| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 4 | expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among men, 2 to 4
2 I, 2. 5 | During the period 2006-2007 6.5 million new jobs have
3 I, 2. 6 | 2.6. Education~ ~Education is
4 I, 2. 6 | i.e. ISCED levels 5 or 6) in 2003/2004~ ~This gap
5 I, 2. 6 | students enrolled in ISCED 6 or advanced research programmes
6 I, 2. 6 | enrolled in ISCED level 6 programmes compared to men
7 I, 2. 6 | women enrolling in ISCED 6 programmes (i.e. those graduating
8 I, 2. 6 | decline from 91.8 and 91.6 millions in 2002 and 2003
9 I, 2. 10. 4 | healthcare costs but only 6-8% in the retail industry
10 I, 2. 10. 4 | the retail industry and 3-6% in the grocery industry –
11 I, 3. 2 | of the EU27 population to 6% in 2025 and 5% in 2050 (
12 I, 3. 3 | linearly. While about 1.6% of all EU citizens were
13 I, 3. 3 | coming decade.~ ~Figure 3.6. Share of EU27 population
14 I, 3. 3 | the European Union from 21.6 in 1980 to 25.5 in 2005.
15 I, 3. 3 | followed by Portugal (1.6%) and Spain (1.5%).~ ~Nevertheless,
16 I, 3. 3 | annual growth varied from 0.6% to 1.0% over the periods
17 I, 3. 3 | current 4.2%. A figure of 6.6% is expected in 2025.
18 I, 3. 3 | current 4.2%. A figure of 6.6% is expected in 2025. The
19 II, 4. 1 | than elsewhere in the EU (6 to 7 years). For the future,
20 II, 4. 1 | do, for at least the last 6 months, because of health
21 II, 4. 1 | for women including 5 to 6 years with severe limitations.
22 II, 4. 1 | limitations. Women live on average 6 years longer than men but
23 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY at 50 is 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years
24 II, 4. 1 | respectively from 9.1 years to 23.6 years (14.5 years gap) for
25 II, 4. 1 | birth are expected to live 6 years more than men. They
26 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY still reaches 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years
27 II, 4. 2 | circulatory diseases (causes 6, 7 and 8 in table 3) has
28 II, 4. 2 | in recent decades, table 6 shows the average change
29 II, 4. 2 | were selected.~ ~Table 4.2.6. Average annual change in
30 II, 4. 2 | selected countries.~ ~Table 4.2.6 shows that in 11 out of
31 II, 4. 3 | of Public Health 13(3): 6-14.~ ~Robine, J.-M., C.
32 II, 4. 3 | of Public Health 2003; 13:6-14.~ ~Robine, J.-M., C.
33 II, 4. 3 | Science Medical Science 59A(6): 590-597.~ ~Sullivan, D.
34 II, 5. 1. 1 | and problems~See section 5.6.~Respiratory diseases including
35 II, 5. 2. 3 | to 180 per 100.000) and 6% in Baltic Europe countries (
36 II, 5. 2. 3 | are reported in Table 5.2.6: here mean attack rates
37 II, 5. 2. 3 | et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.2.6. WHO-MONICA Project 6 EU
38 II, 5. 2. 3 | 2.6. WHO-MONICA Project 6 EU population. Age-standardized
39 II, 5. 2. 4 | definitions ( 5.2 mmol/l, 6.2, 6.5 or 7.8) and difficulties
40 II, 5. 2. 4 | definitions ( 5.2 mmol/l, 6.2, 6.5 or 7.8) and difficulties
41 II, 5. 2. 4 | 1995-96, 1999-2000 and 2005-6 in different European countries
42 II, 5. 2. 6 | 5.2.6. Future developments~ ~In
43 II, 5. 3. 5 | cancer incidence (Figures 6) and mortality trends (Figures
44 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6 Control tools and policies~ ~
45 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.1 Primary prevention~ ~The
46 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.2 Early diagnosis (secondary
47 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.3. Oncologic care and practice~ ~
48 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.4 Cancer Plans~ ~Definition
49 II, 5. 3. 7 | 5.3.6.5 Research collaboration~ ~
50 II, 5. 4. 1 | global prevalence of about 6.0%, 46% of which in the
51 II, 5. 4. 1 | increase to 9.1% (about 58.6 million people) over the
52 II, 5. 4. 1 | Epidemic~ ~(WHO Report, 6 May, 2004)~ ~A complex interaction
53 II, 5. 4. 1 | expenditures ranged from 1.6% in the Netherlands to 6.
54 II, 5. 4. 1 | 6% in the Netherlands to 6.6 % in Italy. Hospitalisations
55 II, 5. 4. 1 | in the Netherlands to 6.6 % in Italy. Hospitalisations
56 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.6. Hospital discharge records~ ~
57 II, 5. 4. 2 | last 12 months with LDL>2.6 mmol/l (>3 mmol/l)~13~Percent
58 II, 5. 4. 2 | retinopathy in last 12 months~6~Percent of diabetic subjects
59 II, 5. 4. 2 | plasma glucose equal or above 6.1 mmol/l and below 7.0 mmol/
60 II, 5. 4. 2 | fasting plasma glucose 6,1 mmol/l and <7,0 mmol/l).~
61 II, 5. 4. 2 | LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l is an important indicator
62 II, 5. 4. 2 | presenting a value above 2.6 mmol/l.~Measurement of HDL
63 II, 5. 4. 3 | variation, ranging between 6 (Luxembourg) and 60 (Finland)
64 II, 5. 4. 3 | the rates of increase were 6.3% (4.1-8.5%) for children
65 II, 5. 4. 3 | LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l. Crude percentages
66 II, 5. 4. 3 | on 11 countries vary from 6% (Scotland) to 42% (Cyprus),
67 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6. Control tools and policies~
68 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.1. Surveillance~The development
69 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.2. Primary prevention~For
70 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.3. Secondary prevention~
71 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.4. National guidelines and
72 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.5. EU initiatives against
73 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.6. International initiatives~ ~
74 II, 5. 4. 6 | 5.4.6.6. International initiatives~ ~
75 II, 5. 4. 8 | Med. 1995 Mar;12(3):271-6~Beck, P, Battlogg, K, Gfrerer,
76 II, 5. 4. 8 | Europe. Lancet 11;355 873-6~EUDIP group (2002): Establishment
77 II, 5. 4. 8 | Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1270-6.~Greenfield S, Nicolucci
78 II, 5. 4. 8 | 810) ISBN 978 92 4 159493 6 © World Health Organization
79 II, 5. 5.Int | spend on average around 6% of their health budgets
80 II, 5. 5.Int | chronic illnesses and 2-6 times more likely to have
81 II, 5. 5.Int(18)| non-Western countries.MedGenMed.6:49.~
82 II, 5. 5.Int | EU varies between 3 and 6 per 1.000 inhabitants. Data,
83 II, 5. 5.Int | prevalence six per 1000) and 0.6 million aged 65 or older (
84 II, 5. 5. 1 | lost productivity in the 6 ESEMED countries, a burden
85 II, 5. 5. 1 | presented in Table 5.5.1.6.~ ~Table 5.5.1.6. Annually
86 II, 5. 5. 1 | Table 5.5.1.6.~ ~Table 5.5.1.6. Annually age adjusted mortality
87 II, 5. 5. 1 | annual change estimated at -6.1%(P<0.0001), –5.4%(P<0.
88 II, 5. 5. 1 | health promotion for Children up to 6 years of age(1997-99): Early
89 II, 5. 5. 1 | the European level (2004-6), provided final set of
90 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.5.1.6. References~ ~Alonso J,
91 II, 5. 5. 1 | Initiative. World Psychiatry 6(3):168-76.~ ~Kessler R,
92 II, 5. 5. 1 | evidence. Am J Psychiatry 159(6):909-16.~ ~Ormel J, Petukhova
93 II, 5. 5. 1 | Epidemiol Community Health. 62(6):545-51.~ ~ ~
94 II, 5. 5. 2 | an estimated 5,526,488 to 6,120,842 people with dementia (
95 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.6. Future developments~ ~September
96 II, 5. 5. 2 | well-being in later life, Chapter 6, available at: htt m (accessed
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | exercise a mortality rate of 5,6% per decade (Misra et al,
98 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.6. Future developments~ ~Due
99 II, 5. 5. 3 | PEDIATRICS Vol. 114 No. 6, 1574-1583.~NEDA (National
100 II, 5. 5. 3 | median point prevalence was 4.6 per 1000, period prevalence
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | median point prevalence of 4.6 per 1 000, 3.3 for period
102 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorder accounting for 6.2% YLDs).~Table 5.5.3.2.
103 II, 5. 5. 3 | between 36% and 45% of the 6.6 million people in the
104 II, 5. 5. 3 | between 36% and 45% of the 6.6 million people in the WHO
105 II, 5. 5. 3 | relatives) (Figure 5.5.3.3.6). Internalized stigma is
106 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease.~Figure 5.5.3.2.6. Experiences of stigma in
107 II, 5. 5. 3 | care (see Table 5.5.3.3.6). Since psychotic disorders
108 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 2007)~Table 5.5.3.2.6. Expenditures by kind of
109 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.2.6. References~AGREE Collaboration (
110 II, 5. 5. 3 | Aust N Z J Psychiatry.39(6):514-21.~ ~
111 II, 5. 5. 3 | The average finding of 6.6 and 6.7 per 1,000 eight-year-olds
112 II, 5. 5. 3 | The average finding of 6.6 and 6.7 per 1,000 eight-year-olds
113 II, 5. 5. 3 | average finding of 6.6 and 6.7 per 1,000 eight-year-olds
114 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.3.6. References~ ~Blaxill MF (
115 II, 5. 5. 3 | trauma (2-16%) and neoplasms (6-10%).~There are only few
116 II, 5. 5. 3 | generalized epilepsy in 6% (3.4 per 100,000 per year).
117 II, 5. 5. 3 | idiopathic 1.7; symptomatic 13.6), 6.7 per 100,000 for generalized
118 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1.7; symptomatic 13.6), 6.7 per 100,000 for generalized
119 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsies (idiopathic 5.6; symptomatic 1.1) and 1.
120 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~MR review~333 ~7.6 ~Joensen, 1986 (*)~Estonia ~
121 II, 5. 5. 3 | Children ~Prospective~560 ~3.6 ~Beilmann et al., 1999~Estonia ~
122 II, 5. 5. 3 | review and examination~1233 ~6.3 ~Keranen et al., 1989 (*)~
123 II, 5. 5. 3 | 278/51~ ~199/235~ ~81/47~6.2/5.1~ ~3.9/5.2~ ~3.3/3.
124 II, 5. 5. 3 | All ages ~GP files~? ~6.2 ~Pond et al., 1960 (*)~
125 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2003 (*)~+ = 5-14 years - = 6-12 years MR = Medical record
126 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pediatricians ~ = 6-16 years Ø = 6-14 years GP = General practitioners
127 II, 5. 5. 3 | undetermined epilepsies (0.6 per 1,000). Localization-related
128 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5-17%, absence epilepsy 6-8%, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy
129 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lennox-Gastaut syndrome 2-6%.~Socio-economic background
130 II, 5. 5. 3 | years, a mortality rate of 6.23 per 1,000 person-years
131 II, 5. 5. 3 | was found to range from 1.6 to 9.3 in community-based
132 II, 5. 5. 3 | for epilepsy ranges from 1.6 to 5.3 in children and adults (
133 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalent cohorts~32~12.4~2.6~Preston and Clarke, 1966 (*)~
134 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incident cohort~45~28.0~1.6~Olafsson et al., 1998~Poland~
135 II, 5. 5. 3 | policies~Prevalent cohort~32~14.6~2.2~Svensson and Astrand,
136 II, 5. 5. 3 | incident cohort~4001~1109.0~3.6~Nilsson et al, 1997~U.K.~
137 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incident cohort~149~58.3~2.6~Lhathoo et al., 2001~ GP:
138 II, 5. 5. 3 | deaths range between 1 and 6% of all deaths, with SMR
139 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranging between 2.4 and 5.6 (Gaitatzis and Sander, 2004).
140 II, 5. 5. 3 | 7-8.3) vs. 7.9 (95% CI 2.6-18.4) in non-surgical patients,
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence of SUDEP was 2.5 vs. 6.3 per 1,000 (Nilsson et
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | common comorbid disorder (PR 6.1) followed by schizophrenia (
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | First unprovoked seizure (6 months)~ First seizure,
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | First unprovoked seizure (6 months)~ II 60 months (taxi
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | months)~ Sporadic seizures (6 months)~ Myoclonias (dose)~
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | occasion-related seizures~ (3-6 months)~ First seizure,
147 II, 5. 5. 3 | First seizure, idiopathic (3-6 months)~ Treatment stop (
148 II, 5. 5. 3 | First unprovoked seizure (6 months)~ First unprovoked,
149 II, 5. 5. 3 | months)~ Sporadic seizures (6 months)~ Myoclonias, single
150 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.4.6. References~ ~Anonymous (
151 II, 5. 5. 3 | Employment. Epilepsia 44 (suppl 6):49-50.~Barraclough BM (
152 II, 5. 5. 3 | revisited. Epileptic Disord 6:3-13.~Gaitatzis A, Carroll
153 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 3.5), moderate (4.0 to 6.5) and severe (7.0 to 9.
154 II, 5. 5. 3 | significantly from 3 to 6 per 100 000 per year in
155 II, 5. 5. 3 | annual incidence rate was 2.6 in 1974–88. Multiple assessments
156 II, 5. 5. 3 | is shown in Table 5.5.3.5.6 and Figure 5.5.3.5.2. The
157 II, 5. 5. 3 | for moderate MS (EDSS 4-6.5) and between 5% (Austria)
158 II, 5. 5. 3 | EDSS 7-9.5)~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.6. Proportion of Multiple
159 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality ranging from 0.6 to 1.0 per 100 000 as reported
160 II, 5. 5. 3 | However, rates up to 3.6 per 100 000 are reported
161 II, 5. 5. 3 | one functional system, 4.0-6.5 refers to fully ambulatory,
162 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.6. Future developments~ ~There
163 II, 5. 5. 3 | at: www tm Accessed Sept 6 2004.~Fangerau T, Schimrigk
164 II, 5. 5. 3 | pathogenesis. Brain Pathol 6:259-274.~Mc Donald WI, Compston
165 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6. Parkinson’s disease~ ~ ~
166 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.1. Introduction~ ~Parkinson’
167 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.2. Data source~To identify
168 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.3. Data description and
169 II, 5. 5. 3 | community (Figure 5.5.3.6.1. Estimated total number
170 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Europe~ ~Figure 5.5.3.6.1. Estimated total number
171 II, 5. 5. 3 | shown in Table 5. 5. 3. 6. 1.~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.1. Incidence
172 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3. 6. 1.~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.1. Incidence studies of
173 II, 5. 5. 3 | summarised in Table 5.5.3.6.2..(von Campenhausen et
174 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 2005).~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.2. Prevalence studies of
175 II, 5. 5. 3 | varied considerably, from 65.6/100,000 in Sardinia (Rosati
176 II, 5. 5. 3 | variations in rates (65.6 to 12,500/100,000) may be
177 II, 5. 5. 3 | few studies (Table 5.5.3.6.3. Distribution of Parkinson’
178 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 1986).~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.3. Distribution of Parkinson’
179 II, 5. 5. 3 | including PD (Figure 5.5.3.6.2) (Andlin-Sobocki et al,
180 II, 5. 5. 3 | of €7,600.~ ~Figure 5.5.3.6.2. Cost per case in PD in
181 II, 5. 5. 3 | cost category totalling €6.1 billion, constituting
182 II, 5. 5. 3 | healthcare cost totalled to €4.6 billion. Hospitalization
183 II, 5. 5. 3 | five groups (Figure 5.5.3.6.3). In the early stages
184 II, 5. 5. 3 | HY IV).~ ~ ~Figure 5.5.3.6.3. Cost of Parkinson’s disease
185 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.4. Risk factors~ ~The cause
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 12 major diseases in 6 countries representative
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.6. Future developments~ ~
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.6. Future developments~ ~Based
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | PD was between 4.1 and 4.6 million and the number will
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.7. References~Aarsland D,
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease. Br J Clin Pract 49(6):288-293.~Claveria LE, Duarte
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disease. Moving Along 5 (1): 6. Available at http://www.
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | s disease. Mov Disord 22(6):804-812.~Mutch WJ, Dingwall-Fordyce
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 10(6):549-554.~Vanacore N (2005):
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.8. Acronyms~ ~EBC~European
197 II, 5. 6 | 5.6. Musculoskeletal conditions
198 II, 5. 6. 1 | 5.6.1. Introduction~ ~Musculoskeletal
199 II, 5. 6. 1 | occupation or sports; and (6) genetic, congenital and
200 II, 5. 6. 2 | 5.6.2. Data sources~ ~The epidemiological
201 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3. Data description and
202 II, 5. 6. 3 | 2003) are given in table 5.6.1.~ ~Table 5.6.1. General
203 II, 5. 6. 3 | in table 5.6.1.~ ~Table 5.6.1. General Incidence and
204 II, 5. 6. 3 | Hagen et al, 1997) (Figure 5.6.1), explained partly by
205 II, 5. 6. 3 | with older age (Figure 5.6.2). A decline in the complaint
206 II, 5. 6. 3 | working place.~ ~Figure 5.6.1. The age and sex-specific
207 II, 5. 6. 3 | in Sweden~ ~ ~Figure 5.6.2. Prevalence of self reported
208 II, 5. 6. 3 | the Netherlands~ ~Figure 5.6.2.b Prevalence of self reported
209 II, 5. 6. 3 | categories representing 22.6% of the total cost of illness (
210 II, 5. 6. 3 | al, 1998), accounting for 6% of total health care costs
211 II, 5. 6. 3 | physical activity (Table 5.6.4). The pain and disability
212 II, 5. 6. 3 | not reversible (Figures 5.6.3 and 5.6.4 and Tables 5.
213 II, 5. 6. 3 | reversible (Figures 5.6.3 and 5.6.4 and Tables 5.6.1-5.6.3)
214 II, 5. 6. 3 | 3 and 5.6.4 and Tables 5.6.1-5.6.3) and this is where
215 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.4 and Tables 5.6.1-5.6.3) and this is where the
216 II, 5. 6. 3 | et al, 2003).~ ~Table 5.6.2. Osteoarthritis Incidence
217 II, 5. 6. 3 | European countries~ ~Table 5.6.3. Osteoarthritis Prevalence
218 II, 5. 6. 3 | EUGLOREH Countries~ ~Table 5.6.4. Osteoarthritis Prevalence (
219 II, 5. 6. 3 | European Countries ~ ~Figure 5.6.3. Prevalence of knee OA
220 II, 5. 6. 3 | OA in Europe~ ~Figure 5.6.4a. Prevalence of radiographic
221 II, 5. 6. 3 | OA by age A) Men~Figure 5.6.4b. Prevalence of radiographic
222 II, 5. 6. 3 | radiographic OA (Table 5.6.4). Almost everyone who
223 II, 5. 6. 3 | are summarised in table 5.6.5.~ ~Table 5.6.5. Risk factors
224 II, 5. 6. 3 | in table 5.6.5.~ ~Table 5.6.5. Risk factors for incidence
225 II, 5. 6. 3 | SEK739 million (Euro 59.6 million) was for inpatient
226 II, 5. 6. 3 | for inpatient care and SEK 6.4 billion (Euro 630.4 million)
227 II, 5. 6. 3 | prevalence of RA range from 1-6 per 1000 for men and 3-12
228 II, 5. 6. 3 | Linos et al, 1980). (Table 5.6.6)~ ~Table 5.6.6. Prevalence
229 II, 5. 6. 3 | et al, 1980). (Table 5.6.6)~ ~Table 5.6.6. Prevalence
230 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.6)~ ~Table 5.6.6. Prevalence and incidence
231 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.6)~ ~Table 5.6.6. Prevalence and incidence
232 II, 5. 6. 3 | Finland is reported as 0.6%, France 0.32% and Italy
233 II, 5. 6. 3 | is considerable (Table 5.6.7).~ ~Table 5.6.7. Estimated
234 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.7).~ ~Table 5.6.7. Estimated lifetime risks
235 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3.4.4 Prevalence~ ~Prevalence
236 II, 5. 6. 3 | per year among women and 0.6% per year among men from
237 II, 5. 6. 3 | likely to fall (Table 5.6.8) and those who may have
238 II, 5. 6. 3 | risk of fracture (Table 5.6.9). There are some semi-independent
239 II, 5. 6. 3 | Melton, 1995).~ ~Table 5.6.8. Risk Factors for Falling
240 II, 5. 6. 3 | in the Elderly~ ~Table 5.6.9. Risk factors for bone
241 II, 5. 6. 3 | Kanis et al, 2002) (Table 5.6.10).~ ~Table 5.6.10. Estimated
242 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.10).~ ~Table 5.6.10. Estimated 10 year risks
243 II, 5. 6. 3 | good functional outcome at 6 months (Kaukonen et al,
244 II, 5. 6. 3 | back pain is of less than 6 weeks duration; subacute
245 II, 5. 6. 3 | duration; subacute is between 6 weeks and 3 months duration
246 II, 5. 6. 3 | pain with sciatica was 11.6 / 1000 people per year,
247 II, 5. 6. 3 | to return to work. After 6 months off work, less than
248 II, 5. 6. 4 | 5.6.4. Societal impact~ ~Musculoskeletal
249 II, 5. 6. 4 | rheumatoid arthritis (Table 5.6.11).~ ~Table 5.6.11. Distribution (
250 II, 5. 6. 4 | Table 5.6.11).~ ~Table 5.6.11. Distribution (in per
251 II, 5. 6. 4 | most common reason (Table 5.6.12). (European Commission (
252 II, 5. 6. 4 | and Conditions)~ ~Table 5.6.12. Distribution (in per
253 II, 5. 6. 5 | 5.6.5. Control tools and policies~ ~
254 II, 5. 6. 6 | 5.6.6. References~ ~Altman R,
255 II, 5. 6. 6 | 5.6.6. References~ ~Altman R,
256 II, 5. 6. 6 | Survey. Ann Rheum Dis 52:6-13~Bergman S, Herrstrom
257 II, 5. 6. 6 | J Occup Environ Med 42(6):588-96~Brage S, Nygard
258 II, 5. 6. 6 | France]. Rev Rhum Ed Fr 60(6 Pt 2):63S-7S~Lin CT, Albertson
259 II, 5. 6. 6 | care plan. Am J Manag Care 6:669-678~Linos A, Worthington
260 II, 5. 6. 6 | Ann Rheum Dis 62(3):222-6~National Board on Health
261 II, 5. 7. 1 | or dialysis)~585.5~585.6 (if ESRD)~V codes for dialysis
262 II, 5. 7. 3 | children and adolescents in the 6 months-16 years range) the
263 II, 5. 7. 3 | more restricted age-range (6 months-16 years) and applying
264 II, 5. 7. 3 | 2006) in males and from 6.2% (Italy) (Cirillo et al,
265 II, 5. 7. 3 | pmp in Germany (Tables 5.7.6 A and B). It increased with
266 II, 5. 7. 3 | almost unmodified at about 6%. None of these data are
267 II, 5. 7. 3 | more recent cohorts had a 6% (cohort 1990-1994) and
268 II, 5. 7. 6 | 5.7.6. Future developments~ ~There
269 II, 5. 7. 7 | years. Kidney Int 2005;68(6):2839-45.~Chobanian AV,
270 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Int 2006 Aug;70(4):800-6.~Coresh J, Byrd-Holt D,
271 II, 5. 7. 7 | aging. Circulation 2002 Aug 6;106(6):703-10.~Ejerblad
272 II, 5. 7. 7 | Circulation 2002 Aug 6;106(6):703-10.~Ejerblad E, Fored
273 II, 5. 7. 7 | Soc Nephrol 2006 Jun;17(6):1695-702.~ERA-EDTA Registry (
274 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kidney Int 2005 Dec;68(6):2801-8.~Hallan SI, Coresh
275 II, 5. 7. 7 | Intern Med 1999 Mar 16;130(6):461-70.~Levin A (2001):
276 II, 5. 7. 7 | Semin Nephrol 2002 Nov;22(6):441-8.~Otero A, Gayoso
277 II, 5. 7. 7 | Nephrol 2004 May;15(5):1300-6.~Stengel B, Billon S, van
278 II, 5. 8. 3 | 40-69 year olds to 14.4% (6.3% COPD) (Murtagh et al,
279 II, 5. 8. 3 | reported a prevalence of 6.2% of chronic bronchitis
280 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD was reported only by 5.6% of participants (Schirnhofer
281 II, 5. 8. 3 | moderate 2.2%, and severe 0.6% (GOLD-COPD: mild 8.2%,
282 II, 5. 8. 3 | for the Netherlands was 6.5. for mild, 13.3 for moderate,
283 II, 5. 8. 3 | moderate, 3.7 for severe and 0.6 for very severe COPD (Hoogendoorn
284 II, 5. 8. 3 | 1.7), fractures (RR = 1.6), and glaucoma (RR = 1.3) [
285 II, 5. 8. 3 | OR 3.52, 95%CI 2.04 to 6.07) compared to non smokers..~ ~
286 II, 5. 8. 3 | patients was 256 million euro (6% of the total). Only one
287 II, 5. 8. 5 | were present (mild in 7.6%, moderate in 6.7% and severe
288 II, 5. 8. 5 | mild in 7.6%, moderate in 6.7% and severe in 5.9%).
289 II, 5. 8. 6 | 5.8.6. Future developments~ ~Higher
290 II, 5. 8. 6 | palliative care in hospital (47.6% vs 5.1%, p<0.001) or at
291 II, 5. 8. 7 | Monograph 38, 2006; 11: 1-6.~ ~Sidney S, Sorel M, Quesenberry
292 II, 5. 9. FB | former East Germany only 6 to 8 years after the Germany
293 II, 5. 9. FB | intervention beyond 4 to 6 months of age for the development
294 II, 5. 9. FB | 5.FB.6. Control tools and policies~ ~
295 II, 5. 9. 2 | rhino-conjunctivitis and atopic eczema in 6-7 and 13-15 years old were
296 II, 5. 9. 2 | enrolled: 193 404 children aged 6–7 years from 66 centres
297 II, 5. 9. 3 | remission rate was 45.8% (41.6% in women and 49.5% in men,
298 II, 5. 9. 3 | duration of the disease (5.6 vs 16.1 years, P 001) than
299 II, 5. 9. 3 | mean age at diagnosis (9.6 years) and the predominance
300 II, 5. 9. 3 | population: 11.2% in children of 6-7 years of age and 16.9%
301 II, 5. 9. 3 | Switzerland (9.1% in children and 6.8% in adults), Spain (6.
302 II, 5. 9. 3 | 6.8% in adults), Spain (6.3%), Croatia (6%), Serbia (
303 II, 5. 9. 3 | Spain (6.3%), Croatia (6%), Serbia (6%), Greece (
304 II, 5. 9. 3 | Croatia (6%), Serbia (6%), Greece (5.6%), Poland (
305 II, 5. 9. 3 | Serbia (6%), Greece (5.6%), Poland (5.4%), Germany (
306 II, 5. 9. 3 | Croatia 12.1%, Serbia 11.6%, Iceland 11%, Spain 10.
307 II, 5. 9. 3 | Iceland 11%, Spain 10.6% and Poland 8.5% and Germany
308 II, 5. 9. 3 | varied between 13.5% and 23.6% (median 18.9%) in 1998–
309 II, 5. 9. 3 | disorder, more commonly in the 6–7 years of age-group than
310 II, 5. 9. 3 | years of age-group: for the 6–7 years of age-group, two
311 II, 5. 9. 3 | 3.8 billion), drugs (€ 3.6 billion) and inpatient care (€
312 II, 5. 9. 4 | asthma (relative risk=1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, P=0.017).
313 II, 5. 9. 4 | to symptoms (2.4, 1.3-4.6, P=0.008). Among common
314 II, 5. 9. 4 | and bronchial asthma (1.6%) than children (n = 966)
315 II, 5. 9. 4 | identified (Tables 5.9.4 to 5.9.6). The lowest sensitization
316 II, 5. 9. 4 | ragweed.~ ~ ~Table 5.9.6. Standardized (age, gender)
317 II, 5. 9. 4 | from current hay fever, 6.8% from asthma, 4.5% from
318 II, 5. 9. 4 | initial years of life (OR = 0.6); attending day care (OR =
319 II, 5. 9. 4 | current wheeze: 5.2% and 6.9%, respectively, P = 0.
320 II, 5. 9. 6 | 5.9.6. Future Developments~ ~Asthma
321 II, 5. 9. 7 | Pulmonary Medicine 2006, 6(Suppl 1):S2 doi:10.1186/
322 II, 5. 9. 7 | S2 doi:10.1186/1471-2466-6-S1-S2).~ ~Jarvis D, Luczynska
323 II, 5. 9. 7 | Gesundheitsschutz. May-Jun;50(5-6):701-10~ ~Simpson A, Custovic
324 II, 5. 9. 7 | Clin Immunol. 2003 Jun;111(6):1232-8~ ~von Mutius (2006):
325 II, 5. 10. 1 | around 1-3% in adults and 4-6% in children (EFSA, 2004).~ ~
326 II, 5. 10. 3 | self-reported FHS, ranging from 4.6% in Spain to 19.1% in Australia,
327 II, 5. 10. 3 | 4.7%), strawberries (4.6%), cow’s milk (4.3%), oranges
328 II, 5. 10. 3 | estimated to be around 4-6 % in children and 1-3% in
329 II, 5. 10. 6 | 5.10.6. Future developments~ ~The
330 II, 5. 10. 7 | the European Union L 109, 6.5.2000, pp. 29–42.~htt ~ ~
331 II, 5. 11. 3 | Swedish school children (5-6 yrs)~Lifetime prevalence=
332 II, 5. 11. 3 | 21.3% 1-year prevalence=6.7% Point prevalence=3.6%~
333 II, 5. 11. 3 | 6.7% Point prevalence=3.6%~Mortz C, et al~Contact
334 II, 5. 11. 3 | from 1.1% in Denmark to 17.6% in Italy, and to potassium
335 II, 5. 11. 3 | 956), a total of 44 (4.6%) had contact allergy to
336 II, 5. 11. 3 | Internal Medicine 1999;14(6):379–385.~B Larsson-Stymne,
337 II, 5. 11. 3 | overall, with rates as high as 6% in France and Germany (
338 II, 5. 11. 6 | 5.11.6. Future developments~ ~What
339 II, 5. 11. 7 | Ann Oncol 2004;15(1):5-6.~ ~Boyle P, Smans M (2003):
340 II, 5. 11. 7 | Dermatol 2002;146(S61):1-6.~ ~Ferlay J, Bray F, Pisani
341 II, 5. 11. 7 | Dermatol Venereol 2005;19(S3):2-6.~ ~Gudjonsson JE, Elder
342 II, 5. 11. 7 | Br J Hosp Med 1991;46:33–6.~ ~Royal College of General
343 II, 5. 12. 1 | relevant Sections of Chapter 6.~ ~
344 II, 5. 12. 3 | the England and Wales (3.6/100,000), Ireland (3.4),
345 II, 5. 12. 3 | Finland from 7.4 to 13.6, Ireland from 3.4 to 4.8,
346 II, 5. 12. 3 | England and Wales from 3.6 to 8.9, Scotland from 7.
347 II, 5. 12. 3 | rates in 2000-02 were 22.6/100,000 in Romania, followed
348 II, 5. 12. 4 | infection (see also Chapter 6) and alcohol drinking (Corrao
349 II, 5. 12. 4 | HBV and HCV (see Chapter 6), cirrhosis mortality trends
350 II, 5. 12. 5 | vaccination (sse Chapter 6), control of HCV transmission (
351 II, 5. 12. 5 | transmission (see Chapter 6) and of alcohol drinking.~ ~
352 II, 5. 12. 5 | death ( see also Chapter 6).~ ~There is inadequate
353 II, 5. 12. 6 | 5.12.6. Future developments~ ~In
354 II, 5. 14. 1 | molars in children aged 6 to 8 years. Retention of
355 II, 5. 14. 2 | present per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~Numerator:
356 II, 5. 14. 2 | present per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~Denominator:
357 II, 5. 14. 2 | Total number of children at 6 and 12 years of age surveyed.~ ~
358 II, 5. 14. 2 | periodontal pockets of from 4mm - 6 mm, periodontal pockets
359 II, 5. 14. 2 | periodontal pockets of 6 mm or deeper.~Numerator:
360 II, 5. 14. 3 | deep periodontal pockets (6 mm or more) affects 10%
361 II, 5. 14. 3 | was reported for 31% of 6-year-olds and 55.6% of 12-
362 II, 5. 14. 3 | 31% of 6-year-olds and 55.6% of 12-year-olds; 17.8%
363 II, 5. 14. 3 | 17.8% of children aged 6 had seen a dentist during
364 II, 5. 14. 6 | 5.14.6. Policies~ ~At the 60th
365 II, 5. 15. 3 | the age of 1 year, to 9.6% of deaths between the age
366 II, 5. 15. 6 | 5.15.6. References~ ~ALCIMED (2004):
367 II, 5. 15. 6 | management. Pediatrics, 1978;62(6):1056-1060.~Kesselman I,
368 II, 6 | 6.~MAIN COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
369 II, 6. 1 | 6.1. Introduction~ ~This chapter
370 II, 6. 2 | 6.2. Data sources~ ~The results
371 II, 6. 3 | 6.3. Data description and
372 II, 6. 3. 1 | 6.3.1. Overview~ ~For some
373 II, 6. 3. 1 | under surveillance (Table 6.1). Of the 49 diseases,
374 II, 6. 3. 1 | AMR and malaria).~ ~Table 6.1. Summary of general trends (
375 II, 6. 3. 2 | 6.3.2. Antimicrobial resistance
376 II, 6. 3. 2 | 6.3.2.1. Antimicrobial resistance
377 II, 6. 3. 2 | baseline figures (figure 6.1). However, two countries (
378 II, 6. 3. 2 | be irreversible.~ ~Figure 6.1. Proportion of methicillin-resistant
379 II, 6. 3. 2 | Latvia), but ranged from 0–6% in the rest of the countries.
380 II, 6. 3. 2 | 6.3.2.2. Healthcare-associated
381 II, 6. 3. 2 | Staphylococcus aureus (Figure 6.1), Pseudomonas aeruginosa,
382 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3. HIV infection, sexually
383 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3.1. Human papilloma virus
384 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3.2. HIV infection~ ~HIV
385 II, 6. 3. 3 | EEA/EFTA countries (Figure 6.2). The epidemic exhibits
386 II, 6. 3. 3 | Netherlands.~ ~ ~Figure 6.2. HIV cases per million.~
387 II, 6. 3. 3 | from 2 314 cases in 1996 to 6 386 in 2004. This increase
388 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3.3. Other sexually transmitted
389 II, 6. 3. 3 | steadily since then (figure 6.3). In 2005, a total of
390 II, 6. 3. 3 | than in women.~ ~Figure 6.3. Trends of Gonorrhoea
391 II, 6. 3. 3 | 6.3.3.4. Blood-borne viral
392 II, 6. 3. 3 | overall decreasing trend from 6.6 to 2.6 cases per 100 000
393 II, 6. 3. 3 | decreasing trend from 6.6 to 2.6 cases per 100 000
394 II, 6. 3. 3 | decreasing trend from 6.6 to 2.6 cases per 100 000 per year
395 II, 6. 3. 3 | since the late 1990s. Of the 6 977 cases reported in 2005
396 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4. Respiratory tract infections~ ~
397 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.1. Influenza~ ~Seasonal
398 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.2. Tuberculosis~ ~TB
399 II, 6. 3. 4 | in all countries.~ ~Annex 6.1. Selected tables and figures
400 II, 6. 3. 4 | Annual Report~ ~ ~ ~ ~Table 6.A1.1 Number of cases of
401 II, 6. 3. 4 | tubercolosis~ ~ ~ ~Figure 6.A1.1 TB cases per 100,000
402 II, 6. 3. 4 | countries and EU 25~Figure 6.A1.2 Tubercolosis cases
403 II, 6. 3. 4 | and gender~ ~ ~ ~Figure 6.A1.3 Combined MDR in 2005~ ~ ~ ~ ~
404 II, 6. 3. 4 | MDR in 2005~ ~ ~ ~ ~Figure 6.A1.4 New culture positive
405 II, 6. 3. 4 | Sweden smear)~ ~ ~Table 6.A1.2 Cases of TB between
406 II, 6. 3. 4 | 1995 and 2004~ ~ ~ ~Table 6.A1.3 Cases of TB by age
407 II, 6. 3. 4 | Estonia and Latvia, reaching 6.4% and 3.5%, respectively
408 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.3. Legionnaires’ disease (
409 II, 6. 3. 4 | especially among elderly (figure 6.4) and immuno-compromised
410 II, 6. 3. 4 | with antibiotics.~ ~Figure 6.4. Trends of legionellosis
411 II, 6. 3. 4 | 6.3.4.4. Severe acute respiratory
412 II, 6. 3. 5 | 6.3.5. Vaccine-preventable
413 II, 6. 3. 5 | EU Member States (figure 6.5).~ ~Figure 6.5. Measles (
414 II, 6. 3. 5 | States (figure 6.5).~ ~Figure 6.5. Measles (MCV1) vaccine
415 II, 6. 3. 5 | 6.3.5.1. Bacterial infections~ ~
416 II, 6. 3. 5 | 6.3.5.2. Viral infections~ ~
417 II, 6. 3. 5 | year after 1998 (Figure 6.6).~ ~Figure 6.6. Measles
418 II, 6. 3. 5 | year after 1998 (Figure 6.6).~ ~Figure 6.6. Measles
419 II, 6. 3. 5 | 1998 (Figure 6.6).~ ~Figure 6.6. Measles trend in Europe
420 II, 6. 3. 5 | Figure 6.6).~ ~Figure 6.6. Measles trend in Europe
421 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6. Food and waterborne
422 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6. Food and waterborne infections~ ~
423 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.1. Bacterial infections~ ~
424 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.1. Bacterial infections~ ~
425 II, 6. 3. 6 | better reporting (Figure 6.7). The most affected age
426 II, 6. 3. 6 | and tetracycline.~ ~Figure 6.7. Campylobacteriosis trends
427 II, 6. 3. 6 | Italy between 1995 and 2004 (6 440 cases). In 2005, a total
428 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.2. Viral infections~ ~
429 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.2. Viral infections~ ~Hepatitis
430 II, 6. 3. 6 | stable since then. In 2005, 6 695 cases were reported
431 II, 6. 3. 6 | per 100 000) and Latvia (6.29 per 100 000) are the
432 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.3. Parasitic infections~ ~
433 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.3. Parasitic infections~ ~
434 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries, with Lithuania (6.86 per 100 000), followed
435 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.4. Prion diseases~ ~
436 II, 6. 3. 6 | 6.3.6.4. Prion diseases~ ~Variant
437 II, 6. 3. 7 | 6.3.7. Other diseases of zoonotic
438 II, 6. 3. 7 | 6.3.7.1. Summary~ ~This is
439 II, 6. 3. 7 | 6.3.7.2. Diseases present
440 II, 6. 3. 7 | 6.3.7.3. Mainly imported diseases~ ~
441 II, 6. 3. 7 | decrease since 2000 (Figure 6.8).~ ~Figure 6.8. Malaria
442 II, 6. 3. 7 | 2000 (Figure 6.8).~ ~Figure 6.8. Malaria trends in Europe~ ~
443 II, 6. 4 | 6.4. Control tools and policies~ ~
444 II, 6. 4. 1 | 6.4.1. Surveillance~ ~Commission
445 II, 6. 4. 2 | 6.4.2. Early warning~ ~The
446 II, 6. 4. 3 | 6.4.3. Pandemic preparedness~ ~
447 II, 6. 4. 4 | 6.4.4. EU-wide coordination –
448 II, 6. 4. 5 | 6.4.5. Antimicrobial resistance.~ ~
449 II, 7. 2. 6 | 7.2.6. EU Injury Database (IDB)~ ~
450 II, 7. 3. 4 | injury prevention (Figure 7.6).~ ~Figure 7.6. Unintentional
451 II, 7. 3. 4 | Figure 7.6).~ ~Figure 7.6. Unintentional fatal injuries
452 II, 7. 3. 4 | EuroStat and the WHO, more than 6 000 work place fatalities
453 II, 7. 3. 4 | are described in Chapter 6.2. Figure 7.12. Non-fatal
454 II, 7. 3. 4 | see also “IDB” in Chapter 6.2).~ ~
455 II, 7. 4. 3 | Additionally, approximately 1.6 million pedestrians were
456 II, 7. 4. 4 | Eurobarometer survey, about 6 out 10 European citizens
457 II, 7. 4. 6 | 7.4.6. Prevention of self-harm~ ~
458 II, 7. 6 | 7.6. Future perspectives~ ~Generally
459 II, 8. 1. 2 | or disability (LSHPD) for 6 months or more or expected
460 II, 8. 1. 2 | more or expected to last 6 months or more. The indicator
461 II, 8. 1. 6 | 8.1.6. References~ ~APPLICA &
462 II, 8. 2. 1 | between 71 and 85) equal to 0.6%, 0.6% and 1.4%, respectively.
463 II, 8. 2. 1 | and 85) equal to 0.6%, 0.6% and 1.4%, respectively.
464 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.6. Future developments~ ~More
465 II, 8. 2. 1 | of Public Health 13S: 101-6.~Lennox N, Beange H, Davis
466 II, 8. 2. 1 | Disability Research, 51, 6, 427-434.~van Schrojenstein
467 II, 8. 2. 2 | visual acuity of less than 6/18, but equal to or better
468 II, 8. 2. 2 | visual acuity less than 6/18 but equal to or better
469 II, 8. 2. 2 | equal to or better than 6/60) and severe visual impairment (
470 II, 8. 2. 2 | visual acuity less than 6/60 but equal to or better
471 II, 8. 2. 2 | visual acuity of less that 6/18 in the better eye, which
472 II, 8. 2. 2 | to equal or better than 6/18 by refraction or pinhole.~ ~
473 II, 8. 2. 2 | for people aged 5 to 39, 1.6% for people aged 40-49 and
474 II, 8. 2. 2 | people aged 40-49 and 3.6% for people aged 50 or more.~ ~
475 II, 8. 2. 2 | for people aged 5 to 39, 1.6% for people aged 40-49 and
476 II, 8. 2. 2 | people aged 40-49 and 3.6% for people aged 50 or more.~ ~
477 II, 8. 2. 2 | 8.2.2.6. References~ ~Donnelly UM,
478 II, 8. 2. 2 | Ophthalmic Epidemiology 6:73-82.~Kocur I (2004): Fifteen
479 II, 8. 2. 3 | to amount, in 2001, to 4.6 YLD/1000 (males) and 4.3
480 II, 8. 2. 3 | Journal of Audiology 31(6):409-46.~ ~Johansson MSK,
481 II, 8. 2. 3 | Journal of Audiology~33(6):395-402.~ ~Mathers C, Smith
482 II, 9. 1. 1 | early neonatal deaths (at 0-6 days after live birth) and
483 II, 9. 1. 1 | mortality rates ranged from 6.4 to 22.1 per 1 000 total
484 II, 9. 1. 1 | 2004, they ranged from 1.6 to 9.5 per 1 000 births.
485 II, 9. 1. 1 | however, was higher at 6.9 per 1 000 births.~ ~F ~ ~
486 II, 9. 1. 1 | between countries from 1.6 or 1.7 (Portugal, Spain,
487 II, 9. 1. 1 | As shown in Table 9.1.1.6, this rate varies per country
488 II, 9. 1. 1 | al, 2007).~ ~Table 9.1.1.6. CP rates among VLBW babies
489 II, 9. 1. 1 | outcomes. Nicotine Tob Res 2004;6 Suppl 2:S125-40.~Cnattingius
490 II, 9. 1. 1 | Epidemiol 2001;15(3):315-6.~ ~Glinianaia SV, Pharoah
491 II, 9. 1. 1 | Reprod Med 2004;49(10):812-6.~Maher J, Macfarlane A (
492 II, 9. 1. 1 | Gynaecol 1994;101(4):301-6.~Reddy UM, Ko CW, Willinger
493 II, 9. 1. 1 | Group. N Engl J Med 2000;343(6):378-84.~ ~Zeitlin J, Blondel
494 II, 9. 1. 2 | EU-NMS countries and 25.6% of EU-27. In addition to
495 II, 9. 1. 2 | most common subgroup, at 6.4 per 1 000 births, followed
496 II, 9. 1. 2 | followed by limb defects (3.6 per 1 000), urinary system (
497 II, 9. 1. 2 | is recorded in France (5.6 and 5.8 per 1 000 births
498 II, 9. 1. 2 | congenital heart disease is 6.1 per 1 000 births (Table
499 II, 9. 1. 2 | rates between 1.3 and 1.6 per 1 000 for 2000-2004 (
500 II, 9. 1. 2 | 2007), while rates of 0.6 per 1 000 or below were
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