| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | Drafting Committee (Appendix 4).~ ~The Report covers most
2 I, 2. 4 | 2.4. Socio-economic trends and
3 I, 2. 4 | life expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among men, 2
4 I, 2. 4 | 6 years among men, 2 to 4 years among women). In many
5 I, 2. 5 | 25-39) will decrease by 4% in the same period. This
6 I, 2. 6 | school leavers (Figure 2.4).~ ~Table 2.3. Total population
7 I, 2. 6 | educational systems.~ ~Figure 2.4. Early school leavers in
8 I, 2. 6 | qualifications in the EU25, 4 percentage points more than
9 I, 2. 6 | expected to decline by 2.4 percentage points. Declines
10 I, 2. 8 | below as shown in Table 2.4.~ ~ ~Table 2.4. Health impacts
11 I, 2. 8 | in Table 2.4.~ ~ ~Table 2.4. Health impacts of different
12 I, 2. 9 | projected global warming (1.8–4.0 °C).~ ~European glaciers
13 I, 2. 10. 3(7) | Review. Geneva, ILO; 134(4-5),587-603.~
14 I, 2. 10. 4 | 2.10.4. Automatic identification
15 I, 2. 10. 4 | medication errors being first (37.4% of such events). 10~ ~Medication
16 I, 2. 11 | assessment” EEA Report No 4/2008. [On-line publication
17 I, 2. 11 | publications/eea_report_2008_4]~European Agency for Safety
18 I, 2. 11 | Review. Geneva, ILO; 134(4-5),587-603~International
19 I, 3. 2 | and Spain. A decline of 4-10% is foreseen for Germany,
20 I, 3. 2 | sum, EU27 will decrease by 4 per cent. The baseline projection
21 I, 3. 3 | expectancy changes.~ ~Figure 3.4. Age composition in EU27
22 I, 3. 3 | of that period (Figure 3.4 and Figure 3.5). Since population
23 I, 3. 3 | Germany (26.8), Sweden (26.4) and Belgium (26.1). In
24 I, 3. 3 | negative development (-0.4% per year) over the period
25 I, 3. 3 | from 1.2% to the current 4.2%. A figure of 6.6% is
26 I, 3. 4 | 3.4. References~ ~Beets G, Dourleijn
27 I, 3. 4 | United States? Demography 21(4) pp. 591-611.~ ~Esveldt,
28 I, 3. 4 | Selection, Vol. 21, No. 4: 303-316~ ~
29 II, 4 | 4.~OVERALL HEALTH TRENDS~
30 II, 4. 1 | 4.1. Life expectancy and healthy
31 II, 4. 1 | different countries.~ ~Table 4.1.1 shows estimates for
32 II, 4. 1 | the gender gaps.~ ~Table 4.1.1. Life expectancy (LE)
33 II, 4. 1 | women, respectively (Table 4.1.1). Although in 2005 the
34 II, 4. 1 | women live longer than men, 4.9 years on average, but
35 II, 4. 1 | of likely trends. Table 4.1.2 gives estimates of life
36 II, 4. 1 | the ECHP survey.~ ~Table 4.1.2. Life expectancy and
37 II, 4. 1 | and Michel, 2004).~ ~Table 4.1.3 shows 10-year trends
38 II, 4. 1 | level within EU27.~ ~Table 4.1.3. Life expectancy at
39 II, 4. 1 | gender gap by 1 year (Table 4.1.3). Estimates shown in
40 II, 4. 1 | Estimates shown in Table 4.1.3 for LE only suggest
41 II, 4. 1 | the MS since 1995.~ ~Table 4.1.4. Minimum and maximum
42 II, 4. 1 | since 1995.~ ~Table 4.1.4. Minimum and maximum values
43 II, 4. 1 | 2005, per gender~ ~Table 4.1.4 underlines the significant
44 II, 4. 1 | per gender~ ~Table 4.1.4 underlines the significant
45 II, 4. 1 | years gap) for women. Table 4.1.4 provides additional
46 II, 4. 1 | gap) for women. Table 4.1.4 provides additional information
47 II, 4. 1 | gap) for men and from 10.4 years to 24.1 years (13.
48 II, 4. 1 | respectively, in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure
49 II, 4. 1 | respectively, in Figures 4.1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life
50 II, 4. 1 | 1.1. and 4.1.2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life Expectancy, broken
51 II, 4. 1 | Limitations, in 2005, Men~ ~Figure 4.1.2. Life Expectancy, broken
52 II, 4. 1 | men. They will also live 4 years more with activity
53 II, 4. 1 | countries, LE does. Thus Table 4.1.7 presents the values
54 II, 4. 1 | Welfare, 2006).5~ ~ ~Table 4.1.5. Life expectancy at
55 II, 4. 1 | 2005, per gender~ ~Table 4.1.5 shows firstly that by
56 II, 4. 2 | 4.2. Life expectancy and causes
57 II, 4. 2 | 1990s (2.7 years).~ ~Table 4.2.1 shows the contribution
58 II, 4. 2 | even 40% for women.~ ~Table 4.2.1. Arriaga decomposition
59 II, 4. 2 | by causes of death. Table 4.2.2 shows the contribution
60 II, 4. 2 | among men decreased.~ ~Table 4.2.2. Arriaga decomposition
61 II, 4. 2 | death, EU15 average.~ ~Table 4.2.3 shows the Arriaga decomposition
62 II, 4. 2 | European Union.~ ~Table 4.2.3. Arriaga decomposition
63 II, 4. 2 | death, cancer (causes 2, 3, 4 and 5 in table 3), had a
64 II, 4. 2 | gynaecological cancers (cause 4 in table 3) had a negative
65 II, 4. 2 | respiratory diseases.~ ~Table 4.2.4 shows by how many years
66 II, 4. 2 | respiratory diseases.~ ~Table 4.2.4 shows by how many years
67 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy.~ ~Table 4.2.4. Contribution of change
68 II, 4. 2 | expectancy.~ ~Table 4.2.4. Contribution of change
69 II, 4. 2 | selected countries~ ~Table 4.2.5 shows that cancers caused
70 II, 4. 2 | than in the 1980s.~ ~Table 4.2.5. The effect of smoking
71 II, 4. 2 | decades were selected.~ ~Table 4.2.6. Average annual change
72 II, 4. 2 | selected countries.~ ~Table 4.2.6 shows that in 11 out
73 II, 4. 2 | that for women.~ ~Table 4.2.7 shows the development
74 II, 4. 2 | between men and women.~ ~Table 4.2.7. Average annual change
75 II, 4. 2 | mortality at high ages.~ ~Figure 4.2.1. Standardized death
76 II, 4. 2 | the average increase (Fig. 4.2.2). This indicates that
77 II, 4. 2 | convergence is completed.~ ~Figure 4.2.2. Relationship between
78 II, 4. 2 | significant relationship (Figure 4.2.3). However, this is mainly
79 II, 4. 2 | European countries.~ ~Figure 4.2.3. Relationship between
80 II, 4. 2 | since 1970 for menl (Figure 4.2.4). The regression coefficient
81 II, 4. 2 | 1970 for menl (Figure 4.2.4). The regression coefficient
82 II, 4. 2 | some 40 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.4. Relationship between
83 II, 4. 2 | some 40 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.4. Relationship between the
84 II, 4. 2 | stronger (if we compare Figure 4.2.5 with Figure 4.2.2).
85 II, 4. 2 | Figure 4.2.5 with Figure 4.2.2). In that case the regression
86 II, 4. 2 | take 30 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.5. Relationship between
87 II, 4. 3 | 4.3. References~ ~Anderson
88 II, 5. 1. 1 | a large baby (over 9 lbs/4 kg); or~· has experienced
89 II, 5. 1. 4 | 5.1.4. Participation of patients
90 II, 5. 2. 1 | all deaths causing over 4,30 million deaths each year
91 II, 5. 2. 3 | Project, reported in Table 5.2.4; here we can see mean attack
92 II, 5. 2. 3 | Group, 2003).~ ~Table 5.2.4. WHO-MONICA 13 EU population.
93 II, 5. 2. 3 | As explained in chapter 4.2.2 ‘Data sources’, it was
94 II, 5. 2. 3 | found in women (Figure 5.2.4) for which mortality rates
95 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries.~ ~Figure 5.2.4. Age-standardized (standard
96 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~
97 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4.1. Risk factors in primary
98 II, 5. 2. 4 | 2008) (see Chapter 5.1.4). Recent evidence suggests
99 II, 5. 2. 7 | World Health Stat Q 41(3-4):155–178.~Unal B, Critchley
100 II, 5. 3. 5 | 5.3.4 Mortality and incidence
101 II, 5. 3. 5 | the contrary, Figures 5.3.4 show that mortality is decreasing
102 II, 5. 3. 7 | further details see Chapter 4.14.~ ~
103 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.4 Cancer Plans~ ~Definition
104 II, 5. 3. 9 | control in Italy. Tumori 93(4): 329-336.~ ~Micheli A,
105 II, 5. 4 | 5.4. Diabetes~
106 II, 5. 4. 1 | 5.4.1 Introduction~Diabetes
107 II, 5. 4. 1 | affected, and North America (8.4%). The highest numbers are
108 II, 5. 4. 1 | next 20 years. (Figure 5.4.1). The latest edition of
109 II, 5. 4. 1 | with the lowest rate, at 4%. New Member States in general
110 II, 5. 4. 1 | Wild 2004).~ ~Figure 5.4.1. The Growing Diabetes
111 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2 Data sources~ ~ ~
112 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2 Data sources~ ~The different
113 II, 5. 4. 2 | recommendations (Table 5.4.1). The Declaration acknowledged
114 II, 5. 4. 2 | international level.~ ~Table 5.4.1. Recommendations St.Vincent
115 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.1. National and regional
116 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.2. IDF Diabetes Atlas~ ~
117 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.3. Quality of care monitoring~ ~
118 II, 5. 4. 2 | et al 2004, see Table 5.4.2), only three were available
119 II, 5. 4. 2 | Outcomes Framework.~ ~Table 5.4.2. OECD indicators~ ~ ~Areas~ ~
120 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.4. Health Surveys~ ~Health
121 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.4. Health Surveys~ ~Health
122 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.5. Sentinel Surveillance
123 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.6. Hospital discharge
124 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.7. Insurance/reimbursement
125 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.8. National drug sales~ ~
126 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.9. Conclusion~ ~Different
127 II, 5. 4. 2 | are presented in Tables 5.4.3 and 5.4.4.~ ~Table 5.4.
128 II, 5. 4. 2 | presented in Tables 5.4.3 and 5.4.4.~ ~Table 5.4.3. EUDIP
129 II, 5. 4. 2 | in Tables 5.4.3 and 5.4.4.~ ~Table 5.4.3. EUDIP core
130 II, 5. 4. 2 | 4.3 and 5.4.4.~ ~Table 5.4.3. EUDIP core indicators
131 II, 5. 4. 2 | annual incidence of blindness~4~HIS/HES/SPSN/RS Registries~
132 II, 5. 4. 2 | secondary cause.~ ~Table 5.4.4. EUDIP secondary indicators
133 II, 5. 4. 2 | secondary cause.~ ~Table 5.4.4. EUDIP secondary indicators
134 II, 5. 4. 3 | 5.4.3 Data description and analysis~ ~
135 II, 5. 4. 3 | rates of increase were 6.3% (4.1-8.5%) for children aged
136 II, 5. 4. 3 | 5%) for children aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for
137 II, 5. 4. 3 | aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9 years, and 2.
138 II, 5. 4. 3 | 8%) for 5-9 years, and 2.4% (1.0-3.8%) for 10-14 years (
139 II, 5. 4. 3 | across 9 countries from 4 (Cyprus) to 149 (Scotland)
140 II, 5. 4. 3 | countries ranging between 77.4% (Spain) and 98% (Finland).~
141 II, 5. 4. 3 | from 45.1 (France) to 83.4% (UK).~Proliferative retinopathy
142 II, 5. 4. 3 | Netherlands, Sweden) and 4% (Cyprus). The median is
143 II, 5. 4. 4 | 5.4.4. Data discussion~ ~Information
144 II, 5. 4. 4 | 5.4.4. Data discussion~ ~Information
145 II, 5. 4. 5 | 5.4.5. Risk factors~ ~The major
146 II, 5. 4. 5 | high weight newborn (over 4 kg); or~- experience of
147 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6. Control tools and policies~
148 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.1. Surveillance~The development
149 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.2. Primary prevention~
150 II, 5. 4. 6 | cholesterol, see Chapter 5.2.4. and for other risk factors
151 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.3. Secondary prevention~
152 II, 5. 4. 6 | indicators reported in section 5.4.3, which indicate clearly
153 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.4. National guidelines
154 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.4. National guidelines and
155 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.5. EU initiatives against
156 II, 5. 4. 6 | 2 June 2006 (see Table 5.4.1);~ ~Table 5.4.1. EU Council
157 II, 5. 4. 6 | Table 5.4.1);~ ~Table 5.4.1. EU Council Recommendations~
158 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.6. International initiatives~ ~
159 II, 5. 4. 7 | 5.4.7. Future developments~It
160 II, 5. 4. 7 | aspects listed in table 5.4.5, which are highly related
161 II, 5. 4. 8 | 5.4.8. References~Armesto SG,
162 II, 5. 4. 8 | Clinical and Experimental 13(4), 245. 2001.~Boyle D, Cunningham
163 II, 5. 4. 8 | Laeger. 18;169(25):2432-4 [Article in Danish]~EUCID
164 II, 5. 4. 8 | Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1270-6.~Greenfield S, Nicolucci
165 II, 5. 4. 8 | infarction? Int J Clin Pract 61(4):680-3~Jönsson B (2002),
166 II, 5. 4. 8 | Study Group Epidemiology.;4(5):421-7~Pruna S, Stanciu
167 II, 5. 4. 8 | intermediate hyperglycemia ISBN 92 4 159493 4 (NLM classification:
168 II, 5. 4. 8 | hyperglycemia ISBN 92 4 159493 4 (NLM classification: WK
169 II, 5. 4. 8 | classification: WK 810) ISBN 978 92 4 159493 6 © World Health
170 II, 5. 5.Int | to a reduction of 3% to 4% of the total GDP9.~ ~There
171 II, 5. 5.Int | 0.9 million (prevalence 4.5-5.0 per 1000), 1.9 million
172 II, 5. 5. 1 | with age.~ ~Table 5.5.1.4. Psychological distress
173 II, 5. 5. 1 | younger adults.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.4. Odds ratio (with 95% confidence
174 II, 5. 5. 1 | estimated at -6.1%(P<0.0001), –5.4%(P<0.0001) and –5.0%(P<0.
175 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
176 II, 5. 5. 1 | Health Care System (2002-4).~· Promoting mental health
177 II, 5. 5. 1 | the European Union (2002-4), included also statistics
178 II, 5. 5. 1 | systematic review. Am J Med 118(4):330-41.~ ~Värnik A, Kölves
179 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A tremendous
180 II, 5. 5. 2(24)| Work package 4 of the EuroCoDe project,
181 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.4. Risk factors and vulnerable
182 II, 5. 5. 3 | Journal of Eating Disorders 40:4 293-309.~De Henauw S , Gottrand
183 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disorders, Vol. 18, No. 4, 351-357.~Harper K, Sperry
184 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children and Adolescents, No. 4; Young people’s health in
185 II, 5. 5. 3 | median point prevalence was 4.6 per 1000, period prevalence
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1000, lifetime prevalence 4.0 per 1000 and lifetime
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations (male:female ratio = 1.4); moreover, not only migrants
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | median point prevalence of 4.6 per 1 000, 3.3 for period
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3 for period prevalence, 4.0 for lifetime prevalence
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | Palmer et al quote “that 4.9% of schizophrenics will
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | remains high.~Figure 5.5.3.2.4. Average length of stay -
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | be obese, i.e. a 1.5 to 4 times increased rate compared
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2003) – see table 5.5.3.2.4.~Table 5.5.3.2.4. European
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.4.~Table 5.5.3.2.4. European practice guidelines
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 2004. Nervenarzt Apr 4; Epub ahead of print.~Bottlender
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nordic J. of Psychiatry 61(4):252-259.~Fricke and Pirk (
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | of Medical Genetics 74 (4):353-60.~Kahn RS, Fleischhacker
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders”. Die Psychiatrie 4:172-173.~Klosterkötter J,
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe. World Psychiatry 4(3):161-7.~Knapp M, McDaid
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | condition occurring in 3 to 4 year olds characterized
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | Spectrum Disorders (ASD) from 4 per 10,000 to 66 per 10000
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4. Epilepsy~ ~
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Epilepsy
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.2. Data sources~ ~The patients
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.3. Data description and
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | the continent (Table 5.5.3.4.1). The annual incidence
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | the elderly (Table 5.5.3.4.2), even with significant
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | study design.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.1. Incidence of epilepsy
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Europe~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.2. Incidence (per 100,000)
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | localization-related epilepsy in 15% (8.4 per 100,000 per year), and
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | generalized epilepsy in 6% (3.4 per 100,000 per year). In
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | 8 per 1,000 (Table 5.5.3.4.3). The prevalence is lower
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | see above).~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.3. Prevalence of active
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~MR review~428 ~4.8 ~Olafsson and Hauser,
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children ~MR review~? ~4.5 + ~Cavazzuti, 1986 (*)~
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children ~MR review~378 ~4.3 ~Endziniene et al., 1997~
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | Two-phase across sectional ~405 ~4.1 ~Luengo et al., 2001 (*)~
220 II, 5. 5. 3 | inquiry/MR review? ~155/195 ~4.2/3.5~Sidenvall et al.,
221 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1960 (*)~U.K. ~Children 4-20 years ~MR review ~69 ~
222 II, 5. 5. 3 | 20 years ~MR review ~69 ~4.3 ~Tidman et al., 2003 (*)~+ =
223 II, 5. 5. 3 | respectively 36-66%, 30-62%, and 2-4%. The differing proportions
224 II, 5. 5. 3 | Jallon, 2004) (Table 5.5.3.4.4). These data are confirmed
225 II, 5. 5. 3 | Jallon, 2004) (Table 5.5.3.4.4). These data are confirmed
226 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizures.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.4. Community-based studies
227 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizures.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.4. Community-based studies
228 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohorts~32~12.4~2.6~Preston and Clarke,
229 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohort~160~67.8~2.4~Alstrom, 1950 (*)~ ~Insurance
230 II, 5. 5. 3 | with SMR ranging between 2.4 and 5.6 (Gaitatzis and Sander,
231 II, 5. 5. 3 | intake was associated with a 4-fold increase in the risk
232 II, 5. 5. 3 | was found to range from 4.5 to 32 (Jallon, 2004).
233 II, 5. 5. 3 | the SMR (all causes) was 4.9 (95% CI 2.7-8.3) vs. 7.
234 II, 5. 5. 3 | vs. 7.9 (95% CI 2.6-18.4) in non-surgical patients,
235 II, 5. 5. 3 | partial seizures)(Table 5.5.3.4.5). The issue of epilepsy
236 II, 5. 5. 3 | serious accidents (RR 1.4)(Taylor et al, 1996) may
237 II, 5. 5. 3 | relationship.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.5. National legislations
238 II, 5. 5. 3 | years~ if seizure freedom >4 years)~ First unprovoked
239 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
240 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
241 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.5. Future developments~ ~
242 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.6. References~ ~Anonymous (
243 II, 5. 5. 3 | time. Neuroepidemiology 4:65-70.~Morgan CL, Ahmed
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | prospective study. Lancet Neurol 4:627-634.~Osservatorio Regionale
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.7. Acronyms~ ~AED~Antiepileptic
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | EDSS) 0 to 3.5), moderate (4.0 to 6.5) and severe (7.
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | Tables 5.5.3.5.1-5.5.3.5.4 provide further details
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimates)~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.4. Incidence (per 100 000/
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rate of 4.2 (Lauer, personal data).
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rates from 2–4 in the 1990s. Prevalence
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | over the past 30 years. The 4-fold increase in Malta’s
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | mean annual incidence of 2.4 in Greece. Methodological
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | ratios between 1.1 and 3.4. Mean total prevalence estimates
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe is estimated to be 4 per 100 000, with peaks
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | RP-MS and SP-MS ranged from 4% (Sweden) to 50% (Bulgaria),
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | whereas PP-MS ranged from 4% (Austria) to 35% (The Netherlands).~ ~
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | UK) for moderate MS (EDSS 4-6.5) and between 5% (Austria)
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.4. Risk factors~ ~MS is a
259 II, 5. 5. 3 | least one functional system, 4.0-6.5 refers to fully ambulatory,
260 II, 5. 5. 3 | Mult Scler. 2008 May;14(4):574.~Sumelahti ML, Tienari
261 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence (MSA:1.86 to 4.9/100.000, PSP: 2.5 to 7.
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2.5 to 7.5/100.000; CGD: 4.0/100.000, respectively (
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | diminished over a period of 4 years on levodopa, but continued
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | significantly reduced. After 4 years, increasing survival
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | healthcare cost totalled to €4.6 billion. Hospitalization
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.4. Risk factors~ ~The cause
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | over 50 with PD was between 4.1 and 4.6 million and the
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | with PD was between 4.1 and 4.6 million and the number
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | s disease. Mov Disord 13(4):626-632.~Anderson C, Checkoway
270 II, 5. 5. 3 | Spain. Neuroepidemiology 20(4):225-231.~Brewis M, Poskanzer
271 II, 5. 5. 3 | Krankenversicherung e 46(4):122-128.~Elbaz A, Tranchant
272 II, 5. 5. 3 | Aragon, Spain. Mov Disord 14(4):596-604.~EuroPa Consortium (
273 II, 5. 5. 3 | Zeitschrift fur Gerontologie 27(4):270-275.~Fall PA, Fredrikson
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | Neurol Neurosurg Psych 76(4):498-502.~Nicoletti A, Sofia
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sardinia). Acta neurologica 1(4):303-308.~Rosati G, Granieri
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease. J Chronic Dis 26(4):243-254.~Späte HF, Gemende
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | neurologica Scandinavica 72(4):363-379.~Tanner CM, Aston
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | opinion in neurology 13(4):427-430.~Tanner CM (2003):
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | Neuropsychopharmacol 15(4):473-490.~Whetten-Goldstein
280 II, 5. 6. 1 | disorders e.g. low back pain; (4) regional and widespread
281 II, 5. 6. 3 | repeatedly been estimated to be 4-5% of the adult population (
282 II, 5. 6. 3 | circulatory diseases accounted for 4.8%. This study only considered
283 II, 5. 6. 3 | physical activity (Table 5.6.4). The pain and disability
284 II, 5. 6. 3 | reversible (Figures 5.6.3 and 5.6.4 and Tables 5.6.1-5.6.3)
285 II, 5. 6. 3 | EUGLOREH Countries~ ~Table 5.6.4. Osteoarthritis Prevalence (
286 II, 5. 6. 3 | radiographic OA (Table 5.6.4). Almost everyone who reaches
287 II, 5. 6. 3 | greatest relative risk for OA: 4.5 for farming 1-9 years
288 II, 5. 6. 3 | estimated to incur SEK 7.4 billion (Euro 690 million)
289 II, 5. 6. 3 | inpatient care and SEK 6.4 billion (Euro 630.4 million)
290 II, 5. 6. 3 | SEK 6.4 billion (Euro 630.4 million) for productivity
291 II, 5. 6. 3 | for knee replacement is 27.4 joints per 1000 people aged
292 II, 5. 6. 3 | incidence of RA range from 4–13 per 100,000 for adult
293 II, 5. 6. 3 | ratio varied from 1.7 to 4.0) .~ ~The incidence of
294 II, 5. 6. 3 | older, with rates in men of 4 and 1909 respectively (Cooper
295 II, 5. 6. 3 | female to male ratio being 4:1), and around 50% occur
296 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3.4.4 Prevalence~ ~Prevalence
297 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3.4.4 Prevalence~ ~Prevalence
298 II, 5. 6. 3 | comparable figures are 2.4% and 20%, respectively (
299 II, 5. 6. 3 | point in time) is between 4% and 33% (Woolf and Pfleger,
300 II, 5. 6. 4 | 5.6.4. Societal impact~ ~Musculoskeletal
301 II, 5. 6. 4 | persons with sick leave over 4 days had low back pain,
302 II, 5. 6. 4 | musculoskeletal disorders are 2-4 times more frequent than
303 II, 5. 6. 6 | Health, ISBN 91-975284-0-4. Bone and Joint Decade Lund,
304 II, 5. 6. 6 | Technol Assess Health Care 16(4):1193-200~Juni P, Dieppe
305 II, 5. 6. 6 | Rheumatology(Oxford) 42(4):516-21~Kallman DA, Wigley
306 II, 5. 6. 6 | healthcare. Physiother Res Int 4:161-169~Lopez AD, Mathers
307 II, 5. 7. 1 | factors, patients with stage 4-5 CKD have a death risk
308 II, 5. 7. 1 | complications which is 2-4 times higher than that of
309 II, 5. 7. 1 | decrease in GFR*~30–59~585.3~ ~4~Severe decrease in GFR*~
310 II, 5. 7. 1 | decrease in GFR*~15–29~585.4~ ~5~Kidney failure~<15~(
311 II, 5. 7. 3 | progression from CKD stages 3 or 4 to ESRD in US white patients
312 II, 5. 7. 3 | pmp in Portugal (Table 5.7.4 and Table 5.7.5). Just like
313 II, 5. 7. 3 | renal failure.~ ~Table 5.7.4. Incidence of RRT over the
314 II, 5. 7. 3 | increased with age (Figure 5.7.4).~ ~Figure 5.7.3. Prevalence
315 II, 5. 7. 3 | countries.~ ~Figure 5.7.4. Sex and age specific prevalence
316 II, 5. 7. 4 | 5.7.4. Risk factors~ ~Hypertension
317 II, 5. 7. 7 | Pediatrics 2003 Apr;111(4 Pt 1):e382-e387.~Atthobari
318 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Int 2006 Aug;70(4):800-6.~Coresh J, Byrd-Holt
319 II, 5. 7. 7 | Pediatr Nephrol 1997 Aug;11(4):438-42.~Fadrowski J, Cole
320 II, 5. 8. 3 | incidence rate according to a 9-4% GOLD criteria27 in persistent
321 II, 5. 8. 3 | function was observed in 4% for male never smokers (
322 II, 5. 8. 3 | in 40-69 year olds to 14.4% (6.3% COPD) (Murtagh et
323 II, 5. 8. 3 | values ranging from about 4% in Forlì (Italy) and Bratislava (
324 II, 5. 8. 3 | 12.3 and 7.3%, moderate 4.5 and 2.2%, severe-very
325 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2%, severe-very severe 0.4 and 0.3% (Zielinski et al,
326 II, 5. 8. 3 | males and 3..9, 8.1, 2.3, 0.4, respectively, in females.~ ~
327 II, 5. 8. 3 | that COPD was present in 10.4% of the 2497 subjects with
328 II, 5. 8. 3 | more than 2/3 of them (69.4%) reported one or more co-morbidity.~ ~
329 II, 5. 8. 3 | 7 billion Euro, of which 4.7 were for ambulatory care,
330 II, 5. 8. 3 | for inpatient care and 28.4 for lost work days (European
331 II, 5. 8. 3 | patient was estimated at 4,366 euro per year: 41% was
332 II, 5. 8. 4 | 5.8.4. Risk factors~ ~Active and
333 II, 5. 8. 4 | lung function ranged from 4% for male never smokers (
334 II, 5. 8. 6 | selective phosphodiesterase 4 inhibitors are in the late
335 II, 5. 8. 6 | p<0.001) or at home (37.4% vs 2.8%, p<0.05) than people
336 II, 5. 9. FB | 5.FB.4. Epidemiology of allergic
337 II, 5. 9. FB | dietary intervention beyond 4 to 6 months of age for the
338 II, 5. 9. FB | Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 19:640-4~ ~ ~ ~
339 II, 5. 9. 1 | to affect approximately 4–11% of the general population
340 II, 5. 9. 3 | aged less than 10 years (4.38/1000 people per year)
341 II, 5. 9. 3 | by country~ ~Figure 5.9.4. Hay fever in ECHRS and
342 II, 5. 9. 3 | while in 1992 an estimate of 4.4% among adults was recorded),
343 II, 5. 9. 3 | in 1992 an estimate of 4.4% among adults was recorded),
344 II, 5. 9. 3 | Greece (5.6%), Poland (5.4%), Germany (2.5%), Hungary (
345 II, 5. 9. 3 | Germany (2.5%), Hungary (4%), Macedonia (3.3%) and
346 II, 5. 9. 3 | rhinitis in Italy amounted to 4.5% since the end of 1990s,
347 II, 5. 9. 4 | 5.9.4. Risk factors~ ~Data show
348 II, 5. 9. 4 | 1989 (n=3,390), 1994 (n=4,047), 1999 (n=3,540) and
349 II, 5. 9. 4 | indoor and outdoor pollution;~4. changes in dietary habits.~ ~
350 II, 5. 9. 4 | addition to symptoms (2.4, 1.3-4.6, P=0.008). Among
351 II, 5. 9. 4 | addition to symptoms (2.4, 1.3-4.6, P=0.008). Among common
352 II, 5. 9. 4 | seen for nursing (2.2, 1.3-4.0, P=0.007). Asthma risk
353 II, 5. 9. 4 | frequently from pollinosis (2.4%) and bronchial asthma (
354 II, 5. 9. 4 | were identified (Tables 5.9.4 to 5.9.6). The lowest sensitization
355 II, 5. 9. 4 | pollen counts.~ ~Table 5.9.4. Highest, median and lowest
356 II, 5. 9. 4 | fever, 6.8% from asthma, 4.5% from atopic asthma. The
357 II, 5. 9. 4 | diagnosis of asthma - 12.4% of the males and 8.0% of
358 II, 5. 9. 4 | attending day care (OR = 0.4) and infant school (OR =
359 II, 5. 9. 4 | and infant school (OR = 0.4); a positive association
360 II, 5. 9. 4 | Italy (lifetime asthma: 5.4% and 9.7% respectively,
361 II, 5. 9. 4 | zinc (Zn), ammonium (NH(4)), and sulfate (SO(4)) were
362 II, 5. 9. 4 | NH(4)), and sulfate (SO(4)) were present in the fine
363 II, 5. 9. 4 | observed between V, Ni, and SO(4) and the allergen specific
364 II, 5. 9. 7 | study. Allergy. 2006 Apr;61(4):414-21.~ ~Anderson HR,
365 II, 5. 9. 7 | Eur Respir J. 2006 Apr;9(4):636-42~ ~Bj P (2007): Worldwide
366 II, 5. 9. 7 | Rev Mal Respir.Sep; 23 (4 Pt 2):10S73-10S75~ ~Bousquet
367 II, 5. 10. 1 | around 1-3% in adults and 4-6% in children (EFSA, 2004).~ ~
368 II, 5. 10. 2 | Angioneurotic oedema~T78.4~Allergy, unspecified~Source:
369 II, 5. 10. 3 | self-reported FHS, ranging from 4.6% in Spain to 19.1% in
370 II, 5. 10. 3 | items, include chocolate (4.8%), followed by apple and
371 II, 5. 10. 3 | followed by apple and hazelnut (4.7%), strawberries (4.6%),
372 II, 5. 10. 3 | hazelnut (4.7%), strawberries (4.6%), cow’s milk (4.3%),
373 II, 5. 10. 3 | strawberries (4.6%), cow’s milk (4.3%), oranges and tomatoes (
374 II, 5. 10. 3 | with food challenge (0.8-2.4%) (EU SCOOP, 1998).~ ~The
375 II, 5. 10. 3 | roughly estimated to be around 4-6 % in children and 1-3%
376 II, 5. 10. 4 | 5.10.4. Data discussion~ ~An accurate
377 II, 5. 10. 7 | Eur J Clin Nutr 2001; 55(4):298-304.~ ~Woods RK, Stoney
378 II, 5. 11. 3 | and others (See Chapter 4.3).~Some skin diseases may
379 II, 5. 11. 3 | 19 yrs)~Point prevalence=4%,1-year prevalence=10%~Yngveson
380 II, 5. 11. 3 | group (956), a total of 44 (4.6%) had contact allergy
381 II, 5. 11. 3 | Contact Dermatitis, 2001;44(4):218-23.~CG Mortz, KE Andersen,
382 II, 5. 11. 3 | medical care with 7.3%, 3.4% 8.9% and 3.8% in the following
383 II, 5. 11. 3 | prevalences ranging from 0.2% to 4.8%. The highest prevalence,
384 II, 5. 11. 3 | rates of BCC increased by 70.4% in men and 65% in women,
385 II, 5. 11. 4 | 5.11.4. Societal impact~ ~Disability
386 II, 5. 12. 3 | 3.6/100,000), Ireland (3.4), Norway and the Netherlands (
387 II, 5. 12. 3 | 2000-2002, Finland from 7.4 to 13.6, Ireland from 3.
388 II, 5. 12. 3 | to 13.6, Ireland from 3.4 to 4.8, England and Wales
389 II, 5. 12. 3 | 13.6, Ireland from 3.4 to 4.8, England and Wales from
390 II, 5. 12. 3 | Bulgaria from 12.5 to 19.4, Poland from 13.0 to 15.
391 II, 5. 12. 3 | for men and in Table 5.12.4 for women. Given the substantial
392 II, 5. 12. 3 | men, with an APC between -4 and -3%. In the UK and other
393 II, 5. 12. 3 | and around +9% in men and +4% in women from Ireland.~ ~
394 II, 5. 12. 3 | 1970-2002~ ~Table 5.12.4. Joinpoint regression analysis
395 II, 5. 12. 4 | 5.12.4. Risk factors~ ~The patterns
396 II, 5. 12. 7 | 1955 to 1990. Ann Epidemiol 4:480-486.~ ~La Vecchia C (
397 II, 5. 14. 3 | fall in the range of 1 to 4 DMFT teeth. In contrast,
398 II, 5. 14. 3 | experience greater than 4 teeth. In the trend observed
399 II, 5. 14. 3 | 58% in United Kingdom, 65.4% in Netherlands). These
400 II, 5. 14. 3 | slight, 18% moderate and 4% severe.~ ~Figure 5.14.2.
401 II, 5. 14. 3 | Europe, which represents 4-8% of the total health expenses,
402 II, 5. 14. 3 | dental care. Finland (0.4%) and the Netherlands (0.
403 II, 5. 14. 4 | 5.14.4. Risk factors~ ~The caries
404 II, 5. 14. 5 | diabetes mellitus see Chapter 5.4.~It is possible to develop
405 II, 5. 15. 3 | these 200 RD contribute to 1.4% of total deaths, and in
406 II, 5. 15. 4 | 5.15.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
407 II, 6. 3. 3 | from 2 615 cases in 2001 to 4 151 in 2004. The number
408 II, 6. 3. 3 | while the incidence was 4.5 times higher in men than
409 II, 6. 3. 3 | women (male to female ratio, 4.4:1).~ ~Neonatal syphilis
410 II, 6. 3. 3 | male to female ratio, 4.4:1).~ ~Neonatal syphilis
411 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3.4. Blood-borne viral infections~
412 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4. Respiratory tract infections~ ~
413 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.1. Influenza~ ~Seasonal
414 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.2. Tuberculosis~ ~TB is
415 II, 6. 3. 4 | 2005~ ~ ~ ~ ~Figure 6.A1.4 New culture positive cases (
416 II, 6. 3. 4 | children under 14 represented 4%. Mean age is lower in western
417 II, 6. 3. 4 | the UK in 2000–03 (from 4.2% to 8.3%) associated with
418 II, 6. 3. 4 | Estonia and Latvia, reaching 6.4% and 3.5%, respectively
419 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.3. Legionnaires’ disease (
420 II, 6. 3. 4 | among elderly (figure 6.4) and immuno-compromised
421 II, 6. 3. 4 | antibiotics.~ ~Figure 6.4. Trends of legionellosis
422 II, 6. 3. 4 | year. In 2005, a total of 4 189 human legionellosis
423 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.4. Severe acute respiratory
424 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.4. Severe acute respiratory
425 II, 6. 3. 5 | countries. Ireland (with 4.94 per 100 000) and Malta (
426 II, 6. 3. 5 | incidence rate in the EU was 4.10 per 100 000 per year.
427 II, 6. 3. 6 | reported in the age group 0–4 years (27% of cases), decreasing
428 II, 6. 3. 6 | age group appears to be 0–4 year one. In 2005, a total
429 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) followed by Sweden (4.27 per 100 000) reported
430 II, 6. 3. 6 | the highest incidence (30.4 per 100 000 per year).~ ~
431 II, 6. 3. 6 | decreased from 1999 (just under 4 000 cases (0.87 per 100
432 II, 6. 3. 6 | followed by Slovakia (4.85 per 100 000) reporting
433 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.4. Prion diseases~ ~Variant
434 II, 6. 3. 7 | undercooked infected meat; and 4) inhalation of infective
435 II, 6. 3. 7 | trends in Europe~ ~In 2005, 4 306 malaria cases were reported
436 II, 6. 4 | 6.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
437 II, 6. 4. 1 | 6.4.1. Surveillance~ ~Commission
438 II, 6. 4. 2 | 6.4.2. Early warning~ ~The second
439 II, 6. 4. 3 | 6.4.3. Pandemic preparedness~ ~
440 II, 6. 4. 4 | 6.4.4. EU-wide coordination –
441 II, 6. 4. 4 | 6.4.4. EU-wide coordination –
442 II, 6. 4. 5 | 6.4.5. Antimicrobial resistance.~ ~
443 II, 7. 2. 4 | 7.2.4. ESAW (European Statistics
444 II, 7. 3. 2 | injury mortality (Figure 7.4).~ ~Figure 7.4. Selected
445 II, 7. 3. 2 | Figure 7.4).~ ~Figure 7.4. Selected causes of fatal
446 II, 7. 3. 4 | 7.3.4. Unintentional injuries -
447 II, 7. 3. 4 | place accidents account for 4% of unintentional fatalities,
448 II, 7. 3. 4 | fatalities in the EU27 range from 4 per 100 000 inhabitants
449 II, 7. 3. 5 | injuries but only for 7.4% of all medically treated
450 II, 7. 3. 5 | particular for 5% in the 1-4 age group. Again, differences
451 II, 7. 4 | 7.4. Data discussion~ ~The survey
452 II, 7. 4. 1 | 7.4.1. Safety of children and
453 II, 7. 4. 1 | injuries by cause of death, 1-4 years of age~ ~According
454 II, 7. 4. 2 | 7.4.2. Safety of elderly citizens~ ~
455 II, 7. 4. 3 | 7.4.3. Safety of vulnerable
456 II, 7. 4. 4 | 7.4.4. Prevention of sports
457 II, 7. 4. 4 | 7.4.4. Prevention of sports injuries~ ~
458 II, 7. 4. 5 | 7.4.5. Prevention of injuries
459 II, 7. 4. 6 | 7.4.6. Prevention of self-harm~ ~
460 II, 7. 4. 7 | 7.4.7. Prevention of interpersonal
461 II, 7. 7 | ec.europa.eu/ accessed on 4 April 2008].~ ~EuroStat (
462 II, 7. 7 | ec.europa.eu/ accessed on 4 April 2008].~ ~EuroStat (
463 II, 7. 7 | Document/E83583.pdf, accessed 4 April 2008]).~ ~Holder Y,
464 II, 8. 1. 3 | prevalence was less than 4% in the age group 16-24,
465 II, 8. 1. 3 | heart, and stomach problems, 4% reported sight, hearing,
466 II, 8. 1. 4 | 8.1.4. Future developments~ ~EUROSTAT
467 II, 8. 2. 1 | is in the range of 0.3-0.4% for severe mental retardation (
468 II, 8. 2. 1 | equal to 0.6%, 0.6% and 1.4%, respectively. Down syndrome
469 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.4. Risk factors~ ~Causes of
470 II, 8. 2. 1 | Disability Research, 42 (4), 264-272.~Rimmer,J.H. (
471 II, 8. 2. 1 | children. Pediatric Dentistry 4, 321-325.~Scheepers M, Kerr
472 II, 8. 2. 1 | Intellectual Disabilities 2(3/4), 249-55.~Straetmans, J.
473 II, 8. 2. 1 | Intellectual Disabilities, 2, 3-4, 260-263.~World Health Organisation (
474 II, 8. 2. 2 | impairment categories 3, 4 and 5).~ ~The definition
475 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.4. Future developments~ ~Periodic
476 II, 8. 2. 2 | Europe. IAPB Newsletter 41:3-4 (on-line document available
477 II, 8. 2. 2 | visual functioning. Geneva 4-5 September 2003. Document
478 II, 8. 2. 3 | frequencies: 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz (WHO, 1997). The different
479 II, 8. 2. 3 | are presented in Table 8.4. Available data have been
480 II, 8. 2. 3 | WHO, 2002).~ ~Table 8.4. WHO grades of hearing impairment~ ~ ~ ~
481 II, 8. 2. 3 | estimated to amount, in 2001, to 4.6 YLD/1000 (males) and 4.
482 II, 8. 2. 3 | 4.6 YLD/1000 (males) and 4.3 YLD/1000 (females) in
483 II, 8. 2. 3 | 8.2.3.4. References~ ~Davis AC (
484 II, 9 | heart disease (Fig.9.T1.4).~ ~ ~Figure 9.T1.4. Relationship
485 II, 9 | 9.T1.4).~ ~ ~Figure 9.T1.4. Relationship between per
486 II, 9 | are listed in Chapter 9.4~ ~ ~ ~
487 II, 9. 1. 1 | mortality rates ranged from 6.4 to 22.1 per 1 000 total
488 II, 9. 1. 1 | median rate was much higher (4.4/1 000) among countries
489 II, 9. 1. 1 | rate was much higher (4.4/1 000) among countries that
490 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight in the EU. Between 4 and 9% of all live births
491 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1990-1998, ascertained at 4-5 years of age using a common
492 II, 9. 1. 1 | As shown in Table 9.1.1.4, this rate varies between
493 II, 9. 1. 1 | Kingdom).~ ~Table 9.1.1.4. Cerebral palsy rates per
494 II, 9. 1. 1 | 9.1.1.4. References~ ~Ananth CV,
495 II, 9. 1. 1 | Reprod Biol 2002;103(1):4-13.~Apgar V (1953): A t.
496 II, 9. 1. 1 | Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;86(4 Pt 2):700-5.~ ~Bai J, Wong
497 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1982-1994. Bjog 2000;107(4):452-60.~ ~Gould JB, Davey
498 II, 9. 1. 1 | section. N Engl J Med 1989;321(4):233-9.~ ~Hansen M, Kurinczuk
499 II, 9. 1. 1 | Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(4):685-92.~Kaminski M, Blondel
500 II, 9. 1. 1 | Biol Reprod (Paris) 1997;26(4):358-66.~ ~Langhoff-Roos
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