idols; to associate being the usual phrase in the Qur'ân for idolatry[...] 1: In the womb. 2: Supernatural beings created, like the devils, of fire instead of clay, and possessed of miraculou[...] 1: This word may also be rendered 'before them' or 'a surety' (for the truth of the revelation). 1: That is, makes him appear as one who would attempt some great but impossible thing and fails ther[...] 1: I, e. the idols. 2: The pagan Arabs used to set apart certain of the produce of their fields to Allah the chief God, [...] 3: Alluding both to human sacrifices to idols and the cruel custom of burying female children alive.[...] 1: That is, to obscure what little trace it had of the original faith of Abraham The 'Hanîf. 2: Trailed over an 'Arîsh, that is, a sort of hut made of boughs. 3: That is, spread out when slaughtered, or from the hides and wool, &c., of which a bed (farsh) is [...] 1: The Arabs alternately made it unlawful to eat the males, and then the young of these four kinds o[...] 1: That is, commit no homicide unless it be by legal execution or the slaying of infidels in war. [...] 1: Signs of the approach of the day of judgment. 1: Not receive the recompense of other than persons' evil actions.
1: I.e. fine dresses. 2: That is, wear your best apparel in the mosque. 1: Whereas now idolaters share in the good things of this world; but on the day of judgment those on[...] 2: That is, they shall have whatever portion of good or evil is written for them in the book of thei[...] 1: See p. 127, note 2. 2: Literally, his sister. 1: The fruits of Paradise. 1: The highest heaven is so called. 1: An extinct tribe of the ancient Arabs. 2: Hûd and Thamûd, both mentioned in the works of Ptolemy, were two tribes of the ancient Arabs, ext[...] 1: Referring to the numerous excavated rock-dwellings in Idumaea. 1: All that has been hitherto written about the legend Zâli'h and his camel is pure conjecture; the [...] 1: The Jethro of the Bible. 2: That is, 'give us a chance,' the idiom is still current in modern parlance. A shopkeeper, for ins[...] 1: The word is used of an arrow that hits a mark, and hence of any sudden calamity that falls on a m[...] 1: Or, cause us to die Moslems. 1: The word y'arishûn is properly used of making wooden huts, p. 154 but is here applied to any stru[...] 1: This is also a Talmudic legend. 1: Or, the apostle of the Gentiles. 1: Cf. Chapter II, 61. 1: Said to refer to Balaam, but also to several pretenders of prophecy amongst the Arabians. By some[...] 1: The word yul'hidûna is used in the later Arabic for any form of atheism. The expression in the te[...] 2: Mohammed. 3: Literally, under the influence of the ginn. 1: This story is said to refer to Adam and Eve; the act of idolatry mentioned being the naming of th[...] 1: I.e. if an evil suggestion occurs to them, they mention God's name and immediately see the folly [...] 2: That is, a verse in the Qur'ân. Footnotes
1: The occasion alluded to was one when Mohammed had made preparations for attacking an unarmed cara[...] 2: The Muslims were fewer in number than the enemy, and the latter had command of the water, at both[...] 1: Alluding to the alleged miracle of the gravel thrown into the eyes of the Qurâis at the battle of[...] 2: An address to the Meccans who, when threatened with an attack from Mohammed, took sanctuary in th[...] 1: Here used in the sense of victory. 1: That is, they have the doom of former people as a warning and an example. 1: That is, had ye agreed to attack them. 1: The angels who were fighting on the Muslim side. 2: I.e. beguiled them into attacking a force superior in numbers. 1: That is, make them an example to all future opponents by the severity of thy dealing with them. [...] 1: Mohammed here blames them for having accepted ransom from the captives which they took at the Bat[...] 1: To the prophet. 2: The Ansârs and Muhâgerîn, that is, those who lent aid to, and those who fled with Mohammed were a[...]
1: Abu 'l 'Abbâs, Mohammed's uncle, when taken prisoner and reproached with his unbelief, appealed t[...] 1: 'Honein is the name of a valley about three miles to the north-east of Mecca, where, in the eight[...] 2: See p. 38, note 2. 3: That is, from the stoppage of traffic and merchandise. 1: The Moslem tradition is that Ezra, after being dead 100 years, was raised to life, and dictated f[...] 2: Alluding to the word rabbi, which in Arabic is applied to God alone. 1: The pagan Arabs used to put off the observance of a sacred month when it was inconvenient to them[...] 1: The prophet. 2: That is, with only one companion, namely Abubekr. 1: That is, excuse me from the fighting in the cause of religion. 2: I.e. victory or martyrdom. 1: I.e. in collecting or distributing them. 2: Reconciled, that is, to Islâm. 3: That is, reproach or quarrel with the prophet; I have used the old fashion English expression in [...] 1: Chapter of the Qur'ân. 2: I.e. are niggardly and refuse to give alms. 1: Sodom and Gomorrah. 2: A plot had been set afoot at Medînah to kill Mohammed, and was only abandoned because of the incr[...] 1: At the battle of Tabûk. 1: The Muhâgerîn, or those who fled with Mohammed from Mecca. 2: The Ansârs who helped him while at Medînah. 1: The Mosque of Qubâ', about two miles from Medînah, the foundation stone of which was laid by Moha[...] 1: The Beni Ghanm. 2: I.e. they will feel compunctions about it till the day of their death. 1: Three of the Ansârs who refused to accompany Mohammed to Tabûk. 1: A wady is the bed of a torrent, which in Arabia is generally dry, but occasionally after a storm [...]
2: I.e. a reward awaiting them for their sincerity. 1: The recording angels. 2: An instance of the frequent abrupt changes of persons with which the Qur'ân abounds. 1: I.e. Mohammed. 1: A portion of the Qur'ân. The word means reading. 1: Your idols. 2: Noah's people. 1: I.e. adapt them by their position and construction to become places in which prayer may be perfor[...] 1: This is supposed to be the taunting reply of the angel Gabriel. 2: Compare Exodus xiv. 30. The Mohammedan legend is that as some of the children of Israel doubted [...] 1: See p. 19, note 1.
1: That is, of the idolater. 1: The Qur'ân. 1: Tannûr (oven) signifies also a reservoir of water. Its use in this passage has, however, given ri[...] 2: This story and the further allusion to Noah's son in the next page were probably suggested by Gen[...] 1: The ark. 2: Gûdî is a corruption apparently for Mount Giordi, the Gordyæi of the Greeks, situated between Ar[...] 3: I.e. upon some of the nations who are to form the posterity of thyself and the members of thy fam[...] 1: See note, p. 107. 1: I.e. he was powerless to help them. 1: I.e. some support, such as a powerful clan or chieftain. 2: That is, overturned the cities of the plain. 3: The Abyssinians, who had invaded Mecca some years before, are mentioned in the Chapter of the Ele[...] 4: The legend is that they each contained the name of the person for whom they were destined; so the[...] 5: I.e. the same punishment is likely to overtake other wrong-doers, the threat being especially dir[...] 6: See Chapter VII. 7: A little which God leaves you after paying every one his due. 1: The word used is that always applied by desert Arabs to going to a spring for water. 1: I.e. unless He please to increase their happiness.
1: This is a prophetic intimation to Joseph of his future interview with his brethren in Egypt. 1: The age of puberty. 2: The angel Gabriel in the form of his father appeared with a warning gesture, according to the Mus[...] 1: In their sudden emotion at his beauty. 2: Of his innocence. 1: In a dream. 2: The application of the pronoun is vague in the text of this p. 224 passage, which is variously in[...] 1: I.e. press wine and oil. 1: The goods which they had brought to barter, or the money they had paid for the corn. 2: Commentators differ as to whether this means that what they had brought was insufficient, or whet[...] 3: By some unavoidable hindrance. 1: I.e. by the law of Egypt it was not lawful for Joseph to take his brother for a bondsman as a pun[...]
2: I.e. hope of rain; lightning is always hailed with joy by the Arabs as a precursor of rain. 1: They would not believe. 2: The word used in the original, yâi'as, means 'despair,' but in the patois of the Na'ha'h tribe si[...] 1: See p. 2, note 2. 2: Alluding to the conquests of Islâm. Footnotes
2: Easterns, when annoyed, always bite their hands; see Chapter III, verse 115. 1: Sale and Rodwell have softened down this filthy expression, one rendering it 'filthy water' and [...] 1: Mecca and its neighbourhood. 1: The Kaabah at Mecca. 2: I.e. with their looks fixed straight in front of them through terror. Footnotes
2: Verses. 3: See note 1, p. 15. 1: See note 2, pp. 50, 51. 1: I.e. the winds that bring the rain-clouds and fertilise the earth. 1: Because to turn their backs on each other would appear contemptuous. 1: I.e. thy people. 2: I.e. to protect. 1: Addressed to Mohammed. 2: On the road from the territory of the Qurâis to Syria. 3: The Midianites, who are spoken of as dwelling in a grove, and to whom Jethro, or, as he is called[...] 4: I.e. both Sodom and Midian. 5: The tribe of Thamûd, see p. 146. 6: The Opening Chapter, which contains seven verses, and is p. 250 named the Seven of Repetition (sa[...] 1: The unbelievers. 2: Behave with humility and gentleness. 3: Probably referring to the Jews and Christians who are here and elsewhere accused of mutilating an[...]
1: The Pentateuch and Gospels. 1: See note 2, p. 132. 2: The Arabs used to call the angels 'daughters of God.' They, however, objected strongly (as do the[...] 1: The Arab writers mention several varieties of honey differing in colour, and some of which are us[...] 1: Their slaves. 1: 'Tents' are called 'houses of hair' or 'of hide' by the desert Arabs. 2: Of mail. 1: The Meccans. 2: The Arabs, like most half-savage tribes, used to consider superior numerical strength as entitlin[...] 1: See p. 50, note 2. 2: Gabriel. 3: See p. 15, note 1. 4: For an account of the persons supposed to have helped Mohammed in the compilation of the Qur'ân, [...] 1: The Ansârs. 2: Any town, but Mecca in particular. 3: Literally, 'taste.' 1: See p. 134. 2: Some commentators take this word ummatan as equivalent to imâman, 'antistes,' and this interpreta[...] 1: This passage refers to the killing of 'Hamzah, Mohammed's uncle, at the battle of O'hod, and the [...]
2: The Kaabah at Mecca. 3: The Temple at Jerusalem. 4: The Mohammedan commentators interpret this as referring the first to either Goliath, Sennacherib,[...] 1: Supply, 'we sent foes.' 2: I.e. 'fortune' or 'fate,' literally, 'bird;' the Arabs, like the ancient Romans, having been used [...] 1: Bade them obey the Apostle. 1: I.e. if you are compelled to leave them in order to seek your livelihood; or if your present mean[...] 2: See Part I, p. 256, note 2. 1: I.e. they are not to provoke the idolaters by speaking too roughly to them so as to exasperate th[...] 1: Sale interprets this to mean 'the angels and prophets.' Rodwell remarks that it is an 'obvious all[...] 2: The Zaqqûm; see Chapter XXXVII, verse 60. The vision p. 8 referred to is the night journey to heav[...] 1: The commentators say that this refers to a treaty proposed by the tribe of THaqîf, who insisted, [...] 1: According to some, the soul generally; but according to others, and more probably, the angel Gabr[...] 1: As occasion required. 1: The Arabs whom Mohammed addressed seem to have imagined that he meant by Allâh and Ar-ra'hmân (th[...] 2: This command is obeyed by the Muslims frequently pronouncing the phrase Allâhu akbar, especially [...]
2: That is, the youths themselves or the people they met on their awakening. 1: That is, the Christians. 2: Mohammed being asked by the Jews concerning the number of the Seven Sleepers, had promised to bri[...] 3: This expression Sale takes to be ironical, and translates, 'make thou him to see and hear;' Rodwe[...] 1: Said to refer to Ommâiyet ibn 'Half, who had requested Mohammed to give up his poorer followers t[...] 1: In the original Mâ sâ' allâh; this is the usual formula for expressing admiration among Muslims. [...] 1: I.e. wrung his hands. 2: In the hand of each. 1: This passage is aimed at the Qurâis. The.' course of those of yore' is the punishment inflicted o[...] 1: The word used signifies a space of eighty years and upwards. 2: Literally, 'of their intermediate space.' 3: See Part II, note 3, p. 23. 1: That is, embarked. All nautical metaphors in Arabic being taken from camel riding. The Arabs do n[...] 1: The expression wanted to fall is colloquial in Arabic as well as in English. Bâi.dhâvî says, 'the[...] 2: That is, every whole or sound ship. 3: For this legend there appears to be no ancient authority whatever; the Mohammedan commentators me[...] 1: Literally, 'the two horned;' this personage is generally supposed to be Alexander the Great, who [...] 2: Probably, as Bâi.dhâvî suggests, the ocean, which, with its dark waters, would remind an Arab of [...] 1: Gog and Magog. The people referred to appear to be tribes of the Turkomans, and the rampart itself[...] 2: The process here described for repressing the incursions of Gog and Magog is the building of a wa[...] 3: Gog and Magog. 4: On the day of judgment, or, as some think, a little before it. 1: Here the Persian word Firdâus is used, which has supplied the name to the abode of the blessed in[...]
1: Either the infant himself or the angel Gabriel; or the expression 'beneath her' may be rendered '[...] 1: See Part I, note 1, p. 50. 2: See Part II, note 3, p. 16. 1: That is, 'gave them great renown.' 1: Generally identified with Enoch. 2: Amongst various conjectures the one most usually accepted p. 32 by the Mohammedan commentators is,[...] 1: This is interpreted by some to mean that all souls, good and bad, must pass through hell, but tha[...] 1: 'Hâsîy ibn Wâil, being indebted to 'Habbâb, refused to pay him unless he renounced Mohammed. This[...] 2: That is, the false gods. Footnotes
2: This may be also rendered, 'I almost conceal it (from myself);' i'hfâ'un having, like many words [...] 1: The Muslim legend is that Moses burnt his tongue with a live coal when a child. This incident is [...] 2: Literally, vizîr, 'vizier,' 'one who bears the burden' of office. 3: I.e. 'strengthen me.' The idiom is still in common use amongst the desert Arabs. 1: I.e. the festival. 2: In order that they might all see. 3: Or, 'your most eminent men,' as some commentators interpret it, i.e. the children of Israel. 1: Pharaoh. 1: I.e. the Samaritan; some take it to mean a proper name, in order to avoid the anachronism. 1: A handful of dust from the footprint of the angel Gabriel's p. 42 horse, which, being cast into th[...] 1: The idea conveyed seems to be that he should be regarded as a leper, and obliged to warn people f[...] 2: Because 'blue eyes' were especially detested by the Arabs as being characteristic of their greate[...] 1: That is, the angel who is to summon them to judgment, and from whom none can escape, or who march[...] 2: Cf. Part II, p. 16, note 2. 1: The Meccans. 1: Literally, 'pairs.'Footnotes
1: Mohammed. 1: Literally, 'they turned upside down upon their heads,' the metaphor implying that they suddenly c[...] 2: See Part I, p. 17, note 1. 1: This case, say the commentators, being brought before David and Solomon, David said that the owne[...] 2: This legend, adopted from the Talmud, arises from a too literal interpretation of Psalm cxlviii. [...] 3: The legend of Solomon, his seal inscribed with the holy name by which he could control all the po[...] 1: That is, Elias, or, as some say, Joshua, and some say Zachariah, so called because he had a porti[...] 2: Literally, 'he of the fish,' that is, Jonah. 3: See Part II, p. 27. 4: The word 'ummatun' is here used in the sense rather of p. 54 'religion,' regarding the various na[...] 1: See Part II, p. 25. 2: 'Hadab, some read gadath, 'grave.' 3: See Part I, p. 4, l. I. 1: Es-Sigill is the name of the angel who has charge of the book on which each human being's fate is[...] 2: Psalm xxxvii. 29.Footnotes
1: Namely, the believers and the misbelievers. 1: The first ten days of DHu 'l 'Higgeh, or the tenth day of that month, when the sacrifices were of[...] 2: Such as not shaving their heads and other parts of their bodies, or cutting their beards and nail[...] 3: This means by presenting fine and comely offerings. 1: Waiting to be sacrificed. 1: Some say that the word tamannâ means 'reading,' and the passage should then be translated, 'but t[...] 2: Either 'the day of resurrection,' as giving birth to no day after it, or, 'a day of battle and de[...] 1: As it will do at the last day. The words of the text might also be rendered 'withholds the rain,'[...]
2: That is, 'seven heavens.' 1: Or, 'religion.' 2: Literally, 'into Scriptures,' i.e. into sects, each appealing to a particular book. 1: I.e. their works are far different to the good works just described. 2: At their possession of the Kaabah. The Qurâis are meant. 1: The famine which the Meccans suffered; and which was attributed to Mohammed's denunciations. 2: Their defeat at Bedr. 1: I.e. by doing good for evil, provided that the cause of Islâm suffers nothing from it. 2: I.e. back to life. The plural is used 'by way of respect,' say the commentators. 1: To our evil ways. 2: That is, the recording angels. Footnotes
2: This passage and what follows refers to the scandal about Mohammed's favourite wife Ayesha, who, [...] 1: Abu bekr had sworn not to do anything more for a relation of his, named Mista'h, who had taken pa[...] 1: Or, according to some, of deficient intellect. 2: I.e. they are not to tinkle their bangles or ankle-rings. 3: I.e. a document allowing them to redeem themselves on payment of a certain sum. 4: Abdallah ibn Ubbâi, mentioned in Part II, p. 74, note 2, had six slave girls whom he compelled to[...] 5: I.e. like the stories of Joseph, Part I, p. 221, and the Virgin p. 78 Mary, Part II, p. 29, both o[...] 1: I.e. masses of cloud as large as mountains. 1: The construction of the original is vague, and the commentators themselves make but little of it.[...] 1: I.e. at the times when persons are undressed, namely, to rise in the morning, to sleep at noon, a[...] 1: The Arabs in Mohammed's time were superstitiously scrupulous about eating in any one's house but [...] 2: That is, do not address the prophet without some respectful title.
1: Another reading of the text is, 'ye cannot.' 1: The ancient Arabs used this formula when they met an enemy during a sacred month, and the person [...] 2: See Chapter III, verse 115. 3: That is, followed him. 1: Like the Pentateuch and Gospels, which were revealed all at once, according to the Mohammedan tra[...] 2: Or it may be rendered, 'slowly and distinctly;' the whole revelation of the Qur'ân extends over a[...] 3: The commentators do not know where to place ar Rass; some say it was a city in Yamâmah, others th[...] 1: That is, the idolatrous Meccans; see Part I, p. 249, note 2. 2: That is, either the Qur'ân, cf. Part II, p. 5, line 25; Or the words may be rendered, 'We distrib[...] 1: That is, that if a man chose to expend anything for the cause of God he can do so. 1: For prayer. 2: See Part I, p, 135, note 1. 3: In Paradise.
2: The slaying of the Egyptian. 1: Pharaoh. 1: See Part I, p. 249, note 3. 1: The Qur'ân. 2: The angel Gabriel. 3: The Qur'ân. 4: Infidelity. 5: See Part I, p. 50. 6: See Part I, p. 250, note 2. 1: Or, it may be thy going to and fro amongst believers, as Mohammed is reported to have done one ni[...] 2: That is, by listening at the door of heaven; see Part I, p. 50, note 2. 3: That is, in what condition they shall be brought before God. Footnotes
1: The commentators are uncertain as to whether this was 'Âzaf, Solomon's prime minister, or whether[...] 1: Commentators differ as to whether the last words are to be taken as the conclusion of the Queen o[...]
2: Either devoid of patience, according to some, or of anxiety, according to others, or it may be to[...] 3: That is, Moses was made to refuse the breast of the Egyptian woman before his sister came to offe[...] 1: See Part II, p. 35, note 1. 1: That is, the Pentateuch and Qur'ân. 1: In Arabic Qârûn. The legend based upon Talmudic tradition of Korah's immense wealth appears to be[...]
1: About the beginning of the sixth year before the Higrah the Persians conquered Syria, and made the[...] 1: Or, according to another reading, 'unto those who know;' cf. Part II, p. 122, line 2. 1: I.e. as they, the Meccans, do not consider their slaves their equals, still less does God hold th[...] 1: In Paradise. 1: I.e. see the young corn parched. 1: I.e. a verse. Footnotes
3: An Na.dhr ibn al 'Hareth had purchased in Persia some of the old legends of Rustam and Isfendiâr,[...]
2: This may refer to the alleged meeting of Mohammed and Moses in heaven during the 'night journey;'[...]
2: The Arabs were in the habit of divorcing their wives on certain occasions with the words, 'Thy ba[...] 1: The Muhâgerîn. 2: See Part I, p. 57, note 1. 3: Of angels. 1: On the approach of the confederate army, to the number of 12,000, Mohammed, by the advice of Selm[...] 2: The ancient name of the city; it was only called 'El Medînah, 'the city,' after it had become fam[...] 3: In the trenches. 4: I.e. if the confederates had effected an entry, these half-hearted persons would have listened to [...] 1: I.e. chary of helping you, but greedy of the spoils. 2: I.e. the best share of the spoils. 1: I.e. their vow to fight till they obtained martyrdom. 2: I.e. changed their mind. 3: I.e. who had helped the confederates. 4: The Qurâithah Jews, whom Mohammed attacked after the siege of Medînah had been raised, and punish[...] 5: Mohammed being annoyed by the demands made by his wives for costly dresses and the like, offered [...] 1: Here the pronoun is changed from feminine to masculine, and the passage is appealed to by the Shi[...] 2: I.e. Muslims; see Part I, p. 15, note 1. 1: I.e. divorced her. 2: Zâid was Mohammed's freedman and adopted son. Mohammed had seen and admired Zâid's wife Zâinab, a[...] 1: The same word is used as is rendered 'pray' in all the other passages in the Qur'ân, though the c[...] 2: Either, 'do not ill-treat them,' or, 'take no notice of their ill-treating thee.' 1: I.e. dowry. 2: Slave girls. 3: I.e. from her turn of conjugal rights. 4: I.e. divorced. 1: He would be reluctantly obliged to ask you to leave. 2: The tent of an Arab chief is looked upon as a place of general entertainment, and is always besie[...] 3: The prophet's wives. 4: The women to the present day always remain behind a curtain which screens off their part of the t[...] 5: The prophet's wives. 1: See p. 145, note 1. 1: The occasion of the revelation of this verse is said to have been that Mohammed being accused of [...] 2: That is, 'the faith.'
1: The Mohammedan legend is that Solomon had employed the p. 152 ginns to construct the temple of Jer[...] 1: The Rhamnus Nabeca of Forshål, the Rhamnus Nabeca Spina Christi of Linnæus, its fruit, which is c[...] 1: A great trade used formerly to exist between Sebâ and Syria. The Mohammedan commentators suppose [...] 1: In Paradise. 2: See Part I, p. 127, note 2. 3: That is, the Meccans. 1: That he, Mohammed, is not possessed by a ginn.
1: Literally, the husk of a date stone. 1: The word is here used in its geological sense, and is applied to the various coloured streaks whi[...] 1: The earth. Footnotes
1: The legend is that Jesus sent two of His disciples to the city of Antioch, none believing them but[...] 1: There is a various reading here, 'and has no place of rest.' 2: Some take this to refer to Noah's ark. 3: That is, the punishment of this world and the next. 1: Mohammed. 2: I.e. they are ready to defend their false gods. Footnotes
2: See Part I, p. 50, note 2. 3: The people of Mecca. 1: That is, with a good omen. 2: See Chapter XV, verse 47. 1: Ez Zaqqûm is a foreign tree with an exceedingly bitter fruit, the name of which is here used for [...] 2: The unbelievers objected that the tree could not grow in hell, where the very stones (see Part I,[...] 1: Mohammedan commentators say that he pretended to a knowledge of astrology and made as though he s[...] 2: The people of the city. 1: The Mohammedan theory is that it was Ishmael and not Isaac who was taken as a sacrifice. 1: Supposed by the Mohammedans to be the same as Al 'Hidhr and Idrîs. 2: This is probably another form of the word Elyâs, on the model of many Hebrew words which have sur[...] 3: The word used in the text is always applied to runaway slaves. 1: The Meccans. 2: See Part I, p. 256, note 2. 3: This speech is supposed to be the words of the angel Gabriel. 4: I.e. in the Qur'ân. Footnotes
1: Some say this refers to the punishment which Pharaoh used to inflict upon those who had offended [...] 2: The Meccans. 1: The word in Arabic signifies a horse that stands on three legs and just touches the ground with t[...] 2: The Mohammedan legend, borrowed from the Talmud, is that having conquered the king of Sidon and br[...] 1: The Mohammedan legend is that when Job was undergoing his trials, the devil appeared to his wife [...] 1: See page 53.
2: I.e. the belly, the womb, and the placenta. 1: See Part I, p. 40, note 2. 1: By their idols. 1: The pronoun in Arabic is feminine, and refers to the false gods, especially to the favourite godd[...] 1: Or witnesses. Footnotes
1: Or 'turn away.'
1: Devils, opposed to the guardian angels of the believers. 2: I.e. interrupt the reading of the Qur'ân by talking, in order to overpower the voice of the reade[...] 1: I.e. they would have said, 'What! is the revelation in a foreign tongue, and we who are expected [...] 1: Or the words may be rendered, 'There is good with him still due to me.'
1: I.e. after the faith of Islâm had been accepted by them, or after God had assented to the prophet[...] 1: I.e. the law contained in the Qur'ân. 2: I.e. were it not that God has promised that those things shall be decided at the day of judgment.[...] 1: I.e. it is a duty laid down by law. 2: Or 'to return (to the world),' Bâi.dhâvî. 1: Gabriel.
2: I.e. the Meccans. 1: I.e. of the birth of a daughter, see Part I, p. 256, note 2. 2: I.e. what! do they assign children of this kind, viz. daughters, to God? 3: I.e. a scripture authorising the practice of their religion, such as the worship of angels and th[...] 1: I.e. had it been sent down to some man of influence and importance in Mecca and Tâ'if we would hav[...] 1: I.e. the east and west, though some understand it between the two solstices. 1: See p. 36, note 1. 2: The Arabs objected that Jesus was worshipped by Christians as a God, and that when Mohammed curse[...] 3: Just as Jesus was miraculously conceived, so can miraculously conceived offspring be produced amo[...] 4: Some read, 'a sign,' which is perhaps better. The reference is to the predicted second advent of [...] 1: Mâlik is the keeper of hell, and presides over the tortures of the damned. 2: The word used signifies twisting up the strands of a rope. 3: I.e. the recording angel. 4: Mohammed. Footnotes
2: I.e. we shall only die once. 3: The Himyarite Arabs, whose kings were called Tubbâ'h, i.e. 'successors.' 1: Or 'like the dregs of oil.' Footnotes
1: Mohammed. 1: The Qur'ân. Footnotes
1: I.e. from the grave. 1: The prophet Hûd. 2: I.e. the Meccans. 1: See Introduction, p. xxx. 2: Addressed to Mohammed.
1: See Introduction, p. lxiii. 1: Munkir and Nakîr; see Introduction, p. lxix. Footnotes
2: Or tranquillity; see Part I, p. 38, note 2. 1: Alluding to certain tribes who held aloof from the expedition of 'Hudâibîyeh. 1: In an expedition against the Jews of Khâibar, which Mohammed undertook shortly after his return f[...] 2: The followers of Musâilimah, Mohammed's rival, and the tribes that had apostatized from Islâm. So[...] 1: At 'Hudâibîyeh. 2: See Part I, p. 38, note 2. 3: Either the success at Khâibar or the taking of Mecca. 4: Alluding to the truce concluded at 'Hudâibîyeh. 5: Mohammed having only set out with the intention of peaceably performing the pilgrimage, carried c[...] 1: Suhail ibn 'Amr, who concluded the truce with Mohammed at 'Hudâibîyeh, objected to the formula 'I[...] 2: The Mohammedan profession of faith, 'There is no god but God, and Mohammed His servant is the Apo[...] 3: Mohammed dreamed that he would accomplish the pilgrimage to Mecca with all its rites; the affair a[...] 4: I.e. that of Khâibar. 1: Or the Pentateuch. Footnotes
1: Two of the Arabs wishing to speak with Mohammed when he was sleeping at noon in his harîm, cried [...] 2: Al Walîd ibn 'Hugbâ was sent by Mohammed to collect the zakât (see Introduction, p. lxxiii) from [...] 3: I.e. ye would mislead him. 4: Alluding to one of the frequent disputes between the tribes of Aus and 'Hazrag at Medînah. See In[...] 1: I.e. it is defamation to charge a person who has embraced the faith with iniquity. The passage is[...]
2: See Part II, p. 86, note 3. 3: See Part I, p. 249, note 3. 4: See Chapter XLIV, verse 35, p. 219, note 3. 1: The two recording angels, who accompany every man and note down his every word and action. 2: These words are supposed to be addressed by the 'driver' to the unbelieving soul. 3: These words are spoken by God. 1: I.e. from the vengeance of God. 2: A protest against the assertion that God rested on the seventh day. 3: Two sigdahs used at the evening prayers, but not incumbent on the worshipper. 4: I.e. a place from which all men may hear; generally supposed by Muslims to be the temple at Jerusa[...] 5: The sound of the last trumpet. Footnotes
2: The clouds. 3: The ships. 4: Angels or winds. 1: I.e. rain, which produces material sustenance, and there too is the promise of the future life. [...] 2: I.e. unreserved and plain as ye yourselves affirm truths to each other. 3: See Part I, pp. 212-214. 4: See Part I, p. 214, note 1. 1: Either Pharaoh's forces, or one of his nobles, or something else on which he relied. See Part I, [...] 1: I.e. this taunt. 2: I.e. like the fate of those who wronged the apostles of old. Footnotes
4: I.e. of heaven. 1: Every man is pledged to God for his conduct, and, if he does well, redeems himself. 2: At the thought of the next life. 1: Addressed to Mohammed. 2: I.e. a ladder reaching to the gates of heaven, upon which they may stand and listen to the angels[...] 1: At the sound of the last trumpet. 2: I.e. beside the torment of the judgment day they shall be punished with defeat and loss here. Foo[...]
1: See Introduction, p. xxvii, and Part II, p. 62, note 1. 2: See Introduction, pp. xii and xiii. 1: This passage refers to one El Walîd ibn Mughâirah, who being abused for following Mohammed and fo[...] 1: I.e. the resurrection. 2: Sirius, or the Dog-star, was an object of worship amongst the ancient Arabs. 3: Sodom, Gomorrah, &c. 4: At this verse the Qurâis, who were present at the first reading of this chapter when their gods w[...]
2: This word is interpreted by some to mean 'transient,' by others 'powerful.' 3: The Qur'ân. 4: The angel Isrâfîl. 5: The last judgment. 1: Or madness. 1: This is appealed to by Muslims as a prophecy fulfilled at the battle of Bedr. 1: The books kept by the recording angels. Footnotes
1: The earth. 2: I.e. mankind and the ginn; the meaning is, that God will have leisure to judge them both. 1: The word is also said to mean red leather. 1: For the inferior inhabitants of Paradise. Footnotes
1: I.e. the foremost in professing the faith on earth shall be the foremost then. 2: The mimosa gummifera is generally so called in Arabia; but the banana is said to be meant in this[...] 3: The celestial damsels. 1: I.e. for seed and labour. 2: From reaping the fruits of it. 1: The ancient Arabs produced fire by the friction of a stick in a hollow piece of wood. Cf. p. 167,[...] 2: 2 The soul of a dying man. Footnotes
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