| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
501 II, 9 | it is uncertain whether age or hormone status is the
502 II, 9 | the European Region before age 65, per 100.000 population.~ ~ ~ ~
503 II, 9 | be expected for his/her age. The gradient of decline
504 II, 9 | can be reversible at any age. Smoking cessation and small
505 II, 9 | and poorer health in older age. Less well-off people tend
506 II, 9 | difficult with increasing age. Nutrition and lifestyle,
507 II, 9 | Physical activity usually decreases with age, though great differences
508 II, 9 | significant factors with age. These difficulties can
509 II, 9. 1. 1 | separately by gestational age and birthweight groups.~
510 II, 9. 1. 1 | mortality rate by gestational age, birth weight, plurality~
511 II, 9. 1. 1 | mortality rate by gestational age, birth weight, plurality~
512 II, 9. 1. 1 | mortality rate by gestational age, birth weight, plurality~
513 II, 9. 1. 1 | vital status, gestational age, plurality~C: Gestational
514 II, 9. 1. 1 | plurality~C: Gestational age distribution by vital status,
515 II, 9. 1. 1 | Maternal mortality ratio by age, mode of delivery~R: Maternal
516 II, 9. 1. 1 | Distribution of maternal age~C: Distribution of parity~
517 II, 9. 1. 1 | ascertained at 4-5 years of age using a common SCPE definition
518 II, 9. 1. 1 | Vintzileos AM (2004): Maternal age and risk of fetal death
519 II, 9. 1. 1 | 2005): Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet
520 II, 9. 1. 1 | Isotalo L (1993): Effect of age, parity, and smoking on
521 II, 9. 1. 1 | Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks'
522 II, 9. 1. 1 | by weight and gestational age: retrospective population
523 II, 9. 1. 1 | and 25 weeks gestational age. A Canadian multicentre
524 II, 9. 1. 1 | with increasing maternal age. Hum Reprod 2007;22(5):1264-
525 II, 9. 1. 1 | with increasing maternal age and plurality. Fertil Steril
526 II, 9. 1. 1 | registration status, mother's age and birthweight, England
527 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1994): Effects of maternal age, parity, and smoking on
528 II, 9. 1. 1 | Willinger M (2006): Maternal age and the risk of stillbirth
529 II, 9. 1. 2 | or women of childbearing age, rather than pregnant women
530 II, 9. 1. 2 | TOPFA at any gestational age (Austria, Belgium, Croatia,
531 II, 9. 1. 2 | have an upper gestational age limit (Finland, Italy, Spain,
532 II, 9. 1. 2 | have an upper gestational age limit but allow TOPFA for
533 II, 9. 1. 2 | associated with advanced maternal age. The increase in average
534 II, 9. 1. 2 | increase in average maternal age in Europe is documented
535 II, 9. 1. 2 | differences in maternal age profile between countries (
536 II, 9. 1. 2 | the increase in maternal age. In 2000-2004, differences
537 II, 9. 1. 2 | TOPFA, as well as maternal age differences, resulted in
538 II, 9. 1. 2 | status and young maternal age (less than 20 years). A
539 II, 9. 1. 2 | health~ ~ ~High maternal age at delivery. Maternal demographic
540 II, 9. 1. 2 | relationship between maternal age and perinatal health outcomes
541 II, 9. 1. 2 | compare the extremes of the age distribution. The risk of
542 II, 9. 1. 2 | approximately 35 years of age. For younger mothers, the
543 II, 9. 1. 2 | among women of childbearing age varies across Europe, as
544 II, 9. 1. 2 | deprivation.~ ~Older maternal age is a risk factor for chromosomal
545 II, 9. 1. 2 | syndrome. Trends towards older age at childbearing are a complex
546 II, 9. 1. 2 | the average gestational age at diagnosis, diagnostic
547 II, 9. 1. 2 | to women in childbearing age, remembering that the harm
548 II, 9. 1. 2 | to women in childbearing age, for example in relation
549 II, 9. 1. 2 | phenomenon of older maternal age at childbirth and its reproductive
550 II, 9. 2 | Children and adolescents (age 1-18)~ ~ ~
551 II, 9. 2. 2 | restricted to the five-year age bands. Thus despite the
552 II, 9. 2. 2 | every human being below the age of eighteen years” (United
553 II, 9. 2. 2 | are grouped into five-year age bands. This means that tabulations
554 II, 9. 2. 2 | to early secondary school age), an important and vulnerable
555 II, 9. 2. 2 | development. This is not just the age of puberty and other physical
556 II, 9. 2. 3 | person under 25 years of age. Every year, some 9.000
557 II, 9. 2. 3 | people under 19 years of age die in traffic accidents
558 II, 9. 2. 3 | between 11 and 15 years of age. The Czech Republic, Ireland,
559 II, 9. 2. 3 | those under 25 years of age (WHO/HSBC, 2004). For both
560 II, 9. 2. 3 | are reaching child-bearing age without immunity to rubella (
561 II, 9. 2. 3 | The gender gap widens with age (Fig. 2). On average, approximately
562 II, 9. 2. 3 | covering the 11-15 years of age group, shows that by no
563 II, 9. 2. 3 | people under 20 years of age have increased in many countries
564 II, 9. 2. 4 | often beginning at an early age. Weekly drinking is more
565 II, 9. 2. 4 | than girls and rises with age from over a tenth of 11
566 II, 9. 2. 4 | in nineteen countries by age 15. In a few countries the
567 II, 9. 2. 4 | girls are very similar at age 15, such as Norway and the
568 II, 9. 2. 4 | intercourse at about the same age. Belgium and Germany are
569 II, 9. 2. 4 | too sensitive for younger age groups. The ranges of reported
570 II, 9. 2. 4 | countries and regions and all age groups, girls are less active
571 II, 9. 2. 4 | gender gap increases with age. The countries with the
572 II, 9. 2. 5 | education for those of school age admitted for more than a
573 II, 9. 2. 5 | but only those over the age of 15. The Commission’s
574 II, 9. 2. 7 | health and development at the age of 7 years. Child Care Health
575 II, 9. 3. 1 | survive up to 60 years of age, the gap in life expectancy,
576 II, 9. 3. 1 | as we move into the 15+ age group, a more gendered picture
577 II, 9. 3. 1 | picture emerges. In the 15-64 age bracket, with the predominant
578 II, 9. 3. 1 | risks in early and middle age (i.e. testicular cancer
579 II, 9. 3. 1 | is a poor predictor of age at menopause; the clinician
580 II, 9. 3. 1 | radical/ethnic variation in age at natural menopause, in
581 II, 9. 3. 1 | Estimates of the median age of menopause range from
582 II, 9. 3. 1 | the factors that influence age at menopause is limited.
583 II, 9. 3. 1 | death is frequent in middle age: two in ten women and four
584 II, 9. 3. 1 | or mortality before the age of 65) is due mainly to
585 II, 9. 3. 1 | injuries~ ~In the 15-64 age group men have four times
586 II, 9. 3. 1 | to transport. In the 0-19 age range, the rate of death
587 II, 9. 3. 1 | incidence rate than other age groups, but older workers (
588 II, 9. 3. 1 | males at 50-54 years of age (121.1) and at 15-19 (25.
589 II, 9. 3. 1 | both sexes are low in all age groups (EUROSTAT). Suicide
590 II, 9. 3. 1 | of all deaths before the age of 65. There are overall
591 II, 9. 3. 1 | tend to develop at a later age (about ten years) in women
592 II, 9. 3. 1 | tends to develop at a later age in women than in men, women
593 II, 9. 3. 1 | increased from the 15-24 age group (median 3.9 per 100
594 II, 9. 3. 1 | population), to the 25-34 age group (11.2 per 100 000
595 II, 9. 3. 1 | death rate in the 35-44 age group (39.2 per 100 000
596 II, 9. 3. 1 | population across the increasing age ranges. There are striking
597 II, 9. 3. 1 | 169.9 deaths in the 35-44 age group. Analysis of cardiovascular
598 II, 9. 3. 1 | cause of death before the age of 65 (European Commission,
599 II, 9. 3. 1 | While mortality under the age of 65 for stroke is decreasing
600 II, 9. 3. 1 | incidence increases with age in women. Smoking is the
601 II, 9. 3. 1 | diabetes increases with age, but in addition with the
602 II, 9. 3. 1 | people between 15-24 years of age (EuroHIV, 2006). In many
603 II, 9. 3. 1 | transition rather than increasing age. Hormonal change is only
604 II, 9. 3. 1 | sexual partner, partner’s age and health, length of the
605 II, 9. 3. 1 | continuously and progressively with age, the slope of increase slows
606 II, 9. 3. 1 | one in eight men over the age of 50 are affected by enhanced
607 II, 9. 3. 1 | fracture increases with age, with incidence rates higher
608 II, 9. 3. 1 | fracture increases with age. Incidence rates are higher
609 II, 9. 3. 1 | fractures increase with age. Low bone mass at menopause
610 II, 9. 3. 1 | clinical condition at that age has usually also deteriorated,
611 II, 9. 3. 1 | osteoporosis is not only an age related condition in men
612 II, 9. 3. 1 | worldwide and increases with age for both sexes. Oral bone
613 II, 9. 3. 1 | between 40 and 50 years of age. The associated endometrial
614 II, 9. 3. 1 | initially detectable in middle age are accentuated at elderly
615 II, 9. 3. 1 | are accentuated at elderly age. Many studies suggest that
616 II, 9. 3. 1 | cognitive skills. Increasing age is often accompanied by
617 II, 9. 3. 1 | strongly associated with age, with incidence rates increasing
618 II, 9. 3. 1 | increases in prevalence with age and affects more women than
619 II, 9. 3. 1 | more women than men, older age and female gender would
620 II, 9. 3. 1 | between 20 and 49 years of age, and according to one Norwegian
621 II, 9. 3. 1 | it is uncertain whether age or hormone status is the
622 II, 9. 3. 1 | the European Region before age 65, per 100.000 population.~ ~ ~ ~
623 II, 9. 3. 1 | of life in women as they age through a better management
624 II, 9. 3. 1 | health and development at the age of 7 years. Child Care,
625 II, 9. 3. 2 | such as advanced maternal age, the increased proportion
626 II, 9. 3. 2 | multiple birth rate, maternal age, parity, smoking and maternal
627 II, 9. 3. 2 | currently available on maternal age and parity in existing routine
628 II, 9. 3. 2 | among women of reproductive age (Table 9.1a) using data
629 II, 9. 3. 2 | characteristics such as age, parity and previous caesarean
630 II, 9. 3. 2 | Vintzileos AM (2004): Maternal age and risk of fetal death
631 II, 9. 3. 2 | 2005): Impact of maternal age on obstetric outcome. Obstet
632 II, 9. 3. 2 | Isotalo L (1993): Effect of age, parity, and smoking on
633 II, 9. 3. 2 | Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks'
634 II, 9. 3. 2 | by weight and gestational age: retrospective population
635 II, 9. 3. 2 | and 25 weeks gestational age. A Canadian multicentre
636 II, 9. 3. 2 | with increasing maternal age. Hum Reprod 2007;22(5):1264-
637 II, 9. 3. 2 | with increasing maternal age and plurality. Fertil Steril
638 II, 9. 3. 2 | registration status, mother's age and birthweight, England
639 II, 9. 3. 2 | 1994): Effects of maternal age, parity, and smoking on
640 II, 9. 3. 2 | Willinger M (2006): Maternal age and the risk of stillbirth
641 II, 9. 3. 3 | by many factors including age, gender, religion, family,
642 II, 9. 3. 3 | analysed from adolescent age till the end of reproductive
643 II, 9. 3. 3 | the end of reproductive age of women directly influences
644 II, 9. 3. 3 | have taken place, in the age structure of populations,
645 II, 9. 3. 3 | of a condom. The average age at the first intercourse
646 II, 9. 3. 3 | 1989 and 1993 in the 18-49 age group (Hubert M et al, 1998).~·
647 II, 9. 3. 3 | associated with pregnancy in the age group 13-19 years (Imamura
648 II, 9. 3. 3 | duration of relationship, age of the partner and others.
649 II, 9. 3. 3 | on youth sexuality in the age group of 14 to 17 year olds
650 II, 9. 3. 3 | however, due to the chosen age group it is difficult to
651 II, 9. 3. 3 | presentation and analysis~ ~Mean age at first sexual intercourse~ ~
652 II, 9. 3. 3 | at around 15-19 years of age, but age variations between
653 II, 9. 3. 3 | 15-19 years of age, but age variations between men and
654 II, 9. 3. 3 | Western Europe, the mean age varied typically from 17
655 II, 9. 3. 3 | 17 to 18. The lowest mean age for sexual initiation among
656 II, 9. 3. 3 | first intercourse before the age of 16 does not appear to
657 II, 9. 3. 3 | 2001).~ ~Among males, the age at first sexual intercourse
658 II, 9. 3. 3 | Western Europe. The average age at first intercourse declined
659 II, 9. 3. 3 | variance, in Ireland the median age of first intercourse proved
660 II, 9. 3. 3 | to fall steadily across age cohorts. The median age
661 II, 9. 3. 3 | age cohorts. The median age for men currently aged 60
662 II, 9. 3. 3 | female generations, the age at first intercourse fell
663 II, 9. 3. 3 | intercourse at or after the age of twenty.~ ~Figure 9.3.
664 II, 9. 3. 3 | distinct profiles. The average age at first intercourse is
665 II, 9. 3. 3 | in Nordic countries the age at initiation tends to be
666 II, 9. 3. 3 | sexual intercourse at the age of 15 (Currie at al, 2004).
667 II, 9. 3. 3 | et al, 2001) the medium age at first intercourse for
668 II, 9. 3. 3 | premarital intercourse. The mean age at first intercourse in
669 II, 9. 3. 3 | and 2003 at 18 years of age for both males and females (
670 II, 9. 3. 3 | had intercourse before the age of eighteen was more marked (
671 II, 9. 3. 3 | increased difference between the age of first sexual intercourse
672 II, 9. 3. 3 | in three men in the 20-24 age group had more than one
673 II, 9. 3. 3 | half of women in the 18-64 age group have had a single
674 II, 9. 3. 3 | varies substantially with age. Young Irish people have
675 II, 9. 3. 3 | thousand individuals from the age group 18-69 mentioned that
676 II, 9. 3. 3 | outcomes in comparison to age or education (Del Amo et
677 II, 9. 3. 3 | partners in Ireland are younger age, not being in a relationship
678 II, 9. 3. 3 | higher level of education and age of first intercourse (Layte
679 II, 9. 3. 3 | intercourse at a very young age is an indicator of a higher
680 II, 9. 3. 3 | condoms, subdivided per sex;~· age at marriage (for men and
681 II, 9. 3. 3 | marriage (for men and women);~· age at first intercourse (for
682 II, 9. 3. 3 | worker in the last year;~· age mixing in sexual relationships (
683 II, 9. 3. 3 | and girls over 15 years of age addressing many topics (
684 II, 9. 4. 1 | years, while the median age in the EU (37.7) will increase
685 II, 9. 4. 1 | and mobile into very old age while others experience
686 II, 9. 4. 1 | citizens regardless of their age. The theme of integrated
687 II, 9. 4. 2 | population, stratified by age group, gender and income
688 II, 9. 4. 2 | includes data up to 74 years of age. Although some academic
689 II, 9. 4. 2 | increasing in the older age groups, it is difficult
690 II, 9. 4. 3 | mortality rate over the age of 65, while France is the
691 II, 9. 4. 3 | commonly associated with old age. For example, women are
692 II, 9. 4. 3 | and stroke, but as women age, these diseases become the
693 II, 9. 4. 3 | Accidents and injuries~ ~In the age group above 65, accidents
694 II, 9. 4. 3 | 65 than amongst the 25-64 age groups (exceptions include
695 II, 9. 4. 3 | older people (65-84 years of age) and over 50% of deaths
696 II, 9. 4. 3 | women) (Eurostat, 2006). Age specific death rates demonstrate
697 II, 9. 4. 3 | risk for men increases with age and that there are considerable
698 II, 9. 4. 3 | In the over 75 years of age bracket there is a 400%
699 II, 9. 4. 3 | is a 400% difference in age specific death rates between
700 II, 9. 4. 3 | Portugal. Note: In the 45-54 age group there is a ten fold
701 II, 9. 4. 3 | Cerebro-vascular disease. If the median age specific death rates for
702 II, 9. 4. 3 | it is seen that up to the age of 74, men have the highest
703 II, 9. 4. 3 | highest rate above this age (European Health Men’s Forum,
704 II, 9. 4. 3 | patients over 75 years of age. A recent European study
705 II, 9. 4. 3 | previously believed (Kwan, 2001). Age can affect after stroke
706 II, 9. 4. 3 | diabetes increases with age; in the 60-69 years of age
707 II, 9. 4. 3 | age; in the 60-69 years of age group diabetes affects between
708 II, 9. 4. 3 | whilst in the 70-79 years of age group it affects as many
709 II, 9. 4. 3 | them to work until a later age. This is cause for concern
710 II, 9. 4. 3 | 10 and 20% of the 60-79 age group. The prevalence of
711 II, 9. 4. 3 | individuals >70 years of age) (DECODE Study Group, 2003).
712 II, 9. 4. 3 | of the population in that age group. Impaired glucose
713 II, 9. 4. 3 | prevalence also increases with age, affecting 25% of men and
714 II, 9. 4. 3 | women above 70 years of age. There is a wide variation
715 II, 9. 4. 3 | of all deaths after the age of 65. Prostate cancer is
716 II, 9. 4. 3 | and those over 64 years of age, show evidence of a higher
717 II, 9. 4. 3 | since 1995. In the 65-plus age group the rise has been
718 II, 9. 4. 3 | new patients, 60 years of age and older, receiving genito-urinary
719 II, 9. 4. 3 | although rates increase with age, doubling every four years
720 II, 9. 4. 3 | years over 65. After the age of 85, rates of Alzheimer’
721 II, 9. 4. 4 | be expected for his/her age. The gradient of decline
722 II, 9. 4. 4 | can be reversible at any age. Smoking cessation and small
723 II, 9. 4. 4 | and poorer health in older age. Less well-off people tend
724 II, 9. 4. 4 | difficult with increasing age. Nutrition and lifestyle,
725 II, 9. 4. 4 | Physical activity usually decreases with age, though great differences
726 II, 9. 4. 4 | significant factors with age. These difficulties can
727 II, 9. 4. 5 | developed to ensure that age discrimination is not tolerated.
728 II, 9. 4. 5 | disabled people. As in other age groups, poverty and lower
729 II, 9. 4. 5 | groups may face as they age across Europe. A stronger
730 II, 9. 4. 5 | risk of disability as they age, mostly due to the presence
731 II, 9. 4. 5 | policies, inter alia on age discrimination and demographic
732 II, 9. 4. 7 | determinants of outcome. Age and Ageing; Volume 33, Number
733 II, 9. 4. 7 | services for older adults. Age and Ageing. vol. 35, 103-
734 II, 9. 5. 3 | Percentage of deaths in the 15-44 age group compared to total
735 II, 9. 5. 3 | a The difference in old age is likely to be due to the
736 II, 9. 5. 3 | reached menarche by the age of 11 are more likely to
737 II, 9. 5. 3 | other girls of the same age, they may begin to socialise
738 II, 9. 5. 3 | 2003)~ ~Poverty in old age~ ~Although reduced, poverty
739 II, 9. 5. 3 | Poverty rates rise with both age and changes in living arrangements.
740 II, 9. 5. 3 | reduction potential of old age pensions rather than their
741 II, 9. 5. 3 | likely to be providing care (Age Concern, 2007a), although
742 II, 9. 5. 3 | statistics show that over the age of 65, unpaid care is more
743 II, 9. 5. 3 | relatives and friends (Age Concern, 2007b).~ ~Figure
744 II, 9. 5. 3 | England and Wales, by sex and age, April 2001~ ~Vi ~ ~Violence
745 II, 9. 5. 3 | geographical boundaries, age or race, and occurs in every
746 II, 9. 5. 3 | abuse by a stranger after age 16~· 18.2% of women reported
747 II, 9. 5. 3 | abuse by a stranger after age 16~Hungaryb ( 1999 data )~·
748 II, 9. 5. 3 | least one occasion since the age of 16~ a European Women’
749 II, 9. 5. 3 | between 11 and 15 years of age. A survey among 15-16 year-olds
750 II, 9. 5. 3 | Sweden had been drunk at the age of 13 or earlier. In Greece
751 II, 9. 5. 3 | choice, divided per sex and age, 1996 (%)~ ~Women’s personal
752 II, 9. 5. 3 | to poorer health in older age. Poverty can increase with
753 II, 9. 5. 3 | Poverty can increase with age, and leave some elderly
754 II, 9. 5. 3 | countries and regions and all age groups and the gender gap
755 II, 9. 5. 3 | gender gap increases with age. Reduced physical activity
756 II, 9. 5. 3 | and their lower average age at marriage, older men in
757 II, 9. 5. 3 | than others of the same age to be in poor health themselves.
758 II, 9. 5. 3 | than others of the same age to be employed (Rowntree
759 II, 9. 5. 3 | period is the main working age, and also the age when families
760 II, 9. 5. 3 | working age, and also the age when families are founded
761 II, 9. 5. 3 | observed at either end of the age scale.~(Eurostat, 2007)~ ~
762 II, 9. 5. 3 | care per person over the age of 65. Characteristics associated
763 II, 9. 5. 3 | institutional care included older age, being unmarried, poorer
764 II, 9. 5. 6 | 9.5.6. References~ ~Age Concern (2007a). Available
765 II, 9. 5. 6 | Accessed 12.07.07)~ ~Age Concern (2007b): Poverty
766 II, 9. 5. 6 | 2007b): Poverty in old age awaits the carers who save
767 II, 9. 5. 6 | Affluence And Poverty In Old Age: New Evidence From The European
768 II, 9. 5. 6 | health and development at the age of 7 years. Child Care,
769 II, 9. 5. 6 | Income Maintenance in Old Age: A Cross-National View of
770 III, 10. 1 | as genetic constitution, age, nutrition and lifestyle,
771 III, 10. 1 | Urban, Rural and Industrial~Age~Climatic Changes and extreme
772 III, 10. 1. 1 | policies on smoking (e.g. age limits, public smoking,
773 III, 10. 1. 1 | permanence of activity as well as age, degree of fitness, and
774 III, 10. 1. 1 | involvement, gender and age (Veenstra et al, 2006).
775 III, 10. 1. 1 | complex and modified by age and gender (Brady and Sonne,
776 III, 10. 2. 1 | education and of younger age smoke more. In most European
777 III, 10. 2. 1 | variables, sample sizes and age limits. For example, the
778 III, 10. 2. 1 | over' may mean the lower age limit is at the ages from
779 III, 10. 2. 1 | 20 years and the upper age limit from 64 - 84 years.
780 III, 10. 2. 1 | or mortality before the age of 65. In the EU, these
781 III, 10. 2. 1 | between 2000 and 2002.~ ~Sex, age and socio-economic status
782 III, 10. 2. 1 | men, in the 45-74 years of age group. This observation
783 III, 10. 2. 1 | everyone lives into old age free of disease and disability.
784 III, 10. 2. 1 | just after 12½ years of age. Data from the 2003 European
785 III, 10. 2. 1 | such as culture, gender, age, social class, criminal
786 III, 10. 2. 1 | female mortality at this age across the EU.~ ~The high
787 III, 10. 2. 1 | attributable to alcohol in EU per age group (year 2000)~ ~There
788 III, 10. 2. 1 | changes in minimum drinking age laws can substantially effect
789 III, 10. 2. 1 | benefits of a higher drinking age are only realized if the
790 III, 10. 2. 1 | across the EU are young age, male gender, living in
791 III, 10. 2. 1 | begin as early as in school age. According to the 2003 ESPAD
792 III, 10. 2. 1 | at the beginning of this age period. There are, however,
793 III, 10. 2. 1 | cocaine use among the 15–34 age group have been registered
794 III, 10. 2. 1 | typically after the vulnerable age period, when a person starts
795 III, 10. 2. 1 | population corresponding by age. It was found that in the
796 III, 10. 2. 1 | still considerable in all age groups. In particular, children
797 III, 10. 2. 1 | subjects increases with age, beginning with milk-teeth,
798 III, 10. 2. 1 | 90% of children at the age of 12 had poor oral hygiene (
799 III, 10. 2. 1 | plaque control at this early age is often not particularly
800 III, 10. 2. 1 | would not be found in these age groups as well. (Marinho
801 III, 10. 2. 1 | observed among parents of all age groups of children. This
802 III, 10. 2. 1 | status, race or ethnicity, age, gender or general health
803 III, 10. 2. 1 | definitions; a standard set of age groups for reporting; a
804 III, 10. 2. 1 | population age-distribution by age standardizing the final
805 III, 10. 2. 1 | likelihood decreased with age.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.6.1. Proportion
806 III, 10. 2. 1 | variations existed among all age groups; for example, the
807 III, 10. 2. 1 | activity levels declining with age for both sexes.~ ~Figure
808 III, 10. 2. 1 | demographic factors (such as age and socioeconomic status),
809 III, 10. 2. 1 | requirements of the different age groups from birth to old
810 III, 10. 2. 1 | groups from birth to old age and with physical activity
811 III, 10. 2. 1 | collection methodology and age range of the subjects. The
812 III, 10. 2. 1 | values of BMI adjusted for age and gender that correspond
813 III, 10. 2. 1 | BMI of 25 and 30 kg/m2 at age 18 years (Cole et al, 2000).~ ~
814 III, 10. 2. 1 | possible) into the following age groups; children aged 0-
815 III, 10. 2. 1 | methods, response rates, age ranges, years of collection
816 III, 10. 2. 1 | Acronym~Year~Subjects (number)~Age range~Method~Days (number)~
817 III, 10. 2. 1 | preschool children (2-6 years of age) were overweight. Among
818 III, 10. 2. 1 | obese women of childbearing age is increasing, as is the
819 III, 10. 2. 1 | and status in almost all age groups regardless of the
820 III, 10. 2. 1 | for women of child bearing age (Rampersaud et al., 2003).
821 III, 10. 2. 1 | bone mass decreases with age and this process is intensified
822 III, 10. 2. 1 | vitamin D also declines with age (Gennari, 2001).~Food sources
823 III, 10. 2. 1 | and in five men over the age of fifty all over the world (
824 III, 10. 2. 1 | achieved by adults 51 years of age (Dietary Reference Intake (
825 III, 10. 2. 1 | especially those 65 years of age and older. For at-risk populations,
826 III, 10. 2. 1 | her energy requirements, age, height and weight. Requirements
827 III, 10. 2. 1 | in large for gestational age births. Obstetrics and Gynecology
828 III, 10. 2. 3 | men and in women, at any age. Observational epidemiological
829 III, 10. 2. 4 | standardisation” in addition to age and sex standardisation
830 III, 10. 2. 5 | Developmental factors and age~ ~ ~ ~
831 III, 10. 2. 5 | vulnerability differs over age. An increasing number of
832 III, 10. 2. 5 | Moreover, characteristic of old age, are:~ ~- increased blood
833 III, 10. 2. 5 | each year after 50 years of age) and glomerular filtration
834 III, 10. 2. 5 | each year after 40 years of age) due to a reduced number
835 III, 10. 2. 5 | old people only based on age (i.e. young old between
836 III, 10. 2. 5 | between 76 and 85 years of age; and oldest old with more
837 III, 10. 2. 5 | diseases prevalent in different age groups see Chapter 9.~ ~
838 III, 10. 3. 1 | the population under the age of 55 in Europe and accession
839 III, 10. 3. 1 | 45 per million children (age 0-14) per year. Whether
840 III, 10. 3. 1 | these diseases increase with age and therefore only appear
841 III, 10. 3. 1 | exposure occurs before the age of 18, with children having
842 III, 10. 3. 1 | Incidence of melanoma below the age of 55. Bonn, World Health
843 III, 10. 3. 2 | vulnerability differs over age. An increasing number of
844 III, 10. 3. 2 | Ekbom A, et al, (2003): Age at immigration and duration
845 III, 10. 3. 3 | concern. In 22 diseases, the age groups most affected were
846 III, 10. 3. 3 | affected were under 24 years of age, indicating that more action
847 III, 10. 3. 3 | tract infections in all age groups. Invasive meningococcal
848 III, 10. 3. 3 | trends (1995–2005), main age groups affected (2005),
849 III, 10. 3. 4 | annual mortality in older age groups in Europe , although
850 III, 10. 3. 4 | high-temperature. Risk factors refer to age, specific causes of death
851 III, 10. 3. 4 | people older than 70 years of age were affected most severely.
852 III, 10. 3. 4 | was 15–20% higher in all age groups, in Italy 32–33%
853 III, 10. 4. 1 | protection policies. The age of the vehicle fleet, low
854 III, 10. 4. 1 | younger than 15 years of age. As more people are sensitized
855 III, 10. 4. 2 | for different countries, age groups and pesticides, the
856 III, 10. 4. 2 | slaughtered after six months of age cannot make a distinction
857 III, 10. 4. 3 | children under 5 years of age due to diarrheal diseases
858 III, 10. 4. 3 | children under 5 years of age fell from 70.0 (per 100
859 III, 10. 5. 1 | the cave during the Stone Age. With the increasing ability
860 III, 10. 5. 2 | while for what concerns age, there is a general trend
861 III, 10. 5. 2 | population to the working age population) are higher in
862 III, 10. 5. 2 | as the area’s populations age. The difference of the elderly
863 III, 10. 5. 2 | areas (OECD, 2007).~ ~With age being one of the major health
864 III, 10. 5. 2 | confounding factors such as age distribution are often not
865 III, 10. 5. 2 | account all analysis for the age of the respective population
866 III, 10. 5. 3 | illness, in those of working age, for one-third of these
867 III, 10. 5. 3 | of the women of the same age group worked part-time,
868 III, 10. 5. 3 | European countries, the average age of the workforce is rising
869 III, 10. 5. 3 | of Europeans of working age (between 15 and 64) will
870 III, 10. 6. 1 | between parents over the age of 50 and their children.
871 III, 10. 6. 1 | children. When considering all age groups, daily contact took
872 III, 10. 6. 1 | with parents decreases with age for both girls and boys.
873 III, 10. 6. 1 | general, young people of all age groups and both sexes regard
874 III, 10. 6. 1 | French-speaking area of Belgium in all age groups between 11 and 15
875 III, 10. 6. 1 | proportion dropping slightly with age. In general, more close
876 III, 10. 6. 1 | common and increasing with age, and more common in all
877 III, 10. 6. 1 | and more common in all age groups among girls than
878 III, 10. 6. 2 | small income. Apart from age, sex and constitutional
879 III, 10. 6. 3 | of fatal injuries of all age groups in the EU27 and in
880 III, 10. 6. 3 | for 5% in the 1-4 years age group. Violence is not distributed
881 III, 10. 6. 3 | distributed evenly among sex or age groups. More men than women
882 IV, 11. 1. 5 | patients regardless of sex, age and level of co-morbidities
883 IV, 11. 1. 5 | least worried. Women, older age and lower education levels
884 IV, 11. 5. 4 | characteristics such as donor age or a history of hypertension
885 IV, 11. 6. 2 | condition~Level of income~Age~Type of drug~ ~Pregnancy
886 IV, 11. 6. 4 | based on crude weightings of age and sex. More sophisticated
887 IV, 11. 6. 4 | competitive sickness funds~Age, sex, unemployment, disability,
888 IV, 11. 6. 4 | revenue).~ ~Insurance revenue: Age, historical allocations,~
889 IV, 11. 6. 4 | counties.~14 regional councils~Age, children of single parents (
890 IV, 11. 6. 4 | regional health plans)~Age, mortality, morbidity, unemployment,
891 IV, 11. 6. 4 | allocation only for primary care: Age~Finland~State, municipalities,
892 IV, 11. 6. 4 | allocates~452 municipalities~Age, disability, archipelago,
893 IV, 11. 6. 4 | Sécurité Sociale~25 regions~age~Germany~355 sickness funds~
894 IV, 11. 6. 4 | competitive sickness funds~Age, sex (and fund’s income
895 IV, 11. 6. 4 | 21 regional governments~Age, sex, mortality (one third
896 IV, 11. 6. 4 | regional funds~ ~Size and age structure~Lithuania~State
897 IV, 11. 6. 4 | competitive sickness funds~Age, sex, welfare or disability
898 IV, 11. 6. 4 | allocates~ ~Equalization fund – age, average income~Portugal~
899 IV, 11. 6. 4 | regional health authorities~Age, relative burden of illness:
900 IV, 11. 6. 4 | 15 regional health boards~Age, sex, mortality (and rural
901 IV, 11. 6. 4 | companies~Each fund allocates~ ~Age, sex~Slovenia~National Health
902 IV, 11. 6. 4 | authorities (geographically based)~Age, living alone, employment
903 IV, 11. 6. 4 | Competitive sickness funds~Age, sex, region (and fund’s
904 IV, 11. 6. 4 | authorities (geographically based)~Age, sex, mortality (cost adjustment
905 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Green B et al. (2000): "Age, costs of acute and long-term
906 IV, 11. 6. 5 | 95 in British Columbia." Age and Ageing 29: 249-253.~ ~
907 IV, 12. 2 | changes in minimum drinking age laws can substantially effect
908 IV, 12. 2 | benefits of a higher drinking age are only realized if the
909 IV, 12. 3 | e.g. religion, handicap, age and improvement of Roma
910 IV, 12. 5 | expansion. For women at age 65 Belgium, Italy and Sweden
911 IV, 12. 5 | transitions as populations age as suggested by Robine and
912 IV, 12. 5 | spent disability-free at age 65 years for selected EU
913 IV, 12. 5 | spent disability-free at age 65 years for selected EU
914 IV, 12. 10 | alcohol to people under the age of 16.~htt ~ ~Statutory
915 IV, 12. 10 | alcohol to people under the age of 16.~htt 78~1990-: Week
916 IV, 12. 10 | children between 1-6 years of age to adopt a healthier lifestyle.
917 IV, 12. 10 | and children (>10 years of age) and 400 g/d for children (
918 IV, 12. 10 | children (4-10 years of age). This includes fruit and
919 IV, 12. 10 | tobacco products to under age youth. While the focus of
920 IV, 12. 10 | tobacco products to under age youth) came into effect
921 IV, 12. 10 | Jugendschutzgesetz), young drivers (under age 21 or during qualifying
922 IV, 12. 10 | children under three years of age, to integrate migrants;~
923 IV, 12. 10 | every 2 years (as of the age of 35);~within the framework
924 IV, 12. 10 | From August 2001 the legal age to purchase tobacco rose
925 IV, 12. 10 | rose from 16 to 18 years of age~ ~Public Health (Tobacco)
926 IV, 12. 10 | the numbers in the over-65 age group will more than triple
927 IV, 12. 10 | diseases, work related health, age and gender health issues…
928 IV, 12. 10 | cancer screening for the age groups of 60 to 69, in addition
929 IV, 12. 10 | addition to the previous, 50-59 age group, and issues guidelines
930 IV, 12. 10 | to four and six months of age respectively~ ~Proportion
931 IV, 12. 10 | to four and six months of age respectively~ ~Domain of
932 IV, 12. 10 | infection in the 15–29 year age group~ ~Condom use among
933 IV, 12. 10 | family policy~Financial old age policy~Compensation for
934 IV, 12. 10 | policy~Youth policy~Old age policy~Discrimination~Self-perceived
935 IV, 12. 10 | Social service policy~Old age policy~Child policy~Social
936 IV, 12. 10 | Social service policy~Old age policy~Child policy~Accessibility~ ~
937 IV, 12. 10 | policy~Housing policy~Old age policy~Home environment~ ~
938 IV, 13. 2. 2 | WHO European Region, the age group 15 – 29 has the highest
939 IV, 13. 4 | instruments to ensure the ban on age, sex, ethnicity or other
940 IV, 13. 5 | risk factor for dementia is age, with the prevalence doubling
941 IV, 13. 5 | doubling for every 5-year age group after the age of 65
942 IV, 13. 5 | year age group after the age of 65 and reaching up to
943 IV, 13. 5 | reaching up to 39 percent after age 90. Chronic diseases are
944 IV, 13. 5 | increases with advancing age, poor health is not an inevitable
945 IV, 13. 5 | especially in the 65-80 age bracket, with a more sustained
946 IV, 13. 5 | on public spending. While age itself is not the causal
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