| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
501 II, 9. 1. 1 | Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101(4):301-6.~Reddy UM, Ko CW,
502 II, 9. 1. 1 | reproduction. Fertil Steril 1986;46(4):545-66.~US Center for Disease
503 II, 9. 1. 1 | study. Pediatrics 2007;120(4):e815-25.~ ~van Roosmalen
504 II, 9. 1. 2 | 1), covering in total 1.4 million births per year.
505 II, 9. 1. 2 | Annual birth coverage is 23.4% of births of the EU-15
506 II, 9. 1. 2 | data can be seen in Chapter 4.1. Such infant mortality
507 II, 9. 1. 2 | chromosomal anomalies is 3.4 per 1 000 births. In the
508 II, 9. 1. 2 | most common subgroup, at 6.4 per 1 000 births, followed
509 II, 9. 1. 2 | are recorded in Ireland (2.4 per 1 000) and Malta (2.
510 II, 9. 1. 2 | Ireland and Malta) to 11.4 (France) per 1 000 births.
511 II, 9. 1. 2 | including LB, SB and TOPFA) of 3.4 per 1 000.~ ~Figure 9.1.
512 II, 9. 1. 2 | in Europe, ranging from 0.4 per 1 000 to 2.0 per 1 000 (
513 II, 9. 1. 2 | and Malta).~ ~Table 9.1.2.4. Total and live birth prevalence
514 II, 9. 1. 2 | 000 in Poland (Table 9.1.2.4).~ ~Orofacial clefts~ ~Cleft
515 II, 9. 1. 2 | per 1 000, and Malta at 4.2 per 1 000. It is difficult
516 II, 9. 1. 2 | 9.1.2.4. Risk factors~ ~For main
517 II, 9. 1. 2 | In 2005, approximately 4 million euro was being spent
518 II, 9. 1. 2 | Epidemiology, Vol 8, No 4, pp 355-363.~Cordier S,
519 II, 9. 1. 2 | and Neonatal Medicine, Vol 4, pp 441-447.~Green JM, Hewison
520 II, 9. 2. 3 | analysis~ ~Infants and child (1–4 years) deaths have decreased
521 II, 9. 2. 3 | recent years (see Chapter 4.1). Congenital malformations
522 II, 9. 2. 3 | in neonates (see Chapter 4.2), and accidents for 5-
523 II, 9. 2. 3 | year-old children as high as 18.4% for Scotland, 16.8% for
524 II, 9. 2. 3 | girls who reported having 3-4 family meals/week (Neumark-Sztainer
525 II, 9. 2. 4 | 9.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A number
526 II, 9. 3. 1 | transport accidents is 2.4 times higher than that of
527 II, 9. 3. 1 | European Union, with another 4.5 million accidents resulting
528 II, 9. 3. 1 | to a reduction of 3% to 4% of total GDP (Gabriel and
529 II, 9. 3. 1 | adolescents (prevalence 4.5–5.0 per 1000), 1.9 million
530 II, 9. 3. 1 | metabolic syndrome can be 4 times more likely to suffer
531 II, 9. 3. 1 | rate increasing from 2.1 to 4.6 to 16.0 per 100 000 population
532 II, 9. 3. 1 | current incidence respectively 4.5. and 4.4. times higher
533 II, 9. 3. 1 | incidence respectively 4.5. and 4.4. times higher in men than
534 II, 9. 3. 1 | respectively 4.5. and 4.4. times higher in men than
535 II, 9. 3. 1 | 49, 15.7% aged 50-59, 34.4% aged 60-69 and 53.4% aged
536 II, 9. 3. 1 | 34.4% aged 60-69 and 53.4% aged 70-79. When linking
537 II, 9. 3. 1 | males aged 65 or over from 4.2% in 1995 to 9.5% in 2025.
538 II, 9. 3. 1 | data show that in the EU 25 4.5million people >65 years
539 II, 9. 3. 1 | level <300 ng/dl (or 10.4 nmol/L) of total testosterone
540 II, 9. 3. 1 | 9.3.1.4. Risk factors~ ~The main
541 II, 9. 3. 1 | heart disease (Fig.9.T1.4).~ ~Figure 9.T1.4. Relationship
542 II, 9. 3. 1 | Fig.9.T1.4).~ ~Figure 9.T1.4. Relationship between per
543 II, 9. 3. 1 | Neurology, Volume 12, Number 4, April 2005 , pp. 245-253(
544 II, 9. 3. 1 | Health Review Journal, 11(4), 3-6.~ ~White AK , Cash
545 II, 9. 3. 2 | embolisation (3) blood transfusion (4) hospitalization in an ICU
546 II, 9. 3. 2 | 9.3.2.4. Risk factors~ ~In order
547 II, 9. 3. 2 | illustrated in Figure 9.3.2.4. However, as these data
548 II, 9. 3. 2 | services.~ ~Figure 9.3.2.4. Evolution of length of
549 II, 9. 3. 2 | problems. In 2004, up to 3-4% of newborns in Denmark
550 II, 9. 3. 2 | Reprod Biol 2002;103(1):4-13.~ ~Ananth CV, Joseph
551 II, 9. 3. 2 | Obstetrics & Gynecology 1995;86(4 Pt 2):700-5.~Bai J, Wong
552 II, 9. 3. 2 | 1982-1994. Bjog 2000;107(4):452-60.~ ~Gould JB, Davey
553 II, 9. 3. 2 | section. N Engl J Med 1989;321(4):233-9.~ ~Hansen M, Kurinczuk
554 II, 9. 3. 2 | Obstet Gynecol 2003;102(4):685-92.~ ~Kaminski M, Blondel
555 II, 9. 3. 2 | Biol Reprod (Paris) 1997;26(4):358-66.~ ~Langhoff-Roos
556 II, 9. 3. 2 | Obstet Gynaecol 1994;101(4):301-6.~ ~Reddy UM, Ko CW,
557 II, 9. 3. 2 | reproduction. Fertil Steril 1986;46(4):545-66.~ ~SCPE (Surveillance
558 II, 9. 3. 2 | study. Pediatrics 2007;120(4):e815-25.~ ~van Roosmalen
559 II, 9. 3. 3 | from 9.2 in Poland to 40.4% in England. From a gender
560 II, 9. 3. 3 | during the past year, 22.4% of one thousand individuals
561 II, 9. 3. 3 | et al, 1995). In Portugal 4.2% of men reported that
562 II, 9. 3. 3 | 9.3.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
563 II, 9. 3. 3 | Children and Adolescents, No.4. Available at: htt df~Del
564 II, 9. 4 | 9.4. Elderly~ ~
565 II, 9. 4. 1 | 9.4.1. Introduction~ ~Ageing
566 II, 9. 4. 2 | 9.4.2. Data sources~ ~Policy
567 II, 9. 4. 2 | supporting this theory.~ ~Table 9.4.1. General Physical Health
568 II, 9. 4. 2 | interventions.~ ~Figure 9.4.1. Ability to carry out
569 II, 9. 4. 3 | 9.4.3. Data description and
570 II, 9. 4. 3 | related to falls (Figure 9.4.2). As much as about 30%
571 II, 9. 4. 3 | falls are listed in Table 4.1. These difficulties can
572 II, 9. 4. 3 | WHO/HEN, 2004).~ ~Figure 9.4.2. Fatal injuries by causes
573 II, 9. 4. 3 | estimates for 1996).~ ~Table 9.4.2. Most common causes of
574 II, 9. 4. 4 | 9.4.4. Risk factors~ ~Main risk
575 II, 9. 4. 4 | 9.4.4. Risk factors~ ~Main risk
576 II, 9. 4. 4 | are listed in Chapter 9.4~ ~ ~ ~
577 II, 9. 4. 5 | 9.4.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
578 II, 9. 4. 6 | 9.4.6. Future developments~ ~
579 II, 9. 4. 7 | 9.4.7. References~ ~Bhalla et
580 II, 9. 4. 7 | Society, Volume 9, Number 4, December 2003 , pp. 173-
581 II, 9. 4. 8 | 9.4.8. Acronyms~ ~AD~Alzheimer’
582 II, 9. 5. 3 | Eurostat, 2006).~ ~Table 9.5.4. Percentage of 25-64 year
583 II, 9. 5. 3 | Irelanda ( 2002 study )~· 20.4% of women have reported
584 II, 9. 5. 3 | sexual assault as adults~· 6.4% reported rape as adults~
585 II, 9. 5. 3 | reported being raped~· 9.4% reported almost being raped~·
586 II, 9. 5. 3 | reported almost being raped~· 7.4% raped by their partner~
587 II, 9. 5. 3 | Wales) b ( 2000 data )~· 4.9% of women have reported
588 II, 9. 5. 3 | sex relationships. One in 4 women and 1 in 6 men will
589 II, 9. 5. 3 | at £5.7 billion (Euro 8.4 billion), with an extra £
590 II, 9. 5. 3 | Fourteen per cent of men and 4 per cent of women report
591 II, 9. 5. 3 | European countries~ ~Figure 9.5.4. Girls who drink any alcoholic
592 II, 9. 5. 3 | while 49% spent in excess of 4.5 hours each day sitting.
593 II, 9. 5. 4 | 9.5.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
594 II, 9. 5. 6 | Medical Science. Oct; 326(4):231-4.~ ~Council of Europe
595 II, 9. 5. 6 | Science. Oct; 326(4):231-4.~ ~Council of Europe Parliamentary
596 III, 10. 1 | influenced by the community; 4) the conditions of the living
597 III, 10. 1. 1 | increases.~ ~Figure 10.1.4 illustrates the described
598 III, 10. 1. 1 | determinants.~ ~Figure 10.1.4. Integration of nutrition
599 III, 10. 1. 3 | relapse. Alcohol Res Health 23(4):263-271.~Burke RS, Stephens
600 III, 10. 1. 3 | population. Alcohol Alcohol 41(4):455-463.~Velleman R (1992a):
601 III, 10. 1. 3 | disharmony. Int J Addict 27(4):367-389.~Wagner N, Kirch
602 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries (Figure 10.2.1.1.4.).~Figure 10.2.1.1.4. Percentage
603 III, 10. 2. 1 | 1.1.4.).~Figure 10.2.1.1.4. Percentage of all deaths
604 III, 10. 2. 1 | start to decline;~· In stage 4, prevalence rates keep declining
605 III, 10. 2. 1 | ranges between 2.1% and 3.4% of GDP (ASPECT, 2004; Collins &
606 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.1.4. Tobacco harm reduction~ ~
607 III, 10. 2. 1 | World Bank.~ ~Table 10.2.1.1.4. Selected EUGLOREH countries
608 III, 10. 2. 1 | Worldwide, it causes 5,4 million deaths annually.~ ~
609 III, 10. 2. 1 | appropriate consumer information (4), warning labels (5) and
610 III, 10. 2. 1 | Reduction Journal, 2007; 4:17~ ~McKee M, Gilmore A (
611 III, 10. 2. 1 | J. Epidemiol. 2007; 36(4):805-808~ ~National Institute
612 III, 10. 2. 1 | 36% reported to drink 3-4 drinks (30-40g alcohol)
613 III, 10. 2. 1 | related to:~- 2,000 homicides (4 in 10 of all murders)~-
614 III, 10. 2. 1 | by alcohol means that 7.4% of all ill-health and premature
615 III, 10. 2. 1 | each year, Figure 10.2.1.2.4. This represents 1 in every
616 III, 10. 2. 1 | This represents 1 in every 4 deaths of young men, rising
617 III, 10. 2. 1 | life.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.2.4. The share of deaths attributable
618 III, 10. 2. 1 | million people for men and 4,000 DALYs per million for
619 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.2.4. Control tools and policies.~ ~
620 III, 10. 2. 1 | between 1 and 13% (on average 4%) of school children reported
621 III, 10. 2. 1 | others, with an average of 4% who have already used the
622 III, 10. 2. 1 | of school children, with 4 EU countries having a prevalence
623 III, 10. 2. 1 | 5%. In the past year, 2.4% of young adults have used
624 III, 10. 2. 1 | injectors) of between 3 and 4 cases for an adult population
625 III, 10. 2. 1 | in the EU (Figure 10.2.3.4), the reasons of which have
626 III, 10. 2. 1 | lives.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.3.4. HIV prevalence among injecting
627 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
628 III, 10. 2. 1 | Related Clinical Problems 4: 5–12.~ ~Darke S, Kaye S (
629 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.4. Risky sexual behaviour~ ~
630 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.5.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
631 III, 10. 2. 1 | from 35.7% in 1992 to 39.4% in 1997, but then decreased
632 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.6.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
633 III, 10. 2. 1 | Children and Adolescents, No. 4; htt 1, accessed 5 June
634 III, 10. 2. 1 | see section 5.2, 5.3 and 5.4), whereas obesity, overweight
635 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2007). Only 1021, 1022 and 423 countries used measured
636 III, 10. 2. 1 | activity~ ~2000-2005~6500~4 - >75~Individual dietary
637 III, 10. 2. 1 | Public Health Nutr., 2001, 4, 5(B), p. 1183-1186~Portugal~
638 III, 10. 2. 1 | additional MS as well as from 4 West Balkan countries are
639 III, 10. 2. 1 | were in Belgium (boys: 9.4%: girls: 10.9%), the Netherlands (
640 III, 10. 2. 1 | Bromley et al, 2005a) men (65.4%) followed by Portuguese (
641 III, 10. 2. 1 | at al, 2005), Malta (49.4%) (Asciak et al, 2003) and
642 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obésité, 2006) and Denmark (36.4%) (Ekholm et al, 2006).
643 III, 10. 2. 1 | of obesity ranged from 7.4% to 26.6% among men and
644 III, 10. 2. 1 | adolescents (Figure 10.2.1.7.4). For example, in England (
645 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006).~ ~Figure 10.2.1.7.4. Trends of overweight in
646 III, 10. 2. 1 | nutrition accounted for 4.5% of all DALYs (disability-adjusted
647 III, 10. 2. 1 | nutrition accounted for 4.6% of all DALYs lost, obesity
648 III, 10. 2. 1 | contributing to a further 1.4% of DALYs lost (WHO Regional
649 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.7.4. Risk factors~ ~The dietary
650 III, 10. 2. 1 | 000 t)~ ~Table 10.2.1.7.4. Gross human apparent consumption
651 III, 10. 2. 1 | council legislation~Option 4 – Driving initiatives. Specific
652 III, 10. 2. 1 | most countries in the next 4-5 years and it should be
653 III, 10. 2. 1 | Children and Adolescents, No. 4. [ht ] (report online, accessed
654 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity Reviews 5(Suppl. 1):4-104.~ ~Lobstein T, Frelut
655 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe. Obesity Reviews 4:195-200.~Mackenbach JP,
656 III, 10. 2. 1 | review Public Health Nutr. 4: 593-599.~ ~Brownie S (2006):
657 III, 10. 2. 1 | elderly. Public Health Nutr. 4: 547-559.~ ~German Nutrition
658 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe. Public Health Nutr. 4: 537-545.~ ~Kraemer K, Zimmermann
659 III, 10. 2. 1 | EPIC). Public Health Nutr 9(4): 449-464.~ ~Sieri S, Agudo
660 III, 10. 2. 2 | cholesterol less than 3-4 mmol/l (~ 115-155 mg/dl).~ ~
661 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4. Genetics and genomics~ ~
662 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Insofar,
663 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.2. Data sources~ ~The role
664 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.3. Data description and
665 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
666 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
667 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.5. Future developments~ ~
668 III, 10. 2. 4 | 10.2.4.6. References~ ~Brand A (
669 III, 10. 2. 4 | tumor specimens. Nat Med, 4:844-847.~ ~Lehmann DJ, Cortina-Borja
670 III, 10. 2. 4 | Journal of Public Health, 4(3): 46 – 52.~ ~Sookoian
671 III, 10. 2. 5 | 10.2.5.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
672 III, 10. 3. 1 | hours, an evening period of 4 hours and a night time period
673 III, 10. 3. 1 | limited to exposures above 0.4 µT. In European countries,
674 III, 10. 3. 1 | overall cost of around EUR 4 billion (Boegli, 2006).~ ~
675 III, 10. 3. 1 | hours, an evening period of 4 hours and a night time period
676 III, 10. 3. 1 | 10.3.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
677 III, 10. 3. 1 | Health Physics, vol.92, no. 4, 371-8.~Lucas R, McMichael
678 III, 10. 3. 1 | 2007): ENHIS Fact sheet 4.2 Incidence of melanoma
679 III, 10. 3. 2 | of world exports and 48.4% of world imports. The European
680 III, 10. 3. 2 | of world exports and 48.4% of world imports. The EU
681 III, 10. 3. 2 | summarized in Figure 10.3.2.4 shows decreasing levels
682 III, 10. 3. 2 | PBDE).~ ~Figure 10.3.2.4. Persistent Organic Pollutants
683 III, 10. 3. 2 | naphthalenes (PCN) (figure 10.3.2.4; note different units for
684 III, 10. 3. 2 | 10.3.2.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
685 III, 10. 3. 3 | 10.3.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
686 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4. Climatic changes and extreme
687 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.1. Introduction~ ~Floods,
688 III, 10. 3. 4 | impacts these have (Table 10.3.4.1). Finally, it highlights
689 III, 10. 3. 4 | policy tools.~ ~Table 10.3.4.1. Global trends in extreme
690 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.2. Data sources~ ~ ~In response
691 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.3. Data description and
692 III, 10. 3. 4 | weather events~ ~Table 10.3.4.2 gives an overview of events
693 III, 10. 3. 4 | most people.~ ~Table 10.3.4.2. Deaths and damage from
694 III, 10. 3. 4 | estimated to increase 1–4% for each degree increase
695 III, 10. 3. 4 | France and Italy claimed 4 400 Million US $ damage
696 III, 10. 3. 4 | death rate.~ ~Figure 10.3.4.1. The distribution of excess
697 III, 10. 3. 4 | temperature increase of up to 4.6°C during summer in Athens
698 III, 10. 3. 4 | in France ranging from +4% in Lille to +142% in Paris
699 III, 10. 3. 4 | human health (Figure 10.3.4.2). The total economic damage
700 III, 10. 3. 4 | flooding events .~ ~Figure 10.3.4.2. Frequency of floods and
701 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
702 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
703 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.5. Future developments~ ~
704 III, 10. 3. 4 | 10.3.4.6. References~ ~Solomon,
705 III, 10. 4 | 10.4. EXPOSURE ROUTES~ ~
706 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1. Inhalation and air pollution~ ~ ~
707 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Air
708 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.2. Data Sources~ ~ ~This
709 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.3. Data description and
710 III, 10. 4. 1 | and limit values (Table 10.4.1.1).~ ~Table 10.4.1.1.
711 III, 10. 4. 1 | Table 10.4.1.1).~ ~Table 10.4.1.1. Guidelines, target
712 III, 10. 4. 1 | m3 is exceeded.~Figure 10.4.1.1 presents the total population
713 III, 10. 4. 1 | available year); Figure 10.4.1.2 shows the changes in
714 III, 10. 4. 1 | children in cities.~ ~Figure 10.4.1.1. Percentage of children
715 III, 10. 4. 1 | health impacts. Table 10.4.1.2 here below describes
716 III, 10. 4. 1 | legislation in 2020.~ ~Table 10.4.1.2. Estimated health damage
717 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
718 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
719 III, 10. 4. 1 | and re-analyses~ ~Table 10.4.1.3. The CAFE analysis and
720 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.5. Future developments~ ~
721 III, 10. 4. 1 | 10.4.1.6. References~ ~AirBase –
722 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2. Ingestion and food contamination/
723 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.1. Introduction~ ~The
724 III, 10. 4. 2 | animal health and welfare; (4) biological hazards; (5)
725 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.2. Data sources~ ~The
726 III, 10. 4. 2 | agents (see also Section 4.14.2).~ ~Apart from Regulation
727 III, 10. 4. 2 | accordance with Article 6.4 specified in Chapter B.I
728 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.3. Data description and
729 III, 10. 4. 2 | alert notifications and 4% of information notifications.
730 III, 10. 4. 2 | present in food (Table 10.4.2.1), in particular of animal
731 III, 10. 4. 2 | with zoonoses (Table 10.4.2.2). In humans, the severity
732 III, 10. 4. 2 | threatening conditions (Table 10.4.2.3 The infection can be
733 III, 10. 4. 2 | public health.~ ~Table 10.4.2.1. Association of pathogenic (
734 III, 10. 4. 2 | virus~ ~ ~Pig~ ~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.2. Zoonotic diseases and
735 III, 10. 4. 2 | Source: EFSA~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.3. Disease symptoms associated
736 III, 10. 4. 2 | Severe 2~Chronic 3~Mortality 4~ ~Bacteria – Infectious~ ~
737 III, 10. 4. 2 | contaminants in feed (Table 10.4.2.4). With respect to food
738 III, 10. 4. 2 | contaminants in feed (Table 10.4.2.4). With respect to food safety,
739 III, 10. 4. 2 | countries.~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.4. Not naturally occurring,
740 III, 10. 4. 2 | countries.~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.4. Not naturally occurring,
741 III, 10. 4. 2 | Polychlorobiphenyls~(PCBs); see textbox 4.11~ ~Oils and fats of animal~
742 III, 10. 4. 2 | continued on average at 4 yearly intervals per crop
743 III, 10. 4. 2 | pesticide weight applied fell by 4% (Garthwaite et al, 2005).
744 III, 10. 4. 2 | consumer’s health (Table 10.4.2.5).~ ~Nitrates~ ~In Europe,
745 III, 10. 4. 2 | EFSA, 2007b).~ ~ ~Table 10.4.2.5. Naturally occurring,
746 III, 10. 4. 2 | Loveren, 2002; (see~textbox 4.10)~ ~ ~Mycotoxins: toxic
747 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
748 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
749 III, 10. 4. 2 | Figure 1).~ ~Figure 10.4.2.1. Entry into force of
750 III, 10. 4. 2 | in 16 “rounds” (Figure 10.4.2.2).~ ~ ~Figure 10.4.2.
751 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.2).~ ~ ~Figure 10.4.2.2. Pesticides Peer review –
752 III, 10. 4. 2 | active substances from list 4 to the Commission and their
753 III, 10. 4. 2 | by Directive 90/219/EC (4) on the contained use of
754 III, 10. 4. 2 | into the EU.~ ~Table 10.4.2.6. FVO Inspection Objectives
755 III, 10. 4. 2 | Member States.~ ~Table 10.4.2.7. Food safety competent
756 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.5. Future developments~ ~
757 III, 10. 4. 2 | 10.4.2.6. References~ ~European
758 III, 10. 4. 2 | 142. ISBN: 92-9199-012-4~ ~EFSA (2007b): From safe
759 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3. Ingestion and drinking
760 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.1. Introduction~ ~Safe
761 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.2. Data sources~ ~This
762 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.3. Data presentation and
763 III, 10. 4. 3 | et al, 2004).~ ~Figure 10.4.3.1. Deaths among children
764 III, 10. 4. 3 | 2000 to 2005 (Figure 10.4.3.2).~ ~Figure 10.4.3.2.
765 III, 10. 4. 3 | Figure 10.4.3.2).~ ~Figure 10.4.3.2. Number of reported
766 III, 10. 4. 3 | from 58% to 80% (Figure 10.4.3.3). According to the World
767 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking-water.~ ~Figure 10.4.3.3. Percentage of population
768 III, 10. 4. 3 | sanitation systems (see Figure 10.4.3.2).~ ~A special case of
769 III, 10. 4. 3 | European countries (Figure 10.4.3.4) were connected to wastewater
770 III, 10. 4. 3 | countries (Figure 10.4.3.4) were connected to wastewater
771 III, 10. 4. 3 | 1995 to 2003.~ ~Figure 10.4.3.4. Changes over time in
772 III, 10. 4. 3 | to 2003.~ ~Figure 10.4.3.4. Changes over time in the
773 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
774 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
775 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.5. Future developments~ ~
776 III, 10. 4. 3 | 10.4.3.6. References~ ~European
777 III, 10. 4. 4 | 10.4.4. Contact and non-food
778 III, 10. 4. 4 | 10.4.4. Contact and non-food consumer
779 III, 10. 4. 5 | 10.4.5. Multiple exposure: bathing
780 III, 10. 4. 5 | 10.4.5.1. Bathing water~ ~ ~Acronyms~ ~
781 III, 10. 4. 5 | European standards (Figure 10.4.5.1.1. A and B) (EEA, 2008).~ ~
782 III, 10. 4. 5 | EEA, 2008).~ ~Figure 10.4.5.1.1.a. Bathing water.
783 III, 10. 4. 5 | coastal water~ ~Figure 10.4.5.1.1.b. Bathing water.
784 III, 10. 4. 5 | 10.4.5.2. Soil pollution and
785 III, 10. 4. 5 | chemicals (see Figure 10.4.5.2.1; EEA, 2007a).~ ~Soil
786 III, 10. 4. 5 | EEA, 2007b).~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.1. Overview of the activities
787 III, 10. 4. 5 | million tonnes, or 3.8 - 4.1 tonnes of waste per capita.~·
788 III, 10. 4. 5 | municipal waste (Figure 10.4.5.2.2). However, the single
789 III, 10. 4. 5 | of Germany.~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.2a. Total waste generation
790 III, 10. 4. 5 | EECCA 2004)~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.2b. Total waste generation
791 III, 10. 4. 5 | EU-10, 2004)~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.2c. Total waste generation
792 III, 10. 4. 5 | tonnes of hazardous waste, 3%-4% of the total, is generated
793 III, 10. 4. 5 | dominant producer (Figure 10.4.5.2.3). The large differences
794 III, 10. 4. 5 | comparable.~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.3. Hazardous waste generation
795 III, 10. 4. 5 | contamination~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.4. Overview of progress
796 III, 10. 4. 5 | contamination~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.4. Overview of progress in
797 III, 10. 4. 5 | sites in Europe~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.5. Breakdown of activities
798 III, 10. 4. 5 | per country~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.6. Detailed analysis
799 III, 10. 4. 5 | per country~ ~Figure 10.4.5.2.7. Overview of contaminants
800 III, 10. 4. 5 | groundwater in Europe~ ~Table 10.4.5.2.1. Overview of contaminants
801 III, 10. 4. 5 | are available (Figure 10.4.5.2.4).~ ~The distribution
802 III, 10. 4. 5 | available (Figure 10.4.5.2.4).~ ~The distribution of
803 III, 10. 4. 5 | investigated sites (Figure 10.4.5.2.5).~ ~At industrial
804 III, 10. 4. 5 | inventories ((Figure 10.4.5.2.6).~ ~The range of contaminants
805 III, 10. 4. 5 | contaminants in Europe (Figure 10.4.5.2.7). These estimates
806 III, 10. 4. 5 | hydrocarbons (CHC) (Table 10.4.5.2.1). Mineral oil and
807 III, 10. 5. 1 | in average, only half (52.4%) of the participating cities
808 III, 10. 5. 1 | average.~ ~Figure 10.5.1.4. Crowding by income and
809 III, 10. 5. 1 | urban areas, focusing on 4 priority themes. These themes,
810 III, 10. 5. 1 | Disease Burden Series No.4~Eisenreich S, et al (2005):
811 III, 10. 5. 1 | Journal of Urban Health 80(4): 536-555.~Federal Environment
812 III, 10. 5. 1 | and Built Environment, 21(4):397-411.~Muzet A, (2007):
813 III, 10. 5. 1 | research and technology, 26(4): 285-300~ ~Zhao Z, Sebastian
814 III, 10. 5. 2 | Figures 10.5.2.2-10.5.2.4).~ ~Figure 10.5.2.2. Complaints
815 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural settings~ ~Figure 10.5.2.4. Complaint about access
816 III, 10. 5. 2 | higher for rural settings (16.4 deaths per 1.000 populations
817 III, 10. 5. 2 | children is one year higher (66.4 years) in urban settings
818 III, 10. 5. 2 | 10.5.2.4. Control tool and policies~ ~
819 III, 10. 5. 2 | Services Research 2004, 4:12.~[http://www.biomedcentral.
820 III, 10. 5. 2 | biomedcentral.com/1472-6963/4/12] (accessed on 19 September
821 III, 10. 5. 3 | results on an average of 4.5 days per worker and 20
822 III, 10. 5. 3 | estimated to cost about €24.4 billion. Additionally, 268.
823 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational diseases (table 10.5.3.4). A top incidence rate of
824 III, 10. 5. 3 | by ICD10.~ ~Table 10.5.3.4. Number and incident rate
825 III, 10. 5. 3 | In 2004, approximately 4 million serious work accidents
826 III, 10. 5. 3 | points since 2000.~· 11.4% of people aged 15-64 were
827 III, 10. 5. 3 | usual working hours were 40.4 hours a week for those working
828 III, 10. 5. 3 | one year and more).~· 8.4% of the young people aged
829 III, 10. 5. 3 | 25-39) will decrease by 4% in the same period. This
830 III, 10. 5. 3 | 10.5.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
831 III, 10. 5. 3 | economic loss amounting to 4–5% of GDP. Estimates expect
832 III, 10. 6. 1 | 10.6.2.4 The HBSC study~The Health
833 III, 10. 6. 1 | al., 2008).~ ~Figure 10.6.4. Use of electronic media
834 III, 10. 6. 1 | 10.6.1.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
835 III, 10. 6. 2 | life expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among men, 2
836 III, 10. 6. 2 | 6 years among men, 2 to 4 years among women). In many
837 III, 10. 6. 2 | 10.6.2.4. Control tools, actions
838 III, 10. 6. 2 | childhood and adolescence~4. Healthier working life~
839 III, 10. 6. 3 | particular for 5% in the 1-4 years age group. Violence
840 III, 10. 6. 3 | and in the Netherlands (1.4%). On average, 1.7% of women
841 III, 10. 6. 3 | higher than average rates (4% and above). The lowest
842 III, 10. 6. 3 | 10.6.3.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
843 IV, 11. 1. 3 | systems e.g. Sweden and Spain;~4) centralized tax funded
844 IV, 11. 1. 3 | country per capita at US$4,603.~ ~Table 11.1. Private
845 IV, 11. 1. 4 | 2002). See also Section 11.4.2 Public Health Services).~ ~
846 IV, 11. 1. 6 | 11.1.3.4. Technical efficiency~ ~
847 IV, 11. 1. 6 | by fee-for-service and 4% by salary.~90% by fee-for-service,
848 IV, 11. 2. 1 | those after is minimal (11.4. versus 7.9), partly owing
849 IV, 11. 2. 1 | and below.~ ~Table 11.4. Number of outpatient contacts
850 IV, 11. 2. 1 | patients, Italy (3%), Turkey (4%), Austria and Cyprus (7.
851 IV, 11. 2. 2 | Netherlands (from 3.5% to 4.7%) (OECD Health data 2007).
852 IV, 11. 2. 2 | about 0.7% in Italy, to 4.7% in the Netherlands and
853 IV, 11. 3. 2 | and 2005), 3.8 in Belgium, 4 in Sweden, 6.9 in Finland
854 IV, 11. 3. 2 | exceed that of Europe (4.8%). This trend is expected
855 IV, 11. 3. 2 | China and India.~ ~Figure 11.4. Relative prices of drugs
856 IV, 11. 4 | 11.4. Health Technology Assessment~ ~
857 IV, 11. 5. 4 | 11.5.4. Organ shortage~ ~The severe
858 IV, 11. 6. 2 | collected (see footnote 4).~ ~Social insurance contributions
859 IV, 11. 6. 2 | co-payment as in Austria (€4.25) and the UK (€8.80),
860 IV, 11. 6. 3 | increased from an average of 15.4% in 1980 in OECD countries
861 IV, 11. 6. 3 | Bulgaria with between 3%-4% of households reporting
862 IV, 11. 6. 4 | 11.6.4. Description of arrangements
863 IV, 11. 6. 4 | 2005). See section 11.3.4. Technical efficiency for
864 IV, 11. 6. 4 | HMRC)~Department of Health~4 health boards (geographically
865 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Quality in Health Care 12(4): 281-295.~ ~Bunker J, Frazier
866 IV, 11. 6. 5 | of Medicine, Singapore 27(4): 533-9.~ ~Claridge T, Parker
867 IV, 11. 6. 5 | American Family Physician 67(4): 697.~ ~Durieux P, Chaix-Couturier
868 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Assessment in Health Care 16(4): 969-975.~ ~Eisenhardt
869 IV, 11. 6. 5 | of Management Review 14 ,(4): 57-74.~ ~Epstein AM, Lee
870 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Journal of Medicine 350(4): 406-410.~ ~Ervik R (1998):
871 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Assessment in Health Care 16(4): 1050-60.~ ~Gemmill M,
872 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Union. Euro Observer. 6: 1-4.~ ~Jones A, Duncan A (1995):
873 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Services Research and Policy 4(2): 122-6.~ ~Kelley E, Hurst
874 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Medical Association 277(4): 312-317.~ ~Lutz PF, Schneider
875 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Safety in Health Care 14(1): 4-5.~ ~Marshall MN, Shekelle
876 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Assessment in Health Care 16(4): 1061-76.~ ~Rizzo J, Blumenthal
877 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Memorial Fund Quarterly 62(4): 591-608.~ ~Shaw C (2003):
878 IV, 12. 1 | medical care (Article 152 (4.5).~ ~Even when a “public
879 IV, 12. 1 | sphere of public health.~4. The Council, acting in
880 IV, 12. 1 | referred to in paragraph 4(a) shall not affect national
881 IV, 12. 2 | examples, see Tables 12.4 and 12.5.~ ~Table 12.4.
882 IV, 12. 2 | 12.4 and 12.5.~ ~Table 12.4. Policies and control tools
883 IV, 12. 4 | 12.4. Co-ordination mechanisms
884 IV, 12. 5 | counter-measures.~ ~1.1.4. Promote the cooperation
885 IV, 12. 10 | States is given in Annex 12.4.~ ~Annex 12.4. Initiatives
886 IV, 12. 10 | in Annex 12.4.~ ~Annex 12.4. Initiatives adopted at
887 IV, 12. 10 | and 400 g/d for children (4-10 years of age). This includes
888 IV, 12. 10 | consequences”~See comments 10.2.4 and 10.2.5!~Obesity is subject
889 IV, 12. 10 | The Report is based on a 4-tier model~of service delivery
890 IV, 12. 10 | from the major Athens area, 4 from the rest of the country)
891 IV, 12. 10 | of setting up a business~4. strengthening the social
892 IV, 12. 10 | price and accessibility, 4) increasing the equity in
893 IV, 12. 10 | index~Domain of objective 4~ ~Working life policy~Equal
894 IV, 12. 10 | employed~Domain of objective 4~ ~Working life policy~Equal
895 IV, 12. 10 | Recovery~Domain of objective 4~ ~Working life policy~Equal
896 IV, 12. 10 | childhood and adolescence~4. Healthier working life~
897 IV, 13.Acr | Denmark and 0.6% in Italy, to 4.9% in the Netherlands and
898 IV, 13. 2. 2 | population, EU25, EU15 (Table 13.4).~ ~Table 13.2. Global burden
899 IV, 13. 2. 2 | exposure, accounted for 4% of DALYs. The total DALY
900 IV, 13. 2. 2 | Among children aged 0-4 years, living in the WHO
901 IV, 13. 2. 2 | nutrition accounted for 4.5% of all DALYs (disability-adjusted
902 IV, 13. 2. 2 | nutrition accounted for 4.6% of all DALYs lost, obesity
903 IV, 13. 2. 2 | contributing a further 1.4% of DALYs lost.~· For all
904 IV, 13. 2. 3 | attributable to hypertension, 7.4% and 7.4% to high cholesterol
905 IV, 13. 2. 3 | hypertension, 7.4% and 7.4% to high cholesterol and
906 IV, 13. 2. 3 | fractions were estimated to be 4.1%, 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.3%, respectively.
907 IV, 13. 2. 3 | were estimated to be 4.1%, 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.3%, respectively.
908 IV, 13. 2. 3 | estimated to be 4.1%, 4.4%, 2.8%, 2.3%, respectively.
909 IV, 13. 2. 3 | range from 2-6%.~ ~Table 13.4. Burden of disease in 2000
910 IV, 13. 2. 3 | made on children aged 0-4 years living in the WHO-Europe
911 IV, 13. 2. 3 | lead exposure accounted for 4 % of DALYs.~ ~In the Netherlands,
912 IV, 13. 2. 3 | Alcohol consumption (4)~ ~Road traffic accidents,
913 IV, 13. 2. 3 | lifestyle factors’ in this table~4. It is assumed here that
914 IV, 13. 2. 4 | 13.2.4. Avoidable Burden of diseases.~ ~
915 IV, 13. 4 | 13.4. Migration policies~ ~A
916 IV, 13. 6. 2 | 13.6.2.4 School Health and Adolescent
917 IV, 13. 7. 1 | as described in Section 4 of the Report on “Innovation
918 IV, 13. 7. 1 | collaboration.~In its conclusions of 4 December 2006, the Competitiveness
919 IV, 13. 7. 2 | total workforce compared to 4% in the US).~However, the
920 IV, 13. 7. 2 | 26.8%) than in the EU (18.4%) and the US files a lot
921 IV, 13. 7. 4 | 13.7.4. Ethical issues~ ~Ethical
922 IV, 13. 7. 5 | services. Thirdly, paragraph 4 states that subject to the
923 IV, 13. 7. 5 | similar to paragraphs 3 and/or 4. Despite this seemingly
924 IV, 13. 7. 5 | care. Thus, only paragraph 4 can be used as the basis
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