Part, Chapter, Paragraph
501 II, 5. 12. 4 | consumption and cirrhosis mortality declined substantially.
502 II, 5. 12. 4 | earlier excess of cirrhosis mortality in countries of Southern
503 II, 5. 12. 4 | the marked rises in the mortality from cirrhosis in Ireland
504 II, 5. 12. 4 | have affected cirrhosis mortality, there is no doubt that
505 II, 5. 12. 4 | determinant of the increase of mortality from cirrhosis.~ ~
506 II, 5. 12. 5 | favourable impact on cirrhosis (mortality), and should therefore be
507 II, 5. 12. 5 | contribution to cirrhosis mortality trends is difficult to quantify.
508 II, 5. 12. 5 | complications and related mortality through the reduction or
509 II, 5. 12. 5 | cirrhosis incidence and mortality has been substantially rising
510 II, 5. 12. 6 | short-term changes in cirrhosis mortality at population level. Sudden
511 II, 5. 12. 6 | variations in cirrhosis mortality are real and follow rapid
512 II, 5. 12. 6 | this procedure on cirrhosis mortality at national level in various
513 II, 5. 12. 7 | Vecchia C (2007): Worldwide mortality from cirrhosis: an update
514 II, 5. 12. 7 | abrupt changes in U.S. cancer mortality trends. Cancer 86:157-169.~ ~
515 II, 5. 12. 7 | Trends of liver cirrhosis mortality in Europe, 1970-1989: age-period-cohort
516 II, 5. 12. 7 | Worldwide patterns and trends in mortality from liver cirrhosis, 1955
517 II, 5. 12. 7 | 2006): Liver cirrhosis mortality rates in Britain, 1950 to
518 II, 5. 12. 7 | consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality in 14 European countries.
519 II, 5. 12. 7 | Information System (2006b): WHO mortality database Available at: htt ~ ~
520 II, 5. 13 | predicts elevated adult mortality rates and cardiovascular
521 II, 5. 15. 1 | contribution to morbidity and mortality, although solid data are
522 II, 5. 15. 2 | data are very limited.~The mortality data is not useful as most
523 II, 5. 15. 3 | contribution of RD to morbidity and mortality., A study was performed
524 II, 5. 15. 4 | management of important causes of mortality and ill health in Europe
525 II, 6 | PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY~ ~
526 II, 6. 3. 1(3) | for incidence, morbidity, mortality, cost, burden, etc., and
527 II, 7 | PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY~ ~
528 II, 7. 1 | significant reduction in mortality from trauma. Most of these
529 II, 7. 1 | general overview of injury mortality and morbidity in the EU,
530 II, 7. 2 | routine health data on mortality and morbidity data based
531 II, 7. 2. 1 | provide information on mortality patterns and form a major
532 II, 7. 2. 1 | causes of morbidity and mortality (V01-Y98)~ ~ICD-9:~- Chapter
533 II, 7. 2. 7 | Injury Statistics Portal for Mortality Data~ ~The Injury Statistics
534 II, 7. 2. 7 | Injury Statistics Portal for mortality data (htt /) was developed
535 II, 7. 3. 2 | 7.3.2. Mortality - Fatal injuries~ ~As demonstrated
536 II, 7. 3. 2 | iceberg, and a focus on mortality data alone can mask other
537 II, 7. 3. 2 | Nevertheless, ICD based mortality data is the most frequently
538 II, 7. 3. 2 | EU27 reduced its injury mortality rate to the same level as
539 II, 7. 3. 2 | trends indicate that injury mortality in the 27 Member States
540 II, 7. 3. 2 | overall decline of injury mortality (Figure 7.4).~ ~Figure 7.
541 II, 7. 3. 4 | reduction of road traffic mortality in some Member States (Figure
542 II, 7. 3. 5 | the main causes of injury mortality in the EU27 (24% of all
543 II, 7. 3. 5 | Interpersonal violence related mortality includes deaths due to homicide,
544 II, 7. 3. 5 | countries~ ~The above-mentioned mortality figures almost certainly
545 II, 7. 4. 2 | elderly citizens~ ~The highest mortality rates due to injury are
546 II, 7. 4. 3 | transport areas.~ ~Figure 7.20. Mortality of Vulnerable Road Users
547 II, 7. 5 | always been a major cause of mortality and morbidity of the human
548 II, 7. 5 | health threats and causes of mortality and morbidity; a substantial
549 II, 7. 5 | injury data on fatalities (mortality statistics), hospitalizations (
550 II, 8. 2. 2 | characterized mainly by different mortality levels (details on the classification
551 II, 8. 2. 2 | characterized mainly by different mortality levels (details on the classification
552 II, 9 | affect rates of perinatal mortality and morbidity (Maher and
553 II, 9 | higher fetal and neonatal mortality risk than singleton pregnancies (
554 II, 9 | increased risk of perinatal mortality is associated with social
555 II, 9 | their birthweight and fetal mortality, are well documented in
556 II, 9 | 2000; Kramer et al, 2000b). Mortality and morbidity rates are
557 II, 9 | contributes to about 25% of mortality in young men (as compared
558 II, 9 | functional dependence and mortality. The rate of decline of
559 II, 9 | low-quality diet, increase mortality risk. A healthy lifestyle
560 II, 9 | health status and a reduced mortality risk. The study showed that
561 II, 9 | to four-fold increase in mortality risk. The risk of death
562 II, 9. 1. 1 | Foetal, neonatal and infant mortality and morbidity~ ~ ~
563 II, 9. 1. 1 | systems.~ ~Foetal and neonatal mortality have declined dramatically
564 II, 9. 1. 1 | foetal, neonatal and infant mortality and points to consider when
565 II, 9. 1. 1 | in interpretation~Fetal mortality~The number of fetal deaths
566 II, 9. 1. 1 | or 500 g, but that fetal mortality rates be presented for infants
567 II, 9. 1. 1 | between countries.~Neonatal mortality~The number of deaths in
568 II, 9. 1. 1 | Comparisons of the neonatal mortality rate at early gestations
569 II, 9. 1. 1 | with an analysis of fetal mortality, since it is possible that
570 II, 9. 1. 1 | when comparing neonatal mortality rates at low gestational
571 II, 9. 1. 1 | gestational ages.~Infant mortality~The number of deaths (day
572 II, 9. 1. 1 | same year.~Same as neonatal mortality~ ~Table 9.1.1.2. Births,
573 II, 9. 1. 1 | foetal, neonatal and infant mortality in selected EUGLOREH countries~ ~
574 II, 9. 1. 1 | perinatal, infant and maternal mortality rates are among the most
575 II, 9. 1. 1 | absolute differences in mortality rates between countries
576 II, 9. 1. 1 | many indicators, whether mortality or other measures of health
577 II, 9. 1. 1 | Neonatal health~ C: Fetal mortality rate by gestational age,
578 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight, plurality~C: Neonatal mortality rate by gestational age,
579 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight, plurality~C: Infant mortality rate by gestational age,
580 II, 9. 1. 1 | Maternal health~ C: Maternal mortality ratio by age, mode of delivery~
581 II, 9. 1. 1 | of delivery~R: Maternal mortality by cause of death~R: Prevalence
582 II, 9. 1. 1 | Foetal, neonatal and infant mortality~ ~Table 9.1.1.2 provides
583 II, 9. 1. 1 | foetal, neonatal and infant mortality for 2005 or most recent
584 II, 9. 1. 1 | evolution of neonatal and foetal mortality over the past 30 years.~ ~
585 II, 9. 1. 1 | past 30 years.~ ~Neonatal mortality~As shown in Figure 9.1.1.
586 II, 9. 1. 1 | in the rate of neonatal mortality in the last thirty years.
587 II, 9. 1. 1 | years. In 1975, neonatal mortality rates ranged from 6.4 to
588 II, 9. 1. 1 | per 1 000 births. Neonatal mortality rates are about 2 per 1
589 II, 9. 1. 1 | differences in rates of neonatal mortality between countries based
590 II, 9. 1. 1 | median rate of neonatal mortality in 2004 was 2.7 per 1 000
591 II, 9. 1. 1 | and Romania).~ ~ ~ ~Foetal mortality~As Figure 9.1.1.2 illustrates,
592 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1.2 illustrates, foetal mortality has also decreased, but
593 II, 9. 1. 1 | markedly. Measuring foetal mortality is more complicated than
594 II, 9. 1. 1 | complicated than neonatal mortality, as explained in Table 9.
595 II, 9. 1. 1 | the median rate of foetal mortality (3.9 per 1 000 births) between
596 II, 9. 1. 1 | The median rate of foetal mortality among countries that acceded
597 II, 9. 1. 1 | 000 births.~ ~F ~ ~Infant mortality and its causes~Data on the
598 II, 9. 1. 1 | that as the rate of infant mortality declines, perinatal causes
599 II, 9. 1. 1 | Table 9.1.1.3. Infant mortality by cause in selected EUGLOREH
600 II, 9. 1. 1 | preterm births, have higher mortality and are more likely than
601 II, 9. 1. 1 | on the rate of neonatal mortality among children born VLBW,
602 II, 9. 1. 1 | geographic inequalities in mortality in the perinatal period
603 II, 9. 1. 1 | country had the neonatal mortality rate of those countries
604 II, 9. 1. 1 | 2000: impact on perinatal mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;
605 II, 9. 1. 1 | Berg CJ (1995) Maternal mortality in developed countries:
606 II, 9. 1. 1 | malformations to perinatal mortality. A 10 years prospective
607 II, 9. 1. 1 | Perinatal audit on avoidable mortality in a Dutch rural region:
608 II, 9. 1. 1 | Garne E (2001): Perinatal mortality rates can no longer be used
609 II, 9. 1. 1 | cause-specific fetal and neonatal mortality in twin and singleton births
610 II, 9. 1. 1 | preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health
611 II, 9. 1. 1 | preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health
612 II, 9. 1. 1 | international comparisons of infant mortality. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol
613 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight and infant mortality. J Reprod Med 2004;49(10):
614 II, 9. 1. 1 | Inequalities in infant mortality: trends by social class,
615 II, 9. 1. 1 | on Perinatal and Infant Mortality. Papers presented at the
616 II, 9. 1. 1 | on Perinatal and Infant Mortality. Bethesday, Maryland: US
617 II, 9. 1. 2 | contribution to foetal and infant mortality, both in terms of loss of
618 II, 9. 1. 2 | contains data on infant mortality due to congenital anomalies.
619 II, 9. 1. 2 | Chapter 4.1. Such infant mortality data from infant death registrations
620 II, 9. 1. 2 | between countries in infant mortality due to congenital anomaly
621 II, 9. 1. 2 | 1992-2004.~ ~Perinatal mortality and termination of pregnancy.~ ~
622 II, 9. 1. 2 | contributor to perinatal mortality. The overall recorded rate
623 II, 9. 1. 2 | giving a total perinatal mortality rate associated to congenital
624 II, 9. 1. 2 | contributing to perinatal mortality are congenital heart disease (
625 II, 9. 1. 2 | Table 9.1.2.2. Perinatal mortality due to congenital anomalies,
626 II, 9. 1. 2 | 2000-2004.~ ~Perinatal mortality due to congenital anomaly
627 II, 9. 1. 2 | highest rates of perinatal mortality associated to congenital
628 II, 9. 1. 2 | and thus the perinatal mortality rate includes affected foetuses
629 II, 9. 1. 2 | foetuses with a lethal or high mortality anomaly which would have
630 II, 9. 1. 2 | pregnancy (and exclusion from mortality statistics).~ ~Table 9.1.
631 II, 9. 1. 2 | all births, and Perinatal Mortality per 1 000 births, by country,
632 II, 9. 1. 2 | The differences in total mortality (TOPFA plus perinatal) between
633 II, 9. 1. 2 | Despite the important mortality consequences of congenital
634 II, 9. 1. 2 | affect rates of perinatal mortality and morbidity (Maher and
635 II, 9. 1. 2 | higher fetal and neonatal mortality risk than singleton pregnancies (
636 II, 9. 1. 2 | increased risk of perinatal mortality is associated with social
637 II, 9. 1. 2 | their birthweight and fetal mortality, are well documented in
638 II, 9. 1. 2 | 2000; Kramer et al, 2000b). Mortality and morbidity rates are
639 II, 9. 1. 2 | Prenatal Diagnosis and Mortality", Prenatal and Neonatal
640 II, 9. 1. 2 | et al (2006): Perinatal mortality and congenital anomalies
641 II, 9. 2. 1 | that the major causes of mortality and morbidity in later childhood
642 II, 9. 2. 2 | which only two relate to mortality. However, with the exception
643 II, 9. 2. 2 | of the already available mortality data, five years later few
644 II, 9. 2. 2 | main exception being infant mortality. There would appear to be
645 II, 9. 2. 3 | malformations are the main cause of mortality in neonates (see Chapter
646 II, 9. 2. 3 | 9.2.1a. Age-standardised mortality rates by cancer in children
647 II, 9. 2. 3 | 9.2.1b. Age-standardised mortality rates by cancer in children
648 II, 9. 2. 3 | data are available from mortality statistics, but the accuracy
649 II, 9. 2. 6 | analysis of patterns of child mortality. It is also essential to
650 II, 9. 2. 7 | 2001): Childhood cancer mortality in Europe, 1955—1995. Eur
651 II, 9. 3. 1 | morbidity and premature mortality in men, as compared to women,
652 II, 9. 3. 1 | subsequent morbidity and mortality. Although many clinically
653 II, 9. 3. 1 | old. In the EU, premature mortality (or mortality before the
654 II, 9. 3. 1 | premature mortality (or mortality before the age of 65) is
655 II, 9. 3. 1 | Table 9.3.1.1 Premature mortality by selected causes of deaths
656 II, 9. 3. 1 | ill-health and premature mortality in Europe with women twice
657 II, 9. 3. 1 | indications that the incidence and mortality of epilepsy were declining.
658 II, 9. 3. 1 | Prevalence, incidence, mortality and survival data of different
659 II, 9. 3. 1 | Prevalence, incidence, mortality and morbidity data of cardiovascular
660 II, 9. 3. 1 | In a study on patterns of mortality, White and Holmes found
661 II, 9. 3. 1 | circulatory disease-associated mortality, is the single main cause
662 II, 9. 3. 1 | both sexes of all ages, mortality in most in EU27 Member States
663 II, 9. 3. 1 | particularly at older ages. While mortality under the age of 65 for
664 II, 9. 3. 1 | Portugal has the highest mortality for both men and women,
665 II, 9. 3. 1 | French women have the lowest mortality respectively (European Commission,
666 II, 9. 3. 1 | major cause of morbidity and mortality after gynaecologic surgery.~ ~
667 II, 9. 3. 1 | coronary heart diseases (CHD) mortality than men with diabetes.
668 II, 9. 3. 1 | increase in morbidity and mortality associated to fractures
669 II, 9. 3. 1 | noted that the one year mortality rate for men following hip
670 II, 9. 3. 1 | falling, men have a higher mortality as a result of falls. The
671 II, 9. 3. 1 | contributes to about 25% of mortality in young men (as compared
672 II, 9. 3. 1 | Effects of war losses on mortality estimates for Italy: a first
673 II, 9. 3. 1 | Holmes M, (2006): Patterns of mortality across 44 Countries among
674 II, 9. 3. 1 | Goals (WHO)~MMR~Maternal mortality rate~MOMS~European Concerted
675 II, 9. 3. 1 | Concerted Action on Mothers' Mortality and Severe Morbidity~NGO~
676 II, 9. 3. 2 | very rare event, maternal mortality is considered a major marker
677 II, 9. 3. 2 | potentially avoidable. Maternal mortality results from several much
678 II, 9. 3. 2 | presentation and analysis~ ~Mortality~ ~The EURO-PERISTAT indicator
679 II, 9. 3. 2 | maternal health, the maternal mortality ratio, as well as two recommended
680 II, 9. 3. 2 | are excluded. The maternal mortality ratio is a complex fraction
681 II, 9. 3. 2 | Figure 9.3.2.1. the maternal mortality ratio in the European Union
682 II, 9. 3. 2 | which gives the maternal mortality ratios for the two-year
683 II, 9. 3. 2 | Figure 9.3.2.2. Maternal mortality ratio in selected EUGLOREH
684 II, 9. 3. 2 | or even higher maternal mortality ratios after the year 2000
685 II, 9. 3. 2 | Improved quality of maternal mortality statistics may explain this
686 II, 9. 3. 2 | wide variations in maternal mortality ratios in Europe. It is
687 II, 9. 3. 2 | because some of the higher mortality countries may just be doing
688 II, 9. 3. 2 | Finally, we must go beyond mortality and develop methods for
689 II, 9. 3. 2 | births – which have higher mortality and morbidity – and are
690 II, 9. 3. 2 | 2000: impact on perinatal mortality. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005;
691 II, 9. 3. 2 | Berg CJ (1995) Maternal mortality in developed countries:
692 II, 9. 3. 2 | malformations to perinatal mortality. A 10 years prospective
693 II, 9. 3. 2 | Perinatal audit on avoidable mortality in a Dutch rural region:
694 II, 9. 3. 2 | Garne E (2001): Perinatal mortality rates can no longer be used
695 II, 9. 3. 2 | cause-specific fetal and neonatal mortality in twin and singleton births
696 II, 9. 3. 2 | preterm birth to infant mortality. Fetal and Infant Health
697 II, 9. 3. 2 | international comparisons of infant mortality. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol
698 II, 9. 3. 2 | interpretation of perinatal mortality statistics. In: Hull D,
699 II, 9. 3. 2 | birth weight and infant mortality. J Reprod Med 2004;49(10):
700 II, 9. 3. 2 | Inequalities in infant mortality: trends by social class,
701 II, 9. 3. 2 | on Perinatal and Infant Mortality. Papers presented at the
702 II, 9. 3. 2 | on Perinatal and Infant Mortality. Bethesday, Maryland: US
703 II, 9. 3. 3 | linked to morbidity and mortality that are covered in other
704 II, 9. 4. 3 | highest male and female mortality rate over the age of 65,
705 II, 9. 4. 3 | country with the lowest mortality rate (European Commission,
706 II, 9. 4. 3 | greater toll on morbidity and mortality than depression; yet, depression
707 II, 9. 4. 4 | functional dependence and mortality. The rate of decline of
708 II, 9. 4. 4 | low-quality diet, increase mortality risk. A healthy lifestyle
709 II, 9. 4. 4 | health status and a reduced mortality risk. The study showed that
710 II, 9. 4. 4 | to four-fold increase in mortality risk. The risk of death
711 II, 9. 4. 5 | women are sicker’. Risk of mortality is higher for most chronic
712 II, 9. 4. 7 | nutritional status, health, and mortality in elderly people across
713 II, 9. 4. 7 | for diabetes relevant to mortality risk from all causes and
714 II, 9. 4. 7 | comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases,
715 II, 9. 5. 1 | 2004). The female adult mortality rate is lower than the male
716 II, 9. 5. 1 | lower than the male adult mortality rate in almost all countries
717 II, 9. 5. 1 | in cardiovascular disease mortality – primarily through medical
718 II, 9. 5. 1 | determinant of the convergence in mortality differentials between men
719 II, 9. 5. 1 | accidents) and violence-related mortality in men seem to be due to
720 II, 9. 5. 2 | assess the evolution of mortality, morbidity and disability
721 II, 9. 5. 3 | factor in the causes of mortality associated with alcohol (
722 II, 9. 5. 3 | factor in the causes of mortality associated with alcohol (
723 II, 9. 5. 4 | focusing on reducing the mortality in young men by specifically
724 II, 9. 5. 6 | 2005): The Determinants of Mortality. Department of Economics,
725 II, 9. 5. 6 | Health statistics: Atlas on mortality in the European Union; data
726 III, 10. 1 | chance of morbidity and mortality (Hart, 2004). The focus
727 III, 10. 1 | of all deaths (premature mortality) was due to environmental
728 III, 10. 2. 1 | of smoking attributable mortality are indicative of smoking
729 III, 10. 2. 1 | The smoking attributable mortality in western European countries
730 III, 10. 2. 1 | females. In Eastern Europe, mortality for males is now peaking
731 III, 10. 2. 1 | total disease burden (both mortality and morbidity) in terms
732 III, 10. 2. 1 | the smoking-attributable mortality.~Countries estimate the
733 III, 10. 2. 1 | concerning smoking prevalence and mortality in the EU, most commonly
734 III, 10. 2. 1 | administrative methods.”~Mortality from smoking in developed
735 III, 10. 2. 1 | analysis~ ~Prevalence and mortality~ ~Smoking prevalence varies
736 III, 10. 2. 1 | important role in premature mortality or mortality before the
737 III, 10. 2. 1 | in premature mortality or mortality before the age of 65. In
738 III, 10. 2. 1 | for one third of general mortality, with death rates twice
739 III, 10. 2. 1 | still rising, while male mortality peaked in the 1980s, as
740 III, 10. 2. 1 | important to keep in mind that mortality data today reflect the smoking
741 III, 10. 2. 1 | all EU countries. Female mortality will probably increase in
742 III, 10. 2. 1 | in smoking attributable mortality 1965-2000 in the EU25~ ~
743 III, 10. 2. 1 | in smoking attributable mortality two to three decades later (
744 III, 10. 2. 1 | attributable morbidity and mortality in future (Cavelaars et
745 III, 10. 2. 1 | contributes significantly to mortality from cardiovascular diseases.
746 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Communities, 2002).~Mortality due to COPD (see Chapter
747 III, 10. 2. 1 | of tobacco morbidity and mortality on the society can be expressed
748 III, 10. 2. 1 | low smoking-attributable mortality among Swedish men are at
749 III, 10. 2. 1 | infarction and all-cause mortality in south Germany. Results
750 III, 10. 2. 1 | Boreham J, Thun M (2005) Mortality From Smoking In Developed
751 III, 10. 2. 1 | corresponding to 11% of female mortality at this age across the EU.~ ~
752 III, 10. 2. 1 | manual workers had 20% more mortality directly attributable to
753 III, 10. 2. 1 | relationship of occupation to mortality (Blomgren et al, 2004).~ ~
754 III, 10. 2. 1 | unemployment and premature mortality accounts for a further €
755 III, 10. 2. 1 | deaths from liver cirrhosis, mortality rates from traffic accidents
756 III, 10. 2. 1 | problems and alcohol-related mortality. The community based Malmö
757 III, 10. 2. 1 | Characteristics on Alcohol-Related Mortality—a Register-Based Multilevel
758 III, 10. 2. 1 | Class and Cause Specific Mortality in Middle Aged Men in 11
759 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug-related deaths and mortality among drug users; (v) demand
760 III, 10. 2. 1 | in vaccination levels.~ ~Mortality among drug users12~ ~A multi-country
761 III, 10. 2. 1 | multi-country study found that mortality among drug users is 6-20
762 III, 10. 2. 1 | places, 10-23% of the overall mortality among adults aged 15-49
763 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| data come from registers of mortality, which may miss some cases
764 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| country. Information on the mortality of drug users comes from
765 III, 10. 2. 1 | Drug-related morbidity and mortality has recently stabilised
766 III, 10. 2. 1 | Bargagli et al. (2002) ‘Mortality among problem drug users
767 III, 10. 2. 1 | predicts elevated adult mortality rates and cardiovascular
768 III, 10. 2. 1 | effects on morbidity and mortality. An analysis made by the
769 III, 10. 2. 1 | Community Preventive Services. Mortality and Morbidity Weekly Report
770 III, 10. 2. 2 | with the country specific mortality for Coronary Heart Disease (
771 III, 10. 2. 3 | there is a doubling of mortality from CHD and stroke. CVD
772 III, 10. 3. 1 | population due to premature mortality or morbidity, the latter
773 III, 10. 3. 1 | of cancer incidence and mortality in Europe 1995. Eur. J.
774 III, 10. 3. 1 | risk: An extension of the mortality follow-up of the Newfoundland
775 III, 10. 3. 4 | Virtually certain~Reduced mortality from decreased cold exposure~
776 III, 10. 3. 4 | Increased risk of heat-related mortality, especially for the elderly,
777 III, 10. 3. 4 | increased summer heat related mortality and morbidity (illness).
778 III, 10. 3. 4 | short-term increases in mortality. High temperatures contribute
779 III, 10. 3. 4 | to about 1-2% of annual mortality in older age groups in Europe ,
780 III, 10. 3. 4 | For populations in the EU, mortality has been estimated to increase
781 III, 10. 3. 4 | affected. In France, female mortality was 15–20% higher in all
782 III, 10. 3. 4 | the burden of heat-wave mortality falls across a wide range
783 III, 10. 3. 4 | lives. The highest excess mortality was registered among vulnerable,
784 III, 10. 3. 4 | The distribution of excess mortality during heatwave 2003 in
785 III, 10. 3. 4 | in urban areas and excess mortality in France ranging from +
786 III, 10. 3. 4 | traffic patterns may influence mortality . Exceptionally, mortality
787 III, 10. 3. 4 | mortality . Exceptionally, mortality cases were reported more
788 III, 10. 3. 4 | cold-spells. Cold-related mortality in European populations
789 III, 10. 3. 4 | this reduction in winter mortality; as improved home heating,
790 III, 10. 3. 4 | substantial increases in mortality if electricity or heating
791 III, 10. 3. 4 | pattern of morbidity and mortality following flooding events .~ ~
792 III, 10. 3. 4 | structural measures. Thus, mortality rates are very low, and
793 III, 10. 4. 1 | effects, including increased mortality, in adults. The measure
794 III, 10. 4. 1 | such as an increase in mortality and emergency hospital admissions
795 III, 10. 4. 1 | Chronic exposure:~o Mortality (PM) – the dominant effect~
796 III, 10. 4. 1 | exposure (daily variations)~o Mortality (O3 )~o Hospital admissions~ ~·
797 III, 10. 4. 1 | studies~- Acute effects on mortality~- Acute effects on respiratory
798 III, 10. 4. 1 | than ozone with respect to mortality. Special attention should
799 III, 10. 4. 2 | Mild 1~Severe 2~Chronic 3~Mortality 4~ ~Bacteria – Infectious~ ~
800 III, 10. 4. 2 | respiratory~paralysis, mortality~ ~EU regulations~ ~Regularly
801 III, 10. 4. 2 | disorientation, memory~loss; mortality~ ~EU regulations~ ~ Episode
802 III, 10. 4. 2 | respiratory disorder,~coma, mortality~ ~No standards, although~
803 III, 10. 4. 3 | Survey)~SMR~Standardized Mortality Rate~UNECE~United Nations
804 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking water~ ~Significant mortality and diarrhoeal diseases
805 III, 10. 4. 3 | water. A recent estimate of mortality from diarrhoeal disease
806 III, 10. 4. 3 | 2000~ ~ ~The under-five mortality rates from diarrhoeal diseases
807 III, 10. 4. 3 | to 2001, the standardized mortality rate (SMR) for diarrhoeal
808 III, 10. 4. 5 | including cancer incidence and mortality and reproductive outcome
809 III, 10. 4. 5 | including cancer incidence and mortality and reproductive outcomes
810 III, 10. 5. 1 | potential of urban PM 25 mortality risk using modern ventilation
811 III, 10. 5. 2 | influence health status and mortality of the population, such
812 III, 10. 5. 2 | much data is available on mortality differences and life expectancy
813 III, 10. 5. 2 | males who have increased mortality rates in rural areas and
814 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural areas and decreased mortality rates in urban areas. For
815 III, 10. 5. 2 | Greece there is an increased mortality in females irrespective
816 III, 10. 5. 2 | category, while in Germany the mortality increase and decrease is
817 III, 10. 5. 2 | of age-adjusted standard mortality rate with urban and rural settlements,
818 III, 10. 5. 2 | Correlation between age-adjusted mortality rates with urban and rural settlements,
819 III, 10. 5. 2 | Variations in cause specific mortality in Northern Ireland for
820 III, 10. 5. 2 | self-reported health status. Mortality rates were about 22% higher
821 III, 10. 5. 2 | Lithuania, the national mortality report for 2006 indicated
822 III, 10. 5. 2 | for 2006 indicated that mortality rates are considerably higher
823 III, 10. 5. 2 | 2006~ ~Figure 10.5.2.8. Mortality rates in urban and rural settings
824 III, 10. 5. 2 | identifies inequities in mortality and life expectancy which
825 III, 10. 5. 2 | places). Four-week case mortality was also significantly higher
826 III, 10. 5. 2 | outcomes (e.g. all-cause mortality and avoidable mortality)
827 III, 10. 5. 2 | mortality and avoidable mortality) and reduced cases of hospitalization (
828 III, 10. 5. 2 | variations of morbidity and mortality in urban and rural regions.
829 III, 10. 5. 2 | any interpretation of such mortality and morbidity differences
830 III, 10. 5. 2 | increased morbidity and/or mortality based on the less accessible
831 III, 10. 5. 2 | variations in morbidity and mortality in Northern Ireland. BMC
832 III, 10. 5. 3 | distribution of morbidity and mortality across occupations and economic
833 III, 10. 5. 3 | were lost because of CVD mortality. This was estimated to cost
834 III, 10. 5. 3 | drugs).~ ~Impact of work on mortality, morbidity and disability~ ~
835 III, 10. 5. 3 | associated to premature mortality (Martikainen & Valkonen,
836 III, 10. 5. 3 | increases cardiovascular mortality. These issues have a gender
837 III, 10. 5. 3 | increases cardiovascular mortality.~In industrialised countries,
838 III, 10. 5. 3 | Valkonen, T. (1996). Excess mortality of unemployed men and women
839 III, 10. 6. 1 | Social connections and mortality from all causes and from
840 III, 10. 6. 2 | significantly associated with mortality and morbidity. Social isolation
841 III, 10. 6. 2 | although there is a gradient of mortality and morbidity across the
842 III, 10. 6. 2 | and health inequalities.~ ~Mortality and life expectancy~ ~ ~
843 III, 10. 6. 2 | data, rates of premature mortality are higher among those with
844 III, 10. 6. 2 | income;~· inequalities in mortality exist from the youngest
845 III, 10. 6. 2 | men; and~· inequalities in mortality can also be found for many
846 III, 10. 6. 2 | and 50% of inequalities in mortality associated with educational
847 III, 10. 6. 2 | 6.2.1). Inequalities in mortality related to occupation follow
848 III, 10. 6. 2 | These inequalities in mortality lead to substantial inequalities
849 III, 10. 6. 2 | Western European countries mortality differences between socio-economic
850 III, 10. 6. 2 | socio-economic groups in the speed of mortality decline.~ ~Figure 10.6.2.
851 III, 10. 6. 2 | Educational inequalities in mortality in selected European Countries
852 III, 10. 6. 2 | 10.6.2.2. Inequalities in mortality of men~ ~ ~ ~The explanation
853 III, 10. 6. 2 | socio-economic groups in the speed of mortality decline. While mortality
854 III, 10. 6. 2 | mortality decline. While mortality has declined in all socio-economic
855 III, 10. 6. 2 | in the lower. The faster mortality declines in higher socio-economic
856 III, 10. 6. 2 | turn mostly due to faster mortality declines for cardiovascular
857 III, 10. 6. 2 | in cardiovascular disease mortality. This was due to improvements
858 III, 10. 6. 2 | late 1980s, inequalities in mortality were in Eastern Europe at
859 III, 10. 6. 2 | looking at the differences in mortality per level of education in
860 III, 10. 6. 2 | substantial inequalities in mortality in all countries, both among
861 III, 10. 6. 2 | women. Among men, the excess mortality ranged between 50 and 78
862 III, 10. 6. 2 | relative inequalities in mortality were of similar magnitude
863 III, 10. 6. 2 | the political transition, mortality rates have changed dramatically
864 III, 10. 6. 2 | risk factors for premature mortality. The available evidence
865 III, 10. 6. 2 | shows that these changes in mortality have not been equally shared
866 III, 10. 6. 2 | countries with available data, mortality rates have generally improved
867 III, 10. 6. 2 | rise of inequalities in mortality has occurred. Evidence from
868 III, 10. 6. 2 | unavoidable.~ ~Morbidity~ ~As for mortality, rates of morbidity are
869 III, 10. 6. 2 | together with inequalities in mortality, inequalities in morbidity
870 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the concept of avoidable mortality i.e. mortality which could
871 IV, 11. 1. 3 | avoidable mortality i.e. mortality which could have been prevented
872 IV, 11. 1. 3 | often by decreasing infant mortality rates – but it is to be
873 IV, 11. 1. 3 | of avoidable or amenable mortality was then revisited by Nolte
874 IV, 11. 1. 3 | because of declining infant mortality rates and improved numbers
875 IV, 11. 1. 3 | indicators such as infant mortality, waiting lists or other
876 IV, 11. 1. 5 | faster decline in cardiac mortality compared to the states without
877 IV, 11. 1. 5 | fracture surgery and asthma mortality rate.~ ~Looking at breast
878 IV, 11. 1. 5 | decline in the hospital’s mortality rate (McCarthy and Blumenthal,
879 IV, 11. 2. 1 | aggregate and gender-specific mortality rates, overall levels of
880 IV, 11. 2. 1 | coordination. While lower mortality rates are associated to
881 IV, 11. 5. 4 | waiting for a transplant. Mortality rates while waiting for
882 IV, 11. 6. 4 | unemployment, disability, mortality, urbanization, income~Bulgaria~
883 IV, 11. 6. 4 | regional health plans)~Age, mortality, morbidity, unemployment,
884 IV, 11. 6. 4 | regional governments~Age, sex, mortality (one third based on historical
885 IV, 11. 6. 4 | boards (geographically based)~Mortality, elderly living alone, welfare
886 IV, 11. 6. 4 | governments (geographically based)~Mortality, elderly living alone, marital
887 IV, 11. 6. 4 | health boards~Age, sex, mortality (and rural costs)~Slovakia~
888 IV, 11. 6. 4 | geographically based)~Age, sex, mortality (cost adjustment for sparse
889 IV, 11. 6. 4 | e.g. hospital discharges, mortality records), the basic unit
890 IV, 11. 6. 5 | al. (1990): “Avoidable” mortality and health services:a review
891 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Care Save Lives? Avoidable Mortality Revisited. London: The Nuffield
892 IV, 11. 6. 5 | CC (2002): "Morbidity and mortality from medical errors: an
893 IV, 12. 1 | spread of AIDS and reduce mortality and morbidity due to communicable
894 IV, 12. 2 | the world’s highest CVD mortality rate. Planners examined
895 IV, 12. 2 | blood pressure. By 1992, CVD mortality rates for men aged 35-64
896 IV, 12. 2 | factor levels, morbidity and mortality were attributed to the Project.~ ~
897 IV, 12. 2 | screening is to reduce cancer mortality, and to reduce the incidence
898 IV, 12. 2 | to reduce morbidity and mortality by timely initiation of
899 IV, 12. 2 | problems and alcohol-related mortality. The community based Malmö
900 IV, 12. 5 | environment, lifestyles, mortality and morbidity, injuries
901 IV, 12. 5 | Socio-economic factors~Health status~Mortality~Mortality Cause-specific~
902 IV, 12. 5 | Health status~Mortality~Mortality Cause-specific~Morbidity
903 IV, 12. 5 | Population statistics (Mortality and Birth Statistics, Population
904 IV, 12. 8 | life expectancy and infant mortality. It also meant taking on
905 IV, 12. 10 | Statistics in the General Mortality Register~are collected by
906 IV, 12. 10 | estimated and self-reported)~ ~Mortality from alcohol-related diseases
907 IV, 12. 10 | Self-reported use of illicit drugs~ ~Mortality~Domain of objective 11~ ~
908 IV, 13. 1 | Differences in selected mortality indicators among EU Member
909 IV, 13. 1 | diseases and associated mortality and morbidity data, clearly
910 IV, 13. 1 | orders of magnitude (for mortality data see Table 13.3). Large
911 IV, 13. 2. 1 | effects and both diseases and mortality more directly comparable.~ ~
912 IV, 13. 2. 1 | years lost from premature mortality with the years spent with
913 IV, 13. 2. 1 | statistical information on mortality rates and incidences/prevalences/
914 IV, 13. 2. 2 | and varies according to mortality strata, being 157 000 in
915 IV, 13. 2. 2 | the low-child/high-adult mortality strata respectively (WHO,
916 IV, 13. 2. 3 | estimated 23% of all premature mortality were due to environmental
917 IV, 13. 5 | to changing patterns of mortality, morbidity and disability.
918 IV, 13. 5 | potentially reverse this progress. Mortality reversals have e.g. occurred
919 IV, 13. 5 | alcohol and tobacco related mortality, and drug resistant tuberculosis.
920 Key, Ap5. 0. 0 | morbidity~morbillivirus~mortality~mosquito~mosquitoes~mothers~
