Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1001 III, 10. 2. 1 | also promote cardiovascular disease, mental disturbances and
1002 III, 10. 2. 1 | messages (“eat less”; “reduce disease risk”), since positive message ,
1003 III, 10. 2. 1 | diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis.
1004 III, 10. 2. 1 | cross-sectional study. Archives of Disease in Childhood 88:671–675.~ ~
1005 III, 10. 2. 1 | childhood predictors of adult disease. Pediatrics 101:518–525.~ ~
1006 III, 10. 2. 1 | global and regional burden of disease attribution to selected
1007 III, 10. 2. 1 | Determinants of the burden of disease in the European Union. Stockholm,
1008 III, 10. 2. 1 | socioeconomic factors? Archives of Disease in Childhood 90:999–1004.~ ~
1009 III, 10. 2. 1 | vitamin D nutrition and bone disease of the elderly. Public Health
1010 III, 10. 2. 1 | optimizing health and reducing disease risk in the elderly. Am
1011 III, 10. 2. 2 | mortality for Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). Subsequently, the
1012 III, 10. 2. 3 | CHD or peripheral vascular disease. The association is observed
1013 III, 10. 2. 4 | integrated personal data sets, disease prevention programmes and
1014 III, 10. 2. 4 | of instances of a given disease or other condition in a
1015 III, 10. 2. 4 | biological factors which drive disease mechanisms, in particular
1016 III, 10. 2. 4 | two decades from genetic disease and inherited genetic variation
1017 III, 10. 2. 4 | biological aetiology of disease. Therefore the traditional
1018 III, 10. 2. 4 | setting. The main burden of disease can be associated with the
1019 III, 10. 2. 4 | information which are often both disease and mutation specific. European
1020 III, 10. 2. 4 | constitute the main burden of disease, we do not have monitoring
1021 III, 10. 2. 4 | inheritance in health and disease. Nowadays, it is known that
1022 III, 10. 2. 4 | differentiation between several disease (sub)entities resulting
1023 III, 10. 2. 4 | subsumes totally different disease entities;~· the concept
1024 III, 10. 2. 4 | of risk) and Alzheimer’s disease (decrease of risk) (Lehmann
1025 III, 10. 2. 4 | associated to more than one disease (e.g., the role of G-308A
1026 III, 10. 2. 4 | disease-specific orientation to “disease clusters”, “disease syndromes”
1027 III, 10. 2. 4 | to “disease clusters”, “disease syndromes” and “health outcomes”;~·
1028 III, 10. 2. 4 | predisposition to a particular disease or condition as the basis
1029 III, 10. 2. 4 | comprehension of health and disease as well as in the understanding
1030 III, 10. 2. 4 | risk families based on “disease syndromes” and implement
1031 III, 10. 2. 4 | associations as well as on “disease clusters” based on pleiotropic
1032 III, 10. 2. 4 | health and prevention of disease through the organised efforts
1033 III, 10. 2. 4 | conditions, but also to prevent disease and improve health (Brand
1034 III, 10. 2. 4 | understanding of the causes of disease, the organisation of services
1035 III, 10. 2. 4 | Genomics as a Probe for Disease Biology. New England J of
1036 III, 10. 2. 4 | Genetics, Biology and Disease. Ann Rev Gen Hum Genet,
1037 III, 10. 2. 4 | Improve Health and Prevent Disease. Oxford New York Tokyo,
1038 III, 10. 2. 4 | Harnessing Genetics to Prevent Disease and Promote Health. Partnership
1039 III, 10. 2. 4 | of Genetic Technology in Disease Prevention. Am J Public
1040 III, 10. 2. 4 | a marker of Alzheimer’s disease. AM J Epidemiol, 162:305-
1041 III, 10. 2. 5 | for later development of disease in adult life (window of
1042 III, 10. 2. 5 | major determinants of this disease.~ ~Moreover, it should also
1043 III, 10. 3. 1 | cancer and cardiovascular disease, recent research has indicated
1044 III, 10. 3. 1 | estimated the burden of disease due to noise exposure (Knol
1045 III, 10. 3. 1 | radon and UV-radiation, the disease burden attributable to annoyance,
1046 III, 10. 3. 1 | disturbance and cardiovascular disease due to noise exposure is
1047 III, 10. 3. 1 | 3.1.2. The environmental disease burden in the Netherlands (
1048 III, 10. 3. 1 | Knol et al., 2005). The disease burden is expressed in the
1049 III, 10. 3. 1 | end-points: cardiovascular disease, cognitive impairment in
1050 III, 10. 3. 1 | pressure and ischemic heart disease: a meta-analysis. Environmental
1051 III, 10. 3. 1 | environmental burden of disease in the Netherlands, 1980-
1052 III, 10. 3. 1 | radiation Global Burden of Disease from Solar Ultraviolet Radiation.
1053 III, 10. 3. 1 | Environmental Burden of Disease Series No 13. Geneva, World
1054 III, 10. 3. 2 | of the global burden of disease can be attributed to environmental
1055 III, 10. 3. 2 | are childhood respiratory disease and asthma, childhood cancer,
1056 III, 10. 3. 2 | a later development of a disease in adult life. For example,
1057 III, 10. 3. 2 | major determinants of this disease (Ekbom et al, 2003).~ ~Endocrine
1058 III, 10. 3. 3 | Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease~ ~ ~
1059 III, 10. 3. 3 | generations. Of the main disease groups, the ‘Zoonoses’ and ‘
1060 III, 10. 3. 3 | Zoonoses’ and ‘Serious imported disease’ groups had the lowest incidence
1061 III, 10. 3. 3 | most important communicable disease threat in Europe is posed
1062 III, 10. 3. 3 | associated with communicable disease.~ ~Viruses~ ~Viruses are
1063 III, 10. 3. 3 | influenza is an acute viral disease of the respiratory tract,
1064 III, 10. 3. 3 | Tubercolosis is a bacterial disease, which affects the lungs
1065 III, 10. 3. 3 | another person with pulmonary disease, and less frequently through
1066 III, 10. 3. 3 | contamination. Legionnaires’ disease is a respiratory disease
1067 III, 10. 3. 3 | disease is a respiratory disease caused by the bacteria Legionella
1068 III, 10. 3. 3 | Invasive meningococcal disease, caused by the bacterium
1069 III, 10. 3. 3 | with a secondary peak in disease incidence among teenagers.
1070 III, 10. 3. 3 | pertussis bacterium. The disease is characterised by an irritating
1071 III, 10. 3. 3 | Diphtheria is an acute disease with inflammation of the
1072 III, 10. 3. 3 | of a zoonosis as a human disease depends on several factors,
1073 III, 10. 3. 3 | such as the severity of the disease, the case fatality and number
1074 III, 10. 3. 3 | Cryptosporidiosis is a parasitic disease caused by Cryptosporidium,
1075 III, 10. 3. 3 | is a zoonotic parasitic disease, caused by the larval stage
1076 III, 10. 3. 3 | Trichinellosis is a zoonotic disease caused by Trichinella. The
1077 III, 10. 3. 3 | Variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (vCJD) is a novel form of
1078 III, 10. 3. 3 | spongiform encephalopathy (prion disease). The clinical picture is
1079 III, 10. 3. 3 | neurological deterioration. The disease is fatal, with a mean survival
1080 III, 10. 3. 4 | guidelines on heat-related disease and advice on how to improve
1081 III, 10. 3. 4 | vector-borne diseases, rodent-borne disease to serious mental health
1082 III, 10. 3. 4 | extreme rainfall on waterborne disease outbreaks, extreme rainfall
1083 III, 10. 3. 4 | awareness. A communicable disease surveillance system was
1084 III, 10. 3. 4 | health measures such as disease surveillance, water analysis
1085 III, 10. 4. 1 | the air pollution-related disease burden consists of respiratory
1086 III, 10. 4. 1 | the most common chronic disease among children and is one
1087 III, 10. 4. 1 | people with chronic lung disease (sthma, COPD)~· In the general
1088 III, 10. 4. 2 | received from:~ ~• Communicable Disease Networks set up by Council
1089 III, 10. 4. 2 | avian influenza, Newcastle disease, swine vesicular disease,
1090 III, 10. 4. 2 | disease, swine vesicular disease, fish diseases, bivalve
1091 III, 10. 4. 2 | swine fever, foot and mouth disease, and brucellosis.~The new
1092 III, 10. 4. 2 | accessed from the Communicable Disease Networks set up by Council
1093 III, 10. 4. 2 | studies.~ ~For animal health, disease data are provided by the
1094 III, 10. 4. 2 | the Commission's Animal Disease Notification system (ADNS).
1095 III, 10. 4. 2 | outbreak of a contagious animal disease not epi-zoo-tiologically
1096 III, 10. 4. 2 | outbreak of an infectious disease affecting more than one
1097 III, 10. 4. 2 | published under the heading “Disease information”.~ ~An electronic
1098 III, 10. 4. 2 | outbreaks in the EU~ ~ ~Disease/micro-organism~Occurrence~
1099 III, 10. 4. 2 | EFSA~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.3. Disease symptoms associated with
1100 III, 10. 4. 2 | 2006)~ ~Severity of the disease symptoms~Organism~Mild 1~
1101 III, 10. 4. 2 | association~ ~ ~ ~ ~with Crohn’s disease~Low~Salmonella (para)typhi~ ~
1102 III, 10. 4. 2 | of a zoonosis as a human disease depends on several factors,
1103 III, 10. 4. 2 | such as severity of the disease, the case fatality, and
1104 III, 10. 4. 2 | the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (
1105 III, 10. 4. 2 | frequently reported zoonotic disease in humans within the EU.
1106 III, 10. 4. 2 | therapeutic options to treat the disease cases may be limited.~·
1107 III, 10. 4. 2 | food and animals to human disease cases, inhibits a proper
1108 III, 10. 4. 2 | due to the severity of the disease. Ready-to-eat food (RTE)
1109 III, 10. 4. 2 | related risk of acquiring disease within the EU.~· No information
1110 III, 10. 4. 2 | encephalopathy (BSE, mad cow disease) epidemic in the UK put
1111 III, 10. 4. 2 | understanding of the infection and disease, and realistic management.
1112 III, 10. 4. 2 | plant’s resistance to a disease or insect, improvement of
1113 III, 10. 4. 2 | Bluetongue – a vector-borne viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants –
1114 III, 10. 4. 3 | information on water-related disease outbreaks in Europe and
1115 III, 10. 4. 3 | mortality from diarrhoeal disease attributable to poor water,
1116 III, 10. 4. 3 | The cause of water related disease outbreaks is often a breakdown
1117 III, 10. 4. 3 | and nitrite. Waterborne disease outbreaks occur throughout
1118 III, 10. 4. 3 | et al (2004): Burden of disease attributable to selected
1119 III, 10. 4. 3 | Environmental Burden of Disease Series, No 8. Geneva.~Water
1120 III, 10. 5. 1 | water and water-related disease outbreaks triggered by biological
1121 III, 10. 5. 1 | water supplies, outbreaks of disease are common. Between 1970
1122 III, 10. 5. 1 | encephalitis etc.) and lyme disease.~ ~Sealed-off land and contamination~ ~
1123 III, 10. 5. 1 | Assessing the burden of disease at national and local levels.
1124 III, 10. 5. 1 | Organization, Geneva. Environmental Disease Burden Series No.4~Eisenreich
1125 III, 10. 5. 1 | Bloom B (2001): Burden of disease implications for future
1126 III, 10. 5. 1 | Outbreaks of infectious disease associated with private
1127 III, 10. 5. 2 | comparison of data – especially disease prevalence data, which is
1128 III, 10. 5. 2 | limitations, the health data on disease prevalence mostly come from
1129 III, 10. 5. 2 | greater for respiratory disease and lung cancer.~ ~For Lithuania,
1130 III, 10. 5. 2 | chronic diseases such as heart disease, stroke and mental illness (
1131 III, 10. 5. 2 | 1998), often because the disease is at a more advanced stage
1132 III, 10. 5. 2 | strongly related to the type of disease. In the US, the National
1133 III, 10. 5. 2 | Depending on the type of disease, there are different findings
1134 III, 10. 5. 2 | for specific diseases or disease groups, such as sexually
1135 III, 10. 5. 2 | in many cases lower rural disease prevalence rates could also
1136 III, 10. 5. 3 | for health promotion and disease prevention and can serve
1137 III, 10. 5. 3 | specifications cover 68 disease entities covered by all
1138 III, 10. 5. 3 | economic sectors. Furthermore, disease related absence from work,
1139 III, 10. 5. 3 | chapter, the impact of work on disease is highlighted by first,
1140 III, 10. 5. 3 | compensation for occupational disease in 2000 summed up to 2.8
1141 III, 10. 5. 3 | compensation was due to only 5 disease groups. Among these, the
1142 III, 10. 5. 3 | dust. This occupational disease is almost always the most
1143 III, 10. 5. 3 | almost always the most costly disease but it ranks only sixth
1144 III, 10. 5. 3 | than the severity of the disease, returning-to-work measures
1145 III, 10. 5. 3 | course of health promotion, disease prevention and return-to-work-measures.
1146 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational health and safety with disease prevention, health promotion
1147 III, 10. 5. 3 | Comparison of Occupational Disease and Injury Compensation
1148 III, 10. 6. 1 | increased risk of coronary heart disease (De Vogli et al., 2007).
1149 III, 10. 6. 1 | close relations and heart disease. Arch Intern Med 167(18):
1150 III, 10. 6. 1 | and from cardiovascular disease: prospective evidence from
1151 III, 10. 6. 2 | including cardiovascular disease, many types of cancers,
1152 III, 10. 6. 2 | improvements in cardiovascular disease mortality. This was due
1153 IV, 11. 1. 1 | many ways. Life expectancy, disease prevention and treatment,
1154 IV, 11. 1. 1 | health status and different disease incidence between countries
1155 IV, 11. 1. 5 | standards (covering major disease categories), organizational
1156 IV, 11. 1. 5 | vaccination rates or specific disease treatments (as for coronary
1157 IV, 11. 1. 5 | treatments (as for coronary heart disease in the UK GP contract).
1158 IV, 11. 1. 5 | goals e.g. improving chronic disease management (Spooner et al,
1159 IV, 11. 2. 1 | deaths from asthma, heart disease, cerebrovascular disease
1160 IV, 11. 2. 1 | disease, cerebrovascular disease and pneumonia, even when
1161 IV, 11. 2. 1 | and percentage decline)~ ~Disease management programmes -
1162 IV, 11. 2. 1 | specific guide of chronic disease management for provider
1163 IV, 11. 2. 1 | programmes for specific disease categories, most commonly
1164 IV, 11. 2. 1 | diabetes, cardiovascular disease and cancer. A review of
1165 IV, 11. 2. 1 | the quality of care and disease control and in some cases
1166 IV, 11. 2. 2 | and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting
1167 IV, 11. 2. 2 | removing the cause of a disease or illness, while secondary
1168 IV, 11. 2. 2 | at an early stage of the disease, when this is still reversible.~ ~
1169 IV, 11. 2. 2 | based on the burden of the disease, its socioeconomic impact,
1170 IV, 11. 2. 2 | promote health and prevent disease by addressing health determinants
1171 IV, 11. 2. 2 | epidemiological data, burden of disease and, at times, scope for
1172 IV, 11. 5. 4 | literature. The transmission of disease by a deceased donor organ
1173 IV, 11. 5. 4 | clear understanding of the disease transmission risk inherent
1174 IV, 11. 5. 6 | variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease (vCJD) by blood transfusion ~
1175 IV, 11. 6. 4 | validated indicators, nine disease areas (orthopaedics, transplantation,
1176 IV, 11. 6. 4 | orthopaedics and cardiovascular disease and surgery were taken into
1177 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Stewart S (2005): Screening in disease prevention: what works?
1178 IV, 12.Acr | Acronyms~CDC~Center for Disease Control~DALYs~Disability
1179 IV, 12.Acr | Environmental burden of disease estimates~EFTA~European
1180 IV, 12. 2 | dealing with a specific disease or health determinant includes
1181 IV, 12. 2 | other lifestyle-related disease. Twenty years later, major
1182 IV, 12. 2 | approaches are likely to include disease management programmes, population-based
1183 IV, 12. 2 | These approaches will foster disease (including CVD) control
1184 IV, 12. 2 | screening and treatment of the disease in Europe.~ ~For the primary
1185 IV, 12. 2 | reduce the incidence of disease that is too advanced for
1186 IV, 12. 2 | approach is early detection of disease that is not clinically detectable
1187 IV, 12. 2 | observed in both forms of the disease, can be reduced or even
1188 IV, 12. 2 | screening is to detect a disease or a high risk state in
1189 IV, 12. 2 | resurgence of interest in the disease across the European Union
1190 IV, 12. 2 | wide strategy to tackle the disease;~- the recommendations of
1191 IV, 12. 4 | ECDC~ ~European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (
1192 IV, 12. 5 | lifestyles and preventing disease; take action on key factors
1193 IV, 12. 5 | Statistics, Population data)~- Disease registers (e. g. cancer,
1194 IV, 12. 8 | FDA) and the US Center for Disease Control (CDC) or their counterparts
1195 IV, 12. 8 | the European Centre for disease prevention and control in
1196 IV, 12. 10 | for health promotion and disease prevention, which will publish
1197 IV, 12. 10 | of health promotion and disease prevention in terms of demand,
1198 IV, 12. 10 | for health promotion and disease prevention was in 2007 given
1199 IV, 12. 10 | within the framework of disease management programmes, e.g.
1200 IV, 12. 10 | obesity http l~ heart disease. htt ~- Addressing health
1201 IV, 12. 10 | dermatological and venereal disease hospital, in Athens) that
1202 IV, 12. 10 | the European Center for Disease Control (ECDC). SAFE aims
1203 IV, 12. 10 | frequency of “ legionaires” disease by 50% by 2008~ ~Physical
1204 IV, 12. 10 | established the Italian Centre for Disease Control (CCM) which started
1205 IV, 13.Acr | Environmental burden of disease estimates~EGE~Ethics and
1206 IV, 13.Acr | and science of preventing disease, prolonging life and promoting
1207 IV, 13.Acr | removing the cause of a disease or illness, while secondary
1208 IV, 13.Acr | individuals at an early stage of a disease when this is still reversible.
1209 IV, 13.Acr | based on the burden of the disease, its socioeconomic impact,
1210 IV, 13.Acr | promoting health and preventing disease by addressing health determinants
1211 IV, 13.Acr | epidemiological data, burden of the disease and, at times, scope for
1212 IV, 13. 2 | estimation of the burden of disease~ ~
1213 IV, 13. 2. 1 | with the years spent with a disease, by using a weighting factor
1214 IV, 13. 2. 1 | disability associated with a disease. For example, if a disease
1215 IV, 13. 2. 1 | disease. For example, if a disease has a weighting factor of
1216 IV, 13. 2. 1 | that a year spent with this disease is considered equivalent
1217 IV, 13. 2. 1 | lost life years and the disease year equivalents are enumerated
1218 IV, 13. 2. 1 | due to a particular cause (disease or risk factor) can also
1219 IV, 13. 2. 2 | Environmental burden of disease estimates (EBD) are important
1220 IV, 13. 2. 2 | share of the burden of a disease also depends strongly on
1221 IV, 13. 2. 2 | of the total burden of disease in the OECD and 13% in non-OECD
1222 IV, 13. 2. 2 | still cause most of the disease burden; while in the high-income
1223 IV, 13. 2. 2 | environmental Burden of Disease in the developing and the
1224 IV, 13. 2. 2 | reflected in a different disease pattern. In low-income,
1225 IV, 13. 2. 2 | of the global burden of disease study, published in 2005,
1226 IV, 13. 2. 2 | Table 13.2. Global burden of disease study results (DALYs)~ ~
1227 IV, 13. 2. 2 | to the Global Burden of Disease estimates, amounting to
1228 IV, 13. 2. 2 | most preventable cause of disease burden in the EU accounting
1229 IV, 13. 2. 2 | estimated that over 3% of all disease burden, over 20% of CHD,
1230 IV, 13. 2. 3 | Attributable fractions of total disease burden for the developed
1231 IV, 13. 2. 3 | follows: 13.2% of total disease burden due to tobacco use,
1232 IV, 13. 2. 3 | malnutrition attributed the highest disease burden, i.e. 9.5%. Estimations
1233 IV, 13. 2. 3 | Estimations of environmental disease burden for the developed
1234 IV, 13. 2. 3 | Table 13.4. Burden of disease in 2000 due to selected
1235 IV, 13. 2. 3 | a substantial burden of disease. Tobacco and alcohol use,
1236 IV, 13. 2. 3 | an estimated 24% of the disease burden (healthy life years
1237 IV, 13. 2. 3 | higher risk for damage or disease from environmental pollutants
1238 IV, 13. 2. 3 | as diabetes, respiratory disease, or heart disease and people
1239 IV, 13. 2. 3 | respiratory disease, or heart disease and people with compromised
1240 IV, 13. 2. 3 | environmental factors and disease categories in the Netherlands.~ ~
1241 IV, 13. 2. 3 | DALYs lost~DIET~ ~OTHER~ ~DISEASE~ ~Dietary Factors~Microbiological
1242 IV, 13. 2. 3 | STD: Sexually Transmitted Disease: STEC: Shiga-toxin-producing
1243 IV, 13. 2. 4 | estimates of the Burden of Disease, measured in DALY's lost,
1244 IV, 13. 2. 4 | contribute to that Burden of Disease. As these major risk factors
1245 IV, 13. 2. 4 | the preventable Burden of Disease in European countries (Table
1246 IV, 13. 2. 4 | for preventable Burden of Disease (DALY's) in the EU27 Member
1247 IV, 13. 2. 4 | would lessen the burden of disease in the EU even further.~ ~
1248 IV, 13. 5 | and behaviour. Alzheimer’s disease accounts for approximately
1249 IV, 13. 5 | costs. Although the risk of disease and disability clearly increases
1250 IV, 13. 5 | against adult cardiovascular disease, alcohol and tobacco related
1251 IV, 13. 7. 3 | opportunities in health and disease management’. A special focus
1252 IV, 13. 7. 5 | improve health, to prevent disease, and to obviate sources
1253 IV, 13. 9 | global and regional burden of disease. Lancet 2002; 360: 1347-
1254 IV, 13. 9 | Report, OECD Ageing Related Disease Study, Paris: OECD. Available
