Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 3 | foreign than for European women.~Female Genital Mutilation (
2 I, 2. 3 | alone, 500 000 girls and women are affected or threatened
3 I, 2. 4 | tend to be smaller among women than among men; and~· inequalities
4 I, 2. 4 | men, 2 to 4 years among women). In many Western European
5 I, 2. 4 | countries, both among men and women. Among men, the excess mortality
6 I, 2. 4 | European countries. Among women, however, relative inequalities
7 I, 2. 5 | labour market, especially of women and the very young, provided
8 I, 2. 5 | population, while trends for women of the same age brackets
9 I, 2. 5 | increasing percentage of women in the workforce. However,
10 I, 2. 5 | jobs carried out by men and women, the type of employment
11 I, 2. 5 | development opportunities. Many women work in the caring services
12 I, 2. 5 | psychosocial risk factors. More women than men work in jobs where
13 I, 2. 5 | part-time workers, with women making up the majority.
14 I, 2. 5 | gender dimension, since women are relatively over-represented
15 I, 2. 6 | In the EU25 as a whole, women accounted for almost 55%
16 I, 2. 6 | throughout the EU. There are more women than men enrolled in ISCED
17 I, 2. 6 | programmes in EU Member States. Women accounted for more than
18 I, 2. 6 | and Norway. The share of women among students increased
19 I, 2. 6 | In the EU25 as a whole, women made up almost 47% of students
20 I, 2. 6 | the figure was under 40%. Women outnumbered men, however,
21 I, 2. 6 | and 2003/04, the number of women enrolled in ISCED level
22 I, 2. 6 | exception is Italy, where women still outnumber men (EUROSTAT,
23 I, 2. 6 | EUROSTAT, 2008).~ ~In 2004, women made up around 59% of students
24 I, 2. 6 | points more than the share of women in enrolments. More women
25 I, 2. 6 | women in enrolments. More women than men graduated in 2004
26 I, 2. 6 | countries except Turkey, where women make up a relatively small
27 I, 2. 6 | graduating students were women.~The situation is very different
28 I, 2. 6 | men. Men also outnumbered women in most countries. The exceptions
29 I, 2. 6 | reflects the growing share of women enrolling in ISCED 6 programmes (
30 I, 2. 6 | previously when the share of women was smaller). There is a
31 I, 2. 6 | fields of education in which women and men successfully complete
32 I, 2. 6 | level programmes. While women make up a large majority
33 I, 2. 11 | EUROSTAT (2008): The life of women and men in Europe 2008 edition.
34 I, 3. 1 | to the ‘catching up’ of women who had not yet given birth
35 I, 3. 1 | currently is. As higher educated women have their first child later
36 I, 3. 1 | life than less educated women, the mere increase in the
37 I, 3. 1 | increase in the number of women with higher education explains
38 I, 3. 1 | cohort perspective shows that women born at the end or just
39 I, 3. 1 | children below replacement. Women from birth cohort 1955,
40 I, 3. 1 | replacement. On average, women born in the 1930s had their
41 I, 3. 1 | first child earlier than women born later. Women born in
42 I, 3. 1 | earlier than women born later. Women born in 1955 still had their
43 I, 3. 1 | at first birth occurred: women born in 1965 had their first
44 I, 3. 1 | in fertility timing. If women born in a certain year (
45 I, 3. 1 | number of children born to women of that particular cohort (
46 I, 3. 1. 0(1)| in successive years or to women from successive birth cohorts.
47 I, 3. 1. 0(1)| birth cohorts. Individual women may not be aware themselves
48 I, 3. 1 | rise in the proportion of women that remain childless. Data
49 I, 3. 1 | show higher levels, but women from these cohorts may still
50 I, 3. 1 | childlessness levels for women born in the 1960s, 1970s
51 I, 3. 1 | cohorts in which 25% of the women already have a child at
52 I, 3. 1 | or over.~ ~More men than women remain without children,
53 I, 3. 1 | ever-marriage-rates for men than for women (Toulemon, 1995). Research
54 I, 3. 1 | 1993). Higher educated women are much more likely than
55 I, 3. 1 | likely than lower educated women to remain childless. This
56 I, 3. 1 | imply that higher educated women opt voluntarily for this
57 I, 3. 1 | evidence that higher educated women conceive more easily, ceteris
58 I, 3. 1 | paribus, than lower educated women (Beets et al, 2001; Esveldt
59 I, 3. 1 | be slightly flattered as women may get married after discovering
60 I, 3. 1. 0(2)| Vice versa it means that if women in a birth cohort would
61 I, 3. 1. 0(3)| children born to married women whose husbands are not the
62 II, 4. 1 | current rate of about 75. For women the increase was from 77
63 II, 4. 1 | quantities between men and women, the gender gaps.~ ~Table
64 II, 4. 1 | for men and 63.0 years for women. These years represent 81%
65 II, 4. 1 | expectancy at birth for men and women, respectively (Table 4.1.
66 II, 4. 1 | for men and 82 years for women (EU25), for its 461 million
67 II, 4. 1 | for men and 19 years for women including 5 to 6 years with
68 II, 4. 1 | with severe limitations. Women live on average 6 years
69 II, 4. 1 | gender gap in favour of women appears to be much smaller,
70 II, 4. 1 | for men and 19.1 years for women representing 62% and 57%
71 II, 4. 1 | workers. Above the age of 50, women live longer than men, 4.
72 II, 4. 1 | gender gap in favour of women at the age of 50 is much
73 II, 4. 1 | for men and 9.9 years for women, representing 53% and 49%
74 II, 4. 1 | life expectancy for men and women respectively. Men in the
75 II, 4. 1 | all countries for men and women. If we consider a gain of
76 II, 4. 1 | reported an expansion. For women at the age of 65, Belgium,
77 II, 4. 1 | compression for men and women and the Netherlands and
78 II, 4. 1 | will adversely affect older women more than older men) (Robine
79 II, 4. 1 | for men and by 2 years for women, thereby reducing the longevity
80 II, 4. 1 | years (7.5 years gap) for women. The corresponding HLY values
81 II, 4. 1 | years (18.0 years gap) for women. Table 4.1.4 provides additional
82 II, 4. 1 | years (13.7 years gap) for women, highlighting that the employment
83 II, 4. 1 | 2005 (EU25), for men and women, in the different Member
84 II, 4. 1 | Severe Limitations, in 2005, Women.~ ~ ~The calculation of
85 II, 4. 1 | disability), between men and women and between Member States.
86 II, 4. 1 | 19% for men and 23% for women) of the life expectancy
87 II, 4. 1 | Under the current conditions women at birth are expected to
88 II, 4. 1 | for men and 19.1 years for women, providing possibilities
89 II, 4. 1 | men and over 7 years for women. Gaps in HLY between MS
90 II, 4. 1 | for men and 18 years for women in total. At 50 the HLY
91 II, 4. 1 | for men and 13.7 years for women, highlighting that the labour
92 II, 4. 1 | than in both EU27 and USA. Women’s LE at birth is one year
93 II, 4. 2 | differences between men and women, and the underlying pattern
94 II, 4. 2 | decade for both men and women. However, the pattern of
95 II, 4. 2 | years in the 1990s. For women, the rate of increase in
96 II, 4. 2 | average. For both men and women during the 1970s the decline
97 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy and for women one fourth. During the 1980s,
98 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at birth, and for women the age groups 70-84 even
99 II, 4. 2 | over, reaching even 40% for women.~ ~Table 4.2.1. Arriaga
100 II, 4. 2 | in their sixties and for women in their seventies. However,
101 II, 4. 2 | sixties and seventies and women in their seventies and eighties.
102 II, 4. 2 | the 1990s, mortality of women aged between 65 and 75 hardly
103 II, 4. 2 | since 2000 mortality of women aged 65-74 has declined
104 II, 4. 2 | expectancy in the 1970s. For women, heart and cerebrovascular
105 II, 4. 2 | smoking related cancers for women was considerably smaller
106 II, 4. 2 | to 50% for both men and women. Whereas for men the decrease
107 II, 4. 2 | particularly large, for women the decrease of mortality
108 II, 4. 2 | declined in the 1990s. For women the decrease in mortality
109 II, 4. 2 | continued to increase for women in contrast with men, due
110 II, 4. 2 | number of smokers among women continued to increase (or
111 II, 4. 2 | on the life expectancy of women in the 1980s in several
112 II, 4. 2 | impact on life expectancy of women in almost all countries.
113 II, 4. 2 | men is larger than that on women. Alcohol related mortality (
114 II, 4. 2 | cancer, for men more than for women, and for men earlier than
115 II, 4. 2 | for men earlier than for women. Note that the effect of
116 II, 4. 2 | expectancy; the same occurred for women even in 9 out of the 13
117 II, 4. 2 | For Polish men and Dutch women the effect of the decline
118 II, 4. 2 | selected countries and for women in 12 countries, even though
119 II, 4. 2 | countries, even though for women in most countries the effect
120 II, 4. 2 | of the 13 countries. As women started to smoke later than
121 II, 4. 2 | smoking related cancers for women occurred later than for
122 II, 4. 2 | later than for men. For women in the 1990s, smoking related
123 II, 4. 2 | mortality for the elderly.~ ~For women in several countries, the
124 II, 4. 2 | countries the increase for women in the 1980s was higher
125 II, 4. 2 | after 2000 the increase for women appears to be smaller than
126 II, 4. 2 | rates at older ages for women are considerably lower than
127 II, 4. 2 | is larger than that for women.~ ~Table 4.2.7 shows the
128 II, 4. 2 | difference between men and women.~ ~Table 4.2.7. Average
129 II, 4. 2 | 1970 it turns out that for women there is a negative relationship
130 II, 4. 2 | average increase since 1970, women~ ~For men there appears
131 II, 4. 2 | Eastern European countries for women as well, the relationship
132 II, 4. 2 | Eastern European Countries, women.~ ~Thus apart from Eastern
133 II, 4. 2 | reach convergence, while for women it will take about 30 years.~ ~
134 II, 4. 3 | perspectives on healthy aging in women. Journal of Women and Aging
135 II, 4. 3 | aging in women. Journal of Women and Aging 14(1-2): 119-133.~ ~
136 II, 5. 1. 1 | average (2001-2003), EU27 – A) Women~ ~Figure 5.1.1b. Proportion
137 II, 5. 1. 1 | cause of this cancer in women. Foods containing dietary
138 II, 5. 1. 1 | the geographic pattern in women reflects the rather different
139 II, 5. 1. 1 | specific actions addressed to women and young are necessary.~ ~
140 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors for breast cancer in women include the events of reproductive
141 II, 5. 2. 1 | six men and one in seven women currently die from ischemic
142 II, 5. 2. 1 | ten men and one in eight women die from stroke.~ ~Cardiovascular
143 II, 5. 2. 1 | increasing number of men and women living with CVD. This paradox
144 II, 5. 2. 1 | with a higher percentage of women (54% of all-cause mortality)
145 II, 5. 2. 1 | men and over one in seven women). It is also one of the
146 II, 5. 2. 1 | ten men and one in eight women die from this disease; many
147 II, 5. 2. 3 | six men and one in seven women die from IHD (Allender et
148 II, 5. 2. 3 | is higher in men than in women but still remains the most
149 II, 5. 2. 3 | frequent cause of death in women, accounting for more deaths
150 II, 5. 2. 3 | are higher in men than in women and percentages increase
151 II, 5. 2. 3 | France and 555 in Latvia; in women 16 per 100.000 in France
152 II, 5. 2. 3 | results can be found in women (Figure 5.2.2) for whom
153 II, 5. 2. 3 | diseases (codes ICD-9 410-14) Women aged 35-74 years~ ~Morbidity~ ~
154 II, 5. 2. 3 | discharge diagnoses for men and women of all ages combined for
155 II, 5. 2. 3 | procedures – All ages. Men and women combined (year 2000)~ ~The
156 II, 5. 2. 3 | case fatality for men and women aged 35-64 years. Trends
157 II, 5. 2. 3 | was four times higher in women. The results of the WHO
158 II, 5. 2. 3 | registration in men and women aged 35-64 years; 28-day
159 II, 5. 2. 3 | higher for men than for women; mortality rates have been
160 II, 5. 2. 3 | faster for men than for women. Faster declining mortality
161 II, 5. 2. 3 | have narrowed the gap with women over the last ten years,
162 II, 5. 2. 3 | ten men and one in eight women die from this disease (Allender
163 II, 5. 2. 3 | is higher in men than in women in most countries but the
164 II, 5. 2. 3 | rates per 100.000 men and women aged 35-74 and 35-84 - 3
165 II, 5. 2. 3 | almost seven times higher. In women it varies from 36 deaths
166 II, 5. 2. 3 | events double in both men and women: this demonstrates that
167 II, 5. 2. 3 | results can be found in women (Figure 5.2.4) for which
168 II, 5. 2. 3 | disease (codes ICD-9 430-38) - Women aged 35-84 years~ ~Morbidity~ ~
169 II, 5. 2. 3 | discharge rates for men and women of all ages combined for
170 II, 5. 2. 3 | case fatality for men and women aged 35-64 are shown. However,
171 II, 5. 2. 3 | surveillance in men and women aged 35-64; 28-day case
172 II, 5. 2. 3 | stroke mortality for men and women in Eastern Europe. The political,
173 II, 5. 2. 4 | and that it is higher in women than in men. These data
174 II, 5. 2. 4 | is higher among elderly women.~Table 5.2.9 reports smoking
175 II, 5. 2. 4 | Prevalence of smoking in women is lower except in Sweden,
176 II, 5. 2. 4 | in Northern countries. In women, it is generally higher
177 II, 5. 2. 4 | hypertension for men and women of different age ranges
178 II, 5. 2. 4 | EU countries for men and women of different age ranges.~ ~
179 II, 5. 2. 4 | EU countries for men and women of different age ranges~ ~
180 II, 5. 2. 4 | EU countries for men and women of different age ranges.~ ~
181 II, 5. 2. 4 | in men and 10-20 g/day in women) is associated with a reduced
182 II, 5. 2. 4 | and BMI (Kg/m2 ) men and women aged 35-64 years~ ~Also
183 II, 5. 2. 5 | with a special focus on “Women and CVD” was held in Brussels
184 II, 5. 2. 6 | and prevent increase among women as health benefits of smoking
185 II, 5. 2. 6 | observed both in men and in women, at any age, starting from
186 II, 5. 2. 7 | Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Young Women and Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular
187 II, 5. 2. 7 | year stroke incidence in women and men: findings on 12
188 II, 5. 2. 7 | heart disease incidence in women and men: results from the
189 II, 5. 3. 3 | estimates trends in men and women separated by broad geographical
190 II, 5. 3. 3 | mortality trends in men and women separately by geographical
191 II, 5. 3. 3 | relative survival for men and women. This indicator is available
192 II, 5. 3. 4 | cause of this cancer in women. Foods containing dietary
193 II, 5. 3. 4 | the geographic pattern in women reflects the rather different
194 II, 5. 3. 4 | specific actions addressed to women and young people are needed.~ ~
195 II, 5. 3. 4 | factors for breast cancer in women include the events of reproductive
196 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000) and in Denmark for women (414 new cases per 100,000).
197 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000) and in Denmark for women (196 deaths per 100,000).
198 II, 5. 3. 5 | and in Northern Europe for women (351 new cases per 100,000,
199 II, 5. 3. 5 | again in Northern Europe for women (155 deaths per 100,000,
200 II, 5. 3. 5 | increasing both in men and in women for all macro-areas. On
201 II, 5. 3. 5 | decreasing or constant for women.~ ~Figure 5.3.1a. All cancer (
202 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.2a. Trends
203 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~ ~Figure 5.3.3a. All cancer (
204 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.4a. Trends
205 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Stomach Cancer (ICD-9
206 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000) and in Lithuania for women (18 new cases per 100,000);
207 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000) and in Estonia for women (12 deaths per 100,000).
208 II, 5. 3. 5 | levels, both for men and women (Figures 5.3.5 and Figures
209 II, 5. 3. 5 | decreasing both for men and women in all macro-areas taken
210 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.6a. Trends
211 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.7a. Stomach
212 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.8a. Trends
213 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Colorectal Cancer (ICD-9
214 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000) and Switzerland for women (56 new cases per 100,000).
215 II, 5. 3. 5 | macro-areas) both for men and women (Figures 5.3.10) (65 new
216 II, 5. 3. 5 | new cases per 100,000 in women). Figures 5.3.11 show that
217 II, 5. 3. 5 | deaths per 100,000) and for women (over 24 deaths per 100,
218 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.10a. Trends
219 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.11a. Colorectal
220 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.12a. Trends
221 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~ ~Lung Cancer (ICD-9 162)~
222 II, 5. 3. 5 | cancer of men, while in women incidence rates are lower.~
223 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figure 5.3.16b) rates for women (31 new cases and 27 deaths
224 II, 5. 3. 5 | mortality are increasing for women (Figure 5.3.14b and 5.3.
225 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.14a. Trends
226 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.15a. Lung cancer (
227 II, 5. 3. 5 | standard) by sex in 2006 B) Women~ ~Figure 5.3.16a. Trends
228 II, 5. 3. 5 | European standard) by sex B) Women~ ~Female Breast Cancer (
229 II, 5. 3. 5 | frequent type of cancer in women with an estimated 430,000
230 II, 5. 3. 6 | but also by cancer site. Women generally had better survival
231 II, 5. 3. 6 | 40% for men and 55% for women were Northern countries (
232 II, 5. 3. 6 | similar GDP both for men and women. Lower levels of survival
233 II, 5. 3. 6 | to 31st December 1999 B) Women~ ~Countries fell into two
234 II, 5. 3. 6 | groups both for men and women: on the one hand, most countries
235 II, 5. 3. 6 | relative survival was higher in women than in men in most countries.~
236 II, 5. 3. 6 | to 31st December 1999 B) Women~ ~5-year colorectal cancer
237 II, 5. 3. 6 | 48% for men and 50% for women in Finland, Norway and Sweden
238 II, 5. 3. 6 | Slovenia) both for men and women. Survival in the UK and
239 II, 5. 3. 6 | improving equally for men and women, younger and older patients,
240 II, 5. 3. 6 | to 31st December 1999 B) Women~ ~Survival for lung cancer
241 II, 5. 3. 6 | survival ~10% in men and women (Figures 5.3.32). Estimates
242 II, 5. 3. 6 | and from 8.1% to 9.8% in women (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure
243 II, 5. 3. 6 | to 31st December 1999 B) Women~ ~The prognosis for breast
244 II, 5. 3. 6 | Even though the survival of women with cervical cancer in
245 II, 5. 3. 7 | frequent cancers amongst women and colorectal cancer is
246 II, 5. 3. 7 | Recommendations referred to women aged 25 to 64 for the screening
247 II, 5. 3. 7 | or 5 years of interval); women aged 50 to 69 for breast
248 II, 5. 3. 7 | of interval) and men and women aged 50 to 74 for the screening
249 II, 5. 3. 9 | cancer in postmenopausal women. Reanalysis of nine prospective
250 II, 5. 4. 1 | age;~Pregnancy: Pregnant women with uncontrolled diabetes
251 II, 5. 4. 2 | men and <1.25 mmol/l for women is measured as the percentage
252 II, 5. 4. 2 | men and 1.25 mmol/l for women.~Measurement of triglycerides
253 II, 5. 4. 3 | men and <1.25 mmol/l for women. Crude percentages published
254 II, 5. 4. 3 | is lower in men than in women. The influence of age is
255 II, 5. 5.Int | mortality in Europe with women twice as susceptible as
256 II, 5. 5.Int | common mental disorders. Women are at much greater risk
257 II, 5. 5.Int | maintaining relationships. Women living in poverty and women
258 II, 5. 5.Int | Women living in poverty and women from minority groups are
259 II, 5. 5.Int | by violence. Similarly, women living on a low income for
260 II, 5. 5.Int | lone parents and retired women living alone10. Moreover,
261 II, 5. 5.Int | living alone10. Moreover, women are more likely to approach
262 II, 5. 5.Int | to diagnose depression in women compared to men, even when
263 II, 5. 5.Int | of inpatient care11,12. Women’s social roles as primary
264 II, 5. 5.Int | in “role overload”, where women undertake both employment
265 II, 5. 5.Int | proportions of depression in women than in men in almost all
266 II, 5. 5.Int | risk of depression in older women and in people of lower socio
267 II, 5. 5.Int | judged depression in women as the leading cause of
268 II, 5. 5.Int | ranges from 0.3% to 7.3% in women and from 0.1% to 2.1% in
269 II, 5. 5.Int | the under-25s, with older women excluded because bulimia
270 II, 5. 5.Int | Disease (AD) increase in women but not in men19. The EURODEM
271 II, 5. 5.Int | of AD were higher among women of lower education, but
272 II, 5. 5.Int | children, young people and women. Such violence can cause
273 II, 5. 5. 1 | is much more common among women; in Europe, prevalence is
274 II, 5. 5. 1 | adult men and 17% for adult women (Alonso et al., 2004a).
275 II, 5. 5. 1 | citizens, 45 000 men and 14 000 women committed suicide in 2006 (
276 II, 5. 5. 1 | suicide, especially among women (1:9 for males, 1:42 for
277 II, 5. 5. 1 | percentage was higher in women (20%) than in men (13%)
278 II, 5. 5. 1 | distress was more common in women than in men. This was particularly
279 II, 5. 5. 1 | interval) for a score MH<55 in women with reference to men, by
280 II, 5. 5. 1 | per 100 000 and Lithuanian women have the fourth highest
281 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevalence rates for men and women in 9 different age groups (
282 II, 5. 5. 2 | world region, for men and women combined, in five year age
283 II, 5. 5. 2 | age group and for men and women separately, whereas in the
284 II, 5. 5. 2 | were obtained for men and women separately from 30 to 99
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | Vienna’s Commissioner for Women’s Health).~Bulgaria~ ~X~ ~
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | the incidence rate for women and men older than 25 remains
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | bulimia for 10-39-year-old women during 1988-1993. The highest
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | eating-related outcomes for men and women separately and represents
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | particularly adolescents and young women (Gupta, 1995). Young girls
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | Finland, while for Finnish women schizophrenia seems to be
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | main medical conditions in women and men with schizophrenia
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | Medical comorbidity in women and men with schizophrenia:
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | be higher in men than in women, although this finding does
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of epilepsy in men and women can be mostly explained
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | concealment of the disease in women due to socio-cultural reasons.~
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | is greater in men than in women, as shown in most population-based
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | RR- versus PP-MS and among women versus men. A fluctuating
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | Vaasa, especially among women.~The DMSR provides epidemiological
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | 11 and 282 per 100 000 in women and between 10 and 123 per
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | Bulgaria and in Italy for women. The highest mortality rates
301 II, 5. 6. 3 | chronic sickness in men and women from 16 to 74 years of age
302 II, 5. 6. 3 | disability for both men and women, as well as for the whole
303 II, 5. 6. 3 | prevalence is higher in women, and increases strongly
304 II, 5. 6. 3 | For example, a study of women aged 45-65 in the UK showed
305 II, 5. 6. 3 | affected more often than women among those aged <45, whereas
306 II, 5. 6. 3 | those aged <45, whereas women are affected more frequently
307 II, 5. 6. 3 | radiographic OA by age B) Women~ ~Determinants, risk factors
308 II, 5. 6. 3 | men and 3-12 per 1000 for women. In all studies the prevalence
309 II, 5. 6. 3 | prevalence is higher in women than men (the ratio varied
310 II, 5. 6. 3 | The incidence of RA in women appears to have fallen between
311 II, 5. 6. 3 | 25% fall in prevalence in women aged 16-74.~ ~The incidence
312 II, 5. 6. 3 | Prevalence~ ~For both men and women there appears to be a gradient
313 II, 5. 6. 3 | 32% and Italy 0.13%. In women, the prevalence in the same
314 II, 5. 6. 3 | more common in nulliparous women. The oral contraceptive
315 II, 5. 6. 3 | prevalence, particularly among women (Spector et al, 1993). On
316 II, 5. 6. 3 | present when the BMD level in women was 2.5 standard deviations
317 II, 5. 6. 3 | the normal mean for young women.~ ~The International Osteoporosis
318 II, 5. 6. 3 | mean BMD of young adult women (BMD T–score –2.5).~ ~Osteopenia (
319 II, 5. 6. 3 | mean BMD of young adult women (–2.5 BMD T–score –1).~ ~
320 II, 5. 6. 3 | 100,000 person-years in women aged under 35,rising to
321 II, 5. 6. 3 | 100,000 person-years in women 85 years of age and older,
322 II, 5. 6. 3 | more, 80% of which occur in women (due in part to the presence
323 II, 5. 6. 3 | presence of more elderly women than men). In Europe it
324 II, 5. 6. 3 | over 50, and 711.223 by women over 50 (Kanis and Johnell,
325 II, 5. 6. 3 | forearm fractures occur in women (the age-adjusted female
326 II, 5. 6. 3 | and around 50% occur in women aged 65 or more. A multicentre
327 II, 5. 6. 3 | and 37 per 10 000 men and women respectively, with hospitalization
328 II, 5. 6. 3 | after the age of 70 among women, perhaps pointing to increasing
329 II, 5. 6. 3 | with age and are greater in women than in men. About 80% of
330 II, 5. 6. 3 | three-quarters of which occur in women. Similar patterns have been
331 II, 5. 6. 3 | in one in eight men and women aged over 50 in Europe.
332 II, 5. 6. 3 | deformity are 1% per year among women and 0.6% per year among
333 II, 5. 6. 3 | estimated that around 23% of women aged 50 or more in the United
334 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoporosis rises from 5% in women at the age of 50 to 50%
335 II, 5. 6. 3 | occur after a fall in men or women with reduced bone strength.
336 II, 5. 6. 3 | fractures will also occur in women without osteoporosis. The
337 II, 5. 6. 3 | of 23% of men and 19% of women (O’Neill et al, 2001; Sernbo
338 II, 5. 6. 3 | year, perhaps up to 25% in women and 35% in men (Cooper,
339 II, 5. 6. 3 | affecting men a little more than women, more frequent in the working
340 II, 5. 6. 6 | osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational study.
341 II, 5. 6. 6 | for hip fracture in white women. Study of Osteoporotic Fractures
342 II, 5. 6. 6 | of life in postmenopausal women with low BMD with or without
343 II, 5. 6. 6 | fracture in British men and women. Osteoporos Int 12:555-558~
344 II, 5. 6. 6 | and rheumatoid factor in women: evidence for a secular
345 II, 5. 7. 7 | mortality in middle-aged men and women from the general population.
346 II, 5. 8. 3 | Copenhagen, Denmark, 8045 men and women aged 30-60 with normal lung
347 II, 5. 8. 3 | male never smokers (9% in women). The 25-year cumulative
348 II, 5. 8. 3 | differences between men and women.~ ~Prevalence and disease
349 II, 5. 8. 3 | men, <89th percentile in women) to 18.3% with the “clinical”
350 II, 5. 8. 3 | of GOLD-COPD in men and women respectively to: mild 12.
351 II, 5. 8. 3 | 8% for men, and 8.5% for women (Buist et al, 2007). In
352 II, 5. 8. 3 | is greater in men than in women. Moreover, it is clear that
353 II, 5. 8. 4 | Copenhagen, Denmark, 8045 men and women aged 30-60 with normal lung
354 II, 5. 8. 4 | male never smokers (9% in women) to 41% for male continuous
355 II, 5. 8. 4 | continuous smokers (31% in women). The 25-year cumulative
356 II, 5. 8. 4 | differences between men and women. The risk of developing
357 II, 5. 8. 4 | rapidly in 20-44 year old women. This was confirmed in the
358 II, 5. 8. 7 | physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax
359 II, 5. 9. FB | has been found among obese women compared to normal weight
360 II, 5. 9. FB | compared to normal weight women. However, the existence
361 II, 5. 9. 3 | people per year) and in women aged 30 or more (3.1/1000
362 II, 5. 9. 3 | rate was 45.8% (41.6% in women and 49.5% in men, P 001).
363 II, 5. 10. 4 | and pregnant or lactating women.~The social burden of FA
364 II, 5. 11. 3 | that between 10% and 15% of women and 2-5% of men in Europe
365 II, 5. 11. 3 | prevalence of body piercing among women, particularly in European
366 II, 5. 11. 3 | patients; all the reactors were women and had their ears pierced
367 II, 5. 11. 3 | 7% to 25.8% among German women below 30 years over a 9-
368 II, 5. 11. 3 | occupational hand eczema in men and women in the 40 to 60 years of
369 II, 5. 11. 3 | disease afflicts men and women equally and is present in
370 II, 5. 11. 3 | equally common in men and women, BCC were nearly three times
371 II, 5. 11. 3 | reported in both men and women. Its incidence has been
372 II, 5. 11. 3 | substantially in men (by 42%) and in women (by 146%) during this period
373 II, 5. 11. 3 | 600 in men and 19 029 in women). During this period, incidence
374 II, 5. 11. 3 | 70.4% in men and 65% in women, while incidence rates of
375 II, 5. 11. 3 | 13.5% in men and 18.8% in women. Head and neck were the
376 II, 5. 11. 3 | BCC (17% in men and 11% in women) and upper limbs for SCC (
377 II, 5. 11. 3 | 12% in men and 12.5% in women) (Plesko et al, 2000).~Mortality
378 II, 5. 11. 3 | rates are higher in men and women in Southern European countries (
379 II, 5. 11. 5 | affect up to 20% of young women. Infectious skin diseases,
380 II, 5. 12. 1 | 000 men and 10-16/100,000 women) in Europe were observed
381 II, 5. 12. 1 | 100,000 men and 5/100,000 women) were registered in the
382 II, 5. 12. 1 | 100,000 men and 22/100,000 women in Hungary in 1990 (Corrao
383 II, 5. 12. 3 | cirrhosis mortality for men and women since the 1970’s have been
384 II, 5. 12. 3 | cirrhosis were lower in women from all countries (Table
385 II, 5. 12. 3 | rises were observed in women from a few Nordic countries (
386 II, 5. 12. 3 | particularly Hungary). In European women, the highest rates in 2000-
387 II, 5. 12. 3 | 02 the highest values for women were 53.9/100,000 in Hungary
388 II, 5. 12. 3 | from cirrhosis per 100,000 women at all ages and at 35-64
389 II, 5. 12. 3 | and in Table 5.12.4 for women. Given the substantial variation
390 II, 5. 12. 3 | around +7% in men and +3% in women from England and Wales,
391 II, 5. 12. 3 | around +9% in men and +7% in women from Scotland and around +
392 II, 5. 12. 3 | around +9% in men and +4% in women from Ireland.~ ~Table 5.
393 II, 5. 12. 3 | cirrhosis mortality rates in women from selected EUGLOREH countries,
394 II, 5. 13 | European countries for both women and men. According to WHO
395 II, 5. 13 | can vary between men and women and in accordance with the
396 II, 5. 13 | pregnant and lactating women.~ ~The above-mentioned diseases
397 II, 6. 3. 3 | between 1.7% and 17% of women with no symptoms are infected.
398 II, 6. 3. 3 | is reported more often in women than in men (female to male
399 II, 6. 3. 3 | times higher in men than in women.~ ~Figure 6.3. Trends of
400 II, 6. 3. 3 | was higher in men than in women (male to female ratio, 4.
401 II, 6. 3. 3 | labour care of pregnant women.~ ~ ~
402 II, 6. 3. 3 | Incidence was higher in men than women (male to female ratio, 2.
403 II, 6. 3. 5 | vaccination programmes started in women first) together with a variation
404 II, 6. 3. 5 | to rubella in girls and women).~ ~Polio~ ~Polio is caused
405 II, 6. 3. 6 | to abortion in pregnant women. In immuno-compromised or
406 II, 6. 3. 6 | Infections in pregnant women can cause congenital toxoplasmosis,
407 II, 7. 3. 5 | the EU27~ ~ ~More men than women commit suicide in the European
408 II, 7. 3. 5 | in the EU27 whereas more women commit more suicide attempts (
409 II, 7. 3. 5 | age groups. More men than women are victims of violence (
410 II, 8. 1. 3 | that about 16% of men and women aged 16-64 in the EU have
411 II, 8. 1. 3 | experienced by 10% of men and women aged 16-64.~ ~Table 8.1.
412 II, 8. 1. 3 | problems.~ ~Slightly more women than men result limited
413 II, 8. 1. 3 | a different attitude of women with limitations, compared
414 II, 8. 1. 3 | training is more evident in women than men with considerable
415 II, 8. 1. 3 | wage gap between men and women is also apparent here: earnings
416 II, 8. 1. 3 | 12% lower, while those of women considerably limited are
417 II, 8. 1. 3 | limited to some extent. Among women of working age, about 16%
418 II, 8. 1. 3 | compare with just under 11% of women and 10% of men, who were
419 II, 8. 1. 6 | ALPHAMETRICS (2007): Men and women with disabilities in the
420 II, 8. 2. 1 | associated with gender – women were at increased risk of
421 II, 8. 2. 1 | intellectual disability. Women should be informed of the
422 II, 8. 2. 1 | having an affected child. Women who plan to get pregnant
423 II, 8. 2. 1 | particularly against rubella. Women who are at risk for infectious
424 II, 8. 2. 1 | sampling is often used for women at high risk of having a
425 II, 8. 2. 1 | aged 35 and older, and for women with family histories of
426 II, 8. 2. 1 | It is also important for women with PKU to follow a special
427 II, 8. 2. 2 | of the available surveys, women seem more likely than men
428 II, 8. 2. 2 | of the available surveys, women seem more likely than men
429 II, 8. 2. 2 | EU-SILC) (2007): Men and women with disabilities in the
430 II, 8. 2. 3 | EU-SILC) (2007): Men and women with disabilities in the
431 II, 9 | unit admissions in older women (Clearly-Goldman et al,
432 II, 9 | proportion of childbearing women in the EU who are aged under
433 II, 9 | States. Although many fewer women bear children late in life
434 II, 9 | The rate of smoking among women of childbearing age varies
435 II, 9 | outcomes, however, because many women stop smoking during pregnancy,
436 II, 9 | data, the proportion of women smoking during pregnancy
437 II, 9 | Rates of Smoking Among all Women 25-34 vs Women During 3rd
438 II, 9 | Among all Women 25-34 vs Women During 3rd Trimester of
439 II, 9 | alcohol drinking among young women in some countries, especially
440 II, 9 | not be promoted.~ ~Some women are at higher risk of delivering
441 II, 9 | countries to ensure that all women with these conditions receive
442 II, 9 | Northern countries men and women have their first sexual
443 II, 9 | atherosclerotic CHD are similar in women and men and include dyslipidemia,
444 II, 9 | atherogenic risk profile of older women is appreciably more adverse
445 II, 9 | adverse than that of younger women, although it is uncertain
446 II, 9 | reduce risk for CHD events in women as well as in men. For some
447 II, 9 | appear to be similar in women and men. For example, meta-analysis
448 II, 9 | for major CHD events in women, similar to the 31-percent
449 II, 9 | management of risk for CHD in women is imperative. Despite similar
450 II, 9 | Despite similar stroke rates, women are more likely than men
451 II, 9 | men (as compared to 10% in women). It has been noted that
452 II, 9 | factors for breast cancer in women may include regular use
453 II, 9 | proportions of older men and women could be at risk of vitamin
454 II, 9. 1. 1 | morbidities affecting pregnant women and their newborns. Furthermore,
455 II, 9. 1. 1 | parity~R: Percentage of women who smoke during pregnancy~
456 II, 9. 1. 1 | Indicator of support to women~F: Indicator of maternal
457 II, 9. 1. 1 | characteristics of childbearing women and the risk factors associated
458 II, 9. 1. 1 | delivery in primiparous women at low risk in Denmark:
459 II, 9. 1. 1 | Pregnancy outcome in nulliparous women 35 years and older. Obstet
460 II, 9. 1. 2 | psychological cost to pregnant women.~ ~Congenital (“present
461 II, 9. 1. 2 | the entire community, or women of childbearing age, rather
462 II, 9. 1. 2 | age, rather than pregnant women only, and on developing
463 II, 9. 1. 2 | thus, foetuses and pregnant women must have a special status
464 II, 9. 1. 2 | unit admissions in older women (Clearly-Goldman et al,
465 II, 9. 1. 2 | proportion of childbearing women in the EU who are aged under
466 II, 9. 1. 2 | States. Although many fewer women bear children late in life
467 II, 9. 1. 2 | The rate of smoking among women of childbearing age varies
468 II, 9. 1. 2 | outcomes, however, because many women stop smoking during pregnancy,
469 II, 9. 1. 2 | data, the proportion of women smoking during pregnancy
470 II, 9. 1. 2 | Rates of Smoking Among all Women 25-34 vs Women During 3rd
471 II, 9. 1. 2 | Among all Women 25-34 vs Women During 3rd Trimester of
472 II, 9. 1. 2 | alcohol drinking among young women in some countries, especially
473 II, 9. 1. 2 | not be promoted.~ ~Some women are at higher risk of delivering
474 II, 9. 1. 2 | countries to ensure that all women with these conditions receive
475 II, 9. 1. 2 | raising the folate status of women preconceptionally has not
476 II, 9. 1. 2 | i.e. recommending that women start taking supplements
477 II, 9. 1. 2 | it is difficult to reach women preconceptionally, particularly
478 II, 9. 1. 2 | ethical questions, and giving women fully informed choices during
479 II, 9. 1. 2 | late in pregnancy. Pregnant women need to be given full information
480 II, 9. 1. 2 | pay special attention to women in childbearing age, remembering
481 II, 9. 1. 2 | pay special attention to women in childbearing age, for
482 II, 9. 1. 2 | to reduce the number of women having to consider termination
483 II, 9. 1. 2 | genetic screening of pregnant women and newborns: a systematic
484 II, 9. 1. 2 | congenital anomalies in babies of women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes
485 II, 9. 2. 3 | biological and social reasons, women are becoming infected with
486 II, 9. 2. 3 | incidence of HIV/AIDS in young women has also led to an increase
487 II, 9. 2. 3 | that increasing numbers of women are reaching child-bearing
488 II, 9. 2. 4 | Northern countries men and women have their first sexual
489 II, 9. 3. 1 | expectancy, as compared to women, is much smaller than at
490 II, 9. 3. 1 | that should affect men and women equally.~ ~The key biological
491 II, 9. 3. 1 | health status of men and women is provided in chapter 9.
492 II, 9. 3. 1 | chapter 9.5.~ ~As compared to women, men have a reduced life
493 II, 9. 3. 1 | mortality in men, as compared to women, underlying motivations
494 II, 9. 3. 1 | so much more at risk than women’s health.~ ~Even some male
495 II, 9. 3. 1 | the other hand, moving to women’s specific health problems,
496 II, 9. 3. 1 | questions remain unanswered, women seeking advice about menopause
497 II, 9. 3. 1 | have explicitly looked at women and health on a European
498 II, 9. 3. 1 | International Position Paper on “Women’s Health and Menopause:
499 II, 9. 3. 1 | in middle age: two in ten women and four in ten men die
500 II, 9. 3. 1 | expectancy, as compared to women, is much smaller than at
