Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 4 | smaller among women than among men; and~· inequalities in mortality
2 I, 2. 4 | birth (4 to 6 years among men, 2 to 4 years among women).
3 I, 2. 4 | all countries, both among men and women. Among men, the
4 I, 2. 4 | among men and women. Among men, the excess mortality ranged
5 I, 2. 4 | Estonia), particularly among men. This is probably due to
6 I, 2. 5 | type of jobs carried out by men and women, the type of employment
7 I, 2. 5 | factors. More women than men work in jobs where the demands
8 I, 2. 6 | There are more women than men enrolled in ISCED in 5 level
9 I, 2. 6 | markedly (EUROSTAT, 2008).~ ~Men represent the majority of
10 I, 2. 6 | under 40%. Women outnumbered men, however, in the three Southern
11 I, 2. 6 | 6 programmes compared to men increased in nearly all
12 I, 2. 6 | where women still outnumber men (EUROSTAT, 2008).~ ~In 2004,
13 I, 2. 6 | enrolments. More women than men graduated in 2004 in all
14 I, 2. 6 | completing their studies were men. Men also outnumbered women
15 I, 2. 6 | their studies were men. Men also outnumbered women in
16 I, 2. 6 | and Bulgaria. The share of men among graduates at this
17 I, 2. 6 | education in which women and men successfully complete the
18 I, 2. 6 | ISCED level 5, outnumbering men by more than three to one
19 I, 2. 11 | The life of women and men in Europe 2008 edition.
20 I, 3. 1 | level of 15% or over.~ ~More men than women remain without
21 I, 3. 1 | ever-marriage-rates for men than for women (Toulemon,
22 II, 4. 1 | these quantities between men and women, the gender gaps.~ ~
23 II, 4. 1 | EU25 reached 61.1 years for men and 63.0 years for women.
24 II, 4. 1 | expectancy at birth for men and women, respectively (
25 II, 4. 1 | at almost 76 years for men and 82 years for women (
26 II, 4. 1 | limitations, close to 15 years for men and 19 years for women including
27 II, 4. 1 | average 6 years longer than men but most of these additional
28 II, 4. 1 | at 50 is 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for women
29 II, 4. 1 | women live longer than men, 4.9 years on average, but
30 II, 4. 1 | still reaches 8.8 years for men and 9.9 years for women,
31 II, 4. 1 | total life expectancy for men and women respectively.
32 II, 4. 1 | and women respectively. Men in the EU25 spend a greater
33 II, 4. 1 | among all countries for men and women. If we consider
34 II, 4. 1 | signify expansion then for men, Austria, Belgium, Finland,
35 II, 4. 1 | showing compression for men and women and the Netherlands
36 II, 4. 1 | older women more than older men) (Robine and Michel, 2004).~ ~
37 II, 4. 1 | the EU27, by 3 years for men and by 2 years for women,
38 II, 4. 1 | years (13.2 years gap) for men and from 76.5 years to 84.
39 II, 4. 1 | years (20.5 years gap) for men and from 52.2 years to 70.
40 II, 4. 1 | years (14.5 years gap) for men and from 10.4 years to 24.
41 II, 4. 1 | Union in 2005 (EU25), for men and women, in the different
42 II, 4. 1 | Severe Limitations, in 2005, Men~ ~Figure 4.1.2. Life Expectancy,
43 II, 4. 1 | of disability), between men and women and between Member
44 II, 4. 1 | 2005. Around 20% (19% for men and 23% for women) of the
45 II, 4. 1 | to live 6 years more than men. They will also live 4 years
46 II, 4. 1 | still reaches 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for women,
47 II, 4. 1 | birth is over 13 years for men and over 7 years for women.
48 II, 4. 1 | wider: over 20 years for men and 18 years for women in
49 II, 4. 1 | gaps reach 14.5 years for men and 13.7 years for women,
50 II, 4. 1 | is almost identical for men in the USA and in EU27 but
51 II, 4. 2 | favourably, particularly for men, but in recent years life
52 II, 4. 2 | been differences between men and women, and the underlying
53 II, 4. 2 | years per decade for both men and women. However, the
54 II, 4. 2 | differed for both sexes. For men, the rate of increase has
55 II, 4. 2 | years), but similarly to men the highest increase was
56 II, 4. 2 | the EU15 average. For both men and women during the 1970s
57 II, 4. 2 | expectancy at birth: for men one third of the increase
58 II, 4. 2 | in life expectancy. For men, age groups 65-74 contributed
59 II, 4. 2 | fifth of the increase for men was caused by the decline
60 II, 4. 2 | mortality decline was larger for men in their sixties and for
61 II, 4. 2 | expectancy can be attributed to men in their sixties and seventies
62 II, 4. 2 | countries, particularly for men. In several Eastern countries
63 II, 4. 2 | Eastern countries mortality of men in their fifties and sixties
64 II, 4. 2 | since 1970. In the 1970s for men the decline in mortality
65 II, 4. 2 | considerably smaller than for men. A considerable part of
66 II, 4. 2 | increased to 50% for both men and women. Whereas for men
67 II, 4. 2 | men and women. Whereas for men the decrease in mortality
68 II, 4. 2 | increase in life expectancy for men. In addition, in the 1990s
69 II, 4. 2 | addition, in the 1990s for men the decline in mortality
70 II, 4. 2 | decline in the percentage of men smoking since the 1970s,
71 II, 4. 2 | for women in contrast with men, due to the fact that number
72 II, 4. 2 | level), while the one among men decreased.~ ~Table 4.2.2.
73 II, 4. 2 | impact on life expectancy of men in 9 out of the 13 countries.
74 II, 4. 2 | negative effect on mortality of men in their thirties and forties.
75 II, 4. 2 | accidents decreased strongly for men in Greece and Portugal.
76 II, 4. 2 | accidents on the mortality of men is larger than that on women.
77 II, 4. 2 | mortality due to cancer, for men more than for women, and
78 II, 4. 2 | than for women, and for men earlier than for women.
79 II, 4. 2 | The table shows that for men in 7 out of the 13 selected
80 II, 4. 2 | 13 countries. For Polish men and Dutch women the effect
81 II, 4. 2 | expectancy in the 1980s for men in 8 out of the 13 selected
82 II, 4. 2 | effect was smaller than for men. As in most countries men
83 II, 4. 2 | men. As in most countries men started to smoke less in
84 II, 4. 2 | started to smoke later than men, the negative effect of
85 II, 4. 2 | occurred later than for men. For women in the 1990s,
86 II, 4. 2 | life expectancy at 65 for men in the 1990s was higher
87 II, 4. 2 | Eastern EU countries for men there is no indication at
88 II, 4. 2 | 1990s was smaller than for men, whereas in all countries
89 II, 4. 2 | 1980s was higher than for men. Also after 2000 the increase
90 II, 4. 2 | appears to be smaller than for men. Thus there seems to be
91 II, 4. 2 | considerably lower than for men, but in recent years the
92 II, 4. 2 | recent years the increase for men is larger than that for
93 II, 4. 2 | hardly any difference between men and women.~ ~Table 4.2.7.
94 II, 4. 2 | since 1970, women~ ~For men there appears to be no significant
95 II, 4. 2 | development in mortality for men in Eastern European countries.~ ~
96 II, 4. 2 | average increase since 1970, men.~ ~If Eastern European countries
97 II, 4. 2 | Eastern European Countries, men.~ ~If we exclude Eastern
98 II, 4. 2 | convergence will continue, for men it will take some 40 years
99 II, 5. 1. 1| average (2001-2003), EU27 – B) Men.~ ~ ~ ~Table 5.1.1. Risk
100 II, 5. 1. 1| of alcoholic drinks (in men), body fatness and abdominal
101 II, 5. 1. 1| of smoking as compare to men (Parkin et al, 2005). Although
102 II, 5. 1. 1| first cancer diagnosed in men in Eastern and Southern
103 II, 5. 2. 1| EU. In the EU, one in six men and one in seven women currently
104 II, 5. 2. 1| disease (IHD) and one in ten men and one in eight women die
105 II, 5. 2. 1| an increasing number of men and women living with CVD.
106 II, 5. 2. 1| all-cause mortality) than men (43% of all-cause mortality) (
107 II, 5. 2. 1| deaths every year (one in six men and over one in seven women).
108 II, 5. 2. 1| year: around one in ten men and one in eight women die
109 II, 5. 2. 3| deaths every year: one in six men and one in seven women die
110 II, 5. 2. 3| IHD mortality is higher in men than in women but still
111 II, 5. 2. 3| Mortality rates are higher in men than in women and percentages
112 II, 5. 2. 3| almost eight times higher (in men 72 deaths per 100.000 in
113 II, 5. 2. 3| Mortality trends for IHD in men are shown in Figure 5.2.
114 II, 5. 2. 3| diseases (codes ICD-9 410-14) Men aged 35-74 years~ ~Figure
115 II, 5. 2. 3| discharge diagnoses for men and women of all ages combined
116 II, 5. 2. 3| revascularization procedures – All ages. Men and women combined (year
117 II, 5. 2. 3| 28-day case fatality for men and women aged 35-64 years.
118 II, 5. 2. 3| Southern Europe countries; for men living in Warsaw it was
119 II, 5. 2. 3| 10-year registration in men and women aged 35-64 years;
120 II, 5. 2. 3| rates are much higher for men than for women; mortality
121 II, 5. 2. 3| been falling faster for men than for women. Faster declining
122 II, 5. 2. 3| declining mortality rates for men have narrowed the gap with
123 II, 5. 2. 3| year. Around one in ten men and one in eight women die
124 II, 5. 2. 3| Stroke mortality is higher in men than in women in most countries
125 II, 5. 2. 3| mortality rates per 100.000 men and women aged 35-74 and
126 II, 5. 2. 3| 84 - 3 years average~ ~In men, mortality rate varies from
127 II, 5. 2. 3| stroke events double in both men and women: this demonstrates
128 II, 5. 2. 3| Mortality trends for stroke in men are shown in Figure 5.2.
129 II, 5. 2. 3| disease (codes ICD-9 430-38) - Men aged 35-84 years~ ~Similar
130 II, 5. 2. 3| hospital discharge rates for men and women of all ages combined
131 II, 5. 2. 3| 28-day case fatality for men and women aged 35-64 are
132 II, 5. 2. 3| 10- year surveillance in men and women aged 35-64; 28-
133 II, 5. 2. 3| in stroke mortality for men and women in Eastern Europe.
134 II, 5. 2. 4| higher in women than in men. These data have been collected
135 II, 5. 2. 4| this trend is changing. In men, smoking is generally higher
136 II, 5. 2. 4| prevalence of hypertension for men and women of different age
137 II, 5. 2. 4| hypercholesterolemia in 27 EU countries for men and women of different age
138 II, 5. 2. 4| habit in 27 EU countries for men and women of different age
139 II, 5. 2. 4| in 27 EU countries for men and women of different age
140 II, 5. 2. 4| alcohol intake (20-30 g/day in men and 10-20 g/day in women)
141 II, 5. 2. 4| mmol/L) and BMI (Kg/m2 ) men and women aged 35-64 years~ ~
142 II, 5. 2. 5| CVD mortality rates for men aged 35-64 had dropped by
143 II, 5. 2. 6| to reduce smoking among men and prevent increase among
144 II, 5. 2. 6| association is observed both in men and in women, at any age,
145 II, 5. 2. 6| disease: characteristics of men aged 40-59 in seven countries.
146 II, 5. 2. 6| and mortality in elderly men (the Zutphen Elderly Study).
147 II, 5. 2. 7| stroke incidence in women and men: findings on 12 Italian
148 II, 5. 2. 7| disease incidence in women and men: results from the Progetto
149 II, 5. 3. 3| incidence estimates trends in men and women separated by broad
150 II, 5. 3. 3| Cancer mortality trends in men and women separately by
151 II, 5. 3. 3| year relative survival for men and women. This indicator
152 II, 5. 3. 4| of alcoholic drinks (in men), body fatness and abdominal
153 II, 5. 3. 4| patterns of smoking compared to men (Parkin et al, 2005). Although
154 II, 5. 3. 4| first cancer diagnosed in men in Eastern and Southern
155 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated in Hungary for men (599 new cases per 100,000)
156 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated in Hungary for men (364 deaths per 100,000)
157 II, 5. 3. 5| were in Western Europe for men (482 new cases per 100,000,
158 II, 5. 3. 5| reported in Eastern Europe for men (287 deaths per 100,000,
159 II, 5. 3. 5| rates are increasing both in men and in women for all macro-areas.
160 II, 5. 3. 5| mortality is decreasing for men with the exception of Eastern
161 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.1b. All cancer (
162 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.2b. Trends of
163 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.3b. All cancer (
164 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.4b. Trends of
165 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated in Macedonia for men (37 new cases per 100,000)
166 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated in Lithuania for men (29 deaths per 100,000)
167 II, 5. 3. 5| with GDP levels, both for men and women (Figures 5.3.5
168 II, 5. 3. 5| are decreasing both for men and women in all macro-areas
169 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.5b. Stomach cancer (
170 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.6b. Trends of
171 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.7b. Stomach cancer (
172 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.8b. Trends of
173 II, 5. 3. 5| estimated in Hungary for men (106 new cases per 100,000)
174 II, 5. 3. 5| other macro-areas) both for men and women (Figures 5.3.10) (
175 II, 5. 3. 5| 5.3.10) (65 new cases in men and 41 new cases per 100,
176 II, 5. 3. 5| rest of Europe both for men (over 40 deaths per 100,
177 II, 5. 3. 5| Eastern Europe mainly for men (Figure 5.3.10a). Male mortality
178 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.9b. Colorectal
179 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.10b. Trends of
180 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.11b. Colorectal
181 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.12b. Trends of
182 II, 5. 3. 5| the most common cancer of men, while in women incidence
183 II, 5. 3. 5| the worst performance in men (119 new cases and 110 deaths
184 II, 5. 3. 5| of other macro-areas) for men in 2006 (92 new cases and
185 II, 5. 3. 5| lung cancer epidemic in men, although incidence and
186 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.13b. Lung cancer (
187 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.14b. Trends of
188 II, 5. 3. 5| standard) by sex in 2006 A) Men~Figure 5.3.15b. Lung cancer (
189 II, 5. 3. 5| European standard) by sex A) Men~Figure 5.3.16b. Trends of
190 II, 5. 3. 6| had better survival than men. Countries with 5-year relative
191 II, 5. 3. 6| survival higher then 40% for men and 55% for women were Northern
192 II, 5. 3. 6| with similar GDP both for men and women. Lower levels
193 II, 5. 3. 6| to 31st December 1999 A) Men~Figure 5.3.29b. All cancers (
194 II, 5. 3. 6| survival groups both for men and women: on the one hand,
195 II, 5. 3. 6| higher in women than in men in most countries.~Data
196 II, 5. 3. 6| to 31st December 1999 A) Men~Figure 5.3.30b. Stomach
197 II, 5. 3. 6| 31) was over than 48% for men and 50% for women in Finland,
198 II, 5. 3. 6| Slovakia and Slovenia) both for men and women. Survival in the
199 II, 5. 3. 6| 1994, improving equally for men and women, younger and older
200 II, 5. 3. 6| to 31st December 1999 A) Men~Figure 5.3.31b. Colorectal
201 II, 5. 3. 6| relative survival ~10% in men and women (Figures 5.3.32).
202 II, 5. 3. 6| Europe increased from 7.5% in men diagnosed in 1983–1985 to
203 II, 5. 3. 6| to 31st December 1999 A) Men~Figure 5.3.32b. Lung cancer (
204 II, 5. 3. 7| 3 years of interval) and men and women aged 50 to 74
205 II, 5. 4. 1| average, more than 30% of men with diabetes report erectile
206 II, 5. 4. 2| cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.25 mmol/l for women
207 II, 5. 4. 2| cholesterol below 1.0 for men and 1.25 mmol/l for women.~
208 II, 5. 4. 3| cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <1.25 mmol/l for women.
209 II, 5. 4. 3| The percentage is lower in men than in women. The influence
210 II, 5. 5.Int| twice as susceptible as men8. Disadvantaged groups face
211 II, 5. 5.Int| experiencing domestic abuse than men; this can result in high
212 II, 5. 5.Int| depression in women compared to men, even when before similar
213 II, 5. 5.Int| altering psychotropic drugs. Men are more likely to seek
214 II, 5. 5.Int| depression in women than in men in almost all studies15.~ ~
215 II, 5. 5.Int| increase in women but not in men19. The EURODEM studies also
216 II, 5. 5.Int| significant risk factor in men.~ ~Schizophrenia in the
217 II, 5. 5. 1| prevalence is 9% for adult men and 17% for adult women (
218 II, 5. 5. 1| 59 000 citizens, 45 000 men and 14 000 women committed
219 II, 5. 5. 1| higher in women (20%) than in men (13%) and increased with
220 II, 5. 5. 1| common in women than in men. This was particularly the
221 II, 5. 5. 1| women with reference to men, by country of residence.~ ~
222 II, 5. 5. 1| mortality rates compared to men.~ ~Mortality rates for suicide
223 II, 5. 5. 1| higher in EU27 for both men and female in Lithuania;
224 II, 5. 5. 1| Lithuania; for Lithuanian men the rate is the highest
225 II, 5. 5. 2| of prevalence rates for men and women in 9 different
226 II, 5. 5. 2| WHO) world region, for men and women combined, in five
227 II, 5. 5. 2| 30-59 age group and for men and women separately, whereas
228 II, 5. 5. 2| statistics were obtained for men and women separately from
229 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence rate for women and men older than 25 remains low (
230 II, 5. 5. 3| year-old females. 0.1% of young men are bulimic although the
231 II, 5. 5. 3| eating-related outcomes for men and women separately and
232 II, 5. 5. 3| conditions in women and men with schizophrenia compared
233 II, 5. 5. 3| comorbidity in women and men with schizophrenia: a population-based
234 II, 5. 5. 3| reported to be higher in men than in women, although
235 II, 5. 5. 3| distribution of epilepsy in men and women can be mostly
236 II, 5. 5. 3| epilepsy tends to prevail in men. However, this finding is
237 II, 5. 5. 3| Mortality is greater in men than in women, as shown
238 II, 5. 5. 3| PP-MS and among women versus men. A fluctuating incidence
239 II, 5. 5. 3| 10 and 123 per 100 000 in men, with female:male ratios
240 II, 5. 5. 3| a higher prevalence for men: some studies found a 1.
241 II, 5. 5. 3| two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group. Italian
242 II, 5. 6. 3| self-reported chronic sickness in men and women from 16 to 74
243 II, 5. 6. 3| cause of disability for both men and women, as well as for
244 II, 5. 6. 3| Lawrence et al, 1998).~ ~Men are affected more often
245 II, 5. 6. 3| radiographic OA by age A) Men~Figure 5.6.4b. Prevalence
246 II, 5. 6. 3| Trauma, particularly in men, is associated with development
247 II, 5. 6. 3| range from 1-6 per 1000 for men and 3-12 per 1000 for women.
248 II, 5. 6. 3| is higher in women than men (the ratio varied from 1.
249 II, 5. 6. 3| Prevalence~ ~For both men and women there appears
250 II, 5. 6. 3| the prevalence of RA in men in Finland is reported as
251 II, 5. 6. 3| increasingly recognized among men.~ ~Incidence~ ~The incidence
252 II, 5. 6. 3| and older, with rates in men of 4 and 1909 respectively (
253 II, 5. 6. 3| more elderly women than men). In Europe it has been
254 II, 5. 6. 3| hip fractures sustained by men over 50, and 711.223 by
255 II, 5. 6. 3| incidences of 9 and 37 per 10 000 men and women respectively,
256 II, 5. 6. 3| greater in women than in men. About 80% of proximal humeral
257 II, 5. 6. 3| present in one in eight men and women aged over 50 in
258 II, 5. 6. 3| Vertebral deformities in men at the earlier ages may
259 II, 5. 6. 3| and 0.6% per year among men from the European Prospective
260 II, 5. 6. 3| the age of 85, whilst in men the comparable figures are
261 II, 5. 6. 3| fractures occur after a fall in men or women with reduced bone
262 II, 5. 6. 3| hospitalisation rates of 23% of men and 19% of women (O’Neill
263 II, 5. 6. 3| 25% in women and 35% in men (Cooper, 1997; Sernbo and
264 II, 5. 6. 3| people per year, affecting men a little more than women,
265 II, 5. 6. 6| osteoporotic fracture in men and women: an observational
266 II, 5. 6. 6| forearm fracture in British men and women. Osteoporos Int
267 II, 5. 7. 3| of ESRD statistics where men are disproportionally affected (
268 II, 5. 7. 3| of ESRD statistics where men are disproportionally affected (
269 II, 5. 7. 7| mortality in middle-aged men and women from the general
270 II, 5. 8. 3| Among 1711 middle-aged men of two rural Finnish cohorts,
271 II, 5. 8. 3| Copenhagen, Denmark, 8045 men and women aged 30-60 with
272 II, 5. 8. 3| significant differences between men and women.~ ~Prevalence
273 II, 5. 8. 3| VC) % <88th percentile in men, <89th percentile in women)
274 II, 5. 8. 3| prevalence of GOLD-COPD in men and women respectively to:
275 II, 5. 8. 3| 10.1% overall, 11.8% for men, and 8.5% for women (Buist
276 II, 5. 8. 3| with age and is greater in men than in women. Moreover,
277 II, 5. 8. 4| Among 1711 middle-aged men of two rural Finnish cohorts,
278 II, 5. 8. 4| Copenhagen, Denmark, 8045 men and women aged 30-60 with
279 II, 5. 8. 4| significant differences between men and women. The risk of developing
280 II, 5. 8. 7| follow-up in middle-aged rural men. Chest 2006; 130: 1129-1137.~ ~
281 II, 5. 8. 7| diagnosed COPD in women and men in the UK. Thorax 2000;
282 II, 5. 9. 3| 6% in women and 49.5% in men, P 001). Asthmatic patients
283 II, 5. 11. 3| 15% of women and 2-5% of men in Europe are nickel-sensitised,
284 II, 5. 11. 3| occupational hand eczema in men and women in the 40 to 60
285 II, 5. 11. 3| 2005). The disease afflicts men and women equally and is
286 II, 5. 11. 3| SCC was equally common in men and women, BCC were nearly
287 II, 5. 11. 3| three times more frequent in men (Ceylan et al, 2003).~In
288 II, 5. 11. 3| cancer reported in both men and women. Its incidence
289 II, 5. 11. 3| increased substantially in men (by 42%) and in women (by
290 II, 5. 11. 3| cases of NMSC (19 600 in men and 19 029 in women). During
291 II, 5. 11. 3| BCC increased by 70.4% in men and 65% in women, while
292 II, 5. 11. 3| SCC increased by 13.5% in men and 18.8% in women. Head
293 II, 5. 11. 3| the~trunk for BCC (17% in men and 11% in women) and upper
294 II, 5. 11. 3| upper limbs for SCC (12% in men and 12.5% in women) (Plesko
295 II, 5. 11. 3| The rates are higher in men and women in Southern European
296 II, 5. 11. 3| mortality was higher in men in eastern and southern
297 II, 5. 12. 1| rates (around 30-40/100,000 men and 10-16/100,000 women)
298 II, 5. 12. 1| lowest ones (below 10/100,000 men and 5/100,000 women) were
299 II, 5. 12. 1| reaching rates over 58/100,000 men and 22/100,000 women in
300 II, 5. 12. 3| cirrhosis mortality for men and women since the 1970’
301 II, 5. 12. 3| rates from cirrhosis in men at all ages and at 35 to
302 II, 5. 12. 3| from cirrhosis per 100,000 men at all ages and at 35-64
303 II, 5. 12. 3| in rates.~ ~For European men, the highest rates in the
304 II, 5. 12. 3| were around 10-13/100,000 men in the early 1980s and around
305 II, 5. 12. 3| remained around 5/100,000 men throughout all the calendar
306 II, 5. 12. 3| 2000-02 were 31-35/100,000 men. Eight European countries
307 II, 5. 12. 3| cirrhosis mortality in European men: Denmark whose rates increased
308 II, 5. 12. 3| from cirrhosis in European men, although the pattern had
309 II, 5. 12. 3| of age) from cirrhosis in men were similar to those observed
310 II, 5. 12. 3| rates reaching 172.2/100,000 men in Hungary and 106.1 in
311 II, 5. 12. 3| cirrhosis in middle-aged men (around 75/100,000).~Mortality
312 II, 5. 12. 3| were similar to those of men, with substantial declines
313 II, 5. 12. 3| throughout Southern Europe. As in men, rises were observed in
314 II, 5. 12. 3| given in Table 5.12.3 for men and in Table 5.12.4 for
315 II, 5. 12. 3| recent years particularly in men, with an APC between -4
316 II, 5. 12. 3| with an APC around +7% in men and +3% in women from England
317 II, 5. 12. 3| and Wales, around +9% in men and +7% in women from Scotland
318 II, 5. 12. 3| Scotland and around +9% in men and +4% in women from Ireland.~ ~
319 II, 5. 12. 3| cirrhosis mortality rates in men from selected EUGLOREH countries,
320 II, 5. 13 | countries for both women and men. According to WHO estimates,
321 II, 5. 13 | differences can vary between men and women and in accordance
322 II, 6. 3. 3| Europe. The HIV diagnoses in men who have sex with men declined
323 II, 6. 3. 3| in men who have sex with men declined until around the
324 II, 6. 3. 3| i.e. a rise in diagnoses in men who have sex with men and
325 II, 6. 3. 3| in men who have sex with men and people infected through
326 II, 6. 3. 3| epidemic across Europe, men who have sex with men is
327 II, 6. 3. 3| Europe, men who have sex with men is the largest transmission
328 II, 6. 3. 3| national effort is needed; men who have sex with men, where
329 II, 6. 3. 3| needed; men who have sex with men, where new methods are needed
330 II, 6. 3. 3| more often in women than in men (female to male ratio, 1.
331 II, 6. 3. 3| large European cities among men who have sex with men.~ ~ ~
332 II, 6. 3. 3| among men who have sex with men.~ ~ ~Gonorrhoea~ ~Gonorrhoea
333 II, 6. 3. 3| was 4.5 times higher in men than in women.~ ~Figure
334 II, 6. 3. 3| in large cities involving men who have sex with men. In
335 II, 6. 3. 3| involving men who have sex with men. In the Baltic States (Estonia,
336 II, 6. 3. 3| Incidence was higher in men than in women (male to female
337 II, 6. 3. 3| Incidence was higher in men than women (male to female
338 II, 6. 3. 6| sexual contacts between men who have sex with men.~The
339 II, 6. 3. 6| between men who have sex with men.~The incidence has been
340 II, 6. 3. 6| sexual transmission among men who have sex with men has
341 II, 6. 3. 6| among men who have sex with men has been described. A very
342 II, 7. 3. 5| harm in the EU27~ ~ ~More men than women commit suicide
343 II, 7. 3. 5| sex or age groups. More men than women are victims of
344 II, 8. 1. 3| estimated that about 16% of men and women aged 16-64 in
345 II, 8. 1. 3| are experienced by 10% of men and women aged 16-64.~ ~
346 II, 8. 1. 3| Slightly more women than men result limited in their
347 II, 8. 1. 3| more evident in women than men with considerable limitations.~ ~
348 II, 8. 1. 3| limitations. The wage gap between men and women is also apparent
349 II, 8. 1. 3| apparent here: earnings of men with strong limitations
350 II, 8. 1. 3| In 2003 the proportion of men in working age (16-64 years)
351 II, 8. 1. 3| 11% of women and 10% of men, who were not limited and
352 II, 8. 1. 6| CESEP & ALPHAMETRICS (2007): Men and women with disabilities
353 II, 8. 2. 2| women seem more likely than men to suffer from visual impairment.
354 II, 8. 2. 2| women seem more likely than men to suffer from visual impairment.
355 II, 8. 2. 2| Conditions (EU-SILC) (2007): Men and women with disabilities
356 II, 8. 2. 3| increased prevalence in Italian men associated with manual occupations
357 II, 8. 2. 3| loss was more marked in men (Odd Ratios males/females
358 II, 8. 2. 3| Conditions (EU-SILC) (2007): Men and women with disabilities
359 II, 9 | teenagers. In Northern countries men and women have their first
360 II, 9 | are similar in women and men and include dyslipidemia,
361 II, 9 | events in women as well as in men. For some of these therapies,
362 II, 9 | be similar in women and men. For example, meta-analysis
363 II, 9 | percent reduction observed in men. At present, prevention
364 II, 9 | women are more likely than men to die of stroke. The main
365 II, 9 | 25% of mortality in young men (as compared to 10% in women).
366 II, 9 | considerable proportions of older men and women could be at risk
367 II, 9. 2. 3| significantly younger ages than men. Girls are more likely than
368 II, 9. 2. 4| teenagers. In Northern countries men and women have their first
369 II, 9. 3. 1| 1.1. Introduction~ ~For men who survive up to 60 years
370 II, 9. 3. 1| overall rate is much higher in men (White & Holmes, 2006).
371 II, 9. 3. 1| of the excess deaths in men to account for this male
372 II, 9. 3. 1| conditions that should affect men and women equally.~ ~The
373 II, 9. 3. 1| only partially account for men’s increased susceptibility
374 II, 9. 3. 1| country variations seen in men’s health or the effect of
375 II, 9. 3. 1| shorter life expectancy in men are most certainly not biological,
376 II, 9. 3. 1| differentially the health status of men and women is provided in
377 II, 9. 3. 1| As compared to women, men have a reduced life expectancy
378 II, 9. 3. 1| between countries and among men of different socio-economic
379 II, 9. 3. 1| socio-economic status. Moreover, men have an increased risk of
380 II, 9. 3. 1| and premature mortality in men, as compared to women, underlying
381 II, 9. 3. 1| research work focused on men and their health much before
382 II, 9. 3. 1| study made on the status of men’s health across Europe (
383 II, 9. 3. 1| been no EU funded report on men’s health. To date the only
384 II, 9. 3. 1| study that has looked at men’s health across Europe was
385 II, 9. 3. 1| commissioned by the European Men’s Health Forum (White &
386 II, 9. 3. 1| ten women and four in ten men die before becoming 65 years
387 II, 9. 3. 1| poisoning (Table 9.3.1.1). For men who survive up to 60 years,
388 II, 9. 3. 1| In the 15-64 age group men have four times the rate
389 II, 9. 3. 1| EU about 20 billion Euro. Men have more accidents than
390 II, 9. 3. 1| mental health experienced by men and women. Depression and
391 II, 9. 3. 1| twice as susceptible as men (European Commission, 2004b).
392 II, 9. 3. 1| depression in women than in men in almost all studies.~ ~
393 II, 9. 3. 1| experiencing domestic abuse than men, leading to high rates of
394 II, 9. 3. 1| depression in women compared to men, even when they have similar
395 II, 9. 3. 1| altering psychotropic drugs. Men are more likely to seek
396 II, 9. 3. 1| There is a suggestion that men suffering from emotional
397 II, 9. 3. 1| 2004) and helps explain why men show a greater tendency
398 II, 9. 3. 1| coupled with the problem that men are less likely than women
399 II, 9. 3. 1| are generally higher among men than among women, but rates
400 II, 9. 3. 1| There are overall more men registered with cancer than
401 II, 9. 3. 1| gender-specific cancers are excluded, men develop cancer earlier and
402 II, 9. 3. 1| women. It is also noted that men also have lower survival
403 II, 9. 3. 1| presumed that the causes of men’s increased risk are lifestyle
404 II, 9. 3. 1| cause of cancer death in men and the third most common
405 II, 9. 3. 1| cardiovascular disease (European Men’s Health Forum, 2005). CVD
406 II, 9. 3. 1| about ten years later than men, as women are protected
407 II, 9. 3. 1| suggested that fewer women than men with suspected acute heart
408 II, 9. 3. 1| tests, and fewer women than men who test positive for heart
409 II, 9. 3. 1| later age in women than in men, women are more likely to
410 II, 9. 3. 1| cardiovascular disease among men increased from the 15-24
411 II, 9. 3. 1| inter-country differences among men: in Europe, per 100 000
412 II, 9. 3. 1| reported causes of death in men aged 15-34 as deaths due
413 II, 9. 3. 1| highest mortality for both men and women, while Dutch males
414 II, 9. 3. 1| 7 000 deaths per year in men and women in England and
415 II, 9. 3. 1| a greater prevalence in men, the condition is easily
416 II, 9. 3. 1| screening programme for men aged 65 will be implemented
417 II, 9. 3. 1| years.~ ~Diabetes~ ~For both men and women, the proportion
418 II, 9. 3. 1| result of a growing number of men and women with abdominal
419 II, 9. 3. 1| diseases (CHD) mortality than men with diabetes. Of subjects
420 II, 9. 3. 1| blood pressure compared to men (Duggirala et al, 2005).
421 II, 9. 3. 1| obesity is an issue for men, with a distinction being
422 II, 9. 3. 1| with the recognition that men have on average twice the
423 II, 9. 3. 1| 2002) also states that men are at ‘specific risk’ (
424 II, 9. 3. 1| vulnerable to HIV infection than men. Thirteen per cent of cases
425 II, 9. 3. 1| significantly younger ages than men. While both young girls
426 II, 9. 3. 1| UNAIDS has observed that men and women living with AIDS,
427 II, 9. 3. 1| and 4.4. times higher in men than women. Up to 80% of
428 II, 9. 3. 1| 80% of women and 10% of men affected by gonorrhea are
429 II, 9. 3. 1| three women and one in eight men over the age of 50 are affected
430 II, 9. 3. 1| the world. More women than men are affected. The overall
431 II, 9. 3. 1| Worldwide for women and men, about 1.26 million hip
432 II, 9. 3. 1| Though more women than men develop osteoporosis, men
433 II, 9. 3. 1| men develop osteoporosis, men appear to be at a much greater
434 II, 9. 3. 1| contributing to the problem. Men, tend to have larger accrual
435 II, 9. 3. 1| puberty; as a consequence, men tend to suffer bone fractures
436 II, 9. 3. 1| their female counterparts. Men's clinical condition at
437 II, 9. 3. 1| year mortality rate for men following hip fracture is
438 II, 9. 3. 1| are more older women than men falling, men have a higher
439 II, 9. 3. 1| women than men falling, men have a higher mortality
440 II, 9. 3. 1| age related condition in men with the condition found
441 II, 9. 3. 1| with the condition found in men undergoing glucocorticoid
442 II, 9. 3. 1| prostate cancer, which for many men involves androgen ablation
443 II, 9. 3. 1| significance of osteoporosis in men is that, as it tends to
444 II, 9. 3. 1| for menopausal women and men with osteoporosis. Now there
445 II, 9. 3. 1| extent of incontinence in men is unknown but is less common
446 II, 9. 3. 1| is less common in younger men though of a greater incidence
447 II, 9. 3. 1| greater incidence in older men than previously thought (
448 II, 9. 3. 1| affects women more often than men. Some observational studies
449 II, 9. 3. 1| over the actual numbers of men who do suffer from ED, it
450 II, 9. 3. 1| a 2.3% incidence rate in men aged 30-39, 9.5% aged 40-
451 II, 9. 3. 1| predicted that that 152 million men suffer from erectile dysfunction
452 II, 9. 3. 1| clear starting point, in men the same process of reduced
453 II, 9. 3. 1| signs of deficiency. In most men, androgen deficiency is
454 II, 9. 3. 1| secretion occurring in elderly men. More recently, Late Onset
455 II, 9. 3. 1| to identify those older men who are candidates for androgen
456 II, 9. 3. 1| because they live longer than men, women are more likely to
457 II, 9. 3. 1| affects more women than men, older age and female gender
458 II, 9. 3. 1| affected (75-80% of cases) than men. The disease has significant
459 II, 9. 3. 1| are similar in women and men and include dyslipidemia,
460 II, 9. 3. 1| events in women as well as in men. For some of these therapies,
461 II, 9. 3. 1| be similar in women and men. For example, meta-analysis
462 II, 9. 3. 1| percent reduction observed in men. At present, prevention
463 II, 9. 3. 1| women are more likely than men to die of stroke. The main
464 II, 9. 3. 1| 25% of mortality in young men (as compared to 10% in women).
465 II, 9. 3. 1| don’t cry: depression and men. Advances in Psychiatric
466 II, 9. 3. 1| build': hidden depression in men. Australian and New Zealand
467 II, 9. 3. 1| Equality between Women and Men. Brussels~ ~European Community/
468 II, 9. 3. 1| 2004): Osteoporosis in Men. In Kirby, R.S Carson, CC,
469 II, 9. 3. 1| Farah, RN, (Editors), Men's Health 2nd Ed. London:
470 II, 9. 3. 1| General Medicine; 6: 3: 49.~ ~Men and Gender Equality Policy.
471 II, 9. 3. 1| Barriers to help-seeking by men: a review of sociocultural
472 II, 9. 3. 1| Screening for Osteoporosis in Men: A Clinical Practice Guideline
473 II, 9. 3. 1| 48-52.~ ~White AK (2006): Men and mental wellbeing: encouraging
474 II, 9. 3. 1| Cash K (2003): The state of men’s health across 17 European
475 II, 9. 3. 1| Brussels, The European Men’s Health Forum ISBN 1 –
476 II, 9. 3. 1| across 44 Countries among men and women aged 15-44. Journal
477 II, 9. 3. 1| women aged 15-44. Journal of Men’s Health & Gender 3(2):
478 II, 9. 3. 1| the Expert Symposium on Men and Cancer. The Men’s Health
479 II, 9. 3. 1| Symposium on Men and Cancer. The Men’s Health Forum: London,~ ~
480 II, 9. 3. 3| behaviour surveys include both men and women. Some surveys
481 II, 9. 3. 3| of partners reported by men greatly exceeds that reported
482 II, 9. 3. 3| women under-report and/or men over report and many other
483 II, 9. 3. 3| activity begins for most men and women at around 15-19
484 II, 9. 3. 3| but age variations between men and women in different countries
485 II, 9. 3. 3| cohorts. The median age for men currently aged 60 to 64
486 II, 9. 3. 3| among women compared to men, especially in Southern
487 II, 9. 3. 3| earlier for women than for men in the youngest cohorts (
488 II, 9. 3. 3| remains close to 20, while for men it is around 18. Men were
489 II, 9. 3. 3| for men it is around 18. Men were more than twice as
490 II, 9. 3. 3| 2008).~ ~ ~All over Europe, men and women graduates have
491 II, 9. 3. 3| and among Dutch and German men. In Portugal, graduates
492 II, 9. 3. 3| period became six years for men and four for women in the
493 II, 9. 3. 3| on average, one in three men in the 20-24 age group had
494 II, 9. 3. 3| Ireland, around a third of men and over a half of women
495 II, 9. 3. 3| 2006), while a quarter of men and 6% of women have had
496 II, 9. 3. 3| about 11 to about 9 for men and has slightly increased
497 II, 9. 3. 3| prevalence of multiple partners, men also report casual sex contacts
498 II, 9. 3. 3| sex among women than among men.~ ~Condom use~ ~The proportion
499 II, 9. 3. 3| intercourse is higher for men than for women~ ~According
500 II, 9. 3. 3| noted that the percentage of men and women making use of
