| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | approach on how to make optimal use of the available data previously
2 I, 2. 3 | services, they may be unable to use them adequately and the
3 I, 2. 3 | impact on attitudes to and use of health care services.
4 I, 2. 3 | The health status and the use of health services among
5 I, 2. 4 | cultural barriers to the use of services. The Structural
6 I, 2. 5 | workplace health and safety. The use of subcontractors, for example,
7 I, 2. 5 | more decentralised and may use ‘lean production methods’.
8 I, 2. 5 | Companies make greater use of short-term contracts,
9 I, 2. 5 | become more informal. More use is made of part-time workers,
10 I, 2. 5 | exhaustion (Rantanen, 1998). The use of and exposure to new technological
11 I, 2. 5 | hours and the increasing use of both very limited hours (
12 I, 2. 7 | consumption and make the best use of solar exposition. Huai
13 I, 2. 7 | buildings will even make use of wind power. Moreover,
14 I, 2. 8 | improvements and an increased use of renewable energy in certain
15 I, 2. 8 | security of supply.~Increased use of fuel for domestic use
16 I, 2. 8 | use of fuel for domestic use may increase the public
17 I, 2. 8 | individual houses. The increased use of renewable energy, especially
18 I, 2. 9 | quality and hence on human use and aquatic ecosystems.
19 I, 2. 10. 1 | phenotypic effects.~The future use of indicators and health
20 I, 2. 10. 1 | e.g. improve nutrient/water use efficiency, resistance to
21 I, 2. 10. 1 | part of the sustainable use of biological resources,
22 I, 2. 10. 1 | to identify, protect and use biodiversity, either for
23 I, 2. 10. 1 | aquaculture), for improved use for agricultural purposes (
24 I, 2. 10. 2 | Carbon nanotubes, of large use, with a cylinder structure,
25 I, 2. 10. 2 | Europe, data on the actual use and market presence of these
26 I, 2. 10. 4 | of hospitals currently use bar-codes for medication
27 I, 2. 10. 4 | distributors already provide and use bar-codes or RFID tags for
28 I, 2. 10. 4 | extent than hospitals and use it at the point of sale.~ ~
29 I, 2. 10. 4 | of every single unit of use of all licensed medicines
30 I, 2. 10. 4 | UK already called for the use of standardised information
31 II, 5. 1. 1 | such as smoking, alcohol use, obesity, excessive fat
32 II, 5. 1. 1 | poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption,
33 II, 5. 2. 3 | identifying thrombolytic therapy use from hospital in-patient
34 II, 5. 2. 3 | and coding practices. The use of diagnostic technologies,
35 II, 5. 2. 4 | cholesterol and tobacco use would more than halve CVD
36 II, 5. 2. 4 | diabetes, overweight, alcohol use, physical activity, medical
37 II, 5. 2. 5 | prevention. The preferential use of fats with favourable
38 II, 5. 2. 5 | enhanced through a regular use of foods supplemented in
39 II, 5. 2. 6 | damage. For instance, the use of new biomarkers, such
40 II, 5. 3. 2 | burden and for promote the use of cancer registries in
41 II, 5. 3. 7 | avoidance of harmful alcohol use, diet improvement and physical activity
42 II, 5. 3. 7 | concern in many countries. The use of anticancer drugs should
43 II, 5. 4. 2 | client-based, i.e. they use only a portion of the information
44 II, 5. 4. 2 | problems exist with the use of HDRs~Coding for primary
45 II, 5. 4. 2 | are increasingly making use of specific national unique
46 II, 5. 4. 2 | identification numbers, including the use of smart cards, which involve
47 II, 5. 4. 2 | cards, which involve the use of a specific flag that
48 II, 5. 4. 2 | prevalence and the pharmaceutical use made by diabetic patients.~
49 II, 5. 4. 4 | related possibly due to the use different coding practices.
50 II, 5. 4. 6 | EUBIROD project through the use of BIRO technology (see “
51 II, 5. 4. 7 | project is to spread the use of the BIRO system to produce
52 II, 5. 4. 8 | strategies: towards an active use of health information, Diabetes
53 II, 5. 5.Int | Technology (ICT) -based tools for use in prevention, diagnosis
54 II, 5. 5.Int | willingness of Member States to use the EU-level for cooperation
55 II, 5. 5. 1 | causing loss of productivity. Use of formal health services
56 II, 5. 5. 1 | anxiety disorders, substance use disorders and suicidal ideations
57 II, 5. 5. 1 | health-related quality of life, use of treatment and healthcare
58 II, 5. 5. 1 | randomly-selected samples, and use validated instruments used
59 II, 5. 5. 1 | Table 5.5.1.2. Level of care use (%) among those with any
60 II, 5. 5. 1 | health disorders through the use of surveys conducted in
61 II, 5. 5. 1 | Bernert S, Bru t (2004b). Use of mental health services
62 II, 5. 5. 1 | Differences in lifetime use of services for mental health
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | sample size, and a different use of measurement methods.
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | sampling design and the use of diagnostic instruments.~
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | do not reflect the actual use in patients with schizophrenia
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | WHO-data on the intensity of use of pharmaceuticals are principally
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | regard to the spectrum of the use of antipsychotics (not limited
68 II, 5. 5. 3 | in third place, alcohol use disorders sixth rank, self
69 II, 5. 5. 3 | YLDs, followed by alcohol use disorder accounting for
70 II, 5. 5. 3 | cardiovascular system (due to the use of nicotine) or the liver (
71 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia before the use of antipsychotic medication (
72 II, 5. 5. 3 | learned in the everyday use of these treatments, because
73 II, 5. 5. 3 | displaying the next highest use of this drug class (Knapp
74 II, 5. 5. 3 | are probably related to use of antipsychotics for other
75 II, 5. 5. 3 | and recommends the proper use of a range of services.
76 II, 5. 5. 3 | care and the increasing use of prophylactic measures
77 II, 5. 5. 3 | ascertainment, i.e. for the use of registry systems and
78 II, 5. 5. 3 | explaining the intense use of informal care (22% of
79 II, 5. 5. 3 | year 2005) by resource use components.~ ~Production
80 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1994): Establishment and use of multiple sclerosis registers –
81 II, 5. 5. 3 | Monti-Bragadin L, et al (2003): The use of standardized incidence
82 II, 5. 5. 3 | cigarette smoking and alcohol use in 144 PD patients and 464
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | patient-level data on resource use and productivity loss due
84 II, 5. 6. 3 | complementary therapists and use alternative medications
85 II, 5. 6. 3 | factor associated with its use, apparently protect against
86 II, 5. 6. 3 | the frequency of the pill use, nulliparity and breast-feeding
87 II, 5. 6. 3 | advances in the management and use of different therapeutic
88 II, 5. 6. 3 | considerably with the widespread use of anti-TNF (Woolf, 2008).~ ~
89 II, 5. 6. 3 | deficiency or corticosteroid use. The back pain may remit
90 II, 5. 6. 3 | Efforts are being made to use existing data to describe
91 II, 5. 6. 4 | The work disability and use of health resources are
92 II, 5. 6. 4 | and gender. Norway 1997.~ ~Use of health care services~ ~
93 II, 5. 8. 3 | explained by gluco-corticoid use alone, thus the Authors
94 II, 5. 8. 6 | into consideration.~ ~The use of telecare aimed at helping
95 II, 5. 8. 7 | Horton K (2008): The use of telecare for people with
96 II, 5. 9. FB | best to be marginal. The use of hydrolysed formulas for
97 II, 5. 9. 2 | suggestive of asthma, the use of medication for asthma
98 II, 5. 11. 3 | for labelling products or use concentration limitation
99 II, 5. 11. 4 | affecting one’s ability to use his/her hands. Atopic eczema
100 II, 5. 11. 5 | participating centres in Europe will use the same questionnaires;
101 II, 5. 11. 5 | Consumers should, therefore, use sunscreens and clearer labelling
102 II, 5. 11. 7 | study of prevalence and use of medical care. Brit J
103 II, 5. 12. 6 | modest to date due to its use mainly in very advanced
104 II, 5. 14. 3 | implications regarding the use of oral disadvantage to
105 II, 5. 14. 4 | poor oral hygiene, tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption,
106 II, 5. 14. 5 | approaches include fluoride use.~ ~Secondary prevention~ ~
107 II, 5. 15. 5 | maximise cost-effective use of resources by concentrating
108 II, 6. 3. 2 | liable to inappropriate use, often unnecessarily prescribed
109 II, 6. 3. 2 | As for AMR, antimicrobial use shows a general gradient
110 II, 6. 3. 2 | general gradient from low use in Northern Europe to higher
111 II, 6. 3. 2 | Northern Europe to higher use in Southern Europe; the
112 II, 6. 3. 2 | larger proportion of total use is still represented by
113 II, 6. 3. 2 | association between the level of use of specific antibiotic classes,
114 II, 6. 3. 2 | strategies to contain AMR: use them in the correct way;
115 II, 6. 3. 3 | thanks to the widespread use of penicillin. However,
116 II, 6. 3. 3 | or cancer. Injecting drug use is the dominant mode of
117 II, 6. 3. 3 | via blood transfusion and use of plasma-derived products
118 II, 6. 3. 7 | and the environment. The use of suitable protective equipment
119 II, 6. 4. 3 | maximise the availability and use of both vaccines and antiviral
120 II, 6. 4. 5 | November 2001 on the prudent use of antimicrobial agents
121 II, 6. 4. 5 | and to promote the prudent use of such agents. These include:
122 II, 7. 1 | fragmentation hampers the full use of the prevention potential.
123 II, 7. 1 | interdepartmental coordination. Better use of scarce resources for
124 II, 7. 2. 1 | countries (death certificate, use of ICD). However, important
125 II, 7. 3. 5 | defined as "the intentional use of physical force or power,
126 II, 7. 4. 6 | alcohol and other drug use, and anxiety disorders;~·
127 II, 7. 4. 6 | were also seen through the use of problem solving, emergency
128 II, 7. 5 | Governments should make better use of existing data and should
129 II, 8. 1. 2 | means of surveys that make use of common instruments. Health
130 II, 8. 2. 1 | characteristics, health outcomes and use of health services may be
131 II, 8. 2. 1 | residential centres or by use of proxy respondents. Further,
132 II, 8. 2. 1 | ascertainment such as the use of different definitions,
133 II, 8. 2. 1 | changes in health status or use of health services over
134 II, 8. 2. 1 | disability measures, suitable for use in censuses, sample based
135 II, 8. 2. 1 | neurological and substance use disorders WHO Geneva~World
136 II, 9 | Parity also impacts the use of services and intervention
137 II, 9 | difficult to study, as the drug use may be illegal and there
138 II, 9 | Section 10.2).~ ~Cannabis use. Cannabis use varies widely
139 II, 9 | Cannabis use. Cannabis use varies widely among 15-year-olds
140 II, 9 | boys are more likely to use cannabis than girls: 22%
141 II, 9 | previous 12 months. Regular use of cannabis (3–39 times
142 II, 9 | ranges of reported condom use during the 15 year olds’
143 II, 9 | women may include regular use of alcohol (especially if
144 II, 9 | Report states that alcohol use is the leading cause of
145 II, 9 | and report more frequent use of nutrient supplements.
146 II, 9 | deficit, balance deficit, use of assistive devices, visual
147 II, 9. 1 | and access to care, and use limited health care resources
148 II, 9. 1. 1 | furthered the development and use of perinatal health indicators.
149 II, 9. 1. 1 | et al (1993):~Patterns of use of obstetrical interventions
150 II, 9. 1. 2 | available, or hospitals do not use a standard coding system.
151 II, 9. 1. 2 | registers nevertheless now use HE/HD data as one of their
152 II, 9. 1. 2 | Parity also impacts the use of services and intervention
153 II, 9. 1. 2 | difficult to study, as the drug use may be illegal and there
154 II, 9. 1. 2 | priority to ensure safe use of medicine during pregnancy.~ ~
155 II, 9. 2. 1 | alcohol consumption, tobacco use, illegal drug use, obesity/
156 II, 9. 2. 1 | tobacco use, illegal drug use, obesity/overweight, eating
157 II, 9. 2. 2 | total child population. The use of a 0-19 years category
158 II, 9. 2. 3(2)| attacks or asthma medication use was avoided due to the marked
159 II, 9. 2. 3 | tobacco and illegal drug use (WHO, 2005a).~ ~Good mental
160 II, 9. 2. 4 | Section 10.2).~ ~Cannabis use. Cannabis use varies widely
161 II, 9. 2. 4 | Cannabis use. Cannabis use varies widely among 15-year-olds
162 II, 9. 2. 4 | boys are more likely to use cannabis than girls: 22%
163 II, 9. 2. 4 | previous 12 months. Regular use of cannabis (3–39 times
164 II, 9. 2. 4 | ranges of reported condom use during the 15 year olds’
165 II, 9. 2. 5 | tested and authorised for use by children. The European
166 II, 9. 2. 5 | products for paediatric use, with the objective of increasing
167 II, 9. 2. 5 | authorisation of medicines for use in children.~ ~Policies~ ~
168 II, 9. 2. 5 | toys and the paediatric use of medicinal products.~ ~
169 II, 9. 2. 5 | concerning violence, a safer use of the Internet, trafficking
170 II, 9. 3. 1 | transmission and intravenous drug use. The public health impact
171 II, 9. 3. 1 | negotiate abstinence or the use of a condom. Women are becoming
172 II, 9. 3. 1 | life. Avoidance of tobacco use and moderation in alcohol
173 II, 9. 3. 1 | work absence and medication use. A Swedish study has found
174 II, 9. 3. 1 | women may include regular use of alcohol (especially if
175 II, 9. 3. 2 | rates caused by more common use of procedures to manage
176 II, 9. 3. 2 | subfertility) and the increased use of medical technology in
177 II, 9. 3. 2 | Describing variations in the use and success of these medical
178 II, 9. 3. 2 | European countries in the use of caesarean sections, with
179 II, 9. 3. 2 | of intervention and the use of evidence based medicine
180 II, 9. 3. 2 | questions about the best ways to use new medical techniques which
181 II, 9. 3. 2 | women and newborns is to use and benefit from new medical
182 II, 9. 3. 2 | medical interventions and poor use of valuable healthcare resources.~ ~ ~
183 II, 9. 3. 2 | al (1993):~ ~Patterns of use of obstetrical interventions
184 II, 9. 3. 3 | multiple partners without use of a condom. The average
185 II, 9. 3. 3 | that they did not always use condom in these occasions.~ ~
186 II, 9. 3. 3 | than among men.~ ~Condom use~ ~The proportion of sexually-active
187 II, 9. 3. 3 | than girls to report condom use. The gender difference can
188 II, 9. 3. 3 | concordant rates of condom use; however, in casual sexual
189 II, 9. 3. 3 | 2007).~ ~In Denmark, the use of identical questionnaires
190 II, 9. 3. 3 | of men and women making use of condom, after an increase
191 II, 9. 3. 3 | when HIV emerged.~ ~Condom use can be challenged by several
192 II, 9. 3. 3 | poor motivation in condom use and decreased perception
193 II, 9. 3. 3 | adolescents who consistently use condoms, subdivided per
194 II, 9. 3. 3 | year, lifetime);~· condom use at most recent coital act
195 II, 9. 3. 3 | countries and regions in the use of condoms. These findings
196 II, 9. 3. 3 | especially drug and alcohol use), school and community bonding,
197 II, 9. 3. 3 | calls for the systematic use of comparative indicators
198 II, 9. 3. 3 | 1997): Increased condom use without other major changes
199 II, 9. 3. 3 | 2004): HIV risk and condom use in the adult heterosexual
200 II, 9. 3. 3 | 2005): Increased condom use at sexual debut in the general
201 II, 9. 3. 3 | association with subsequent condom use. Aids 19:1215-23.~Layte
202 II, 9. 3. 3 | relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviours
203 II, 9. 4. 3 | post-menopausal women, many do not use condoms. Wrongly considered
204 II, 9. 4. 4 | Report states that alcohol use is the leading cause of
205 II, 9. 4. 4 | and report more frequent use of nutrient supplements.
206 II, 9. 4. 4 | deficit, balance deficit, use of assistive devices, visual
207 II, 9. 4. 5 | Problems associated with the use of medications can be avoided
208 II, 9. 4. 5 | avoided by the systematic use of quality indicators for
209 II, 9. 4. 5 | quality indicators for drug use and better co-ordination
210 II, 9. 4. 5 | per cent of older people use the internet, but severe
211 II, 9. 5. 1 | behaviour (e.g. tobacco use), risk taking, and medical
212 II, 9. 5. 2 | gender differences in the use of health and social care
213 II, 9. 5. 3 | women may include regular use of alcohol (especially if
214 II, 9. 5. 3 | that while boys tend to use most of the playground space
215 II, 9. 5. 4 | association between alcohol use and violence, is the World
216 II, 9. 5. 4 | problems caused by harmful use of alcohol (WHA58.26[53])
217 II, 9. 5. 4 | associated to harmful alcohol use, and requests Member States
218 II, 9. 5. 4 | collate this information for use in planning and policy development
219 II, 9. 5. 4 | and planning through the use of analytical tools which
220 III, 10. 1 | uterus when their mothers use pesticides, work in sprayed
221 III, 10. 1. 1 | within subgroup (tobacco use)~Health determinants within
222 III, 10. 1. 1 | within the field of tobacco use are manifold: predisposing
223 III, 10. 1. 1 | health effects of tobacco use, attitudes towards tobacco
224 III, 10. 1. 1 | attitudes towards tobacco use, biological / genetic factors
225 III, 10. 1. 1 | social disapproval). Tobacco use as behavioural risk factor
226 III, 10. 1. 1 | applicable to the “tobacco use” health determinant.~Exposure
227 III, 10. 1. 1 | and barriers of alcohol use (Green and Potvin, 2004).~ ~
228 III, 10. 1. 1 | individual engaging in alcohol use depends on the stress level
229 III, 10. 1. 1 | sexual behaviour. Condom use can be challenged by several
230 III, 10. 1. 1 | poor motivation in condom use and decreased perception
231 III, 10. 1. 3 | role of stress in alcohol use, alcoholism treatment, and
232 III, 10. 1. 3 | 2003): Harmful alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health 27(1):
233 III, 10. 1. 3 | Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation to peer and
234 III, 10. 1. 3 | factors predicting alcohol use in adolescence. Subst Use
235 III, 10. 1. 3 | use in adolescence. Subst Use Misuse 41:71-86.~Kushner
236 III, 10. 1. 3 | 1998): Competence and drug use: theoretical frameworks,
237 III, 10. 1. 3 | relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual behaviors
238 III, 10. 1. 3 | life-events and alcohol use in the general population.
239 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.1. Tobacco use~ ~
240 III, 10. 2. 1 | Figure 10.2.1.1.1, tobacco use is a risk factor for six
241 III, 10. 2. 1 | data on prevalence of snuff use in Sweden are gathered through
242 III, 10. 2. 1 | high prevalence of tobacco use among European women.~ ~
243 III, 10. 2. 1 | lifestyle in common: tobacco use (WHO, 2002).~ ~Economic
244 III, 10. 2. 1 | product. Smokeless tobacco use, however, appears to be
245 III, 10. 2. 1 | effects of oral tobacco use include an increased risk
246 III, 10. 2. 1 | are associated to snuff use, although an increased risk
247 III, 10. 2. 1 | health effects of snuff use include increase of blood
248 III, 10. 2. 1 | health hazards of tobacco use; and~· measures to raise
249 III, 10. 2. 1 | possibilities.~ ~Curbing tobacco use is a longstanding EU health
250 III, 10. 2. 1 | to lift the ban on snuff use.~ ~International organisations~ ~
251 III, 10. 2. 1 | labels and prohibiting the use of deceptive labels such
252 III, 10. 2. 1 | analysis of global tobacco use and control efforts, the
253 III, 10. 2. 1 | are:~ ~ Monitor tobacco use and prevention policies~·
254 III, 10. 2. 1 | Offer help to quit tobacco use~· Warn about the dangers
255 III, 10. 2. 1 | health resulting from the use of tobacco products or their
256 III, 10. 2. 1 | medicinal nicotine (NRT) use or on abstinence (“quit-or-die”
257 III, 10. 2. 1 | established and widespread use of snuff in that population.
258 III, 10. 2. 1 | relationship between snuff use and quitting smoking. Other
259 III, 10. 2. 1 | commonly associated to snuff use. Other concerns include
260 III, 10. 2. 1 | and prevalence of snuff use low, despite its availability.
261 III, 10. 2. 1 | evidence to support the use of STP as a smoking cessation
262 III, 10. 2. 1 | the patterns of tobacco use from one country where oral
263 III, 10. 2. 1 | the reduction of tobacco use:~· Tobacco control programmes
264 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2000): Treating tobacco use and dependence: Clinical
265 III, 10. 2. 1 | P, Nyrén O (2007): Oral use of Swedish moist snuff (
266 III, 10. 2. 1 | Patterns of global tobacco use in young people and implications
267 III, 10. 2. 1 | to manage~harmful alcohol use.~ ~Alcohol-related harm
268 III, 10. 2. 1 | harm includes the “harmful use of alcohol”, a category
269 III, 10. 2. 1 | between greater alcohol use and criminal and domestic
270 III, 10. 2. 1 | status, childhood abuse and use of other drugs in addition
271 III, 10. 2. 1 | relationship between the use of alcohol, largely in the
272 III, 10. 2. 1 | of the level of alcohol use. There is a straight line
273 III, 10. 2. 1 | likely to deter alcohol use and problems (Anderson and
274 III, 10. 2. 1 | defence lawyer; and the use of an ignition interlock,
275 III, 10. 2. 1 | has evaluated whether the use of designated drivers actually
276 III, 10. 2. 1 | decrease its appeal and use) has inconclusive effects.
277 III, 10. 2. 1 | hazardous and harmful alcohol use in the absence of severe
278 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevent and/or reduce alcohol use by young people under 18
279 III, 10. 2. 1 | of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 97,
280 III, 10. 2. 1(1)| Non-medical use of drugs that have been
281 III, 10. 2. 1 | Population with Problem Drug Use~POU~Problem Opioid Use~REITOX~
282 III, 10. 2. 1 | Drug Use~POU~Problem Opioid Use~REITOX~European Information
283 III, 10. 2. 1 | sometimes used. Finally, the use of inhalants and the misuse
284 III, 10. 2. 1 | the prevalence of cocaine use in young adults (15-34 y)
285 III, 10. 2. 1 | according to recent survey data. Use of cocaine and other stimulant
286 III, 10. 2. 1 | virus in Europe. Regular use of cannabis and the co-use
287 III, 10. 2. 1 | also increasing.~ ~Drug use occurs overall mainly among
288 III, 10. 2. 1 | considering regular drug use. The routes of administration
289 III, 10. 2. 1 | indicator of problem drug use. The frequency of use is
290 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug use. The frequency of use is also an important indicator
291 III, 10. 2. 1 | problems related to drug use include acute problems such
292 III, 10. 2. 1 | associated with long term use of illicit drugs. The social
293 III, 10. 2. 1 | burden associated with drug use in Europe is still difficult
294 III, 10. 2. 1 | intensive forms of drug use, including problem drug
295 III, 10. 2. 1 | including problem drug use and addiction/dependence.~
296 III, 10. 2. 1 | epidemiological indicators ((i) drug use among the general population; (
297 III, 10. 2. 1 | population; (ii) problem drug use; (iii) drug related infectious
298 III, 10. 2. 1 | estimates on the prevalence of use of the most frequently used
299 III, 10. 2. 1 | anymore. However, last year use of different drugs shows
300 III, 10. 2. 1 | associated with current drug use across the EU are young
301 III, 10. 2. 1 | and bars5.~ ~Early drug use~ ~Use of illicit drugs can
302 III, 10. 2. 1 | bars5.~ ~Early drug use~ ~Use of illicit drugs can begin
303 III, 10. 2. 1 | in their life) cannabis use ranges from more than 40%
304 III, 10. 2. 1 | rates for other illicit drug use are much lower than for
305 III, 10. 2. 1 | lifetime prevalence of cocaine use is 2% or lower. Lifetime
306 III, 10. 2. 1 | lower. Lifetime ecstasy use was reported by 0 to 8%
307 III, 10. 2. 1(5)| selected issues on drug use in recreational settings: htt l)~
308 III, 10. 2. 1 | the prevalence of cannabis use among school children between
309 III, 10. 2. 1 | lifetime prevalence of the use of other drugs has also
310 III, 10. 2. 1 | 16y-old students~ ~Drug use among young adults (15-34
311 III, 10. 2. 1 | 34 year old)~ ~Most drug use is taking place among 15-
312 III, 10. 2. 1 | in the prevalence of the use of different substances.~ ~
313 III, 10. 2. 1 | in Europe report lifetime use of cannabis, 13% (3-20%)
314 III, 10. 2. 1 | over 7% (1.5–15.5%) report use in the last month. For cocaine,
315 III, 10. 2. 1 | 3% for average lifetime use, with six countries reporting
316 III, 10. 2. 1 | 5.1% and 5% for lifetime use and 1.5% and 2% for last
317 III, 10. 2. 1 | 5% and 2% for last year use. Lifetime prevalence of
318 III, 10. 2. 1 | Lifetime prevalence of LSD use ranges from 0.3% to 7.6%.~ ~
319 III, 10. 2. 1 | adults (aged 15 to 34)~ ~Drug use in the European Union has
320 III, 10. 2. 1 | s prevalence of cocaine use among the 15–34 age group
321 III, 10. 2. 1 | amphetamines and ecstasy use decreasing and cocaine use
322 III, 10. 2. 1 | use decreasing and cocaine use increasing7.~ ~ ~Figure
323 III, 10. 2. 1 | surveys~ ~Most of illicit drug use recorded in general population
324 III, 10. 2. 1 | more intensive patterns of use, closely with a number of
325 III, 10. 2. 1 | cannabis users.~ ~Problem drug use~ ~General population surveys
326 III, 10. 2. 1 | dependent forms of drug use, especially for substances
327 III, 10. 2. 1 | considered.~Problem drug use is defined by the EMCDDA
328 III, 10. 2. 1 | EMCDDA as ‘injecting drug use or long duration / regular
329 III, 10. 2. 1 | long duration / regular use of opioids, cocaine and /
330 III, 10. 2. 1 | remain the main problem drug use subgroups found in almost
331 III, 10. 2. 1 | problems related to the use of drugs (Table 10.2.1.3.
332 III, 10. 2. 1 | 10.2.1.3.2 – Problem Drug Use estimates: Problem opioid
333 III, 10. 2. 1 | estimates: Problem opioid use and injecting drug use~ ~
334 III, 10. 2. 1 | opioid use and injecting drug use~ ~Recent estimates on the
335 III, 10. 2. 1 | increase in problem opioid use in some EU countries. This
336 III, 10. 2. 1 | not only to problem heroin use, but increasingly also to
337 III, 10. 2. 1 | problem.~ ~Time trends in drug use~ ~The important development
338 III, 10. 2. 1 | main trends regarding drug use and drug-related problems.
339 III, 10. 2. 1 | heroin, and injecting drug use during the 80s and the 90s.
340 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug-related problems, other drug use patterns surfaced. Cannabis
341 III, 10. 2. 1 | patterns surfaced. Cannabis use among school-aged children
342 III, 10. 2. 1 | ecstasy and other stimulant use became widespread among
343 III, 10. 2. 1 | attendees while cocaine use started to grow among multiple
344 III, 10. 2. 1 | the second wave of drug use increase during the 90s.~ ~
345 III, 10. 2. 1 | the prevalence of opioid use is relatively stable, but
346 III, 10. 2. 1 | the incidence of heroin use or injecting of diverted
347 III, 10. 2. 1 | cannabis indicate that the use among young people, after
348 III, 10. 2. 1 | amphetamine and ecstasy use but not for cocaine use
349 III, 10. 2. 1 | use but not for cocaine use which could still be increasing.~ ~
350 III, 10. 2. 1 | observed that illicit drug use has increased during the
351 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries.~ ~Problem drug use has also changed in the
352 III, 10. 2. 1 | opioid users who also often use cocaine and multiple other
353 III, 10. 2. 1 | characterized by poly-drug use where multiple illicit and
354 III, 10. 2. 1 | be attributed to opioids use, mainly drug overdoses,
355 III, 10. 2. 1 | problems brought on by the use of cocaine over a long time,
356 III, 10. 2. 1 | demanding treatment for opioid use has been falling until recently
357 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment for primary cannabis use increased in all countries
358 III, 10. 2. 1 | demanding treatment for cocaine use more than doubled. European
359 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment for primary cocaine use are mainly related to cocaine
360 III, 10. 2. 1 | related to cocaine powder use (85%), with only 15% referring
361 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment related to the use of amphetamines is increasing,
362 III, 10. 2. 1 | increasing, this form of drug use is rarely the primary reason
363 III, 10. 2. 1 | settings where substance use choices are made and the
364 III, 10. 2. 1 | reducing the acceptance of drug use. However, so far only some
365 III, 10. 2. 1 | The increase of opiate use and injecting drug use in
366 III, 10. 2. 1 | opiate use and injecting drug use in the eighties and nineties,
367 III, 10. 2. 1 | dramatic increase in drug use and drug-related problems
368 III, 10. 2. 1 | standards levels of drug use are high and, although inter-country
369 III, 10. 2. 1 | observable and patterns of drug use still differ, the polarised
370 III, 10. 2. 1 | European patterns of drug use.~ ~Historically, the drugs
371 III, 10. 2. 1 | recreational and experimental use among young people. To some
372 III, 10. 2. 1 | changing picture of drug use has prompted an awareness
373 III, 10. 2. 1 | Increasing regular cannabis use, or the consumption of stimulant
374 III, 10. 2. 1 | the fact that poly-drug use (the co-use of several substances)
375 III, 10. 2. 1 | users in Europe. Poly–drug use issues are not restricted
376 III, 10. 2. 1 | are not restricted to the use of controlled substances
377 III, 10. 2. 1 | holistic approach to the use of psychoactive substances.~ ~
378 III, 10. 2. 1 | complications caused by the combined use of different psychoactive
379 III, 10. 2. 1 | recruitment into heroin use is falling, those experiencing
380 III, 10. 2. 1 | through their current or past use of this drug will remain
381 III, 10. 2. 1 | investigations. Poly-drug use, as already mentioned, risk
382 III, 10. 2. 1 | EMCDDA (2000): Opioid use and drug injection http ~ ~
383 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006): Select issue on Drug Use In Recreational Settings.
384 III, 10. 2. 1 | Psychoactive Substance Use In Schoolchildren Between
385 III, 10. 2. 1 | developed countries. The use of fluorides has been demonstrated
386 III, 10. 2. 1 | types) as well as tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption.
387 III, 10. 2. 1 | increased consumption and use of oral hygiene products
388 III, 10. 2. 1 | In Austria, 97 % claim to use F-toothpaste. Trends of
389 III, 10. 2. 1 | toothbrushes, while the use of mouthwash and sugar-free
390 III, 10. 2. 1 | compare, but empirically its use would seem to have increased
391 III, 10. 2. 1 | measures, including the use of fluoride mouth rinses,
392 III, 10. 2. 1 | to fluorides.~ ~The daily use of toothpaste containing
393 III, 10. 2. 1 | data to suggest that the use of low dose fluoride (250
394 III, 10. 2. 1 | sugary foods and tobacco use. A more progressive health promotion
395 III, 10. 2. 1 | general health such as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption
396 III, 10. 2. 1 | brushing behaviours and by the use of a range of oral hygiene
397 III, 10. 2. 1 | perspective on fluoride use in seven countries. Community
398 III, 10. 2. 1 | surveys and studies which use different instruments as
399 III, 10. 2. 1 | difficult, due to their use of different data collection
400 III, 10. 2. 1 | valuable information for use in national policy and are
401 III, 10. 2. 1 | database is intended for use as a screening tool for
402 III, 10. 2. 1 | However, the industrial use of iodised salt is still
403 III, 10. 2. 1 | European States so that its use should be reduced and therefore
404 III, 10. 2. 1 | as~· foods intended for use by individual members of
405 III, 10. 2. 1 | Regulation No 1924 on the use of nutrition and health
406 III, 10. 2. 1 | harmonised rules for the use of health or nutritional
407 III, 10. 2. 1 | children have led to the use of nutrient profiles to
408 III, 10. 2. 1 | list of substances whose use in foods is prohibited,
409 III, 10. 2. 1 | necessary, to restrict the use of substances added to foods
410 III, 10. 2. 1 | advertising to children and the use of new information technologies.~ ~ ~
411 III, 10. 2. 4 | designated time. The future use of indicators and health
412 III, 10. 2. 4 | microanatomical level by the use of immunohistochemistry
413 III, 10. 2. 4 | technology rather than on the use of genome-based health information
414 III, 10. 2. 4 | according to ICD10, but also to use the traditional and well
415 III, 10. 2. 4 | therapy develop the more the use of the traditional tools
416 III, 10. 3. 1 | phones have been in common use for little more than 10
417 III, 10. 3. 1 | of skin cancer. Sun bed use (artificial sun, sunbathing
418 III, 10. 3. 1 | worrisome level of sun-bed use among adolescents in some
419 III, 10. 3. 1 | evidence indicates that use of mobile phones less than
420 III, 10. 3. 1 | acoustic neuroma. For longer use, data are sparse and any
421 III, 10. 3. 1 | the head as reported phone use was significantly raised
422 III, 10. 3. 1 | significantly raised for use for 10 years or longer (
423 III, 10. 3. 1 | consideration is mobile phone use by children. While no specific
424 III, 10. 3. 1 | country to country. The use of harmonised assessments
425 III, 10. 3. 1 | the regulation of sun bed use in youths and the provision
426 III, 10. 3. 2 | industry, but also to the use of chemicals in downstream
427 III, 10. 3. 2 | through manufacturing and use (industrial and consumer)
428 III, 10. 3. 2 | even decades after their use has ceased.~ ~The public
429 III, 10. 3. 2 | health relevance of the use of chemicals is extremely
430 III, 10. 3. 2 | extraction, production and use up to their final disposal
431 III, 10. 3. 2 | increasing production, trade and use of manufactured goods –
432 III, 10. 3. 2 | their persistence; their use in new technologies including
433 III, 10. 3. 2 | handling, transport and use of chemicals.~ ~
434 III, 10. 3. 2 | developments~ ~The widespread use of chemical substances without
435 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2005). http://www.cefic.org~Use expected July 2006 update~ ~
436 III, 10. 3. 4 | terminology make comparisons and use of the different data sets
437 III, 10. 3. 4 | contamination and advised them to use only mineral water, adding
438 III, 10. 3. 4 | flood-prone areas, proper land use, planning and maintenance
439 III, 10. 3. 4 | terms of land and river use and flood forecasting. A
440 III, 10. 4. 1 | smoking, cooking and the use of cleaning agents, disinfectants
441 III, 10. 4. 1 | because of the increased use of air conditioners - as
442 III, 10. 4. 1 | strengthened through the use of air quality standards
443 III, 10. 4. 2 | the market or the eventual use of food or feed on account
444 III, 10. 4. 2 | contamination and for the use of illegal dyes. There are
445 III, 10. 4. 2 | alternative methods for the use or disposal of animal waste.~ ~
446 III, 10. 4. 2 | animal diseases, through the use of food additives and technological
447 III, 10. 4. 2 | approx.1,800~additives in use; in EU~positive list~No
448 III, 10. 4. 2 | human milk,~via increasing use in all~kinds of products~ ~
449 III, 10. 4. 2 | favourable will be authorised for use in foodstuffs by means of
450 III, 10. 4. 2 | established and in some cases the use of substances is prohibited.~•
451 III, 10. 4. 2 | grouting agents. A large-scale use of acrylamide grout and
452 III, 10. 4. 2 | restrict the marketing and use of PFOS as of 27 June 2007 (
453 III, 10. 4. 2 | influenced by the pattern of use of plant protection products
454 III, 10. 4. 2 | growing crops or subsequent use during storage and may be
455 III, 10. 4. 2 | the approved conditions of use (Good Agricultural Practice).
456 III, 10. 4. 2 | together with the greater use of reduced doses by farmers
457 III, 10. 4. 2 | insecticides were withdrawn, use of organophosphorus insecticides
458 III, 10. 4. 2 | insecticides fell by 78% and the use of the pyrethroids, with
459 III, 10. 4. 2 | by 2004. Whilst fungicide use increased by 56% and herbicides
460 III, 10. 4. 2 | level, national estimates of use derived from commercial
461 III, 10. 4. 2 | format is not appropriate to use the data for detailed assessments.
462 III, 10. 4. 2 | reflects patterns of pesticide use and the more demanding legislative
463 III, 10. 4. 2 | necessary to optimize the use of the scarce available
464 III, 10. 4. 2 | on conditions~governing use.~ ~Episode in 2001 in the~
465 III, 10. 4. 2 | increased in both~through use of artificial~fertilizer~ ~
466 III, 10. 4. 2 | understood as an incentive not to use breast milk. On the contrary,
467 III, 10. 4. 2 | and should ensure a better use of assessment resources
468 III, 10. 4. 2 | the risks involved in the use of pesticides. To further
469 III, 10. 4. 2 | pesticide fate models and their USe) was established under the
470 III, 10. 4. 2 | preparations intended for use as ingredients in food supplements.~ ~
471 III, 10. 4. 2 | preparations intends for use as ingredients in food supplements,
472 III, 10. 4. 2 | value, metabolism, intended use and the level of unwanted
473 III, 10. 4. 2 | industries. One example is the use of GMOs in the food production
474 III, 10. 4. 2 | acts:~ ~· The contained use of genetically modified
475 III, 10. 4. 2 | EC (4) on the contained use of genetically modified
476 III, 10. 4. 2 | consistent with the likely use of the food is recognized
477 III, 10. 4. 2 | action, the Commission may use the inspection report as
478 III, 10. 4. 2 | April 1990 on the contained use of genetically modified
479 III, 10. 4. 3 | scarcity. The increasing use of consumer disinfectant
480 III, 10. 4. 3 | Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Water sources
481 III, 10. 4. 3 | promote sustainable water use; ensure the reduction of
482 III, 10. 4. 3 | Convention on Protection and Use of Transboundary Water sources
483 III, 10. 4. 3 | Convention on the Protection and Use of Transboundary Watercourses
484 III, 10. 4. 4 | increasing production, trade and use of manufactured goods –
485 III, 10. 4. 4 | see Chapter 8.1.2.) and use of consumer products. For
486 III, 10. 4. 5 | diseases if ingested.~ ~Use of recreational waters provides
487 III, 10. 4. 5 | prevention is possible with the use of several instruments.
488 III, 10. 4. 5 | toxicological research, the use of pharmacokinetic models
489 III, 10. 5. 1 | Housing can lead to the use of hazardous construction
490 III, 10. 5. 1 | energy saving and energy use in air conditioning. The
491 III, 10. 5. 1 | the relative humidity, the use of cleaning detergents brings
492 III, 10. 5. 1 | outbreaks related to the use of private well water, are
493 III, 10. 5. 1 | enough distance for daily use is a key feature for healthy
494 III, 10. 5. 1 | There is evidence that the use of recreational facilities
495 III, 10. 5. 1 | pollution from solid fuel use - for example - reduces
496 III, 10. 5. 1 | Health Action Plans for use and implementation by local
497 III, 10. 5. 2 | Research (NIVEL) (2006): The use of Electronic Medical Recording
498 III, 10. 5. 3 | data are provided as public use file.~ ~Data on accidents
499 III, 10. 5. 3 | workplace health and safety. The use of subcontractors, for example,
500 III, 10. 5. 3 | more decentralised and may use ‘lean production methods’.
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