Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 10. 1| particular in the field of cancer. As we see a clear need
2 I, 2. 10. 2| imaging, in particular in cancer imaging:~- Nanorods: nanoparticles
3 II, 4. 2 | mortality by various types of cancer started to contribute to
4 II, 4. 2 | Whereas smoking related cancer had a negative impact on
5 II, 4. 2 | the 1970s, mortality by cancer declined in the 1990s. For
6 II, 4. 2 | decline in mortality by cancer. However, mortality by smoking
7 II, 4. 2 | mortality by smoking related cancer continued to increase for
8 II, 4. 2 | other main cause of death, cancer (causes 2, 3, 4 and 5 in
9 II, 4. 2 | important part of mortality by cancer is caused by smoking. Mortality
10 II, 4. 2 | impact on mortality due to cancer, for men more than for women,
11 II, 4. 2 | larger than mortality by lung cancer and other smoking related
12 II, 5. 1. 1| cardiovascular diseases; cancer; asthma and other respiratory
13 II, 5. 1. 1| cardiovascular disease, cancer and violence (injury and
14 II, 5. 1. 1| cardiovascular disease, cancer and violence (injury and
15 II, 5. 1. 1| different countries.~ ~ ~ ~Cancer ~ ~The majority of cancers
16 II, 5. 1. 1| though lifestyles. ~ ~Stomach cancer: It has been estimated that
17 II, 5. 1. 1| that most cases of this cancer are preventable by appropriate
18 II, 5. 1. 1| protect against stomach cancer; salt and also salt-preserved
19 II, 5. 1. 1| foods are causes of this cancer. There is strong evidence
20 II, 5. 1. 1| increased risk of stomach cancer (WCRF, 2007).~ ~Colorectal
21 II, 5. 1. 1| WCRF, 2007).~ ~Colorectal cancer: the evidence that physical activity
22 II, 5. 1. 1| protects against colorectal cancer is convincing, although
23 II, 5. 1. 1| are causes of colorectal cancer is convincing. Substantial
24 II, 5. 1. 1| probably a cause of this cancer in women. Foods containing
25 II, 5. 1. 1| probably protect against this cancer (WCRF, 2007). Cancer control
26 II, 5. 1. 1| this cancer (WCRF, 2007). Cancer control priority should
27 II, 5. 1. 1| determinants related to colorectal cancer aetiology, such as healthy
28 II, 5. 1. 1| physical activity.~ ~Lung cancer: smoking is a primary cause
29 II, 5. 1. 1| a primary cause of lung cancer, although pollution and
30 II, 5. 1. 1| Geographic patterns of lung cancer incidence and mortality
31 II, 5. 1. 1| 2005). Although male lung cancer incidence is decreasing
32 II, 5. 1. 1| European macro-areas, lung cancer remains the first cancer
33 II, 5. 1. 1| cancer remains the first cancer diagnosed in men in Eastern
34 II, 5. 1. 1| risk factor promoting lung cancer is increasing, but the war
35 II, 5. 1. 1| are necessary.~ ~Breast cancer: Breast cancer is hormone
36 II, 5. 1. 1| Breast cancer: Breast cancer is hormone related, and
37 II, 5. 1. 1| modify the risk of this cancer when diagnosed premenopausally
38 II, 5. 1. 1| Risk factors for breast cancer in women include the events
39 II, 5. 1. 1| protects against breast cancer in postmenopause, and there
40 II, 5. 1. 1| it protects against this cancer diagnosed in premenopause.
41 II, 5. 1. 1| drinks are a cause of breast cancer at all ages is convincing.
42 II, 5. 1. 1| of postmenopausal breast cancer is convincing, and these
43 II, 5. 1. 1| probably also a cause of breast cancer diagnosed in premenopause (
44 II, 5. 1. 1| WCRF, 2007).~ ~Cervical cancer: the main risk factor is
45 II, 5. 1. 1| to progress into cervical cancer, and once detected early
46 II, 5. 1. 1| not develop into cervical cancer.~ ~Prostate cancer: age
47 II, 5. 1. 1| cervical cancer.~ ~Prostate cancer: age is the strongest risk
48 II, 5. 1. 1| risk factor for prostate cancer: development of this malignancy
49 II, 5. 1. 1| 2003).~ ~Other types of cancer: Body fatness has been associated
50 II, 5. 1. 1| endometrial and kidney cancer and, through the formation
51 II, 5. 1. 1| stones, also to gallbladder cancer.~ ~Other risk factors are:
52 II, 5. 1. 1| conditions and diseases such as cancer and cardio-vascular diseases.~ ~·
53 II, 5. 2. 2| stroke and other CVD), cancer and violence were calculated.~
54 II, 5. 2. 3| more deaths than breast cancer.~As explained in chapter
55 II, 5. 3 | 5.3. Cancer~ ~
56 II, 5. 3.Acr| Acronyms~ ~CR~Cancer Registry~ENCR~European Network
57 II, 5. 3.Acr| ENCR~European Network of Cancer Registries~ESMO~European
58 II, 5. 3.Acr| Oncology~EUROCHIP~European Cancer Health Indicator Project~
59 II, 5. 3.Acr| Project~FACT~Fighting Against Cancer Today~GDP~Gross Domestic
60 II, 5. 3.Acr| International Agency of Research on Cancer~ICD~International Classification
61 II, 5. 3.Acr| Expenditure on Health~WCRF~World Cancer Research Fund~WHO~World
62 II, 5. 3. 1| 5.3.1 Introduction~ ~Cancer is a highly complex disease
63 II, 5. 3. 1| the fact that about 100 cancer sites are considered in
64 II, 5. 3. 1| are considered in ICD-X. Cancer incidence has been increasing
65 II, 5. 3. 1| increasing since the first cancer statistics became available,
66 II, 5. 3. 1| occurrence and importance of cancer risk factors and also due
67 II, 5. 3. 1| at birth (LE). In fact, cancer is mainly a disease of older
68 II, 5. 3. 1| and in these countries a cancer epidemic is currently ongoing
69 II, 5. 3. 1| describe the evolution of cancer in a particular population
70 II, 5. 3. 1| the frequency with which cancer appears in a population
71 II, 5. 3. 1| over a given timeframe. Cancer incidence rate is the number
72 II, 5. 3. 1| expressed as the number of new cancer cases per 100,000 population
73 II, 5. 3. 1| at risk;~ ~- Mortality: cancer mortality rates show the
74 II, 5. 3. 1| the number of deaths where cancer is the underlying cause
75 II, 5. 3. 1| the number of deaths for cancer per 100,000 population at
76 II, 5. 3. 1| the survival experience of cancer patients, after removing
77 II, 5. 3. 1| point subsequent to the cancer diagnosis (i.e. 1-year,
78 II, 5. 3. 1| Prevalence: reflects the total cancer burden in a population and
79 II, 5. 3. 1| with a past diagnosis of cancer.~ ~As there are several
80 II, 5. 3. 1| several indications that cancer outcomes are related to
81 II, 5. 3. 1| 2003), in this chapter cancer outcome indicators are ordered
82 II, 5. 3. 1| on a selection of major cancer sites: lung cancer, still
83 II, 5. 3. 1| major cancer sites: lung cancer, still being the major cancer
84 II, 5. 3. 1| cancer, still being the major cancer killer in Europe; cancers
85 II, 5. 3. 1| shows the burden of these cancer sites in EU25 as estimated
86 II, 5. 3. 1| cases and deaths by selected cancer sites in EU25 (2006).~ ~
87 II, 5. 3. 2| 5.3.2.1 Cancer Registration~ ~Population-based
88 II, 5. 3. 2| Registration~ ~Population-based cancer registries (CR) collect
89 II, 5. 3. 2| data on all new cases of cancer occurring in a well-defined
90 II, 5. 3. 2| with the goal of improving cancer control. Today, 15 of the
91 II, 5. 3. 2| States (MSs) have national cancer registration coverage, while
92 II, 5. 3. 2| yet an European recognised cancer registry (Luxembourg, Greece,
93 II, 5. 3. 2| Europe-wide coordination.~ ~Cancer Registry roles and functions (
94 II, 5. 3. 2| diseases, registration for cancer is not usually based on
95 II, 5. 3. 2| e.g. district hospitals, cancer centres, hospices, private
96 II, 5. 3. 2| institution. The population level cancer patient data are becoming
97 II, 5. 3. 2| public health impact of cancer: the minimal role of any
98 II, 5. 3. 2| the minimal role of any cancer registry is the provision
99 II, 5. 3. 2| timely and robust data on cancer incidence, survival (following
100 II, 5. 3. 2| routinely recorded for all cancer patients. For those countries
101 II, 5. 3. 2| obtain national estimates of cancer incidence from networks
102 II, 5. 3. 2| registries. While European cancer survival figures are provided
103 II, 5. 3. 2| programmes: a number of EU cancer registries already contribute
104 II, 5. 3. 2| environmental and social factors on cancer risk and outcomes, and supporting
105 II, 5. 3. 2| investigations into the causes of cancer. For instance, thanks to
106 II, 5. 3. 2| For instance, thanks to cancer registration we know that:~-
107 II, 5. 3. 2| asbestos;~- lymphoma and oral cancer rates are higher in ethnic
108 II, 5. 3. 2| in ethnic minorities;~- cancer survival for patients living
109 II, 5. 3. 2| Evaluating the quality of cancer care by providing comparative
110 II, 5. 3. 2| information in support of cancer genetic counselling services
111 II, 5. 3. 2| higher risk of developing cancer. People are often worried
112 II, 5. 3. 2| put them at high risk of cancer. The CR is often asked by
113 II, 5. 3. 2| confirm the details of a cancer diagnosis in a relative
114 II, 5. 3. 2| and possible solutions for Cancer Registration in the EU~ ~
115 II, 5. 3. 2| the EU~ ~About one hundred cancer registries operate in Europe
116 II, 5. 3. 2| Member States have national cancer registration coverage (see
117 II, 5. 3. 2| As a consequence, several cancer registries closed down as
118 II, 5. 3. 2| impacted on the flow of data to cancer registries also in the UK (
119 II, 5. 3. 2| death certificates with cancer records. For example in
120 II, 5. 3. 2| this has created a paradox: cancer registration and death registration
121 II, 5. 3. 2| are both statutory, but cancer survival analysis is illegal.~ ~
122 II, 5. 3. 2| national investment for cancer registration is relatively
123 II, 5. 3. 2| For all of the above, a cancer registry or a registry network
124 II, 5. 3. 2| every country.~ ~Support to cancer registration in all Member
125 II, 5. 3. 2| would create harmonised cancer registry procedures and
126 II, 5. 3. 2| procedures and efficient cancer control monitoring across
127 II, 5. 3. 2| monitoring across Europe. Cancer Registries should be further
128 II, 5. 3. 2| the impact evaluation of cancer screening and cancer treatment
129 II, 5. 3. 2| of cancer screening and cancer treatment programmes:~·
130 II, 5. 3. 2| that all Member States make cancer registration a statutory
131 II, 5. 3. 2| health tool for evaluation of cancer control, including incidence,
132 II, 5. 3. 2| design for establishing cancer registration in countries
133 II, 5. 3. 2| Recommendations highlight that:~ ~· cancer registries are necessary
134 II, 5. 3. 2| registries are necessary for cancer control and epidemiological
135 II, 5. 3. 2| patient care improvement;~· cancer registry provide standardized
136 II, 5. 3. 2| comparable across Europe;~· cancer registries are essential
137 II, 5. 3. 2| are essential to implement Cancer Health Information System
138 II, 5. 3. 2| in the European Union;~· cancer registries are unique providers
139 II, 5. 3. 2| are unique providers of cancer data at population level;~·
140 II, 5. 3. 2| data at population level;~· cancer registries need to be maintained
141 II, 5. 3. 2| maintained and supported;~· cancer registries need ad-hoc national
142 II, 5. 3. 2| restricting legislations;~· cancer registries should be recognised
143 II, 5. 3. 2| European projects connecting cancer registries are the best
144 II, 5. 3. 2| tools for the comparison of cancer burden in EU.~ ~
145 II, 5. 3. 2| results coming from various cancer organisations, networks
146 II, 5. 3. 2| International Agency of Research on Cancer: IARC is part of the World
147 II, 5. 3. 2| research on the causes of human cancer, the mechanisms of carcinogenesis,
148 II, 5. 3. 2| scientific strategies for cancer control. The Agency is involved
149 II, 5. 3. 2| to publish the volume of “Cancer Incidence in V Continents”
150 II, 5. 3. 2| produce national estimates of cancer incidence. See: http://www.
151 II, 5. 3. 2| ENCR – European Network of Cancer Registries: ENCR is concerned
152 II, 5. 3. 2| concerned with the teaching of cancer registrars, definition of
153 II, 5. 3. 2| proper monitoring of the cancer burden and for promote the
154 II, 5. 3. 2| and for promote the use of cancer registries in cancer control,
155 II, 5. 3. 2| of cancer registries in cancer control, health-care planning
156 II, 5. 3. 2| address inequalities in cancer information in Europe and
157 II, 5. 3. 2| information and knowledge on cancer across the EU. The specific
158 II, 5. 3. 2| to set up a Europe-wide cancer surveillance system to describe
159 II, 5. 3. 2| to reduce inequalities in cancer care, by extending collaboration,
160 II, 5. 3. 2| net/eurochip/~ ~EUROCARE – Cancer survival in Europe: The
161 II, 5. 3. 2| and explain differences in cancer survival rates across Europe.
162 II, 5. 3. 2| these hurdles to improve cancer research in Europe; analysis
163 II, 5. 3. 2| and synthesis of National Cancer Plans in Europe; evaluation
164 II, 5. 3. 2| contribution to EU 2015 Cancer Target; development of a
165 II, 5. 3. 2| a common European Union Cancer Plan; evaluation of potential
166 II, 5. 3. 2| contribution to EU 2015 Cancer Target. See: http://www.
167 II, 5. 3. 2| addresses global inequalities in cancer care and practice in Europe.
168 II, 5. 3. 2| registries and guidelines on cancer. See: http://www.esmo.org/
169 II, 5. 3. 2| regarding patient access to cancer drugs by Karolinska Institute
170 II, 5. 3. 2| access to treatment for cancer patients and availability
171 II, 5. 3. 2| and availability of new cancer drugs. See: http://annonc.
172 II, 5. 3. 3| 3.3 Data presentation~ ~Cancer is a mix of diseases with
173 II, 5. 3. 3| populations. For this reason cancer outcome indicators (i.e.
174 II, 5. 3. 3| subdivided per selected cancer site: stomach (ICD-9 code
175 II, 5. 3. 3| 140-172 and 174-208). Each cancer site is presented according
176 II, 5. 3. 3| figures (or set of them):~ ~ Cancer incidence estimates in the
177 II, 5. 3. 3| Ferlay et al, 2007).~- Cancer incidence estimates trends
178 II, 5. 3. 3| iss.it) and the IARC World Cancer database (http://www-dep.
179 II, 5. 3. 3| Classification of Diseases (ICD).~- Cancer mortality trends in men
180 II, 5. 3. 3| from the Czech National Cancer Registry were provided (
181 II, 5. 3. 3| end of 2008.~ ~Figures on cancer incidence, mortality and
182 II, 5. 3. 3| EUROSTAT for 2006. The risk of cancer increases with age; furthermore,
183 II, 5. 3. 4| major risk factors for the cancer sites included in the present
184 II, 5. 3. 4| present chapter.~ ~Stomach cancer: It has been estimated that
185 II, 5. 3. 4| that most cases of this cancer are preventable by appropriate
186 II, 5. 3. 4| protect against stomach cancer; salt and also salt-preserved
187 II, 5. 3. 4| foods are the causes of this cancer. There is strong evidence
188 II, 5. 3. 4| increased risk of stomach cancer (WCRF, 2007).~ ~Colorectal
189 II, 5. 3. 4| WCRF, 2007).~ ~Colorectal cancer: the evidence that physical activity
190 II, 5. 3. 4| protects against colorectal cancer is convincing, although
191 II, 5. 3. 4| are causes of colorectal cancer is convincing. Substantial
192 II, 5. 3. 4| probably a cause of this cancer in women. Foods containing
193 II, 5. 3. 4| probably protect against this cancer (WCRF, 2007). Cancer control
194 II, 5. 3. 4| this cancer (WCRF, 2007). Cancer control priority should
195 II, 5. 3. 4| determinants related to colorectal cancer aetiology, such as a healthy
196 II, 5. 3. 4| physical activity.~ ~Lung cancer: smoking is a primary cause
197 II, 5. 3. 4| a primary cause of lung cancer, although pollution and
198 II, 5. 3. 4| Geographic patterns of lung cancer incidence and mortality
199 II, 5. 3. 4| 2005). Although male lung cancer incidence is decreasing
200 II, 5. 3. 4| European macro-areas, lung cancer remains the first cancer
201 II, 5. 3. 4| cancer remains the first cancer diagnosed in men in Eastern
202 II, 5. 3. 4| risk factor promoting lung cancer is increasing, but the war
203 II, 5. 3. 4| people are needed.~ ~Breast cancer: Breast cancer is hormone
204 II, 5. 3. 4| Breast cancer: Breast cancer is hormone related, and
205 II, 5. 3. 4| modify the risk of this cancer when diagnosed pre-menopausally
206 II, 5. 3. 4| Risk factors for breast cancer in women include the events
207 II, 5. 3. 4| protects against breast cancer in post-menopause, and there
208 II, 5. 3. 4| it protects against this cancer diagnosed in pre-menopause.
209 II, 5. 3. 4| drinks are a cause of breast cancer at all ages is convincing.
210 II, 5. 3. 4| of postmenopausal breast cancer is convincing, and these
211 II, 5. 3. 4| probably also a cause of breast cancer diagnosed in premenopause (
212 II, 5. 3. 4| WCRF, 2007).~ ~Cervical cancer: the main risk factor is
213 II, 5. 3. 4| to progress into cervical cancer, and once detected early
214 II, 5. 3. 4| not develop into cervical cancer.~ ~Prostate cancer: age
215 II, 5. 3. 4| cervical cancer.~ ~Prostate cancer: age is the strongest risk
216 II, 5. 3. 4| risk factor for prostate cancer: development of this malignancy
217 II, 5. 3. 5| mainly a proxy of the overall cancer care performance. In 2006,
218 II, 5. 3. 5| women.~ ~Figure 5.3.1a. All cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
219 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.1b. All cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
220 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.2a. Trends of all cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
221 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.2b. Trends of all cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
222 II, 5. 3. 5| Women~ ~ ~Figure 5.3.3a. All cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
223 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.3b. All cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
224 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.4a. Trends of all cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
225 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.4b. Trends of all cancer (ICD9 140-172, 174-208)
226 II, 5. 3. 5| by sex B) Women~ ~Stomach Cancer (ICD-9 151)~In 2006 Europe
227 II, 5. 3. 5| deaths estimated for stomach cancer (Ferlay et al, 2007). In
228 II, 5. 3. 5| Figures 5.3.7). Stomach cancer incidence (Figures 6) and
229 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.5a. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
230 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.5b. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
231 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.6a. Trends of stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
232 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.6b. Trends of stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
233 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.7a. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
234 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.7b. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
235 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.8a. Trends of stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
236 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.8b. Trends of stomach cancer (ICD9 151) standardized
237 II, 5. 3. 5| sex B) Women~ ~Colorectal Cancer (ICD-9 153, 154)~In 2006,
238 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated for colorectal cancer in Europe (Ferlay et al,
239 II, 5. 3. 5| per 100,000).~Colorectal cancer incidence rates are increasing
240 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.9a. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
241 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.9b. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
242 II, 5. 3. 5| 10a. Trends of colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
243 II, 5. 3. 5| 10b. Trends of colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
244 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.11a. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
245 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.11b. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
246 II, 5. 3. 5| 12a. Trends of colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
247 II, 5. 3. 5| 12b. Trends of colorectal cancer (ICD9 153, 154) standardized
248 II, 5. 3. 5| by sex B) Women~ ~ ~Lung Cancer (ICD-9 162)~In 2006, in
249 II, 5. 3. 5| is by far the most common cancer of men, while in women incidence
250 II, 5. 3. 5| experienced the peak of the lung cancer epidemic in men, although
251 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.13a. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
252 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.13b. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
253 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.14a. Trends of lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
254 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.14b. Trends of lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
255 II, 5. 3. 5| Women~ ~Figure 5.3.15a. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
256 II, 5. 3. 5| Men~Figure 5.3.15b. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
257 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.16a. Trends of lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
258 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.16b. Trends of lung cancer (ICD9 162) standardized
259 II, 5. 3. 5| B) Women~ ~Female Breast Cancer (ICD-9 174)~Breast cancer
260 II, 5. 3. 5| Cancer (ICD-9 174)~Breast cancer is by far the most frequent
261 II, 5. 3. 5| the most frequent type of cancer in women with an estimated
262 II, 5. 3. 5| cases per 100,000). Breast cancer incidence seems to be associated
263 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.17. Female breast cancer (ICD9 174) standardized
264 II, 5. 3. 5| Trends of female breast cancer (ICD9 174) standardized
265 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.19. Female breast cancer (ICD9 174) standardized
266 II, 5. 3. 5| Trends of female breast cancer (ICD9 174) standardized
267 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard)~ ~Cervical Cancer (ICD-9 180)~Cervical cancer
268 II, 5. 3. 5| Cancer (ICD-9 180)~Cervical cancer estimates were about 60,
269 II, 5. 3. 5| risk of developing cervical cancer is mainly related to the
270 II, 5. 3. 5| Kleihues, 2003). Cervical cancer incidence rates can be influenced
271 II, 5. 3. 5| before becoming cervical cancer. If two countries have similar
272 II, 5. 3. 5| the second, the cervical cancer incidence rate in the latter
273 II, 5. 3. 5| the former one.~Cervical cancer incidence seems to be negatively
274 II, 5. 3. 5| substantial declines in cervical cancer incidence and mortality,
275 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.21. Cervical cancer (ICD9 180) standardized
276 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.22. Trends of cervical cancer (ICD9 180) standardized
277 II, 5. 3. 5| standard)~Figure 5.3.23. Uterus cancer standardized mortality rates (
278 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.24. Trends of uterus cancer standardized mortality rates (
279 II, 5. 3. 5| age class 20-44~ ~Prostate Cancer (ICD-9 185)~In 2006, 346,
280 II, 5. 3. 5| were estimated for prostate cancer in Europe (Ferlay et al,
281 II, 5. 3. 5| Comparison of prostate cancer rates in European populations
282 II, 5. 3. 5| cancers prognosis.~Prostate cancer incidence seems to be positively
283 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.25. Prostate cancer (ICD9 185) standardized
284 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.26. Trends of prostate cancer (ICD9 185) standardized
285 II, 5. 3. 5| Figure 5.3.27. Prostate cancer (ICD9 185) standardized
286 II, 5. 3. 5| 3.28. Trends of prostate cancer (ICD9 185) standardized
287 II, 5. 3. 6| study of population-based cancer registries on patients survival
288 II, 5. 3. 6| only on regional (local) cancer registries. These can be
289 II, 5. 3. 6| 5.3.5.1 Childhood cancer survival~ ~In EUROCARE,
290 II, 5. 3. 6| with a history of childhood cancer will inevitably increase.~ ~
291 II, 5. 3. 6| 5.3.5.2 Adult cancer survival~ ~Patients diagnosed
292 II, 5. 3. 6| reflects the case mix by cancer site. For this reason Figures
293 II, 5. 3. 6| adjusted by age but also by cancer site. Women generally had
294 II, 5. 3. 6| Countries fell into two stomach cancer survival groups both for
295 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.30a. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) age-standardized
296 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.30b. Stomach cancer (ICD9 151) age-standardized
297 II, 5. 3. 6| Women~ ~5-year colorectal cancer relative survival (Figures
298 II, 5. 3. 6| survival for colorectal cancer increased from 44% in the
299 II, 5. 3. 6| patients, and rectal and colon cancer sites (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~
300 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.31a. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153,154) age-standardized
301 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.31b. Colorectal cancer (ICD9 153,154) age-standardized
302 II, 5. 3. 6| Women~ ~Survival for lung cancer patients remains poor, with
303 II, 5. 3. 6| modest tendency of lung cancer survival improvement in
304 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.32a. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) age-standardized
305 II, 5. 3. 6| Men~Figure 5.3.32b. Lung cancer (ICD9 162) age-standardized
306 II, 5. 3. 6| The prognosis for breast cancer is relatively good, with
307 II, 5. 3. 6| Particularly low breast cancer survival was seen in Eastern
308 II, 5. 3. 6| Relative survival for breast cancer improved steadily in all
309 II, 5. 3. 6| result, the range of breast cancer survival rates between the
310 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.33. Female breast cancer (ICD9 174) age-standardized
311 II, 5. 3. 6| relative survival for cervical cancer was lower in Poland (48%)
312 II, 5. 3. 6| survival of women with cervical cancer in Northern and Western
313 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.34. Cervical cancer (ICD9 180) age-standardized
314 II, 5. 3. 6| relative survival for prostate cancer 5 years after diagnosis
315 II, 5. 3. 6| survival rates for prostate cancer differed greatly from one
316 II, 5. 3. 6| relative survival for prostate cancer were seen in Estonia (from
317 II, 5. 3. 6| Figure 5.3.35. Prostate cancer (ICD9 185) age-standardized
318 II, 5. 3. 6| 2007) analysed data from 83 cancer registries in 23 European
319 II, 5. 3. 6| countries on 2 699 086 adult cancer cases that were diagnosed
320 II, 5. 3. 6| prostate (European mean: 76%) cancer was higher in Nordic countries (
321 II, 5. 3. 6| survival, might indicate better cancer care. Wealthy countries
322 II, 5. 3. 6| TNEH generally had good cancer outcomes, but those with
323 II, 5. 3. 6| patients diagnosed with cancer in 2000–02, collected from
324 II, 5. 3. 6| from 47 of the European cancer registries participating
325 II, 5. 3. 6| was 79% for female breast cancer, 25% for stomach cancer
326 II, 5. 3. 6| cancer, 25% for stomach cancer and 11% for lung cancer.
327 II, 5. 3. 6| cancer and 11% for lung cancer. Survival for patients diagnosed
328 II, 5. 3. 6| improvement in survival for major cancer sites during 1991–2002 (
329 II, 5. 3. 6| during 1991–2002 (colorectal cancer passed from 30% to 45%;
330 II, 5. 3. 6| from 30% to 45%; breast cancer from 60% to 74%; prostate
331 II, 5. 3. 6| from 60% to 74%; prostate cancer from 40% to 68%).~Cancer-service
332 II, 5. 3. 7| Control tools and policies~ ~Cancer control means cancer prevention,
333 II, 5. 3. 7| policies~ ~Cancer control means cancer prevention, diagnosis and
334 II, 5. 3. 7| and quality of life for cancer patients. This is achieved
335 II, 5. 3. 7| phase to plan effective cancer control programmes is finalized
336 II, 5. 3. 7| prevent people dying from cancer are in the first instance
337 II, 5. 3. 7| development of clinical cancer and in the second instance
338 II, 5. 3. 7| result in a reduction in cancer risk. Although all of these
339 II, 5. 3. 7| prevention in the context of cancer is an important area of
340 II, 5. 3. 7| sunlight, and screening for cancer are all recommended by the
341 II, 5. 3. 7| 2003 European Code Against Cancer as ways to avoid the disease (
342 II, 5. 3. 7| prevention approaches of cancer risk factors related to
343 II, 5. 3. 7| successful treatment of cancer patients due to detection
344 II, 5. 3. 7| effectiveness in reducing cancer mortality. Attention should
345 II, 5. 3. 7| The ultimate purpose of cancer screening is to reduce cancer
346 II, 5. 3. 7| cancer screening is to reduce cancer mortality, and reduce the
347 II, 5. 3. 7| has been shown to reduce cancer mortality in regional comparisons
348 II, 5. 3. 7| comparisons for cervical cancer (with the cervical smear
349 II, 5. 3. 7| controlled trials for breast cancer (mammography) and colorectal
350 II, 5. 3. 7| mammography) and colorectal cancer (faecal occult blood or
351 II, 5. 3. 7| amongst women and colorectal cancer is one of the most frequent
352 II, 5. 3. 7| for breast and colorectal cancer, and up to 75% for cervical
353 II, 5. 3. 7| and up to 75% for cervical cancer. The situation of cervical
354 II, 5. 3. 7| Europe is one of the major cancer control priorities to be
355 II, 5. 3. 7| anomalies before becoming cancer: this means that effective
356 II, 5. 3. 7| drastically reduce cervical cancer.~ ~The international scientific
357 II, 5. 3. 7| mammography for female breast cancer, pap smear for cervical
358 II, 5. 3. 7| pap smear for cervical cancer and faecal occult blood
359 II, 5. 3. 7| occult blood for colorectal cancer. In 2003 the European Council
360 II, 5. 3. 7| aged 50 to 69 for breast cancer screening (with 2 or 3 years
361 II, 5. 3. 7| screening of colorectal cancer (with 1 or 2 years of interval).~ ~
362 II, 5. 3. 7| whether screening for prostate cancer or lung cancer in high-risk
363 II, 5. 3. 7| prostate cancer or lung cancer in high-risk subjects may
364 II, 5. 3. 7| implementing lung or prostate cancer screening.~ ~
365 II, 5. 3. 7| differences and trends in cancer survival within Europe are
366 II, 5. 3. 7| or trends in the type of cancer, diagnostic investigations
367 II, 5. 3. 7| regarding patient access to cancer drugs” (Jonsson et al, 2007)
368 II, 5. 3. 7| to access new innovative cancer drug treatments and the
369 II, 5. 3. 7| authorization of new innovative cancer drugs through the competent
370 II, 5. 3. 7| Assessment (HTA) regarding a new cancer drug is done quickly to
371 II, 5. 3. 7| funding for new innovative cancer drugs is available for the
372 II, 5. 3. 7| treatment of metastatic cancer and thus the cost of treatment
373 II, 5. 3. 7| the most cost-effective cancer treatment.~ ~
374 II, 5. 3. 7| 5.3.6.4 Cancer Plans~ ~Definition of cancer
375 II, 5. 3. 7| Cancer Plans~ ~Definition of cancer control plan~ ~The cancer
376 II, 5. 3. 7| cancer control plan~ ~The cancer burden of a given population
377 II, 5. 3. 7| both to reduce and monitor cancer incidence with preventive
378 II, 5. 3. 7| epidemiological services and improve cancer outcomes with clinical services
379 II, 5. 3. 7| within the health system.~Cancer control plans (NCPs) are
380 II, 5. 3. 7| priorities and main objectives of cancer control for a given timeframe.
381 II, 5. 3. 7| an effective, integrated cancer plan for primary prevention,
382 II, 5. 3. 7| long-term reductions in cancer morbidity and mortality;~·
383 II, 5. 3. 7| suspect to be affected) by cancer need prompt access to appropriate
384 II, 5. 3. 7| multidisciplinary approach to cancer care is required to make
385 II, 5. 3. 7| consistently monitored;~· Most cancer patients need care for diagnosis
386 II, 5. 3. 7| European Union activities on cancer control plans~ ~A number
387 II, 5. 3. 7| 5.3.2) consider national cancer plan as a strategy to manage
388 II, 5. 3. 7| effectively the steps to improve cancer control.~ ~Table 5.3.2.
389 II, 5. 3. 7| control.~ ~Table 5.3.2. Cancer national control plans in
390 II, 5. 3. 7| practice components for global cancer control and areas which
391 II, 5. 3. 7| during a Parallel Session on Cancer as part of its Health Strategies
392 II, 5. 3. 7| develop or improve national cancer plans, comprehensive cancer
393 II, 5. 3. 7| cancer plans, comprehensive cancer control programmes and population-based
394 II, 5. 3. 7| programmes and population-based cancer registries, all of which
395 II, 5. 3. 7| play a fundamental role in cancer control. Slovenia, who took
396 II, 5. 3. 7| January 2008, has named cancer as one of its top priorities
397 II, 5. 3. 7| Reducing the Burden of Cancer” that provides clear indications
398 II, 5. 3. 7| beneficial for fighting cancer. The book entitled “Responding
399 II, 5. 3. 7| Responding to the Challenge of Cancer in Europe”, has been produced
400 II, 5. 3. 7| under the Fighting Against Cancer Today (FACT) umbrella.~ ~
401 II, 5. 3. 7| strategy addressing four basic cancer control factors: prevention,
402 II, 5. 3. 7| Commission to set up a EU Cancer Task Force to provide leadership
403 II, 5. 3. 7| to provide leadership for cancer control activities in Europe.~ ~
404 II, 5. 3. 7| Research collaboration~ ~Cancer research in Europe is of
405 II, 5. 3. 7| implementing innovation into cancer care.~ ~Eurocan+Plus involves
406 II, 5. 3. 7| light but permanent European Cancer Initiative, which will mainly
407 II, 5. 3. 7| proactive leadership in the cancer research community;~· Be
408 II, 5. 3. 7| Manage networks active in cancer research;~· Give guidance
409 II, 5. 3. 8| incidence rates for most cancer types are increasing. The
410 II, 5. 3. 8| of life expectancy makes cancer a disease of the elderly,
411 II, 5. 3. 8| people are still exposed to cancer risk factors. Moreover,
412 II, 5. 3. 8| risk factors. Moreover, cancer patients survival in Europe
413 II, 5. 3. 8| years (Coleman et al, 2003). Cancer prevalence, the measure
414 II, 5. 3. 8| living people with a past cancer diagnosis, grows with incidence
415 II, 5. 3. 8| nearly 14 million of all cancer prevalent cases in 2002.
416 II, 5. 3. 8| prevalent cases in 2002. With cancer prevalence, the demand for
417 II, 5. 3. 8| for resources to follow-up cancer patients and identify and
418 II, 5. 3. 8| patients and identify and treat cancer recurrences increases. At
419 II, 5. 3. 8| changing the reality of cancer.~The implication is that
420 II, 5. 3. 8| for resources to follow-up cancer patients and identify and
421 II, 5. 3. 8| patients and identify and treat cancer recurrences is increasing.
422 II, 5. 3. 8| changing the understanding of cancer: from a limited number of
423 II, 5. 3. 8| integrated and effective cancer control policy for Europe
424 II, 5. 3. 8| problems in the field of cancer are:~ ~· Take into consideration
425 II, 5. 3. 8| Take into consideration the cancer patient needs: achieve full
426 II, 5. 3. 8| services as a function of cancer type, patient age and rehabilitation
427 II, 5. 3. 8| the increase in prevalent cancer cases (i.e. increased needs
428 II, 5. 3. 8| implementing organized cancer screening programmes and
429 II, 5. 3. 8| inequalities in the access to cancer diagnosis and treatment
430 II, 5. 3. 8| substantial reduction in cancer incidence over the next
431 II, 5. 3. 8| possible treatment and care to cancer patients, exchange information
432 II, 5. 3. 8| European guidelines for cancer research: research on the
433 II, 5. 3. 8| on the molecular bases of cancer offer new therapeutic possibilities
434 II, 5. 3. 8| day and have transformed cancer from being one disease into
435 II, 5. 3. 8| the escalation of costs of cancer control, that even rich
436 II, 5. 3. 8| in Europe while improving cancer services.~ ~
437 II, 5. 3. 9| European Code Against Cancer and scientific justification:
438 II, 5. 3. 9| 2003): EUROCARE-3 summary. Cancer survival in Europe at the
439 II, 5. 3. 9| recommendation of 2 December 2003 on cancer screening. htt f (document
440 II, 5. 3. 9| 2007): Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality
441 II, 5. 3. 9| Group (2005): Childhood Cancer Survival Trends in Europe:
442 II, 5. 3. 9| Endogenous Hormones and Breast Cancer Collaborative Group (2002):
443 II, 5. 3. 9| sex hormones and breast cancer in postmenopausal women.
444 II, 5. 3. 9| prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst 94:606-616.~ ~Jonsson
445 II, 5. 3. 9| 2003): Life expectancy and cancer survival in the EUROCARE-3
446 II, 5. 3. 9| survival in the EUROCARE-3 cancer registry areas. Ann Oncol
447 II, 5. 3. 9| MA (2007): Strategies for cancer control in Italy. Tumori
448 II, 5. 3. 9| Berrino F, Coleman M (2003): Cancer control in Europe: a proposed
449 II, 5. 3. 9| proposed set of European cancer health indicators. Eur J
450 II, 5. 3. 9| Pisani P (2005): Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer
451 II, 5. 3. 9| cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 55(2):74-108.~ ~Sant
452 II, 5. 3. 9| EUROCARE-3: survival of cancer patients diagnosed 1990-
453 II, 5. 3. 9| Kleihues P (2003): World Cancer Report. WHO document~ ~Tsubono
454 II, 5. 3. 9| EUROCARE-4 Working Group. Recent cancer survival in Europe: a 2000–
455 II, 5. 3. 9| Physical activity, and the Prevention of Cancer: a Global Perspective. Washington
456 II, 5. 3. 9| to improve and strengthen cancer control programmes in Europe. htt f (
457 II, 5. 5. 2| conditions and diseases such as cancer and cardio-vascular diseases (
458 II, 5. 5. 2| of a report by the World Cancer Research fund and the American
459 II, 5. 5. 2| the American Institute for Cancer Research on the EPHA website,
460 II, 5. 5. 3| cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and cancer.~In ASD, several conditions
461 II, 5. 5. 3| coronary thrombosis. National Cancer Institute Monographs 19:
462 II, 5. 8. 3| cardiovascular disease, lung cancer, asthma was found in a French
463 II, 5. 8. 3| ischemic heart disease, lung cancer and asthma were more likely
464 II, 5. 8. 6| symptom burden for lung cancer and chronic obstructive
465 II, 5. 8. 6| 05) than people with lung cancer. Patients with COPD generally
466 II, 5. 8. 7| pulmonary disease and lung cancer in the last 12 months of
467 II, 5. 11.Acr| arthritis~NMSC~Non-Melanoma skin cancer~SCC~Squamous cell carcinoma~ ~
468 II, 5. 11. 1| exception of melanoma skin cancer, most skin diseases are
469 II, 5. 11. 3| sensitive enteropathy) and cancer of internal organs which
470 II, 5. 11. 3| squamous cell carcinoma) skin cancer (NMSC) are now the most
471 II, 5. 11. 3| the most common type of cancer in fair skinned populations.
472 II, 5. 11. 3| populations. The incidence of skin cancer has reached epidemic proportions (
473 II, 5. 11. 3| 2004).~ ~Non-Melanoma skin cancer~According to recent population-based
474 II, 5. 11. 3| melanoma per 100,000. Many cancer registries probably underestimate
475 II, 5. 11. 3| rates of non melanoma skin cancer in European fair skinned
476 II, 5. 11. 3| Trentino, Italy, the Skin Cancer Registry calculated (for
477 II, 5. 11. 3| most common form of skin cancer reported in both men and
478 II, 5. 11. 3| and 1995, the Slovakian Cancer Registry registered 38 629
479 II, 5. 11. 3| always from SCC, a form of cancer whose risk is strongly linked
480 II, 5. 11. 3| carcinoma and squamous cell cancer are cured by adequate surgical
481 II, 5. 11. 3| most serious form of skin cancer, and its incidence has been
482 II, 5. 11. 3| the development of skin cancer in the first place) and
483 II, 5. 11. 5| general message of skin cancer prevention.~Moreover, the
484 II, 5. 11. 5| preventing sun-burn and skin cancer. Consumers should, therefore,
485 II, 5. 11. 6| skin diseases such as skin cancer are becoming more common;
486 II, 5. 11. 7| Autier P, Ringborg U (2004): Cancer of the skin: a forgotten
487 II, 5. 11. 7| Boyle P, Smans M (2003): Cancer Mortality Atlas of European
488 II, 5. 11. 7| Hillen HF et al (2000): Cancer in the very elderly Dutch
489 II, 5. 11. 7| elderly Dutch population. Cancer 2000;89:1121–1133.~ ~De
490 II, 5. 11. 7| decreases in Scandinavia. Int J Cancer 2003;107:119–126.~ ~Diepgen
491 II, 5. 11. 7| The epidemiology of skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2002;146(
492 II, 5. 11. 7| DM (2001): GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and
493 II, 5. 11. 7| al (2001): Trends in Skin Cancer Incidence in Vaud: an update,
494 II, 5. 11. 7| update, 1976–1998. Eur J Cancer Prev 2001;10:371–373.~ ~
495 II, 5. 11. 7| incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer in Slovakia, (1978–1995).
496 II, 5. 12. 2| Program of the US National Cancer Institute (National Cancer
497 II, 5. 12. 2| Cancer Institute (National Cancer Institute, 2005).~Alcohol
498 II, 5. 12. 6| identification and diagnosis of liver cancer foci. Thus, at least part
499 II, 5. 12. 6| would be attributed to liver cancer following cirrhosis, rather
500 II, 5. 12. 7| identifying abrupt changes in U.S. cancer mortality trends. Cancer
