Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | via its effects on labour costs, labour market flexibility
2 I, 2. 2 | well as sharply reduced costs of transportation and telecommunications,
3 I, 2. 2 | themselves aims at lowering costs and improving service quality
4 I, 2. 5 | whilst controlling labour costs. Their approach has included
5 I, 2. 5 | well as sharply reduced costs of transportation and telecommunications,
6 I, 2. 5 | capital as well as actual costs and fees – which can affect
7 I, 2. 10. 4| preventing counterfeiting, saving costs and increasing the healthcare
8 I, 2. 10. 4| example, administrative costs along supply chains in healthcare
9 I, 2. 10. 4| 30 to 40% of healthcare costs but only 6-8% in the retail
10 I, 2. 10. 4| in inventory management costs can significantly improve
11 I, 2. 10. 4| market, which increases the costs of production and supply
12 II, 5. 2. 1| services and medications. The costs for our society are huge
13 II, 5. 2. 1| consequent increase in economic costs. Therefore, across Europe
14 II, 5. 2. 1| pressing need to cope with costs increase and make CVD prevention
15 II, 5. 2. 6| substantially to the escalating costs of health services. Therefore,
16 II, 5. 2. 7| earlier in life and Medicare costs in the last year of life.
17 II, 5. 3. 7| produce less harm and lower costs than spontaneous (opportunistic)
18 II, 5. 3. 7| screening programme, and its costs, should be carefully predicted
19 II, 5. 3. 7| basis.~· There is a need for costs and budget impact to be
20 II, 5. 3. 7| 2 years (as increases in costs >5% are often difficult
21 II, 5. 3. 8| address the escalation of costs of cancer control, that
22 II, 5. 4. 1| diabetes is the one involving costs. The CODE-2 study has measured
23 II, 5. 4. 1| measured the health care costs of people with type 2 diabetes
24 II, 5. 4. 1| countries, the average annual costs per patient with type 2
25 II, 5. 4. 1| in 1999. The health care costs of diabetes as a percentage
26 II, 5. 4. 1| the greatest proportion of costs (55%). A Swedish study (
27 II, 5. 4. 1| shaped with relatively high costs immediately after diagnosis,
28 II, 5. 4. 1| complications. Indirect costs by diabetes due to loss
29 II, 5. 4. 1| than direct health care costs (WHO 2002). Unfortunately,
30 II, 5. 4. 1| information on overall costs of diabetes is not collected
31 II, 5. 4. 8| Wall S, Ostman J., Excess costs of medical care 1 and 8
32 II, 5. 5. 1| et al, 2008).~ ~Most the costs for mood disorders are indirect
33 II, 5. 5. 1| example in 2004 the total costs from depression were estimated
34 II, 5. 5. 1| Sobocki et al 2006). The total costs of depression have doubled
35 II, 5. 5. 1| increase is due to indirect costs (Sobocki et al, 2007).~ ~
36 II, 5. 5. 1| estimated that economic costs from suicide in Ireland
37 II, 5. 5. 2| seen as leading to higher costs for health care and support
38 II, 5. 5. 2| reduced which would save costs as long-term residential care
39 II, 5. 5. 2| with the prospect of higher costs for healthcare, it is likely
40 II, 5. 5. 2| measures introduced to reduce costs. This has already been seen
41 II, 5. 5. 3| exceeds the direct treatment costs due to remarkable unemployment
42 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia, on treatment gaps and costs to cover at least the main
43 II, 5. 5. 3| and economic disability costs. Substantially reducing
44 II, 5. 5. 3| 2005).~Direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia~A number
45 II, 5. 5. 3| single diagnosis. Economic costs vary by country; this is
46 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia. The direct costs account only for a small
47 II, 5. 5. 3| Council has evaluated the costs of brain disorders in Europe
48 II, 5. 5. 3| stressed the fact that the costs provided by the countries
49 II, 5. 5. 3| Rössler, 2005).~In 2004, the costs for hospital stays due to
50 II, 5. 5. 3| highest amount of direct costs, as evaluated by Andlin-Sobocki (
51 II, 5. 5. 3| that a great part of the costs for hospital stays is related
52 II, 5. 5. 3| the direct and indirect costs in a cohort of patients
53 II, 5. 5. 3| They found that the direct costs were dominated by hospitalization;
54 II, 5. 5. 3| by hospitalization; drug costs represented only 7% of the
55 II, 5. 5. 3| represented only 7% of the direct costs. Indirect costs represented
56 II, 5. 5. 3| the direct costs. Indirect costs represented 43% of total
57 II, 5. 5. 3| represented 43% of total costs within these 5 years (Lindström
58 II, 5. 5. 3| 3.2.7. Direct healthcare costs by brain disorder~The most
59 II, 5. 5. 3| comprehensive evaluation of costs for brain disorders was
60 II, 5. 5. 3| account.~Figure 5.5.3.2.8. Costs per case of schizophrenia
61 II, 5. 5. 3| within present budgets.~The costs as segmented according to
62 II, 5. 5. 3| guidelines and thereby save costs” (Leucht, 2006).~Fighting
63 II, 5. 5. 3| Neovius M, Levander S (2007): Costs of schizophrenia during
64 II, 5. 5. 3| with autism the highest costs are those generated by health
65 II, 5. 5. 3| in the future.~MS social costs are high. Cost data were
66 II, 5. 5. 3| countries (Sobocki et al, 2007). Costs, retrospectively assessed,
67 II, 5. 5. 3| patient in 2005, total direct costs (healthcare costs [inpatient
68 II, 5. 5. 3| direct costs (healthcare costs [inpatient care, outpatient
69 II, 5. 5. 3| care, outpatient care, drug costs and tests], non-medical
70 II, 5. 5. 3| and tests], non-medical costs [services, and investments]
71 II, 5. 5. 3| informal care), indirect costs (production loss due to
72 II, 5. 5. 3| retirement), and intangible costs (comparison of patients’
73 II, 5. 5. 3| European inhabitant. Intangible costs would add an additional €
74 II, 5. 5. 3| mean of €31 000. Direct costs, excluding informal care,
75 II, 5. 5. 3| and within these, drug costs dominate with €2.5 billion
76 II, 5. 5. 3| billion in 2005 (41% of direct costs or 20% of the total costs).
77 II, 5. 5. 3| costs or 20% of the total costs). Social services only represent
78 II, 5. 5. 3| informal care (22% of total costs) to help patients in their
79 II, 5. 5. 3| early retirement (indirect costs) represent 22% of the total
80 II, 5. 5. 3| the greater proportion) costs €14 300 per year, €31 200
81 II, 5. 5. 3| recent review estimated costs due to PD resulting in €
82 II, 5. 5. 3| Council (ECB), estimated the costs of brain disorders in the
83 II, 5. 5. 3| results excluded indirect costs due to production losses
84 II, 5. 5. 3| portion of the burden, while costs due to informal care and
85 II, 5. 5. 3| disease. A similar increase of costs with increasing severity
86 II, 5. 5. 3| Nevertheless, also a decrease of costs in HY stages IV and V has
87 II, 5. 5. 3| also demonstrate that the costs for brain disorders are
88 II, 5. 5. 3| employment and indirect costs~Only few data about the
89 II, 5. 5. 3| data about the indirect costs of PD are available for
90 II, 5. 5. 3| Singer E (1973): Social costs of Parkinson’s disease.
91 II, 5. 6. 3| 6% of total health care costs compared to 8.1% for mental
92 II, 5. 6. 3| only considered medical costs. The inclusion of indirect
93 II, 5. 6. 3| The inclusion of indirect costs, such as informal care would
94 II, 5. 6. 3| have greatly increased the costs related musculoskeletal
95 II, 5. 6. 3| arthritis the healthcare costs only represent between a
96 II, 5. 6. 3| and a third of the total costs. The costs were considerable
97 II, 5. 6. 3| of the total costs. The costs were considerable at all
98 II, 5. 6. 3| France estimates of the costs of osteoarthritis from national
99 II, 5. 6. 3| almost two-thirds were direct costs of medical care (Levy et
100 II, 5. 6. 3| replacement surgery although the costs of this will be considerable
101 II, 5. 6. 3| et al, 2000). The direct costs are typically between 25
102 II, 5. 6. 3| total (Woolf, 2008). Direct costs are high during the first
103 II, 5. 6. 3| subsequent years due to the costs of devices, adaptations
104 II, 5. 6. 3| contribute to 40% of the total costs after 10 years (Hulsemann
105 II, 5. 6. 3| Hulsemann et al, 2005). These costs are strongly influenced
106 II, 5. 6. 3| and between countries. The costs of medication have been
107 II, 5. 6. 3| less than 20% of direct costs in earlier studies but this
108 II, 5. 6. 3| aspect and its frequency, the costs to society are enormous.
109 II, 5. 6. 3| low back pain http ). The costs are mainly incurred by 10 –
110 II, 5. 6. 4| social care. Most of the costs are indirect related to
111 II, 5. 6. 4| care, with a minor part of costs related to the direct costs
112 II, 5. 6. 4| costs related to the direct costs of health care, although
113 II, 5. 6. 4| not negligible. The direct costs will increase with more
114 II, 5. 6. 4| the society in terms of costs. Musculoskeletal injuries
115 II, 5. 6. 4| The associated health care costs that are generated by these
116 II, 5. 6. 4| retardation to generate healthcare costs in the Netherlands (Meerding,
117 II, 5. 6. 6| 2000): Direct and Indirect Costs of Rheumatoid Arthritis
118 II, 5. 6. 6| H, Ruof J (2005): Direct Costs Related to Rheumatoid Arthritis:
119 II, 5. 6. 6| sjukdomarna? (What are the costs of illness?) Stockholm,
120 II, 5. 6. 6| M (2000): Socioeconomic Costs of Rheumatic Diseases. Implications
121 II, 5. 6. 6| I (1993): [Socioeconomic Costs of Osteoarthritis in France].
122 II, 5. 6. 6| determinants of healthcare costs in Netherlands: cost of
123 II, 5. 7. 1| population. In a context where costs for other chronic diseases
124 II, 5. 7. 1| outcomes and the resulting costs in these conditions. For
125 II, 5. 7. 1| high direct and indirect costs to society. CKD in the pre
126 II, 5. 7. 1| White et al, 2008). The costs of treating patients living
127 II, 5. 7. 3| considerably improved at reduced costs by increasing organ donation
128 II, 5. 7. 6| dialysis patients, whereas costs of treatment are lower,
129 II, 5. 8. 1| cause great suffering and costs.~ ~
130 II, 5. 8. 3| Society, 2003).~ ~ ~The total costs of COPD in different countries (
131 II, 5. 8. 3| estimates of direct annual costs per patient were about 1
132 II, 5. 8. 3| al, 2004). Moreover, the costs increased in proportion
133 II, 5. 8. 3| studies, average direct costs per patient were estimated
134 II, 5. 8. 3| Only one third of these costs were due to the treatment
135 II, 5. 8. 3| represented by hospitalisation costs, accounting for about 60%
136 II, 5. 8. 3| for about 60% of direct costs (Jansson et al, 2002).~ ~
137 II, 5. 8. 5| mortality, morbidity and costs of COPD. A second edition
138 II, 5. 8. 6| natural history, deaths and costs are necessary to contrast
139 II, 5. 8. 7| 2006): Epidemiology and costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary
140 II, 5. 8. 7| Jonsson E, Lundback B (2002): Costs of COPD in Sweden according
141 II, 5. 8. 7| JL, Miravitlles M. (2004):Costs of chronic obstructive pulmonary
142 II, 5. 9. FB| besides increasing health care costs and lost productivity. The
143 II, 5. 9. 3| Figure 5.9.5.)~ ~ ~ ~The costs of health care~ ~Data provided
144 II, 5. 9. 3| factor in public health costs. Although they can be calculated
145 II, 5. 9. 3| effective socio-economic costs, different factors must
146 II, 5. 9. 3| such as direct and indirect costs. A more sophisticated approach
147 II, 5. 9. 3| needed: it would be useful if costs related to allergic asthma
148 II, 5. 9. 3| reduction of direct and indirect costs.~ ~At the moment, in Europe
149 II, 5. 9. 3| lost work days (indirect costs amounting to €9.8 billion) (
150 II, 5. 9. 3| consistent and the direct costs are related to outpatient
151 II, 5. 9. 3| the proportion of direct costs of asthma care. The average
152 II, 5. 9. 3| care. The average physician costs were 22% (of which 75% related
153 II, 5. 9. 3| specialist visits). Drug costs make up 37% of the total
154 II, 5. 9. 3| cost of asthma; hospital costs were 20-25%: inpatient cost
155 II, 5. 9. 3| heavier socio-economical costs in the future.~ ~A study
156 II, 5. 9. 5| be useful if figures and costs related to the major allergic
157 II, 5. 9. 5| systems, but also reducing the costs of allergic care to society
158 II, 5. 9. 5| term direct and indirect costs and include the improvement
159 II, 5. 9. 6| in terms of health care costs and lost productivity but
160 II, 5. 9. 7| Barnes PJ, Jon B (1996): The costs of asthma. Eur Respir J.
161 II, 5. 11. 3| with accompanying social costs (Dalgard et al, 2003).~Relatively
162 II, 5. 11. 4| hypertension.~ ~High economic costs~Although skin disease is
163 II, 5. 11. 4| these have shown that direct costs are as high as for many
164 II, 5. 11. 4| Williams, 1997). Other costs such as unemployment and
165 II, 5. 11. 4| also important. Indirect costs e.g. the adverse effects
166 II, 5. 11. 4| life and the opportunity costs due to time lost for daily
167 II, 5. 13 | through increased medical costs to treat the diseases associated
168 II, 5. 13 | associated with it (direct costs); lost of productivity due
169 II, 5. 13 | premature death (indirect costs); missed opportunities,
170 II, 5. 13 | quality of life (intangible costs) (Branca et al, 2007a; Branca
171 II, 5. 13 | up to 7% of health care costs and this amount will further
172 II, 5. 13 | direct and indirect annual costs of obesity in the EU15 (
173 II, 5. 14. 2| order to rationally control costs, help assure quality and
174 II, 5. 14. 6| professionals and limiting treatment costs have also to be taken into
175 II, 6. 3. 1| found positive.~ ~The annual costs for health services for
176 II, 6. 3. 1| hospital admissions, the costs related to communicable
177 II, 6. 3. 1| Netherlands has estimated annual costs based on both the direct
178 II, 6. 3. 1| the direct health service costs and indirect costs (i.e.
179 II, 6. 3. 1| service costs and indirect costs (i.e. the impact on sectors
180 II, 6. 3. 1| estimates indicate annual costs in the EU of the order of
181 II, 6. 3. 1| direct and indirect annual costs, the last decade saw high
182 II, 6. 3. 1| agricultural sectors) with costs around €10 billion per episode
183 II, 6. 3. 1| annual and continuing costs to the health and related
184 II, 7. 1 | systems often exceed the costs of intervention by a factor
185 II, 7. 1 | in healthcare and welfare costs can be expected.~ ~Although
186 II, 7. 2. 9| figures for the medical costs of injuries.~htt ~ ~The
187 II, 7. 2. 9| sick leaves /indirect and human costs is lacking and requires
188 II, 7. 3. 3| causing billions of healthcare costs (Figure 7.5).~ ~Figure 7.
189 II, 7. 4 | morbidity and healthcare costs: On average, in all age
190 II, 7. 4 | needed (e.g. calculation of costs, calculation of Potential
191 II, 7. 4. 2| share in the direct medical costs~ ~Every year approximately
192 II, 7. 4. 4| result in high healthcare costs.~Sports activities that
193 II, 7. 5 | systems often exceed the costs of interventions by a factor
194 II, 7. 5 | e.g. on disabilities and costs;~· Collaborate in implementing
195 II, 7. 6 | health expenditures and costs of disabilities, governments
196 II, 7. 6 | of indicators for health costs and disability has not yet
197 II, 8. 2. 2| consequences in all societies. The costs of lost productivity and
198 II, 8. 2. 2| into direct and indirect costs. The direct costs are those
199 II, 8. 2. 2| indirect costs. The direct costs are those of the treatment
200 II, 8. 2. 2| relevant proportions of costs for running medical and
201 II, 8. 2. 2| administration. The indirect costs include lost earnings of
202 II, 8. 2. 2| and their caregivers and costs for visual aids, equipment,
203 II, 9. 1. 2| years of life and emotional costs to the family~· provision,
204 II, 9. 3. 1| lowest healthcare diabetes costs (2.5% of total healthcare
205 II, 9. 3. 1| compatible, and because the costs involved in overhauling
206 II, 9. 3. 1| financial and human resource costs of change can overstretch
207 II, 9. 4. 5| long-term care services, the costs of which often exceed the
208 II, 9. 4. 5| in the face of increasing costs, with several proposing
209 II, 9. 5. 3| the non-victimised. Wider costs include those to judicial
210 II, 9. 5. 3| lost earnings and emotional costs to the victim. In England &
211 II, 9. 5. 3| 25 billion) for emotional costs to the victim (WHO, 2007).
212 II, 9. 5. 3| treatment for the perpetrator costs as little as Euro 1 000 (
213 III, 10. 1 | disease, but also reduce costs to the health-care system.~ ~
214 III, 10. 1. 1| enabling factors including costs of tobacco, taxes on tobacco
215 III, 10. 2. 1| conservative estimates put the costs for only two smoking related
216 III, 10. 2. 1| expressed as~ ~ ~ “Direct costs”, associated with health
217 III, 10. 2. 1| victims, and~· “Indirect costs”, associated with the loss
218 III, 10. 2. 1| total smoking-attributable costs for the two leading categories
219 III, 10. 2. 1| region’s GDP. The indirect costs of smoking account for two
220 III, 10. 2. 1| even for these two not all costs have been taken into account (
221 III, 10. 2. 1| taken into account (e.g. the costs of informal care, the costs
222 III, 10. 2. 1| costs of informal care, the costs linked to the treatment
223 III, 10. 2. 1| reproductive problems, the costs related to SHS and budgetary
224 III, 10. 2. 1| related to SHS and budgetary costs related to social services).
225 III, 10. 2. 1| comprehensive estimate of net social costs for Australia ranges between
226 III, 10. 2. 1| Estimate of the social costs of drug abuse in Australia
227 III, 10. 2. 1| European Union~ ~Economic costs of alcohol consumption~ ~
228 III, 10. 2. 1| affordable because of escalating costs and limited resources. This,
229 III, 10. 2. 1| 2002~ ~Impact on health and costs of physical inactivity~ ~
230 III, 10. 2. 1| expenditure is related to costs incurred by lack of physical activity
231 III, 10. 2. 1| through increased medical costs to treat the diseases associated
232 III, 10. 2. 1| associated with it (direct costs); lost of productivity due
233 III, 10. 2. 1| premature death (indirect costs); missed opportunities,
234 III, 10. 2. 1| quality of life (intangible costs) (Branca et al, 2007a; Branca
235 III, 10. 2. 1| up to 7% of health care costs and this amount will further
236 III, 10. 2. 1| direct and indirect annual costs of obesity in the EU15 (
237 III, 10. 2. 1| practicability and administrative costs involved."~ ~ In keeping
238 III, 10. 2. 1| 2005): The prevalence and costs of obesity in the EU. Proceedings
239 III, 10. 3. 2| 50 times higher than the costs.~ ~ ~Emissions and release
240 III, 10. 3. 2| Rh catalysts that, due to costs, are being increasingly
241 III, 10. 3. 4| complete analysis of the costs of inaction. The on-going
242 III, 10. 3. 4| occurs. Adaptation reduces costs in the medium term up to
243 III, 10. 3. 4| beach nourishment. However, costs will remain considerable.
244 III, 10. 3. 4| and increased production costs, led to an estimated damage
245 III, 10. 4. 1| are also considered the costs may be lower.~ ~There are
246 III, 10. 4. 3| public health benefits and costs of optimising Legionella
247 III, 10. 4. 5| compared to the total estimated costs. Annual expenditure on the
248 III, 10. 4. 5| estimated overall management costs in the countries for which
249 III, 10. 5. 3| work, early retirement and costs from production losses will
250 III, 10. 5. 3| two-thirds of the indirect costs and CVD illness, in those
251 III, 10. 5. 3| for one-third of these costs.~In view of their high prevalence,
252 III, 10. 5. 3| immense. The total annual costs for the year 2004 was estimated
253 III, 10. 5. 3| in Europe. Most of these costs (55%) are related to indirect
254 III, 10. 5. 3| are related to indirect costs which amounted to €132 billion (
255 III, 10. 5. 3| disorders, the indirect costs of mood disorders (depression
256 III, 10. 5. 3| followed by the indirect costs for addictions (alcohol,
257 III, 10. 5. 3| these, the distribution of costs depends very much on the
258 III, 10. 5. 3| whilst controlling labour costs. Their approach has included
259 III, 10. 5. 3| well as sharply reduced costs of transportation and telecommunications,
260 III, 10. 5. 3| due to reduced absenteeism costs. The effect of workplace
261 III, 10. 5. 3| health promotion on the direct medical costs was also studied and turns
262 III, 10. 5. 3| average reduction in medical costs of 26%, the return-on-investment
263 III, 10. 5. 3| Wittchen H-U, Olesen J (2005): Costs of disorders of the brain
264 IV, 11. 1. 3| agendas. Constantly increasing costs to fund desired activities
265 IV, 11. 1. 3| for their own health and costs of health care; improve
266 IV, 11. 1. 3| budgetary limits to contain costs and in many cases introduced
267 IV, 11. 1. 3| some measures to contain costs and improve efficiency consisted
268 IV, 11. 1. 3| capture the multitude of costs and benefits of the health
269 IV, 11. 1. 5| additional administrative costs to the system, these programmes
270 IV, 11. 1. 5| the human and financial costs of medical errors. The Agency
271 IV, 11. 1. 5| errors lead to intangible costs, such as diminished trust
272 IV, 11. 1. 6| to the health system e.g. costs and utilization rates (Figueras
273 IV, 11. 1. 6| provide some insight into the costs and benefits of the NHS.~ ~
274 IV, 11. 1. 6| negotiated amount will cover costs and leave a profit. The
275 IV, 11. 1. 6| capitation methods control costs but provide an incentive
276 IV, 11. 1. 6| activity, shift patients’ costs onto others and do not encourage
277 IV, 11. 1. 6| serve both to measure the costs of treating a given patient
278 IV, 11. 1. 6| diagnostic group have equivalent costs and equivalent clinical
279 IV, 11. 1. 6| patients with lower expected costs than the reimbursement,
280 IV, 11. 1. 6| patients with higher expected costs than the reimbursement,
281 IV, 11. 1. 6| the incentive to minimize costs within a treatment group (
282 IV, 11. 1. 6| hospitals to determine average costs (300 hospitals), the Netherlands
283 IV, 11. 1. 6| used. Whether with average costs or weights, further adjustments
284 IV, 11. 1. 6| funds improved, and hospital costs increased more slowly, but
285 IV, 11. 1. 6| waste and administration costs), and the hospital budget
286 IV, 11. 1. 6| financial savings. In Italy, costs of services have fallen
287 IV, 11. 1. 6| implementation, higher than expected costs, and to date no evidence
288 IV, 11. 1. 6| 2007).~ ~Administrative costs~ ~Administrative costs reflect
289 IV, 11. 1. 6| Administrative costs~ ~Administrative costs reflect part of healthcare
290 IV, 11. 1. 6| health. Included in these costs are the planning, management,
291 IV, 11. 1. 6| have higher administrative costs (i.e. Germany, Luxembourg,
292 IV, 11. 1. 6| the Netherlands), with costs in Austria being relatively
293 IV, 11. 1. 6| level of administrative costs in Austria and France could
294 IV, 11. 1. 6| increased the administrative costs within the country (Thomson
295 IV, 11. 1. 6| levels of administrative costs than statutory public health
296 IV, 11. 1. 6| example, administrative costs of PHI in Germany, Luxembourg,
297 IV, 11. 1. 6| France are about 10% of total costs, while in Austria, Belgium,
298 IV, 11. 1. 6| they may be up to 25% of costs (Mossialos and Thomson 2004).
299 IV, 11. 1. 6| Mossialos and Thomson 2004). The costs of administration are much
300 IV, 11. 1. 6| therefore, that the additional costs of administration associated
301 IV, 11. 2. 1| chronic care and contain costs - have increasingly been
302 IV, 11. 2. 2| environmental sectors; and the costs for some activities, in
303 IV, 11. 3. 2| effective medicines and control costs. On the other hand, the
304 IV, 11. 3. 2| successful at containing costs, it does encourage innovation (
305 IV, 11. 3. 2| approach, such as deciding what costs and consequences to include
306 IV, 11. 3. 2| pricing mechanisms to contain costs include the Ramsay method –
307 IV, 11. 3. 2| containing pharmaceutical costs and encouraging innovation
308 IV, 11. 3. 2| containing pharmaceutical costs, much depends on whether
309 IV, 11. 6. 1| 2002).~ ~Rising health costs can be seen in all countries
310 IV, 11. 6. 1| include increases in labour costs, technological innovation
311 IV, 11. 6. 2| with higher transactions costs and weaker purchasing power,
312 IV, 11. 6. 2| large contributions, labour costs may rise resulting in negative
313 IV, 11. 6. 2| have lower administrative costs because of the monopsony
314 IV, 11. 6. 2| covered pay part of the costs of care received) and informal
315 IV, 11. 6. 2| fixed amount of the total costs.~ ~On the basis of traditional
316 IV, 11. 6. 2| micro level while containing costs at macro level. In countries
317 IV, 11. 6. 3| insurance coverage for the costs of user charges and expanded
318 IV, 11. 6. 4| reimbursement of all provider costs has been identified as the
319 IV, 11. 6. 4| incurs high transaction costs.~ ~The potential for health
320 IV, 11. 6. 4| formulae generate significant costs and require technical capacity
321 IV, 11. 6. 4| sex, mortality (and rural costs)~Slovakia~5 health insurance
322 IV, 11. 6. 4| society and rising healthcare costs have put pressure on decision-makers
323 IV, 11. 6. 4| generating revenue and containing costs through reductions in the
324 IV, 11. 6. 4| services and on management costs, rather than assessing outcomes.
325 IV, 11. 6. 5| Culprit behind Health Care Costs? Washington, DC, Government
326 IV, 11. 6. 5| fees: they don't reduce costs and they increase inequity [
327 IV, 11. 6. 5| Green B et al. (2000): "Age, costs of acute and long-term care
328 IV, 12. 1 | the potential to reduce costs that would otherwise have
329 IV, 13.Acr | environmental sectors; and costs for some activities, in
330 IV, 13. 5 | and increased health care costs. Although the risk of disease
331 IV, 13. 6. 1| cases, lifelong societal costs for supporting a person
332 IV, 13. 7. 3| FP7 covers 75% of project costs, while the researchers’
