Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1001 II, 5. 11. 7 | National Institute for health and clinical excellence (
1002 II, 5. 11. 7 | Stevens A, Raftery J, eds. Health Care Needs Assessment, second
1003 II, 5. 12.Acr | Classification of Disease~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~
1004 II, 5. 12. 2 | were derived from the World Health Organization (WHO) database (
1005 II, 5. 12. 7 | in Naples, Italy. Public Health 103:385-389.~de la Pena
1006 II, 5. 12. 7 | Dis 37:622-627.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (1967)
1007 II, 5. 12. 7 | Disease: 8th revision. World Health Organization, Geneva.~ ~
1008 II, 5. 12. 7 | Organization, Geneva.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (1977)
1009 II, 5. 12. 7 | Disease: 9th revision. World Health Organization, Geneva.~ ~
1010 II, 5. 12. 7 | Organization, Geneva.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (1992)
1011 II, 5. 12. 7 | Classification of Disease and related Health Problems: 10th revision.
1012 II, 5. 12. 7 | Problems: 10th revision. World Health Organization, Geneva.~ ~
1013 II, 5. 12. 7 | Organization, Geneva.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) Statistical
1014 II, 5. 12. 7 | Information System (2006a): Health topics. Alcohol drinking.
1015 II, 5. 12. 7 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) Statistical
1016 II, 5. 13 | million life-years of ill health every year in the WHO Europe
1017 II, 5. 13 | the most serious public health challenges for the 21st
1018 II, 5. 13 | lost. Many obesity-related health conditions once thought
1019 II, 5. 13 | obese.~ ~Apart from the health consequences, overweight
1020 II, 5. 13 | accounts for up to 7% of health care costs and this amount
1021 II, 5. 13 | 2007a; Branca et al, 2007b): health expenditure per inhabitant
1022 II, 5. 14.Acr | EGOHID~European Global Oral health Indicators Project~
1023 II, 5. 14. 1 | trauma are major public health problem. Dental caries,
1024 II, 5. 14. 1 | A concern among public health policy makers is that some
1025 II, 5. 14. 1 | will contribute to oral health policy development.~ ~Periodontal
1026 II, 5. 14. 1 | for general well-being and health, especially with respect
1027 II, 5. 14. 1 | Europe, the roles of oral health professionals are changing
1028 II, 5. 14. 1 | workforce planning in the oral health sector may be considered
1029 II, 5. 14. 1 | of market failure in the health sector, giving rise to the
1030 II, 5. 14. 1 | systems to ensure that the health workforce of the future
1031 II, 5. 14. 1 | that must take place in health care delivery cannot be
1032 II, 5. 14. 1 | potential for improved oral health status, the level of untreated
1033 II, 5. 14. 2 | regional or local oral health surveys or in specific communities
1034 II, 5. 14. 2 | CECDO, 2008), ministries of health and scientific reports from
1035 II, 5. 14. 2 | population studies on oral health carried out in various countries.
1036 II, 5. 14. 2 | limits their impact. Oral health surveys were based on nationally
1037 II, 5. 14. 2 | 2004). In Scandinavia, oral health information’s systems are
1038 II, 5. 14. 2 | are an integral part of health services system. In Denmark,
1039 II, 5. 14. 2 | surveillance of the oral health of the adult population
1040 II, 5. 14. 2 | or gums?~ ~c. Periodontal Health Assessment~Proportion of
1041 II, 5. 14. 2 | dental hygienists, oral health therapists and clinical
1042 II, 5. 14. 2 | epidemiological monitoring of oral health is a relatively recent initiative.
1043 II, 5. 14. 2 | interventions contributed to health or not. Some western European
1044 II, 5. 14. 2 | improving the quality of oral health care and systems is encouraged.~
1045 II, 5. 14. 2 | consumers, private and public health care financing agencies,
1046 II, 5. 14. 2 | are recommended in oral health epidemiology, themselves
1047 II, 5. 14. 2 | used published for the oral health period 1986-1996 underlined
1048 II, 5. 14. 2 | in the evaluation of oral health trends: weaknesses in terms
1049 II, 5. 14. 2 | conclusions in public oral health are therefore limited. New
1050 II, 5. 14. 2 | quality information in oral health epidemiology.~ ~The expansion
1051 II, 5. 14. 2 | knowledge about the oral health status of populations even
1052 II, 5. 14. 2 | focus on the setting up of a health monitoring and recording
1053 II, 5. 14. 3 | that the state of dental health among European populations,
1054 II, 5. 14. 3 | with advanced public oral health care programmes for children.
1055 II, 5. 14. 3 | Table 5.14.1. Dental Health in 12 year-old children
1056 II, 5. 14. 3 | countries where school oral health programmes were established
1057 II, 5. 14. 3 | amelioration of the oral health status in the last 20 years.~ ~
1058 II, 5. 14. 3 | to further improve oral health or sustain achievements.
1059 II, 5. 14. 3 | great achievements of oral health in European countries in
1060 II, 5. 14. 3 | untreated diseases. Oral health is characterized by social
1061 II, 5. 14. 3 | on the overall quality of health and wellbeing has not been
1062 II, 5. 14. 3 | great deal about their oral health. Almost a third were dissatisfied
1063 II, 5. 14. 3 | some aspect of their oral health status. Adults in France
1064 II, 5. 14. 3 | of the dimensions of oral health related quality of life.
1065 II, 5. 14. 3 | problems and affect general health; this is particularly true
1066 II, 5. 14. 3 | factor - remain on dental health charts recorded in the years
1067 II, 5. 14. 3 | the failure of the dental health care system. It is therefore
1068 II, 5. 14. 3 | the primary purpose of the health system, whence the suggestion
1069 II, 5. 14. 3 | with Severe Periodontal Health Assessment (Pocket >6mm)
1070 II, 5. 14. 3 | potential risk for general health and well-being, and has
1071 II, 5. 14. 3 | premature birth. Periodontal health disparities are associated
1072 II, 5. 14. 3 | the point of view of oral health planning, the percentage
1073 II, 5. 14. 3 | Knowledge of periodontal health assessment is an essential
1074 II, 5. 14. 3 | more professional time and health care funds to patients who
1075 II, 5. 14. 3 | in Eastern Europe, oral health systems are now in transition.
1076 II, 5. 14. 3 | transition. Prior to 1989, oral health care for children was provided
1077 II, 5. 14. 3 | children was provided by public health services and most countries
1078 II, 5. 14. 3 | decentralization of oral health services has been taking
1079 II, 5. 14. 3 | taking place and most public health programmes have been brought
1080 II, 5. 14. 3 | impact on utilization of oral health services. Figure 5.14.3
1081 II, 5. 14. 3 | exist in the access to oral health care across Europe, especially
1082 II, 5. 14. 3 | or qualify for the oral health insurance program. Residents
1083 II, 5. 14. 3 | family income.~ ~The oral health care system in Europe, which
1084 II, 5. 14. 3 | represents 4-8% of the total health expenses, has an economic
1085 II, 5. 14. 3 | disparities observed in health care expenses. 245 169 dentists,
1086 II, 5. 14. 3 | on employment in advanced health care. Dental expenditures
1087 II, 5. 14. 3 | represent 3.8 to 8% of all health care expenditures. For the
1088 II, 5. 14. 3 | approximately 1/17th of overall health care expenditures. Germany
1089 II, 5. 14. 3 | proportionally the most for its oral health: 0.8% of the GDP. France
1090 II, 5. 14. 3 | 3% of the GDP devoted to health care and 0.5% reserved for
1091 II, 5. 14. 4 | result of a number of public health measures, associated to
1092 II, 5. 14. 4 | and oral diseases. Oral health is an integral part of systemic
1093 II, 5. 14. 4 | systemic and nutritional health. Oral health and nutrition
1094 II, 5. 14. 4 | nutritional health. Oral health and nutrition have a synergistic
1095 II, 5. 14. 4 | maximal general and dental health, may be a part of an adolescent’
1096 II, 5. 14. 4 | of an adolescent’s dental health management. Nutrition education
1097 II, 5. 14. 4 | common risks influence public health, including oral hygiene.
1098 II, 5. 14. 4 | oral hygiene. The public health community involved with
1099 II, 5. 14. 4 | community involved with oral health should gain an understanding
1100 II, 5. 14. 4 | an understanding of the health effects of these complex
1101 II, 5. 14. 4 | periodontal disease and other health problems, including heart
1102 II, 5. 14. 5 | by implementing community health programmes. Even if the
1103 II, 5. 14. 5 | benefit from appropriate oral health promoting actions. Informing
1104 II, 5. 14. 5 | appropriate promoting of oral health behaviours can significantly
1105 II, 5. 14. 5 | confidence in managing the oral health of their children. Schools
1106 II, 5. 14. 5 | setting for promoting oral health. The school years are an
1107 II, 5. 14. 5 | development of a lifelong oral health related behaviour as well
1108 II, 5. 14. 5 | at risk, can access oral health services. Although meticulous
1109 II, 5. 14. 5 | systematic integration of oral health indicators in any health
1110 II, 5. 14. 5 | health indicators in any health surveillance system so that
1111 II, 5. 14. 5 | behaviour in relation to oral health can be monitored effectively.
1112 II, 5. 14. 5 | there is a general move of health strategies towards health promotion
1113 II, 5. 14. 5 | the reorganisation of the health system for a better quality
1114 II, 5. 14. 5 | quality of care. Clearly health priorities are considerably
1115 II, 5. 14. 5 | Programme in the area of health surveillance. The European
1116 II, 5. 14. 5 | The European Commission Health Monitoring Programme has
1117 II, 5. 14. 5 | States with appropriate health information to make international
1118 II, 5. 14. 5 | and support their national health policies. The development
1119 II, 5. 14. 5 | national and international health surveillance systems has
1120 II, 5. 14. 5 | indicators overwhelming health services personnel in charge
1121 II, 5. 14. 5 | care programmes. The oral health sector is no exception.~
1122 II, 5. 14. 5 | context of a profusion of health indicators, operating a
1123 II, 5. 14. 5 | integration of the oral health sector within the national
1124 II, 5. 14. 5 | the national and European health information systems is an
1125 II, 5. 14. 5 | that this European public health project will contribute
1126 II, 5. 14. 5 | of European Global Oral Health Indicators (www. egohid.
1127 II, 5. 14. 5 | help to identify basic oral health indicators for a European
1128 II, 5. 14. 5 | recommendations for improving health system information performance
1129 II, 5. 14. 5 | reference. A core group of oral health indicators is being designed
1130 II, 5. 14. 5 | integration into national health systems. The indicators
1131 II, 5. 14. 5 | will focus in particular on health status, morbidity and oral
1132 II, 5. 14. 5 | behavioural determinants, oral health delivery models and outcomes,
1133 II, 5. 14. 5 | models and outcomes, and oral health related quality of life.~ ~
1134 II, 5. 14. 5 | quality of life.~ ~Oral health systems play an important
1135 II, 5. 14. 5 | establishing optimum oral health by integrating oral health promotion
1136 II, 5. 14. 5 | disease prevention into oral health services. Interdisciplinary
1137 II, 5. 14. 5 | to the promotion of oral health have the potential for reorienting
1138 II, 5. 14. 5 | potential for reorienting oral health services towards primary
1139 II, 5. 14. 5 | services towards primary oral health care and services that may
1140 II, 5. 14. 5 | Members States have formulated health priority areas or targets
1141 II, 5. 14. 5 | priority areas or targets for health policies. There is a noticeable
1142 II, 5. 14. 5 | broaden the spectrum of health objectives moving from simple
1143 II, 5. 14. 5 | improvements, reduction of health inequalities with reference
1144 II, 5. 14. 5 | population. For the oral health sector, this evolution implies
1145 II, 5. 14. 5 | concept of the role of oral health professions and their contribution
1146 II, 5. 14. 5 | contribution to general health.~Public policymakers have
1147 II, 5. 14. 5 | potential for improved oral health status, the level of untreated
1148 II, 5. 14. 5 | A concern among public health policy makers is that some
1149 II, 5. 14. 5 | will contribute to oral health policy development. Countries
1150 II, 5. 14. 5 | practices for expanding oral health service care services for
1151 II, 5. 14. 5 | restorative primary oral health care.~ ~The burden of oral
1152 II, 5. 14. 5 | Yamamoto, 2005). An EU oral health strategy must take full
1153 II, 5. 14. 5 | strategy is to promote oral health among older people, aiming
1154 II, 5. 14. 5 | aiming at improving oral health, general health and well-being
1155 II, 5. 14. 5 | improving oral health, general health and well-being into old
1156 II, 5. 14. 5 | on age-friendly primary health care.~ ~
1157 II, 5. 14. 6 | Policies~ ~At the 60th World Health Assembly, which took place
1158 II, 5. 14. 6 | Member States of the World Health Organisation (WHO) adopted
1159 II, 5. 14. 6 | an action plan for oral health (WHO, 2007). The adoption
1160 II, 5. 14. 6 | sign to the international health community that oral health
1161 II, 5. 14. 6 | health community that oral health shall no longer be neglected.
1162 II, 5. 14. 6 | global level to improve oral health worldwide. The action plan
1163 II, 5. 14. 6 | EU). It recognises oral health as a significant public
1164 II, 5. 14. 6 | as a significant public health problem that requires the
1165 II, 5. 14. 6 | collaborative approach to health. The action plan highlights
1166 II, 5. 14. 6 | the need to integrate oral health into public health policies,
1167 II, 5. 14. 6 | oral health into public health policies, ensure information
1168 II, 5. 14. 6 | years with improving oral health in some parts of Europe
1169 II, 5. 14. 6 | appropriately with dental health care professionals and limiting
1170 II, 5. 14. 6 | cost-effectiveness ratio of the health programmes implemented within
1171 II, 5. 14. 6 | reducing inequalities in health. However, surveillance programmes
1172 II, 5. 14. 7 | developments~ ~Access to oral health services is limited by factors
1173 II, 5. 14. 7 | However, people without health insurance, ageing people,
1174 II, 5. 14. 7 | only less likely to receive health coverage but also less likely
1175 II, 5. 14. 7 | to assure adequate oral health care for indigent, institutionalized
1176 II, 5. 14. 7 | health promotion. In oral health, an important cornerstone
1177 II, 5. 14. 8 | Llodra JC (2004): eds. Health Surveillance in Europe.
1178 II, 5. 14. 8 | Europe. European Global Oral Health Indicators Development Project.
1179 II, 5. 14. 8 | 2004): European Global Oral Health Indicators Development.
1180 II, 5. 14. 8 | Development. The Challenge. In: Health Surveillance in Europe.
1181 II, 5. 14. 8 | Europe. European Global Oral Health Indicators Development Project.
1182 II, 5. 14. 8 | D, Ogawa H (2005): Oral health information systems - toward
1183 II, 5. 14. 8 | disease prevention. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 83: 686-693.~
1184 II, 5. 14. 8 | to oral heath. Bull World Health Organ. 2005; 83: 661-669.~
1185 II, 5. 14. 8 | 2005): Improving the oral health of older people: the approach
1186 II, 5. 14. 8 | approach of the WHO Global Oral Health Programme. Community Dent
1187 II, 5. 14. 8 | extended European Union. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2004; 2:155-94.~
1188 II, 5. 14. 8 | Dent. 2004; 2:155-94.~World Health Organization (WHO) (2007):
1189 II, 5. 14. 8 | Resolution WHA60.17 “Oral health: action plan for promotion
1190 II, 5. 14. 8 | 1 February 2008).~World Health Organization (WHO) (2008):
1191 II, 5. 15. 1 | More recently, the public health dimension of rare diseases
1192 II, 5. 15. 1 | For the organisation of health care services, a condition
1193 II, 5. 15. 1 | considered “rare” when the health professionals have not been
1194 II, 5. 15. 1 | 000~( ht ).~From a public health perspective, the rarity
1195 II, 5. 15. 1 | difficult to develop a public health policy specific for each
1196 II, 5. 15. 1 | considering RD from a public health perspective. RD are also
1197 II, 5. 15. 1 | RD are also a true public health issue through their contribution
1198 II, 5. 15. 1 | true challenge for public health authorities (Eurordis, 2005).~ ~
1199 II, 5. 15. 3 | fibrosis. In addition, the health care system, both in Northern
1200 II, 5. 15. 4 | Products and adapt their health care systems to the needs
1201 II, 5. 15. 4 | orphan drugs.~ ~DG Public Health established in 2004 a Rare Diseases
1202 II, 5. 15. 4 | MS in developing national health policies; ensure that common
1203 II, 5. 15. 4 | ensuring a high level of health protection in relation to
1204 II, 5. 15. 4 | priorities in the EU Public Health Programme 2003-2008. The
1205 II, 5. 15. 4 | causes of mortality and ill health in Europe and to pool Europe'
1206 II, 5. 15. 5 | collaboration for the delivery of health care and medical services
1207 II, 5. 15. 5 | and provide training for health professionals; will act
1208 II, 5. 15. 5 | insufficient resources from their health care sector to provide a
1209 II, 5. 15. 5 | cooperation, we must remember that health services and medical care
1210 II, 5. 15. 5 | on the national/regional health care systems.~ ~The scope
1211 II, 5. 15. 5 | the organisation of the health care system.~ ~RD are model
1212 II, 5. 15. 5 | empowered groups of the health sector, mainly as a result
1213 II, 5. 15. 6 | drugs. Int J Technol Assess Health Care. 2007 Winter;23(1):
1214 II, 5. 15. 6 | understanding this public health priority”. Available at:~htt 8 (
1215 II, 5. 15. 6 | Zimran A (2006): National health budgets for expensive orphan
1216 II, 5. 15. 6 | and the World: a public health approach to innovation”.
1217 II, 6.Acr | HBV~Hepatitis B Virus~HCAI~Health Care Associated Infections~
1218 II, 6. 1 | implications of the monitored health threats.~ ~One of the main
1219 II, 6. 3. 1 | is needed to protect the health of our future generations.
1220 II, 6. 3. 1 | there is a heterogeneity in health services organisation, in
1221 II, 6. 3. 1 | The annual costs for health services for treating communicable
1222 II, 6. 3. 1 | based on both the direct health service costs and indirect
1223 II, 6. 3. 1 | impact on sectors other than health). This study showed that
1224 II, 6. 3. 1 | countries and sectors other than health. The 2003 SARS outbreak
1225 II, 6. 3. 1 | communicable diseases on the:~· health of present and future generations;~·
1226 II, 6. 3. 1 | continuing costs to the health and related sectors; and~·
1227 II, 6. 3. 1 | and related sectors; and~· health and cost consequences of
1228 II, 6. 3. 2 | locally. Although not all health care associated infections (
1229 II, 6. 3. 2 | the most serious public health problems both at globally
1230 II, 6. 3. 2 | monitoring of this public health concern.~ ~Risk factors~ ~
1231 II, 6. 3. 2 | pathogens of importance to human health; therefore, the demands
1232 II, 6. 3. 2 | emergence of AMR, the EU Health Council has provided recommendations
1233 II, 6. 3. 2 | infections, are a huge public health problem in Europe. On the
1234 II, 6. 3. 4 | poses a considerable public health threat.~ ~The 2004–05 influenza
1235 II, 6. 3. 4 | considerable potential for health gain in Europe not only
1236 II, 6. 3. 4 | and therefore, the human health issue is minor as long as
1237 II, 6. 3. 4 | sustained efforts of public health authorities. In many EU
1238 II, 6. 3. 4 | to the direct impact on health services, the epidemic caused
1239 II, 6. 3. 5 | but with proper public health policies. For example, there
1240 II, 6. 3. 6 | epidemiologists in public health, but also with veterinary
1241 II, 6. 3. 7 | actually pose any major public health threat to EU citizens. Some
1242 II, 6. 3. 7 | relevance to European public health. More systematic surveillance
1243 II, 6. 3. 7 | a major cause of public health concern in Europe. No treatment
1244 II, 6. 3. 7 | is focused on travellers’ health.~Since 1995, France has
1245 II, 6. 3. 7 | implication for European health systems is to counsel international
1246 II, 6. 4. 2 | system (EWRS) to alert public health authorities in Member States
1247 II, 6. 4. 2 | the Commission, the public health authorities in Member States
1248 II, 6. 4. 2 | likely to affect public health at EU-level. Therefore,
1249 II, 6. 4. 3 | occur, it will result in health systems being stretched,
1250 II, 6. 4. 3 | the responsibility of each Health Minister to take the national
1251 II, 6. 4. 3 | number of European public health (European Influenza Surveillance
1252 II, 6. 4. 4 | national decision-making on health security issues, the verification
1253 II, 6. 4. 4 | emerging threats to human health posed by infectious diseases.
1254 II, 6. 4. 4 | partnership with national health protection bodies across
1255 II, 6. 4. 4 | ECDC aims to pool Europe’s health knowledge, so as to develop
1256 II, 6. 4. 4 | of experts in the public health institutes of the EU, the
1257 II, 6. 4. 4 | other major cross border health problems. An evaluation
1258 II, 7.Acr | Directorate General for Health and Consumers~DG Tren~European
1259 II, 7.Acr | ECHI~European Community Health Indicators~ECMT~European
1260 II, 7.Acr | Hospital Discharge Data~HFA-DB~Health For All Database~HLA~Home
1261 II, 7.Acr | of Diseases and Related Health Problems~IDB~EU Injury Data
1262 II, 7.Acr | Injury prevention~WHO~World Health Organization~PYLL~Years
1263 II, 7. 1 | cooperate to address this huge health problem. The World Health
1264 II, 7. 1 | health problem. The World Health Organization and the European
1265 II, 7. 1 | promote forceful public health actions to enhance injury
1266 II, 7. 1 | about the injury burden of health, underlining the arguments
1267 II, 7. 1 | benefits of prevention for health systems often exceed the
1268 II, 7. 1 | particular the (public) health sector has not yet fully
1269 II, 7. 1 | Applying the systematic public health approach helps to assess
1270 II, 7. 1 | assess the magnitude of health problems, to identify priority
1271 II, 7. 1 | priority areas for public health action on injuries as proposed
1272 II, 7. 2 | Horizontal data - routine health data on mortality and morbidity
1273 II, 7. 2 | of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD)~Vertical
1274 II, 7. 2. 1 | major element of public health information. COD data are
1275 II, 7. 2. 1 | of Diseases and Related Health Problems) codes. The tenth
1276 II, 7. 2. 2 | Hospital discharges~ ~Most health care data available at EuroStat
1277 II, 7. 2. 2 | country-specific way of organising health care and may not always
1278 II, 7. 2. 8 | source of socio-economic and health data. Important indicators
1279 II, 7. 2. 8 | Within the European Core Health Interview Survey (ECHIS)
1280 II, 7. 3. 1 | the future through the EU Health Interview Surveys for injuries
1281 II, 7. 3. 1 | cases”). Also, indicators on health care consumption (hospital
1282 II, 7. 3. 1 | providing added value for public health and cross-sector injury
1283 II, 7. 3. 1 | enormous economic and public health toll;~· Traffic injuries
1284 II, 7. 3. 4 | governmental units, e.g. health sector, consumer safety,
1285 II, 7. 3. 4 | work (ESAW) and the WHO Health for All database (HFA-DB).
1286 II, 7. 3. 5 | represent a serious public health problem. as they are one
1287 II, 7. 3. 5 | awareness of suicide as a major health problem. At the same time,
1288 II, 7. 3. 5 | definition used by the World Health Organization associates
1289 II, 7. 3. 5 | 7.17).~ ~Like many other health problems in the EU, violence
1290 II, 7. 3. 5 | World Report on Violence and Health provides an excellent introduction
1291 II, 7. 4 | clearly shows the public health relevance and impact of
1292 II, 7. 4 | loss of life years in good health.~• A major cause of morbidity
1293 II, 7. 4 | huge financial burden on health and welfare systems, injuries
1294 II, 7. 4 | The European Community Health Indicator system (ECHI)
1295 II, 7. 4 | ECHI) is a proposal for health indicators which can be
1296 II, 7. 4 | high impact of injuries on health and to develop the role
1297 II, 7. 4 | develop the role of the health sector in making Europe
1298 II, 7. 4. 1 | have a tremendous impact on health in this age group:~ ~The
1299 II, 7. 4. 3 | interventions by the public health sector to prevent accidents
1300 II, 7. 4. 3 | Consequently, the public health sector should concentrate
1301 II, 7. 4. 4 | contributes much to fitness and health and its promotion is a prominent
1302 II, 7. 4. 4 | significant proportion of the health benefits are lost due to
1303 II, 7. 4. 6 | closely related to mental health and in particular to the
1304 II, 7. 4. 6 | those already with mental health problems, are particularly
1305 II, 7. 4. 6 | rewarding pleasure (World Health Organization, 2005c).~ ~
1306 II, 7. 4. 6 | a Green Paper on Mental Health which emphasised suicide
1307 II, 7. 4. 6 | existing projects in the mental health domain, with the Green Paper
1308 II, 7. 4. 6 | the Green Paper on Mental Health and with future action plans
1309 II, 7. 4. 7 | important steps in the public health approach to preventing violence.~ ~
1310 II, 7. 4. 7 | framework of the Public Health Programme of the DG Sanco,
1311 II, 7. 4. 7 | particular involving the health sector in collaboration
1312 II, 7. 4. 7 | the homepages of the World Health Organization www. on and www. ~ ~
1313 II, 7. 5 | many other causes of ill health or premature death, injuries
1314 II, 7. 5 | cost-effective; benefits for health systems often exceed the
1315 II, 7. 5 | education. Nevertheless, the health sector with its responsibility
1316 II, 7. 5 | with its responsibility for health information, health promotion
1317 II, 7. 5 | information, health promotion and health protection has an important
1318 II, 7. 5 | been accepted as a task of health policy making.~ ~The health
1319 II, 7. 5 | health policy making.~ ~The health sector must play a key role
1320 II, 7. 5 | responding to all major health threats and causes of mortality
1321 II, 7. 5 | injury is absorbed by the health sector. This offers a unique
1322 II, 7. 5 | inform stakeholders about health problems; and it is best-suited
1323 II, 7. 5 | supported by Ministries of health is the theme of the guide
1324 II, 7. 5 | the provision of useful health information is a core competence
1325 II, 7. 5 | and responsibility of the health administration~· Health
1326 II, 7. 5 | health administration~· Health services: Not all accidents
1327 II, 7. 5 | their patients.~· Advocacy: Health administrators are most
1328 II, 7. 5 | underdeveloped contribution of the health sector, the WHO Regional
1329 II, 7. 5 | i) to put injury on the health policy agenda; (ii) to develop
1330 II, 7. 5 | carrying forward the public health response, the European Commission
1331 II, 7. 5 | strategic framework for public health action, which is laid down
1332 II, 7. 5 | the added value of public health action, and proposes a framework
1333 II, 7. 5 | vocational trainings of health and other professionals,
1334 II, 7. 5 | knowledge into the training of health and other professionals;~·
1335 II, 7. 5 | as the Community Public Health Programme; and~· Carrying
1336 II, 7. 5 | such as the European Core Health Interview System);~· Secure
1337 II, 7. 5 | order to provide appropriate health information also for their
1338 II, 7. 5 | condensed in a curriculum for health professionals provided by
1339 II, 7. 5 | e.g. by means of the Public Health Programme.~ ~
1340 II, 7. 6 | development. Thus the public health contribution to injury prevention
1341 II, 7. 6 | stage. Injury is a major health problem, which can be efficiently
1342 II, 7. 6 | appropriate rank on the health policy agendA. The situation
1343 II, 7. 6 | role of THE Ministries of health in the field of injury is
1344 II, 7. 6 | Member States Ministries of health lack constitutional power
1345 II, 7. 6 | the increasing burden of health expenditures and costs of
1346 II, 7. 6 | improvement in the public health response to interpersonal
1347 II, 7. 6 | question of indicators for health costs and disability has
1348 II, 7. 7 | Regional Office for Europe (Health Evidence Network report [
1349 II, 7. 7 | guidelines. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~Körmer C,
1350 II, 7. 7 | Helsinki, National Public Health Institute (KTL).~ ~Kuratorium
1351 II, 7. 7 | Alliance, EuroSafe.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO): The
1352 II, 7. 7 | injuries. Geneva, World Health Organization, Peden M, McGee
1353 II, 7. 7 | Traffic Injury: A Public Health Perspective for Europe.
1354 II, 7. 7 | planners. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~Shields
1355 II, 7. 7 | 20Council%20Recom.pdf]~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2001):
1356 II, 7. 7 | guidelines. Geneva, World Health~Organization.~ ~World Health
1357 II, 7. 7 | Health~Organization.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2002):
1358 II, 7. 7 | World report on violence and health. Geneva, World Health Organization,
1359 II, 7. 7 | and health. Geneva, World Health Organization, Krug EG et
1360 II, 7. 7 | EG et al, eds..~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2004):
1361 II, 7. 7 | Prevention. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~World Health
1362 II, 7. 7 | Health Organization.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2005a):
1363 II, 7. 7 | A Summary. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~World Health
1364 II, 7. 7 | Health Organization.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2005b):
1365 II, 7. 7 | users’ manual. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~World Health
1366 II, 7. 7 | Health Organization.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2005c):
1367 II, 7. 7 | Ministerial Conference on Mental Health, Suicide prevention. Copenhagen,
1368 II, 7. 7 | Office for Europe.~ ~World Health Organization/Regional Committee
1369 II, 7. 7 | Office for Europe.~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2007):
1370 II, 7. 7 | guide for ministries of health. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~ ~
1371 II, 7. 7 | of health. Geneva, World Health Organization.~ ~ ~
1372 II, 8.Acr | Interview Surveys~EHIS~European Health Interview Survey~EHSS~European
1373 II, 8.Acr | Interview Survey~EHSS~European Health Survey System~EUHSID~European
1374 II, 8.Acr | System~EUHSID~European Union Health Surveys Information Database~
1375 II, 8.Acr | Information Database~HIS~Health Interview Survey~HES~Health
1376 II, 8.Acr | Health Interview Survey~HES~Health Examination Survey~IAPB~
1377 II, 8.Acr | Labour Force Survey~WHO~World Health Organisation~ ~ ~
1378 II, 8. 1. 1 | groups, which require special health policies. Until now, models
1379 II, 8. 1. 1 | of interactions between health conditions and contextual
1380 II, 8. 1. 1 | Functioning Disability and Health (ICF) (WHO, 2001), which
1381 II, 8. 1. 1 | good physical and mental health and also incur risks to
1382 II, 8. 1. 1 | also incur risks to their health.~Physically-disabled people
1383 II, 8. 1. 1 | loss of life years in good health.~
1384 II, 8. 1. 2 | disabilities and long-term health problems. This survey covers
1385 II, 8. 1. 2 | duration of longstanding health problem or disability, work
1386 II, 8. 1. 2 | they had a longstanding health problem or disability (LSHPD)
1387 II, 8. 1. 2 | includes the Minimum European Health Module (MEHM), made of 3
1388 II, 8. 1. 2 | of 3 general disability/health items and questions. One
1389 II, 8. 1. 2 | developing – through Partnership Health and in cooperation with
1390 II, 8. 1. 2 | use of common instruments. Health Interview Surveys (HIS)
1391 II, 8. 1. 2 | data for topics related to health, disability and social integration.~ ~ ~
1392 II, 8. 1. 3 | EU have a long standing health problem or disability (LSHPD).
1393 II, 8. 1. 3 | 64 with a long-standing health problem or disability (LSHPD)~ ~
1394 II, 8. 1. 3 | in self-perception of the health and disability status.~ ~
1395 II, 8. 1. 4 | could be included to provide health information in non-health
1396 II, 8. 1. 4 | component of a European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)
1397 II, 8. 1. 4 | Working Group on Public Health statistics) regarding the
1398 II, 8. 1. 4 | context of the EHSS (European Health Survey System).~
1399 II, 8. 2. 1 | erroneously, with mental health or psychiatric difficulties.
1400 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities may incur mental health difficulties in the course
1401 II, 8. 2. 1 | importance of the individual’s health as an essential requirement
1402 II, 8. 2. 1 | unable to access basic health and educational services,
1403 II, 8. 2. 1 | negative disparities in health status and in access to
1404 II, 8. 2. 1 | and in access to optimal health care. Across the lifespan,
1405 II, 8. 2. 1 | risks to physical and mental health incurred by their peers
1406 II, 8. 2. 1 | likely to incur additional health problems and, thus, to report
1407 II, 8. 2. 1 | increased morbidity and poorer health status. For example, higher
1408 II, 8. 2. 1 | rates of obesity, mental health disorders, and lower rates
1409 II, 8. 2. 1 | levels, and preventative health screening have been identified
1410 II, 8. 2. 1 | mention epilepsy and mental health difficulties with a high
1411 II, 8. 2. 1 | published literature and current health information at country and
1412 II, 8. 2. 1 | school.~Population-based health related data can also be
1413 II, 8. 2. 1 | and their characteristics, health outcomes and use of health
1414 II, 8. 2. 1 | health outcomes and use of health services may be compared
1415 II, 8. 2. 1 | and may thus compare their health outcomes and service utilization
1416 II, 8. 2. 1 | been absent from public health surveys. Thus, attempts
1417 II, 8. 2. 1 | attempts to monitor their health have hitherto been sporadic
1418 II, 8. 2. 1 | recent studies related to the health of people with intellectual
1419 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities within national health interview (HIS) and health
1420 II, 8. 2. 1 | health interview (HIS) and health examination (HES) surveys
1421 II, 8. 2. 1 | HES) surveys of population health was identified as a potentially
1422 II, 8. 2. 1 | resource for identifying health disparities (Scheepers et
1423 II, 8. 2. 1 | 2005). The European Union Health Surveys Information Database (
1424 II, 8. 2. 1 | inventory of population health related surveys in Europe (
1425 II, 8. 2. 1 | the developing European Health Survey System by providing
1426 II, 8. 2. 1 | access to existing and new health interview and health examination
1427 II, 8. 2. 1 | new health interview and health examination surveys conducted
1428 II, 8. 2. 1 | widely ranging from smaller health barometer surveys with sample
1429 II, 8. 2. 1 | specifically related to the health of people with intellectual
1430 II, 8. 2. 1 | evidence and to develop health indicators permitting comparable
1431 II, 8. 2. 1 | indicators permitting comparable health information across Europe.
1432 II, 8. 2. 1 | defined by ICD 10 (World Health Organisation’s International
1433 II, 8. 2. 1 | work, leisure time and health.~This dual-criterion approach (
1434 II, 8. 2. 1 | 2002). The UK Department of Health estimates that the prevalence
1435 II, 8. 2. 1 | vulnerable group at risk of health inequalities – in Canada,
1436 II, 8. 2. 1 | particularly vulnerable to health risks. Evidence suggests
1437 II, 8. 2. 1 | substantively to the greater health risks experienced by, for
1438 II, 8. 2. 1 | through simple tests.~ ~Health risks of people with intellectual
1439 II, 8. 2. 1 | disability~Lack of comparable health information about people
1440 II, 8. 2. 1 | they experience negative health disparities, people with
1441 II, 8. 2. 1 | encounter barriers to optimal health prevention, promotion and
1442 II, 8. 2. 1 | al (2006) note, regular health screening can detect unmet
1443 II, 8. 2. 1 | screening can detect unmet health needs, but as people with
1444 II, 8. 2. 1 | intellectual disabilities rely on health management by proxy, through
1445 II, 8. 2. 1 | report sustained benefits in health outcomes following a clinical
1446 II, 8. 2. 1 | outcomes following a clinical health screening intervention for
1447 II, 8. 2. 1 | such screening would reduce health inequalities.~People with
1448 II, 8. 2. 1 | traditionally ‘invisible’ to public health monitoring. In general,
1449 II, 8. 2. 1 | monitoring. In general, health information is not available
1450 II, 8. 2. 1 | nor to track changes in health status or use of health
1451 II, 8. 2. 1 | health status or use of health services over time.~An emerging
1452 II, 8. 2. 1 | availability contribute to negative health disparities among people
1453 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities. The observed poorer health status is thought to reflect
1454 II, 8. 2. 1 | predispositions to certain health conditions, less favourable
1455 II, 8. 2. 1 | inability to utilise generic health services, omission from
1456 II, 8. 2. 1 | services, omission from public health awareness campaigns and
1457 II, 8. 2. 1 | contribute to their unmet health needs. Further, the absence
1458 II, 8. 2. 1 | gathered, population-based health information exacerbates
1459 II, 8. 2. 1 | negative disparities in health experienced by Europeans
1460 II, 8. 2. 1 | factor for poorer general health. These authors concluded
1461 II, 8. 2. 1 | increased risk for poorer health and mental health of children
1462 II, 8. 2. 1 | poorer health and mental health of children and adolescents
1463 II, 8. 2. 1 | population. These behavioural health risks were associated with
1464 II, 8. 2. 1 | segment of the population and health inequalities are evident.
1465 II, 8. 2. 1 | They encounter greater health risks, experience poorer
1466 II, 8. 2. 1 | poorer physical and mental health outcomes and typically have
1467 II, 8. 2. 1 | frameworks of disability, the health of people with intellectual
1468 II, 8. 2. 1 | avoidance of the secondary health conditions for which people
1469 II, 8. 2. 1 | Efforts at the level of health systems are also recommended
1470 II, 8. 2. 1 | also recommended to improve health outcomes for people with
1471 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities. Preparation of health professionals is a key target
1472 II, 8. 2. 1 | to identify and meet the health needs of people with intellectual
1473 II, 8. 2. 1 | doctors, nurses and other health professionals who are to
1474 II, 8. 2. 1 | training for doctors and other health professionals who work with
1475 II, 8. 2. 1 | curricula for preparing health professionals to work effectively
1476 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities. Arguably, the health and quality of life of family
1477 II, 8. 2. 1 | account when considering the health of the individuals for whom
1478 II, 8. 2. 1 | their family members when health care is sought. They may
1479 II, 8. 2. 1 | is sought. They may incur health risks exacerbated by their
1480 II, 8. 2. 1 | focuses on reduction of health inequalities (see the chapter
1481 II, 8. 2. 1 | very likely to experience health inequalities, yet to date
1482 II, 8. 2. 1 | gather population-based health data about this segment
1483 II, 8. 2. 1 | systematic gathering of health information about the health
1484 II, 8. 2. 1 | health information about the health of people with intellectual
1485 II, 8. 2. 1 | gather systematic, comparable health information about citizens
1486 II, 8. 2. 1 | intellectual disabilities. Health indicators are essential
1487 II, 8. 2. 1 | population, and also to compare health outcomes, determinants and
1488 II, 8. 2. 1 | survey measures.~Reducing health disparities is another identified
1489 II, 8. 2. 1 | charged with identifying the health needs and improving the
1490 II, 8. 2. 1 | and improving the lifelong health of people with intellectual
1491 II, 8. 2. 1 | European Community level, all health disparities that are deemed
1492 II, 8. 2. 1 | investments in their lifelong health a matter of priority.~Identifying
1493 II, 8. 2. 1 | and managing age-related health risks for people in this
1494 II, 8. 2. 1 | increasingly seek generic health and social services as they
1495 II, 8. 2. 1 | health promotion programmes, to health care and to optimal interventions
1496 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities will have an impact on health service systems in their
1497 II, 8. 2. 1 | N. (2006). Improving the health of people with intellectual
1498 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities: outcomes of a health screening programme after
1499 II, 8. 2. 1 | socioeconomic position to health inequalities of British
1500 II, 8. 2. 1 | social capital and the health of children and adolescents
