Part, Chapter, Paragraph
2001 II, 9. 3. 3 | Most of the national sexual health policies in the western
2002 II, 9. 3. 3 | process for promoting sexual health (WHO, 2006a):~ ~ percentage
2003 II, 9. 3. 3 | behaviours to improve sexual health has proven to be difficult (
2004 II, 9. 3. 3 | needed to protect sexual health. Interventions encouraging
2005 II, 9. 3. 3 | Instead of issue-driven sexual health agenda, it is necessary
2006 II, 9. 3. 3 | largely determine sexual health in Europe calls for the
2007 II, 9. 3. 3 | behaviour and reproductive health outcomes for monitoring
2008 II, 9. 3. 3 | Incorporation of sexual health as an integrated part of
2009 II, 9. 3. 3 | integrated part of general health surveys using comparative
2010 II, 9. 3. 3 | using comparative sexual health indicators will enable a
2011 II, 9. 3. 3 | approach towards sexual health. There are many publications
2012 II, 9. 3. 3 | V (2004) Young people’s health in context. Health Behaviour
2013 II, 9. 3. 3 | people’s health in context. Health Behaviour in School-aged
2014 II, 9. 3. 3 | from the 2001/2002 survey. Health Policy for Children and
2015 II, 9. 3. 3 | Switzerland. Am J Public Health 87:558-66.~European Parliament (
2016 II, 9. 3. 3 | sexual and reproductive health and rights (2001/2128 (INI)).
2017 II, 9. 3. 3 | Social marketing in public health. Annu Rev Public Health
2018 II, 9. 3. 3 | health. Annu Rev Public Health 26:319-39.~Haavio-Mannila
2019 II, 9. 3. 3 | systematic review. Eur J Public Health. 0: ckm014v1-7~Johnson A,
2020 II, 9. 3. 3 | 1996, and 2001. Population Health Metrics 2:5~Kirby D, Laris
2021 II, 9. 3. 3 | 2. North Carolina:Family Health International (YouthNet
2022 II, 9. 3. 3 | The Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships. Summary
2023 II, 9. 3. 3 | Agency and the Department of Health and Children. 62 p. [http://
2024 II, 9. 3. 3 | Hemminki E (2007): Sexual health among young adults in Finland:
2025 II, 9. 3. 3 | behaviour through a general health survey. Scand J of Public
2026 II, 9. 3. 3 | survey. Scand J of Public Health 35:298-305~Serbanescu F,
2027 II, 9. 3. 3 | Marin M (2001): Reproductive health survey Romania, 1999, Final
2028 II, 9. 3. 3 | HIV/AIDS risk and the role of health education campaigns. Eur
2029 II, 9. 3. 3 | campaigns. Eur J Public Health 16(5):498-504.~Thompson
2030 II, 9. 3. 3 | Sexual and Reproductive Health; October: 24-46. [http://
2031 II, 9. 3. 3 | www.thelancet.com]~World Health Organization (WHO) (2004):
2032 II, 9. 3. 3 | WHO) (2004): Reproductive Health Strategy to Accelerate Progress
2033 II, 9. 3. 3 | Available at: htt df~World Health Organization (WHO) (2006):
2034 II, 9. 3. 3 | international reproductive health goals. A framework for implementing
2035 II, 9. 3. 3 | WHO Global Reproductive Health Strategy, Department of
2036 II, 9. 3. 3 | Department of Reproductive Health and Research, World Health
2037 II, 9. 3. 3 | Health and Research, World Health Organization. Available
2038 II, 9. 3. 3 | Available at: htt df~World Health Organisation (WHO) (2006b):
2039 II, 9. 3. 3 | Gesundheitliche Aufklärung~FHI~Family Health International~HBSC~Health
2040 II, 9. 3. 3 | Health International~HBSC~Health Behaviour in School-aged
2041 II, 9. 3. 3 | The Irish Study of Sexual Health and Relationships~MSM~Men
2042 II, 9. 3. 3 | Population Fund~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~ ~
2043 II, 9. 4. 1 | greatest social, economic and health challenges in the 21st century.
2044 II, 9. 4. 1 | economic growth and the public health budget throughout their
2045 II, 9. 4. 1 | health promotion policy and health service delivery must be
2046 II, 9. 4. 1 | national and European public health policies for older people
2047 II, 9. 4. 1 | Diversity in relation to health needs within the older population
2048 II, 9. 4. 2 | group in relation to public health. There is an urgent need
2049 II, 9. 4. 2 | urgent need for improved health statistics on the older
2050 II, 9. 4. 2 | and guide future public health policies.~ ~Recent data
2051 II, 9. 4. 2 | people (e.g. smoking, sexual health etc.) The EU co-funded MERI
2052 II, 9. 4. 2 | 9.4.1. General Physical Health Measures Among Men and Women
2053 II, 9. 4. 3 | healthier lives and patterns of health and illness in women and
2054 II, 9. 4. 3 | significance for older women’s health. Indeed, more research is
2055 II, 9. 4. 3 | causes of death, 65+~ ~Mental health, psychiatric and neurological
2056 II, 9. 4. 3 | neurological disorders.~ ~ ~Mental health problems ranging from depression
2057 II, 9. 4. 3 | disability. The burden of ill health in older people can be improved
2058 II, 9. 4. 3 | factors that impact on mental health and wellbeing such as social
2059 II, 9. 4. 3 | Finland and Portugal (European Health Men’s Forum, 2003). Morbidity
2060 II, 9. 4. 3 | above this age (European Health Men’s Forum, 2003).~ ~Stroke.
2061 II, 9. 4. 3 | Communicable diseases~ ~Preventive health services such as immunisation
2062 II, 9. 4. 4 | to stable self-perceived health, and a delay in functional
2063 II, 9. 4. 4 | in the deterioration of health status and a reduced mortality
2064 II, 9. 4. 4 | shorter life span and poorer health in older age. Less well-off
2065 II, 9. 4. 4 | important determinants of health and outcome in the elderly (
2066 II, 9. 4. 5 | Chapter 5 and for specific health determinants in Chapter
2067 II, 9. 4. 5 | tolerated. A positive public health policy for Europe would
2068 II, 9. 4. 5 | Social capital. The aim of health policy in this regard should
2069 II, 9. 4. 5 | divorce has adverse effects on health. Playing a part in family
2070 II, 9. 4. 5 | have beneficial effects on health, improve a person’s self
2071 II, 9. 4. 5 | detrimental to the caregiver’s own health. Recognising caregiver stress
2072 II, 9. 4. 5 | continue to provide quality health services. In June 2001,
2073 II, 9. 4. 5 | which also stressed that all health systems in the EU are based
2074 II, 9. 4. 5 | increase employment. The health and social services sector
2075 II, 9. 4. 5 | delivery regarding both health and long-term care. This
2076 II, 9. 4. 5 | programme in the field of public health, which has come into force
2077 II, 9. 4. 5 | effectiveness and of ensuring that health professionals and patients
2078 II, 9. 4. 5 | three broad objectives.~ ~Health Inequalities. As women live
2079 II, 9. 4. 5 | life expectancy and overall health status are found within
2080 II, 9. 4. 5 | increase the risk of ill health. Poor older people have
2081 II, 9. 4. 5 | and engage them in their health and well-being. Equity of
2082 II, 9. 4. 5 | the expense of their own health. Women typically do not
2083 II, 9. 4. 5 | 2006).~ ~Education and health. In most countries, the
2084 II, 9. 4. 5 | access to healthcare and health information (WHO, 1999).~ ~
2085 II, 9. 4. 5 | EU Treaty Article 152 on health protection for all citizens
2086 II, 9. 4. 5 | discrimination and demographic change Health 21 – health for all in the
2087 II, 9. 4. 5 | demographic change Health 21 – health for all in the 21st century
2088 II, 9. 4. 5 | tool to other social and health topics, such as nutrition,
2089 II, 9. 4. 5 | of the objectives of the health strategy (EPHA, 2007).~ ~
2090 II, 9. 4. 5 | delivery into competing health and social care organisations
2091 II, 9. 4. 5 | agencies providing both health and social care - is definitely
2092 II, 9. 4. 5 | in the Skaevinge 24-hour health and care scheme in Denmark.
2093 II, 9. 4. 5 | provide useful insights for health and social care agencies
2094 II, 9. 4. 6 | ageing (determinants of health ageing, minimizing the impact
2095 II, 9. 4. 6 | systems across all sectors (health, environment, social, financial
2096 II, 9. 4. 7 | 2004): Towards Integrated Health and~ ~Social Care for Older
2097 II, 9. 4. 7 | Lifestyle, nutritional status, health, and mortality in elderly
2098 II, 9. 4. 7 | European Commission (2003): The Health Status of the European Union –
2099 II, 9. 4. 7 | European Union – Narrowing the Health Gap. Luxembourg~ ~European
2100 II, 9. 4. 7 | 2004): The State of Mental Health in the European Union, htt df~
2101 II, 9. 4. 7 | pdf].~The European Men’s Health Forum (2003): A report on
2102 II, 9. 4. 7 | report on the state of men’s health across 17 European countries.~
2103 II, 9. 4. 7 | Medical~ ~Eurostat (2006): Health. Statistics in focus: Population
2104 II, 9. 4. 7 | the illness in England, Health Trends. vol. 25, pp. 31–
2105 II, 9. 4. 7 | The State of Ageing and Health in Europe.~ ~Jaleel H, Allan
2106 II, 9. 4. 7 | Europe. Journal of Public Health, Volume 13, No. 2 p. 56-
2107 II, 9. 4. 7 | United Kingdom Department of Health (UK – DoH) (2005): The National
2108 II, 9. 4. 7 | Conditions, Department of Health, London~ ~WHO (1996): The
2109 II, 9. 4. 7 | the myths. WHO Ageing and Health Programme~ ~WHO (2003):
2110 II, 9. 4. 7 | Programme~ ~WHO (2003): Atlas of Health in Europe~ ~WHO/HEN (2004):
2111 II, 9. 4. 8 | Disease~DoH~Department of Health (UK)~EU~European Union~HIV~
2112 II, 9. 4. 8 | PROCARE~Providing Integrated Health and Social Care for Older
2113 II, 9. 4. 8 | Programme on HIV/AIDS~WHO~World Health Organization.~ ~ ~
2114 II, 9. 5. 1 | genders. Differences in health behaviour (e.g. tobacco
2115 II, 9. 5. 1 | to gender differences in health and longevity. Interactions
2116 II, 9. 5. 1 | differences in longevity, health and human development between
2117 II, 9. 5. 1 | understanding of gender-specific health.~ ~In general, women experience
2118 II, 9. 5. 1 | 2005). Much of women’s health risk is associated not only
2119 II, 9. 5. 1 | As a movement, men’s health is only beginning to gain
2120 II, 9. 5. 1 | men. Research into men’s health is lacking but it is important
2121 II, 9. 5. 1 | engenders or endangers the health of men and of those with
2122 II, 9. 5. 1 | Psychosocial determinants of health are generally more important
2123 II, 9. 5. 1 | contribute to inequalities in health between men and women.~ ~
2124 II, 9. 5. 1 | psychosocial stress and poor health in women, who have to balance
2125 II, 9. 5. 1 | For what concerns women’s health, it is essential to consider
2126 II, 9. 5. 1 | perspective.~ ~Gender-specific health is multi-determined and
2127 II, 9. 5. 1 | on gender differences in health and changing gender relations
2128 II, 9. 5. 1 | influence on patterns of health and disease (Walter, 2004).~ ~
2129 II, 9. 5. 1 | as effective treatment or health information as men and that
2130 II, 9. 5. 2 | work produced by the World Health Organization (WHO) and NGOs
2131 II, 9. 5. 2 | NGOs working in specific health fields, supported by excerpts
2132 II, 9. 5. 2 | differing male and female health experience~Basic principles
2133 II, 9. 5. 2 | can measure the status of health within populations, but
2134 II, 9. 5. 2 | over the years of the wider health determinants and inequalities
2135 II, 9. 5. 2 | determinants and inequalities in health (Bonté, 2004). Exemplars
2136 II, 9. 5. 2 | reflect inequalities in health are the Euro-REVES (International
2137 II, 9. 5. 2 | International Network on Health Expectancy and the Disability
2138 II, 9. 5. 2 | European Community Public Health Indicators). Euro-REVES
2139 II, 9. 5. 2 | up to provide comparable health indicators that would address
2140 II, 9. 5. 2 | address inequalities in the health of European populations.
2141 II, 9. 5. 2 | exchanging longer life for poorer health (Robine et al, 2004). ECHI
2142 II, 9. 5. 2 | programmes from the public health framework (Cancer, HIV/AIDS,
2143 II, 9. 5. 2 | Drugs, health promotion, Health Monitoring, Pollution related
2144 II, 9. 5. 2 | The UK Department of Health has commissioned research
2145 II, 9. 5. 2 | ways man and women access health services. The Report , due
2146 II, 9. 5. 2 | differences in the use of health and social care services;~-
2147 II, 9. 5. 2 | help determine key gender health priorities ;~- Inform the
2148 II, 9. 5. 2 | address gender inequalities in health outcomes.~ ~
2149 II, 9. 5. 3 | description and analysis~ ~Health inequalities~ ~Lifestyle,
2150 II, 9. 5. 3 | may adversely influence health risk behaviours.~ ~Figure
2151 II, 9. 5. 3 | hearing loss (EU Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2004).
2152 II, 9. 5. 3 | and/or pregnancy. Mental health can be damaged when the
2153 II, 9. 5. 3 | physician and disclose mental health problems to him/her. Men
2154 II, 9. 5. 3 | disadvantage and thereby influence health. Girls who reached menarche
2155 II, 9. 5. 3 | expectancy and ‘positive health experiences’ increase for
2156 II, 9. 5. 3 | likely to suffer chronic from health problems and resulting disability
2157 II, 9. 5. 3 | level have a higher risk of health problems than children of
2158 II, 9. 5. 3 | significantly associated to health risk behaviours: the more
2159 II, 9. 5. 3 | domestic violence to the health services appears to be high.
2160 II, 9. 5. 3 | to pharmacies and mental health consultations over their
2161 II, 9. 5. 3 | levels of smoking related health problems.~ ~Table 9.5.7.
2162 II, 9. 5. 3 | The WHO/HBSC report Health Behaviour in School-aged
2163 II, 9. 5. 3 | behaviour may influence future health. The interaction between
2164 II, 9. 5. 3 | and affect reproductive health. Smoking in young women
2165 II, 9. 5. 3 | Overweight and Obesity related health issues.~ ~Current EU environments
2166 II, 9. 5. 3 | women who provide food, health and care to their families.
2167 II, 9. 5. 3 | attach less importance to health when selecting their diet
2168 II, 9. 5. 3 | increase reproductive and health risks. In addition, women’
2169 II, 9. 5. 3 | leading ultimately to poorer health in older age. Poverty can
2170 II, 9. 5. 3 | vigorous exercise. The World Health Report 2002 estimates that
2171 II, 9. 5. 3 | on their lives (Women’s Health Council 2005: Navaie-Waliser,
2172 II, 9. 5. 3 | with higher levels of poor health. Carers were also relatively
2173 II, 9. 5. 3 | the same age to be in poor health themselves. Caregivers were
2174 II, 9. 5. 3 | individuals with disabling health conditions are likely to
2175 II, 9. 5. 3 | being unmarried, poorer health, being a tenant rather than
2176 II, 9. 5. 4 | co-ordinatination of policies on health and long term care, social
2177 II, 9. 5. 4 | and pensions~· FP7 Public Health Framework Programme and
2178 II, 9. 5. 4 | PROGRESS~· Proposed Mental Health Strategy: Promoting the
2179 II, 9. 5. 4 | Strategy: Promoting the mental health of the population. Towards
2180 II, 9. 5. 4 | Towards a strategy on mental health for the EU~· Gender discrimination
2181 II, 9. 5. 4 | Gender discrimination in health systems.~ Reference A6-0250/
2182 II, 9. 5. 4 | 14/09/2006~· Promoting health and safety at the workplace.~
2183 II, 9. 5. 4 | 08/2006~· Nutrition and health claims made on foods.~ Reference
2184 II, 9. 5. 4 | highlight the role of public health in its prevention, and increase
2185 II, 9. 5. 4 | and violence, is the World Health Assembly resolution on Public
2186 II, 9. 5. 4 | Assembly resolution on Public health problems caused by harmful
2187 II, 9. 5. 4 | 2005, which recognizes the health and social consequences
2188 II, 9. 5. 4 | Gender inequalities in health need to be addressed both
2189 II, 9. 5. 4 | addressed both as a public health issue and as a symptom of
2190 II, 9. 5. 4 | physical and psychological health and need to be placed on
2191 II, 9. 5. 4 | existing indicators for health;~· Recognition of the importance
2192 II, 9. 5. 4 | 2006).~ ~ ~While women’s health has gained specific attention
2193 II, 9. 5. 4 | dedicated to the issue of men’s health. Among national governments,
2194 II, 9. 5. 4 | the first report on men’s health for the city of Vienna in
2195 II, 9. 5. 4 | governments have developed men’s health strategies (England and
2196 II, 9. 5. 4 | presidency conference on men’s health (Lisbon Nov 2007), National
2197 II, 9. 5. 4 | were run by The National Health Board (a governmental institution)
2198 II, 9. 5. 4 | institution) for improving the health of young men including physical activity
2199 II, 9. 5. 4 | television or gaming device, health information for army recruits
2200 II, 9. 5. 4 | European Commission public health strategy focuses on the
2201 II, 9. 5. 4 | of communicable diseases, health determinants (alcohol, smoking,
2202 II, 9. 5. 4 | cancer, diabetes and mental health. Despite the substantial
2203 II, 9. 5. 4 | late presentation and poor health literacy in men could make
2204 II, 9. 5. 4 | make to the improvement of health in these areas, the Community’
2205 II, 9. 5. 4 | the Community’s public health policy hasn’t so far taken
2206 II, 9. 5. 4 | hasn’t so far taken men’s health issues specifically into
2207 II, 9. 5. 4 | Steps to improve men’s health tend to follow similar patterns
2208 II, 9. 5. 4 | less frequently, workplace health services are likely to offer
2209 II, 9. 5. 4 | strong benefits for men’s health. Both the WHO (European
2210 II, 9. 5. 4 | Resolution 60.26 Workers' Health: Global Plan of Action -
2211 II, 9. 5. 4 | 2017 ). The European Men’s Health Forum (EMHF) and its network
2212 II, 9. 5. 4 | the Declaration for the health of men and boys in Europe
2213 II, 9. 5. 4 | rehabilitation programs and health information messages. Examples
2214 II, 9. 5. 4 | MDG) apply as much to the health goals for the countries
2215 II, 9. 5. 5 | for the improvement of the health of European populations.
2216 II, 9. 5. 5 | are recognized as one top health priority to try to achieve
2217 II, 9. 5. 5 | gender equality and women’s health.~ ~Policy focus on improving
2218 II, 9. 5. 5 | focus on improving men's health is still limited, although
2219 II, 9. 5. 5 | impact of men and boys’ poor health status in terms of healthcare
2220 II, 9. 5. 5 | on key factors to men’s health improvement and evidence
2221 II, 9. 5. 6 | Austbury J (2002): Mental Health: ‘Gender Bias, Social Position,
2222 II, 9. 5. 6 | Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity. (
2223 II, 9. 5. 6 | 419–427.~ ~Bonté J (2004): Health Indicators and Eurostat,
2224 II, 9. 5. 6 | Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the
2225 II, 9. 5. 6 | behavioural determinants of health. Soc Sci Med 58(12):2585-
2226 II, 9. 5. 6 | Common Framework To Measure Health Status. Eurostat/European
2227 II, 9. 5. 6 | Framework for Designing National Health Policies with an Integrated
2228 II, 9. 5. 6 | Gender Perspective into the Health Sector (UN doc. EGM/Health/
2229 II, 9. 5. 6 | Health Sector (UN doc. EGM/Health/1998/Report). Presented
2230 II, 9. 5. 6 | Group Meeting on Women and Health, Tunisia, 28 September to
2231 II, 9. 5. 6 | Analytical Tool for Global Health Research. Canadian Journal
2232 II, 9. 5. 6 | Canadian Journal of Public Health; 97 (1): 63-68~ ~European
2233 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Institute of Women’s Health (EIWH) (2006): Women’s Health
2234 II, 9. 5. 6 | Health (EIWH) (2006): Women’s Health in Europe. Dublin~ ~EU Agency
2235 II, 9. 5. 6 | EU Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2003): Gender issues
2236 II, 9. 5. 6 | Gender issues in safety and health - A review. Luxembourg:
2237 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Commission (2002). Health statistics: Atlas on mortality
2238 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Commission (2003): The Health Status of the European Union –
2239 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Union – Narrowing the Health Gap. Luxembourg~ ~European
2240 II, 9. 5. 6 | by combating the adverse health, social and economic consequences
2241 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Heart Network/European Health Management Association/Bristol-Myers
2242 II, 9. 5. 6 | 07.07)~ ~European Men’s Health Forum (2005): Gender mainstreaming
2243 II, 9. 5. 6 | Gender mainstreaming and good health for all EU citizens. Available
2244 II, 9. 5. 6 | 01.08)~ ~European Men’s Health Forum (2006): Tackling overweight
2245 II, 9. 5. 6 | European Institute of Women’s Health (2007): Discrimination Against
2246 II, 9. 5. 6 | Women And Young Girls In The Health Sector. Brussels~ ~Eurostat (
2247 II, 9. 5. 6 | Gender differences in mental health’, in Gender Inequalities
2248 II, 9. 5. 6 | in Gender Inequalities in Health: A Swedish Perspective.. (
2249 II, 9. 5. 6 | Hammarström A, Janlert U (2005): Health selection in a 14-year follow-up
2250 II, 9. 5. 6 | women and young girls in the health care sector. European Parliament,
2251 II, 9. 5. 6 | and Young People. World Health Organization, Geneva~ ~Jernigan
2252 II, 9. 5. 6 | and Young People. World Health Organization, Geneva~ ~Joseph
2253 II, 9. 5. 6 | 1996): Birthweight and health and development at the age
2254 II, 9. 5. 6 | of 7 years. Child Care, Health & Development; 22(1): 55-
2255 II, 9. 5. 6 | Resource document on mental health and inequalities in Scotland.
2256 II, 9. 5. 6 | Development Centre for Mental Health~ ~Centers for Diseases Control
2257 II, 9. 5. 6 | Training, Personal Development, Health and Physical Education Unit (
2258 II, 9. 5. 6 | Europe. Journal of Public Health, Volume 13, No. 2 p. 56-
2259 II, 9. 5. 6 | Oxford Textbook of Public Health, 4th ed, p 1596~ ~White
2260 II, 9. 5. 6 | women aged 15–44. J Mens Health Gender, 3: 139-151.~ ~WHO/
2261 II, 9. 5. 6 | income countries. World Health Organization. Edited by
2262 II, 9. 5. 6 | HBSC (2004): Young people’s health in context: Health Behaviour
2263 II, 9. 5. 6 | people’s health in context: Health Behaviour in School-aged
2264 II, 9. 5. 6 | WHO (2002) The World Health Report 2002: reducing risks,
2265 II, 9. 5. 6 | healthy life. The World Health Organisation, Geneva.~ ~
2266 II, 9. 5. 6 | Geneva.~ ~WHO (2005): The health of children and adolescents
2267 II, 9. 5. 6 | WHO (2000): Women’s mental health – an evidence based review.
2268 II, 9. 5. 6 | accessed 12.07.07)~ ~Women’s Health Council (2005): Caregiving –
2269 II, 9. 5. 7 | European Institute of Women’s Health~EP~European Parliament~EU~
2270 II, 9. 5. 7 | International Study~HBSC~Health Behaviour in School-aged
2271 II, 9. 5. 7 | United States~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~ ~ ~ ~
2272 III | PART III~HEALTH CAUSES, FACTORS AND DETERMINANTS~ ~
2273 III, 10 | 10.~HEALTH DETERMINANTS~ ~ ~
2274 III, 10. 1 | The impact of stressors on health is characterised by several
2275 III, 10. 1 | between exposures and their health consequences depend on the
2276 III, 10. 1 | structure and condition of health determinants affect the
2277 III, 10. 1 | sustainability of the population’s health. An up to date understanding
2278 III, 10. 1 | date understanding of the health determinants and their interactions
2279 III, 10. 1 | critically important for public health research and practice (Beaglehole,
2280 III, 10. 1 | political, economic and health care environment interact
2281 III, 10. 1 | the determination of the health status of individuals and
2282 III, 10. 1 | insufficient to improve the health status. This is particularly
2283 III, 10. 1 | particularly important for health policy interventions. Associations
2284 III, 10. 1 | more significant on the health of vulnerable subpopulations
2285 III, 10. 1 | associations and interactions of health determinants, however, statistical
2286 III, 10. 1 | different factors that influence health, from those at individual
2287 III, 10. 1 | Figure 10.1.1. The model of health determinants~ ~ ~ ~ ~A similar
2288 III, 10. 1 | The interaction between health determinants and human beings~ ~ ~
2289 III, 10. 1 | beings~ ~ ~Table 10.1.1. Health determinants: agents, exposure
2290 III, 10. 1 | social factors influencing health~ ~AGENTS~EXPOSURE ROUTES~
2291 III, 10. 1 | society~ ~ ~ ~ ~Individual health status can be regarded as
2292 III, 10. 1 | some of the most important health determinants. Environmental
2293 III, 10. 1 | factors contributing to the health of individuals and populations
2294 III, 10. 1 | physical environment and health care system. Individual
2295 III, 10. 1 | care system. Individual health determinants such as genetic,
2296 III, 10. 1 | pathway between these external health determinants and a particular
2297 III, 10. 1 | policies. Looking at public health and potential diseases with
2298 III, 10. 1 | in designing preventive health measures that not only reduce
2299 III, 10. 1 | environment influences our health in many ways – through exposures
2300 III, 10. 1 | injuries covered by the World Health Report in 2004, environmental
2301 III, 10. 1 | children, people with existing health problems such as diabetes,
2302 III, 10. 1 | widespread public concern about health impacts and their associations
2303 III, 10. 1 | EMF.~ ~Table 10.1.2. Major health impacts and some associations
2304 III, 10. 1 | Research Centre (2006).~ ~Health impact~Associations with
2305 III, 10. 1. 1 | of relationships between health determinants. In general,
2306 III, 10. 1. 1 | associations between different health determinants and outcomes
2307 III, 10. 1. 1 | important to note is that one health determinant can confound
2308 III, 10. 1. 1 | association between another health determinant and the health
2309 III, 10. 1. 1 | health determinant and the health outcome of interest or act
2310 III, 10. 1. 1 | identical group of determinants~Health determinants dealing with
2311 III, 10. 1. 1 | or creating barriers to health behaviour (Green and Potvin,
2312 III, 10. 1. 1 | within subgroup (tobacco use)~Health determinants within the
2313 III, 10. 1. 1 | as knowledge of adverse health effects of tobacco use,
2314 III, 10. 1. 1 | applicable to the “tobacco use” health determinant.~Exposure to
2315 III, 10. 1. 1 | other major determinants of health (lifestyle, environmental,
2316 III, 10. 1. 1 | individual and societal health management (Melzer et al,
2317 III, 10. 1. 1 | reflect the complexity of health determinants interactions
2318 III, 10. 1. 1 | physical activity in the model of health and disease determinants.~ ~
2319 III, 10. 1. 1 | physical activity in the model of health and disease determinants~ ~ ~
2320 III, 10. 1. 2 | associations and interactions of health determinants. The aim is
2321 III, 10. 1. 2 | translated into (public) health policy and practice and,
2322 III, 10. 1. 2 | improvement of population health.~ ~
2323 III, 10. 1. 3 | 1987): Social drinking as a health and psychosocial risk factor.
2324 III, 10. 1. 3 | 2004): Determinants of health and disease: Overview and
2325 III, 10. 1. 3 | Oxford Textbook of Public Health. (Edited by: Detels R, McEwen
2326 III, 10. 1. 3 | and relapse. Alcohol Res Health 23(4):263-271.~Burke RS,
2327 III, 10. 1. 3 | Strategies to Promote Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for
2328 III, 10. 1. 3 | 2005): Environment and health. EEA Report No 10/2005~Ezzati
2329 III, 10. 1. 3 | exposure: a serious pediatric health problem. A statement from
2330 III, 10. 1. 3 | alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health 27(1):52-62.~Green LW, Potvin
2331 III, 10. 1. 3 | 2004): Determinants of health and disease: Education,
2332 III, 10. 1. 3 | lifestyle determinants of health and disease. In Oxford Textbook
2333 III, 10. 1. 3 | Oxford Textbook of Public Health. (Edited by: Detels R, McEwen
2334 III, 10. 1. 3 | 2004): Determinants of health and disease: Social, economic,
2335 III, 10. 1. 3 | cultural environment and human health. In Oxford Textbook of Public
2336 III, 10. 1. 3 | Oxford Textbook of Public Health. (Edited by: Detels R, McEwen
2337 III, 10. 1. 3 | Diet, Physical activity and Health. World Health Organization,
2338 III, 10. 1. 3 | Physical activity and Health. World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland.~
2339 III, 10. 1. 3 | Germanies: East Germany’s health system provides lessons
2340 III, 10. 1. 3 | patterns and their social and health consequences. Addiction
2341 III, 10. 1. 3 | food labelling. J Public Health 15(1):57-62.~Sher L (2006):
2342 III, 10. 1. 3 | KD (1998): An overview of health risks and benefits of alcohol
2343 III, 10. 1. 3 | physical activity in children. J Public Health 14(2):71-75.~Wagner N, Meusel
2344 III, 10. 1. 3 | projects in Germany. J Public Health 13(6):291-295.~Wiers RW,
2345 III, 10. 1. 3 | Physical activity, diet, and health: independent and interactive
2346 III, 10. 2. 1 | ASH~Action on Smoking and Health: ASH UK~COPD~Chronic obstructive
2347 III, 10. 2. 1 | Social Council~EHIS~European Health Interview Survey~ENSP~European
2348 III, 10. 2. 1 | Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks~SHS~Second-hand smoke~
2349 III, 10. 2. 1 | Specific Nitrosamines~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~ ~
2350 III, 10. 2. 1 | will determine the future health of the EU populations. Collective
2351 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2. Diseases and adverse health effects caused by active
2352 III, 10. 2. 1 | Respiratory diseases and adverse health effects~Cardiovascular diseases
2353 III, 10. 2. 1 | Cardiovascular diseases and adverse health effects~Effects on Maternal
2354 III, 10. 2. 1 | Effects on Maternal and Child Health~Other diseases and adverse
2355 III, 10. 2. 1 | Other diseases and adverse health effects~- Lung~- Mouth and
2356 III, 10. 2. 1 | cigarette smoke~- Coronary health disease~- Cerebrovascular
2357 III, 10. 2. 1 | smokers mostly on the basis of health interview surveys which
2358 III, 10. 2. 1 | literature include Eurostat, WHO Health for All database (HFA) and OECD.
2359 III, 10. 2. 1 | modules of the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS)
2360 III, 10. 2. 1 | standard questionnaire during a health interview of a representative
2361 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries are carrying out such health interview surveys on a more
2362 III, 10. 2. 1 | sources by the Tobacco or Health unit at WHO/EURO. OECD also
2363 III, 10. 2. 1 | OECD also uses a standard health interview survey instrument
2364 III, 10. 2. 1 | measurement of smoking habits in health interview surveys across
2365 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Community Respiratory Health Survey (Jan ~ ~The data
2366 III, 10. 2. 1 | Sweden or the national public health survey, “Health on Equal
2367 III, 10. 2. 1 | national public health survey, “Health on Equal Terms”, carried
2368 III, 10. 2. 1 | National Institute of Public Health.~ ~ ~ ~
2369 III, 10. 2. 1 | tobacco smoke (ETS) causes adverse health effects, including lung
2370 III, 10. 2. 1 | gap between the current health status and an ideal situation
2371 III, 10. 2. 1 | costs”, associated with health care (hospitalisation, ambulatory
2372 III, 10. 2. 1 | prescription drugs, home health care and nursing home services)
2373 III, 10. 2. 1 | per day (ENSP, 2003).~ ~Health impact of smokeless tobacco~ ~
2374 III, 10. 2. 1 | product, known as snus.~Health effects of oral tobacco
2375 III, 10. 2. 1 | et al, 2007). Other known health effects of snuff use include
2376 III, 10. 2. 1 | the addictive nature and health hazards of tobacco use;
2377 III, 10. 2. 1 | use is a longstanding EU health priority. The EU has been
2378 III, 10. 2. 1 | part of the Environment and Health Action Plan through which
2379 III, 10. 2. 1 | respectively with public health and internal market issues.
2380 III, 10. 2. 1 | and~· minimum safety and health requirements for the workplace.~ ~
2381 III, 10. 2. 1 | pace.~ ~EU competencies in health and safety as well as in
2382 III, 10. 2. 1 | is the first-ever global health treaty providing a comprehensive
2383 III, 10. 2. 1 | generations from the devastating health, social, environmental and
2384 III, 10. 2. 1 | products, requiring large health warning labels and prohibiting
2385 III, 10. 2. 1 | cessation services in national health programmes, and~· promoting
2386 III, 10. 2. 1 | international social and health problems falls within the
2387 III, 10. 2. 1 | damage to the population’s health resulting from the use of
2388 III, 10. 2. 1 | awareness about its effects on health and supporting those who
2389 III, 10. 2. 1 | facts, a part of the public health community promotes lifting
2390 III, 10. 2. 1 | smokeless tobacco is a risk to health and as such should not be
2391 III, 10. 2. 1 | In particular, the public health message on tobacco-related
2392 III, 10. 2. 1 | Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENHIR) has published
2393 III, 10. 2. 1 | preliminary report on the Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco
2394 III, 10. 2. 1 | the final opinion on the health effects of smokeless tobacco
2395 III, 10. 2. 1 | addictive and hazardous to health, and that there is insufficient
2396 III, 10. 2. 1 | average scores for pricing, health warnings and tobacco dependence
2397 III, 10. 2. 1 | including bars, restaurants, health and educational facilities,
2398 III, 10. 2. 1 | per person.~· Pictorial health warnings on the two main
2399 III, 10. 2. 1 | existing disproportionate health burden. There is clear evidence
2400 III, 10. 2. 1 | reducing social inequalities in health in Europe (Mackenbach et
2401 III, 10. 2. 1 | cost effective way to spend health funds, after childhood immunization (
2402 III, 10. 2. 1 | include all work places, health and educational facilities
2403 III, 10. 2. 1 | Action on smoking and health (ASH) (2007): Stopping smoking:
2404 III, 10. 2. 1 | ASPECT Consortium Tobacco or health in the European Union: past,
2405 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection,
2406 III, 10. 2. 1 | at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/life_style/
2407 III, 10. 2. 1 | based regulation for public health. Tobacco Control; 12:360-
2408 III, 10. 2. 1 | Surgeon General's Report—The Health Consequences of Smoking [
2409 III, 10. 2. 1 | CDC (2006): The Health Consequences of Involuntary
2410 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commonwealth Department of Health and Ageing.~ ~ECOSOC Resolution
2411 III, 10. 2. 1 | ASPECT Consortium Tobacco or health in the European Union: past,
2412 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Commission, DG Health and Consumer Protection,
2413 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission (2007): SCENHIR – Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco
2414 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission (2008): SCENHIR – Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco
2415 III, 10. 2. 1 | at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_risk/committees/04_scenihr/
2416 III, 10. 2. 1 | Rockville, MD: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public
2417 III, 10. 2. 1 | and Human Services, Public Health Service. Available at: http://ww ~ ~
2418 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Community Respiratory Health Survey. Eur Respir J 2006;
2419 III, 10. 2. 1 | regional and global public health action. Globalization and
2420 III, 10. 2. 1 | action. Globalization and Health; 1: 5.~ ~Lopez AD, Collishaw
2421 III, 10. 2. 1 | Smoke: 1998-2002. Environ Health Perspect, 2006; 114(6):
2422 III, 10. 2. 1 | Available at: htt ~ ~SCENHIR. Health Effects of Smokeless Tobacco
2423 III, 10. 2. 1 | WHO (2002): The World Health Report - Reducing Risks,
2424 III, 10. 2. 1 | WHO (2002): The European health report 2002. European Series
2425 III, 10. 2. 1 | the European Union~OECD Health Data. OECD Health Data database~
2426 III, 10. 2. 1 | Union~OECD Health Data. OECD Health Data database~WHO tobacco
2427 III, 10. 2. 1 | database~WHO-HFA. WHO - Health For All~ ~
2428 III, 10. 2. 1 | Global Burden of Disease~HBSC~Health Behaviour in School-aged
2429 III, 10. 2. 1 | Development~PHEPA~Primary Health Care European Project~WHO~
2430 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Project~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~
2431 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption. Alcohol is a health determinant, leading to
2432 III, 10. 2. 1 | leading to the need for better health statistics and available
2433 III, 10. 2. 1 | Alcohol-related harm includes those health and social problems that
2434 III, 10. 2. 1 | or her drinking. A public health perspective also includes
2435 III, 10. 2. 1 | reports (2001-2)~ ~World Health Organization (WHO)~ ~· Comparative
2436 III, 10. 2. 1 | Alcohol Policies~· WHO-EURO Health for All Database~· WHO-EURO
2437 III, 10. 2. 1 | by Council of Europe)~· Health Behaviour in School-aged
2438 III, 10. 2. 1 | associated with ageing and ill health. Alcohol raises blood pressure
2439 III, 10. 2. 1 | There is a substantial health gap across Europe, with
2440 III, 10. 2. 1 | conditions that contribute to the health gap are linked to alcohol.
2441 III, 10. 2. 1 | Alcohol is a cause of health inequalities within countries.
2442 III, 10. 2. 1 | that are responsible for health inequalities are strongly
2443 III, 10. 2. 1 | aimed at minimizing the health and social harms that result
2444 III, 10. 2. 1 | In the context of public health, the central purpose of
2445 III, 10. 2. 1 | the interests of public health and social well-being through
2446 III, 10. 2. 1 | through their impact on health and social determinants,
2447 III, 10. 2. 1 | drinking environment and the health services available to treat
2448 III, 10. 2. 1 | aim of protecting public health and do not go beyond what
2449 III, 10. 2. 1 | programs were widely adopted in health care systems,.~ ~For people
2450 III, 10. 2. 1 | European alcohol and health forum, 2007~http ~ ~Projects
2451 III, 10. 2. 1 | funded under the Public Health Programme 2003-2008:~ ~PHEPA:
2452 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2003-2008:~ ~PHEPA: Primary Health Care European Project~http ~ ~
2453 III, 10. 2. 1 | Alcohol in Europe: A Public Health Perspective - Report to
2454 III, 10. 2. 1 | Socioeconomic Inequalities in Health (1998): Occupational Class
2455 III, 10. 2. 1 | Sweden. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 83: 92-99.~ ~
2456 III, 10. 2. 1 | Alcohol and Other Drugs~HBSC~Health Behaviour among School Children~
2457 III, 10. 2. 1 | significant role from the public health point of view2.~ ~Increases
2458 III, 10. 2. 1 | population levels.~ ~The health problems related to drug
2459 III, 10. 2. 1 | severe mental or physical health problems; or different risk
2460 III, 10. 2. 1 | dependence and other mental health (psychosis, depression,
2461 III, 10. 2. 1 | depression, suicide) or physical health (infectious diseases, cirrhosis,
2462 III, 10. 2. 1 | often bad.~ ~The overall health burden associated with drug
2463 III, 10. 2. 1 | high risk of experiencing health problems such as infection
2464 III, 10. 2. 1 | probably have important public health and financial consequences
2465 III, 10. 2. 1 | complemented by outreach health education. Four EU countries
2466 III, 10. 2. 1 | need to consider the public health implications of different
2467 III, 10. 2. 1 | and their consequences on health have to be better studied
2468 III, 10. 2. 1 | increasing tendency for public health strategies to take a holistic
2469 III, 10. 2. 1 | natural, are being prompted as health tonics and lifestyle enhancers
2470 III, 10. 2. 1 | remain major consumers of health resources in the future.
2471 III, 10. 2. 1 | users presents multiple health problems, including hepatitis
2472 III, 10. 2. 1 | poor social situation. Many health services in Europe have
2473 III, 10. 2. 1 | general framework of sexual health.~ ~
2474 III, 10. 2. 1 | EGOHID European Global Oral Health Indicators Development Project~ ~ ~
2475 III, 10. 2. 1 | greater integration of oral health into general health promotion,
2476 III, 10. 2. 1 | necessary given that oral health itself is a determinant
2477 III, 10. 2. 1 | a determinant of general health. This implies a broader
2478 III, 10. 2. 1 | concept of the role of oral health professionals, also for
2479 III, 10. 2. 1 | diagnosis of diseases.~ ~Oral health, particularly for children,
2480 III, 10. 2. 1 | is a significant public health issue considering the lifetime
2481 III, 10. 2. 1 | diseases. Promotion of oral health requires self-care and professional
2482 III, 10. 2. 1 | successful measures in public health history. Fluoride has been
2483 III, 10. 2. 1 | a disease that had major health, economic and social effects
2484 III, 10. 2. 1 | decline is a major public health achievement, the burden
2485 III, 10. 2. 1 | of gingivitis in public health terms been questioned, it
2486 III, 10. 2. 1 | culture in support of oral health. Communities and countries
2487 III, 10. 2. 1 | environmental risk factors to oral health as well as for general health.
2488 III, 10. 2. 1 | health as well as for general health. In addition, control of
2489 III, 10. 2. 1 | and accessibility of oral health systems but a reduced risk
2490 III, 10. 2. 1 | oriented towards primary health care and prevention. Apart
2491 III, 10. 2. 1 | may not only affect oral health status negatively as expressed
2492 III, 10. 2. 1 | performance of the European dental health system could target the
2493 III, 10. 2. 1 | is needed to improve oral health behaviour and attitudes
2494 III, 10. 2. 1 | recommendations for oral health prevention and prophylaxis
2495 III, 10. 2. 1 | regional or local oral health surveys or in specific communities
2496 III, 10. 2. 1 | available through national health public and private systems
2497 III, 10. 2. 1 | where a preventive oral health program in which particularly
2498 III, 10. 2. 1 | 60s, the data suggest gum health is improving, possibly due
2499 III, 10. 2. 1 | Clinical and public health research has shown that
2500 III, 10. 2. 1 | resolution Sixtieth World Health Assembly (2007) “Oral health:
