Part, Chapter, Paragraph
3001 III, 10. 3. 1 | times could be needed before health impacts become evident.~ ~
3002 III, 10. 3. 1 | noise can affect people’s health and quality of life, as
3003 III, 10. 3. 1 | though these impacts on human health has been known for long,
3004 III, 10. 3. 1 | research shows that the health impacts occurs at a lower
3005 III, 10. 3. 1 | assessment “Environment and health” (EEA report 10, 2005),the
3006 III, 10. 3. 1 | report 2007 (Environment& health)”, the ENHIS-2 “Children'
3007 III, 10. 3. 1 | the ENHIS-2 “Children's health and the Environment in Europe:
3008 III, 10. 3. 1 | Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENHIR) opinion
3009 III, 10. 3. 1 | SCENHIR) opinion on “Possible Health effects of electromagnetic
3010 III, 10. 3. 1 | of lung cancer. The Dutch Health Council has estimated that
3011 III, 10. 3. 1 | both positive and negative health effects. The positive effect
3012 III, 10. 3. 1 | Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) has recently
3013 III, 10. 3. 1 | of knowledge concerning health impacts of electromagnetic
3014 III, 10. 3. 1 | years regarding possible health effects of exposure to low
3015 III, 10. 3. 1 | research. In conclusion, no health effect has been consistently
3016 III, 10. 3. 1 | Therefore, assessment of acute health risks in the IF range is
3017 III, 10. 3. 1 | and assessment of possible health effects from long-term exposure
3018 III, 10. 3. 1 | effects have not indicated any health risks at exposure levels
3019 III, 10. 3. 1 | level. In conclusion, no health effect has been consistently
3020 III, 10. 3. 1 | week (Swedish Environmental Health Report, 2005).~ ~Compared
3021 III, 10. 3. 1 | European countries~ ~The main health risks of environmental noise,
3022 III, 10. 3. 1 | The overall burden of ill health due to noise in Europe has
3023 III, 10. 3. 1 | guide, addressing several health end-points: cardiovascular
3024 III, 10. 3. 1 | indicatively used for further health impact assessment are available (
3025 III, 10. 3. 1 | safety standards for the health protection of the general
3026 III, 10. 3. 1 | more susceptible to the ill health effects of UVR than adults.
3027 III, 10. 3. 1 | directed towards environmental health and focus specifically on
3028 III, 10. 3. 1 | availability of the UVR index, UVR health school programmes, the regulation
3029 III, 10. 3. 1 | evidence concerning negative health effects of EMF, it is premature
3030 III, 10. 3. 1 | noise levels which endanger health and quality of life.~The
3031 III, 10. 3. 1 | safety standards for the health protection of the general
3032 III, 10. 3. 1 | effective way to avoid serious health consequences for children
3033 III, 10. 3. 1 | to assess environment and health linkages and translate knowledge
3034 III, 10. 3. 1 | decisions. Protecting human health from environmental hazards/
3035 III, 10. 3. 1 | problems relevant to human health may still be a challenge.
3036 III, 10. 3. 1 | cardiovascular risk. Noise Health 10(38),27-33.~Barns Miljö
3037 III, 10. 3. 1 | Children’s environment and health, Socialstyrelsen, National
3038 III, 10. 3. 1 | Socialstyrelsen, National Board of Health and Welfare, Sweden, (ww e)~
3039 III, 10. 3. 1 | DH, Goh KT. Geneva: World Health Organisation, Guideline
3040 III, 10. 3. 1 | 2005. Environment and health. EEA report 10/2005. EEA,
3041 III, 10. 3. 1 | Emerging and Newly Identified Health Risks (SCENIHR) (2007):
3042 III, 10. 3. 1 | Electromagnetic Fields (EMF) on Human Health. Adopted 21 March 2007 after
3043 III, 10. 3. 1 | meta-analysis. Environmental Health Perspectives. 2002; 110(
3044 III, 10. 3. 1 | Swedish Environmental Health Report, 2005. Stockholm,
3045 III, 10. 3. 1 | of French Uranium miners. Health Physics, vol.92, no. 4,
3046 III, 10. 3. 1 | Series No 13. Geneva, World Health Organization, (http://www.
3047 III, 10. 3. 1 | http://www.who.int/uv/health/solaruvradfull_180706.pdf)~
3048 III, 10. 3. 1 | Newfoundland Fluorspar cohort. Health Physics, vol.92, no. 2,157-
3049 III, 10. 3. 1 | 169.~Website of the World Health Organization “Noise and
3050 III, 10. 3. 1 | Organization “Noise and health”. Visited at 18 June, 2007: htt _1~
3051 III, 10. 3. 1 | June, 2007: htt _1~World Health Organization (2007). Guidelines
3052 III, 10. 3. 1 | by: Berg M van den. World Health Organization Europe.~World
3053 III, 10. 3. 1 | Organization Europe.~World Health Organization (WHO) (1987
3054 III, 10. 3. 1 | Series, No. 23 and 91~World Health Organization (WHO) 2000.
3055 III, 10. 3. 1 | Lindvall T, Schwela D.~World Health Organization WHO (2007):
3056 III, 10. 3. 1 | the age of 55. Bonn, World Health Organization Regional Office
3057 III, 10. 3. 2 | NIHS~National Institute of Health Sciences (JAPAN)~NTP~National
3058 III, 10. 3. 2 | organic chemicals~WHO~World Health Organisation~WSSD~World
3059 III, 10. 3. 2 | of contaminated sites and health impacts — can be high. Implementation
3060 III, 10. 3. 2 | has ceased.~ ~The public health relevance of the use of
3061 III, 10. 3. 2 | risks pose an increasing health threat, particularly to
3062 III, 10. 3. 2 | potential risks to children’s health at global level(WHO, 2006).
3063 III, 10. 3. 2 | cancer, childhood respiratory health/asthma, neurodevelopmental
3064 III, 10. 3. 2 | European environment and health action programme has taken
3065 III, 10. 3. 2 | the protection of human health and the environment without
3066 III, 10. 3. 2 | adverse impacts on human health and on the environment.~ ~
3067 III, 10. 3. 2 | assessment “Environment and health”. These assessments are
3068 III, 10. 3. 2 | NIHS, National Institute of Health Sciences (JAPAN) NTP, National
3069 III, 10. 3. 2 | Japanese National Institute for health Science hosts a website,
3070 III, 10. 3. 2 | to the export of public health problems. 14 of the 16 European
3071 III, 10. 3. 2 | about environmental and health effects of diffused chemical
3072 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and human health” than that released accidentally
3073 III, 10. 3. 2 | products pose a risk to human health is through the EU rapid
3074 III, 10. 3. 2 | system records the number of health risks reported for consumer
3075 III, 10. 3. 2 | aquatic toxicity and human health effects such as asthma,
3076 III, 10. 3. 2 | dermatitis and other serious health problems in humans (Ravindra
3077 III, 10. 3. 2 | The EU Environment and Health Action Plan 2004-2010 identifies
3078 III, 10. 3. 2 | certainty, and the public health impact is often very difficult
3079 III, 10. 3. 2 | Table 10.3.2.3 . Major health impacts and some associations
3080 III, 10. 3. 2 | regulatory control ).~ ~ ~Health impact~Associations with
3081 III, 10. 3. 2 | information from environmental health surveillance and epidemiology,
3082 III, 10. 3. 2 | indicators of potential health effects of chemicals in
3083 III, 10. 3. 2 | impact of chemicals on human health is that human vulnerability
3084 III, 10. 3. 2 | chemicals to protect both human health and the environment.~ ~Emissions
3085 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and human health from industrial chemical
3086 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and human health.~ ~The Globally Harmonised
3087 III, 10. 3. 2 | the protection of human health and the environment during
3088 III, 10. 3. 2 | the present patchy human health picture – and also include
3089 III, 10. 3. 2 | include the European human health fingerprint in developing
3090 III, 10. 3. 2 | countries - and the links to health determinants.~ ~The safe
3091 III, 10. 3. 2 | environmental quality or health protection from hazardous
3092 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and human health, including corporate liability
3093 III, 10. 3. 2 | 1238–40~ ~Environmental Health Perspectives (EHP) (2005).
3094 III, 10. 3. 2 | EHP) (2005). Environmental Health Perspectives, Vol 113(9).
3095 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2005): Environment and health, NO 10/2005. Available at: htt ~ ~
3096 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and their health risk. The Science of the
3097 III, 10. 3. 2 | the environment and human health.~ ~Royal Commission for
3098 III, 10. 3. 2 | Crop Spraying and the health of residents and bystanders.
3099 III, 10. 3. 2 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2004a):
3100 III, 10. 3. 2 | WHO) (2004a): Nutrition to health and development. Geneva.
3101 III, 10. 3. 2 | online at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) Regional
3102 III, 10. 3. 2 | Europe/EEA (2002): Children’s Health and Environment: a Review
3103 III, 10. 3. 2 | Environment Agency and the World Health Organization (WHO) Regional
3104 III, 10. 3. 2 | accessed 11 May 2007].~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (1990):
3105 III, 10. 3. 2 | Compounds. Environmental Health Criteria 116. Available
3106 III, 10. 3. 2 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2000):
3107 III, 10. 3. 2 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2002):
3108 III, 10. 3. 2 | Safety (IPCS); Environmental Health Criteria 226: Palladium.
3109 III, 10. 3. 2 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2006):
3110 III, 10. 3. 2 | Safety (IPCS): Environmental Health Criteria 237. Principles
3111 III, 10. 3. 2 | Principles for evaluating health risks in children associated
3112 III, 10. 3. 2 | chemicals. Geneva, World Health Organisation. Available
3113 III, 10. 3. 2 | Available at: htt ~ ~World Health Organization (WHO) (2007).
3114 III, 10. 3. 2 | WHO) (2007). Children’s Health and the Environment in Europe:
3115 III, 10. 3. 3 | serious risks to public health, particularly in combination
3116 III, 10. 3. 3 | is needed to protect the health of our future generations.
3117 III, 10. 3. 3 | biological agents for human health. Seasonal influenza is an
3118 III, 10. 3. 3 | poses a considerable public health threat. SARS is a viral
3119 III, 10. 3. 3 | gastro-enteric tract.~ ~Impact on health of specific biological hazards~ ~
3120 III, 10. 3. 4 | Adaptation Strategies for Human Health~CCAHSh~Climate change adaptation
3121 III, 10. 3. 4 | adaptation strategies for human health~CCS~Carbon Capture and Geological
3122 III, 10. 3. 4 | Benefits or risks to human health~Over most land areas, warmer
3123 III, 10. 3. 4 | skin diseases, and mental health problems~Increase in drought
3124 III, 10. 3. 4 | negative migration-related health effects~Source: adapted
3125 III, 10. 3. 4 | variability is now affecting health. Heat-waves and cold-waves,
3126 III, 10. 3. 4 | Conference on Environment and Health the relationship between
3127 III, 10. 3. 4 | environment and a range of severe health risk which are threatening
3128 III, 10. 3. 4 | will protect the public health.~ ~Climate change is becoming
3129 III, 10. 3. 4 | adaptation strategies for human health (CCAHSh), funded by the
3130 III, 10. 3. 4 | providing advice on how health systems could be prepared
3131 III, 10. 3. 4 | on how to improve public health responses to heat-waves.
3132 III, 10. 3. 4 | increase in Northern Europe. Health effects include increased
3133 III, 10. 3. 4 | Extreme temperatures and health~ ~Extreme temperatures are
3134 III, 10. 3. 4 | fires. Further to the severe health impacts, the heatwave caused
3135 III, 10. 3. 4 | measures to prevent similar health effects in the future and
3136 III, 10. 3. 4 | or decrease its efficacy. Health professionals need to give
3137 III, 10. 3. 4 | people and the social and health care aspects of their lives.
3138 III, 10. 3. 4 | effect increases existing health risks in urban areas and
3139 III, 10. 3. 4 | heating, better general health and improved prevention
3140 III, 10. 3. 4 | important effects on human health (Figure 10.3.4.2). The total
3141 III, 10. 3. 4 | Most studies divide the health aspects of floods into direct
3142 III, 10. 3. 4 | shortage. Consequently, the health impacts of flooding range
3143 III, 10. 3. 4 | disease to serious mental health impacts as analysed by Ahern
3144 III, 10. 3. 4 | we can deduce that major health effects of floods include
3145 III, 10. 3. 4 | caused by toxic substances. Health effects are further aggravated
3146 III, 10. 3. 4 | persistence of flood-related health effects is directly related
3147 III, 10. 3. 4 | direct and indirect impact on health and on economic stability
3148 III, 10. 3. 4 | together with the Ministry of Health and other government stakeholders.
3149 III, 10. 3. 4 | The WHO conducted a rapid health assessment in the flooded
3150 III, 10. 3. 4 | to identify environmental health threats and address the
3151 III, 10. 3. 4 | threats and address the public health needs of the population.
3152 III, 10. 3. 4 | epidemiological surveillance and basic health care, chemical hazards in
3153 III, 10. 3. 4 | continued without interruption. Health facilities were largely
3154 III, 10. 3. 4 | The provision of basic health care was uninterrupted.
3155 III, 10. 3. 4 | posed a potential threat to health, livelihoods and security.~ ~
3156 III, 10. 3. 4 | being flooded, many mental health problems, such as increased
3157 III, 10. 3. 4 | Although the immediate health effects of the floods in
3158 III, 10. 3. 4 | addressed through public health measures such as disease
3159 III, 10. 3. 4 | analysis and treatment, health education and information
3160 III, 10. 3. 4 | public, the more enduring health effects in terms of mental
3161 III, 10. 3. 4 | effects in terms of mental health and of reduced access to
3162 III, 10. 3. 4 | and of reduced access to health care by vulnerable groups
3163 III, 10. 3. 4 | quality rather than human health directly. Extended droughts
3164 III, 10. 3. 4 | effects of droughts on human health comprise malnutrition (protein–
3165 III, 10. 3. 4 | represent a risk to human health in summer time through water
3166 III, 10. 3. 4 | inquiry concluded that the health impact was ‘unforeseen’,
3167 III, 10. 3. 4 | health-warning systems, health and environmental surveillance,
3168 III, 10. 3. 4 | plans to prevent adverse health outcomes .~ ~With regard
3169 III, 10. 3. 4 | what concerns the other health impacts of flooding, the
3170 III, 10. 3. 4 | survey with ministries of health throughout Europe found
3171 III, 10. 3. 4 | to prevent long-lasting health impacts from flooding or
3172 III, 10. 3. 4 | adpatation strategies for human health. WHO. Steinkopff Verlag,
3173 III, 10. 4. 1 | Asia~ENHIS~Environment and Health Information System~EU LV~
3174 III, 10. 4. 1 | Scenario Assessment~HEIMTSA~Health and Environment Integrated
3175 III, 10. 4. 1 | Integrated Assessment of Health Risks of Environmental~ISAAC~
3176 III, 10. 4. 1 | Statistical Life~WHO~World Health Organisation~ ~ ~
3177 III, 10. 4. 1 | with the greatest impact on health in Europe and is responsible
3178 III, 10. 4. 1 | significant threat to human health: it shortens average life
3179 III, 10. 4. 1 | that show that respiratory health and life quality improve
3180 III, 10. 4. 1 | the source of a number of health problems, including cancer,
3181 III, 10. 4. 1 | the highest risk to public health in all regions of Europe.
3182 III, 10. 4. 1 | all regions of Europe. The health risks of air pollution by
3183 III, 10. 4. 1 | the main threats to public health. Of special concern are,
3184 III, 10. 4. 1 | Quality’ and ‘Environment and Health Perspective’)” (EEA, 2007),
3185 III, 10. 4. 1 | report “Environment and Health” (EEA, 2005).~· Europe’s
3186 III, 10. 4. 1 | assessment: htt Environment and Health: http://reports.eea.europa.
3187 III, 10. 4. 1 | projects on environment and health information system based
3188 III, 10. 4. 1 | pollution on children’s health, such as impaired development
3189 III, 10. 4. 1 | risk of a wide range of health effects, including increased
3190 III, 10. 4. 1 | to a substantial risk to health. For 14% of people, the
3191 III, 10. 4. 1 | and with potential serious health impacts. Table 10.4.1.2
3192 III, 10. 4. 1 | describes the estimated health damage due to PM2.5 and
3193 III, 10. 4. 1 | Table 10.4.1.2. Estimated health damage due to PM2.5 in the
3194 III, 10. 4. 1 | Ambient air pollution and health~ ~There is no doubt that
3195 III, 10. 4. 1 | an impact on respiratory health, as confirmed by a large
3196 III, 10. 4. 1 | have serious effects on health, such as an increase in
3197 III, 10. 4. 1 | highest estimated damage to health occurs in the Benelux area,
3198 III, 10. 4. 1 | studies clearly show the health benefits of improved air
3199 III, 10. 4. 1 | When considering human health and the quality of life,
3200 III, 10. 4. 1 | environmental burden on health appears to be the improvement
3201 III, 10. 4. 1 | strongly-indicated respiratory health effects are particulate
3202 III, 10. 4. 1 | to toxicity and potential health effects.~ ~The WHO earlier
3203 III, 10. 4. 1 | levels of ozone have severe health implications such as bringing
3204 III, 10. 4. 1 | of air pollution related health damage in the EU in 2000
3205 III, 10. 4. 1 | The aim is to halve the health impact due to PM between
3206 III, 10. 4. 1 | that show that respiratory health and life quality improves
3207 III, 10. 4. 1 | reduction in respiratory health effects associated to reduced
3208 III, 10. 4. 1 | influence children’s respiratory health remain unclear and sometimes
3209 III, 10. 4. 1 | dust filters.~Many acute health problems are connected to
3210 III, 10. 4. 1 | impacts nor risks to human health or the environment, and
3211 III, 10. 4. 1 | of air pollution on human health and the environment (Holland
3212 III, 10. 4. 1 | Ceilings Directive.~ ~The Health impact Assessment in the
3213 III, 10. 4. 1 | methods available at:~htt ~ ~Health effects quantified in CAFE
3214 III, 10. 4. 1 | programme that showed that the health risk of pollution by fine
3215 III, 10. 4. 1 | clearly falls outside the health community, so we need to
3216 III, 10. 4. 1 | ask what the role of the health community should be in pursuing
3217 III, 10. 4. 1 | community should be in pursuing health improvements via reduced
3218 III, 10. 4. 1 | issue of air pollution and health is characterised by combined
3219 III, 10. 4. 1 | recognised.~ ~Damage to health is caused primarily by two
3220 III, 10. 4. 1 | have the biggest effect on health. It is also important to
3221 III, 10. 4. 1 | majority of the most serious health effects.~ ~Small particles
3222 III, 10. 4. 1 | to a possible role of the Health Community, according to
3223 III, 10. 4. 1 | 2007), it is important that health professionals quite generally
3224 III, 10. 4. 1 | recognise the links between health and what historically would
3225 III, 10. 4. 1 | integrated frameworks for health assessment, as under projects
3226 III, 10. 4. 1 | important, however, the health community should become
3227 III, 10. 4. 1 | groups, it is after all the health community that will have
3228 III, 10. 4. 1 | 2005): Environment and health, NO 10/2005. ISSN 1725-9177.~ ~
3229 III, 10. 4. 1 | Programme. 10th European Health Forum Gastain.~ ~International
3230 III, 10. 4. 1 | March 2007).~ ~WHO (2004): Health Aspects of Air Pollution –
3231 III, 10. 4. 1 | Available at www. ~ ~WHO (2004): Health Aspects of Air Pollution.
3232 III, 10. 4. 1 | Project “Systematic Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution
3233 III, 10. 4. 1 | assessment. Geneva, World Health Organization, 2006 (htt ,
3234 III, 10. 4. 1 | pollution: how it harms health. Fact sheet EURO/04/05.
3235 III, 10. 4. 1 | WHO (2007). Children’s Health and the Environment in Europe:
3236 III, 10. 4. 2 | Organisation for Animal Health~PAA~Primary Aromatic Amines~
3237 III, 10. 4. 2 | Escherichia coli~WHO~World Health Organisation~ ~
3238 III, 10. 4. 2 | protection of European public health while at the same time taking
3239 III, 10. 4. 2 | into consideration animal health and welfare, plant health
3240 III, 10. 4. 2 | health and welfare, plant health and the environment. From
3241 III, 10. 4. 2 | David Byrne, at the time Health and Consumer Protection
3242 III, 10. 4. 2 | feed hygiene; b) animal health and welfare: reinforcement
3243 III, 10. 4. 2 | protection of human life and health, taking into account the
3244 III, 10. 4. 2 | the protection of animal health and welfare, plant health
3245 III, 10. 4. 2 | health and welfare, plant health and the environment. This
3246 III, 10. 4. 2 | ensure the high level of health protection deemed appropriate
3247 III, 10. 4. 2 | have to be made to protect health although scientific information
3248 III, 10. 4. 2 | unacceptable level of risk to health exists but the supporting
3249 III, 10. 4. 2 | other actions to protect health based on the precautionary
3250 III, 10. 4. 2 | the Food Chain and Animal Health).~ ~The all regulatory framework
3251 III, 10. 4. 2 | pesticides, and animal health issues including avian influenza
3252 III, 10. 4. 2 | contact with food; (3) animal health and welfare; (4) biological
3253 III, 10. 4. 2 | residues; and (10) plant health. The Scientific Committee
3254 III, 10. 4. 2 | or indirect risk to human health, this information is immediately
3255 III, 10. 4. 2 | in order to protect human health and requiring rapid action; (
3256 III, 10. 4. 2 | a serious risk to human health requiring rapid action; (
3257 III, 10. 4. 2 | or indirect risk to human health, of a batch, container or
3258 III, 10. 4. 2 | lifestyle studies.~ ~For animal health, disease data are provided
3259 III, 10. 4. 2 | authorities responsible for animal health and the Commission about
3260 III, 10. 4. 2 | the internet page of DG Health & Consumer Protection information
3261 III, 10. 4. 2 | mandate, the World Animal Health Organisation (OIE) manages
3262 III, 10. 4. 2 | manages the world animal health information System, based
3263 III, 10. 4. 2 | dissemination of animal health information, in the form
3264 III, 10. 4. 2 | such information.~ ~Animal Health Information for 2005 and
3265 III, 10. 4. 2 | new WAHID (World Animal Health Database) Interface available
3266 III, 10. 4. 2 | publication entitled “World Animal Health”, which also includes more
3267 III, 10. 4. 2 | entitled “Our Food, Our Health”.~ ~
3268 III, 10. 4. 2 | serious risks to public health.~ ~Table 10.4.2.1. Association
3269 III, 10. 4. 2 | diseases to reduce public health risk and provide the basis
3270 III, 10. 4. 2 | manage these risks. Animal health is an important factor in
3271 III, 10. 4. 2 | Community legislation on animal health covers certain zoonotic
3272 III, 10. 4. 2 | relating to Veterinary Public Health.~ ~An assessment of the
3273 III, 10. 4. 2 | chain and to protect human health.~ ~In 2005, twenty-four
3274 III, 10. 4. 2 | significant risk to human health (100 bacteria/g). However,
3275 III, 10. 4. 2 | substance~Food~Possible health effects~(in humans, or in
3276 III, 10. 4. 2 | the~Population such that~health effects could appear~in
3277 III, 10. 4. 2 | achieve this high level of health protection for the consumer,.
3278 III, 10. 4. 2 | order to protect public health.~• The legislation on residues
3279 III, 10. 4. 2 | that could endanger human health or change the composition,
3280 III, 10. 4. 2 | USA, Canada). The public health implications of these findings
3281 III, 10. 4. 2 | drinking water. Protecting the health of consumers, users and
3282 III, 10. 4. 2 | few of these gave rise to health concerns for the consumer.
3283 III, 10. 4. 2 | final MRLs. In addition, the health of infants and young children
3284 III, 10. 4. 2 | possible impact on consumer’s health (Table 10.4.2.5).~ ~Nitrates~ ~
3285 III, 10. 4. 2 | potential detrimental effects on health. Thus, in order to protect
3286 III, 10. 4. 2 | order to protect public health, the European Commission
3287 III, 10. 4. 2 | potential risks to human health arising from nitrate exposure.
3288 III, 10. 4. 2 | substance~Food~Possible health effects~(in humans, or in
3289 III, 10. 4. 2 | responsible for significant health loss in DALYs (see chapter
3290 III, 10. 4. 2 | absolute value (i.e. public health, consumer defence, fairness
3291 III, 10. 4. 2 | complied with.~ ~Since public health, consumer protection, fairness
3292 III, 10. 4. 2 | low concern from a public health point of view and that might
3293 III, 10. 4. 2 | of Pesticides to Human Health. During this well-attended
3294 III, 10. 4. 2 | a major impact on clones health and welfare, the criteria
3295 III, 10. 4. 2 | level of protection of human health, novel foods must undergo
3296 III, 10. 4. 2 | the most sensitive adverse health effects reported in the
3297 III, 10. 4. 2 | quantitative probability for a health risk in a given population
3298 III, 10. 4. 2 | as the seriousness of any health risk.~ ~No such internationally
3299 III, 10. 4. 2 | approach is available for health benefit assessments of foods,
3300 III, 10. 4. 2 | be made clear whether the health risk-benefit assessment
3301 III, 10. 4. 2 | human, animal and/or plant health is understood as a risk
3302 III, 10. 4. 2 | fields of food safety, animal health and welfare and plant health.
3303 III, 10. 4. 2 | health and welfare and plant health. Each year a programme of
3304 III, 10. 4. 2 | consumer, animal or plant health, the Commission may take
3305 III, 10. 4. 2 | feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules (
3306 III, 10. 4. 2 | December 2006 on nutrition and health claims made on foods. Official
3307 III, 10. 4. 2 | feed and food law, animal health and animal welfare rules.
3308 III, 10. 4. 2 | assessment of pesticides to human health: the way forward”. 28-29
3309 III, 10. 4. 2 | RIVM (2006):Our Food, Our Health - Healthy diet and safe
3310 III, 10. 4. 2 | pregnancy. Environmental Health Perspectives 112(12): 1204-
3311 III, 10. 4. 3 | Framework Directive~WHO~World Health Organisation~WISE~Water
3312 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking-water is vital for the health of the population. In Western
3313 III, 10. 4. 3 | the drinking-water-related health impacts are low. The access
3314 III, 10. 4. 3 | for agriculture. Potential health risks arising from these
3315 III, 10. 4. 3 | outcomes of the Environment and Health Information System of the
3316 III, 10. 4. 3 | the WHO report: Children’s Health and the environment in Europe:
3317 III, 10. 4. 3 | analysis~ ~Drinking water~ ~Health impact of poor quality drinking
3318 III, 10. 4. 3 | diarrhoeal diseases are the main health effects of poor water quality.
3319 III, 10. 4. 3 | According to the World Health Organization and the United
3320 III, 10. 4. 3 | systems is impossible, public health protection should be aimed
3321 III, 10. 4. 3 | important to analyse the public health benefits and costs of optimising
3322 III, 10. 4. 3 | environmental and also human health concerns. Pharmaceuticals
3323 III, 10. 4. 3 | living species. The human health relevance is unclear, but
3324 III, 10. 4. 3 | take into account in public health management.~ ~
3325 III, 10. 4. 3 | the Protocol on Water and Health (UNECE, 1999) aims at protecting
3326 III, 10. 4. 3 | aims at protecting human health and well being through a
3327 III, 10. 4. 3 | environment and to human health.~ ~The World Health Organization
3328 III, 10. 4. 3 | human health.~ ~The World Health Organization Guidelines
3329 III, 10. 4. 3 | WSP in protecting human health and ensuring good water
3330 III, 10. 4. 3 | consumption and that it meets health based standards and other
3331 III, 10. 4. 3 | quality and ensure human health. These parameters include
3332 III, 10. 4. 3 | contamination to prevent negative health impacts. Reports on water
3333 III, 10. 4. 3 | it can pose a significant health risk. Of further note, the
3334 III, 10. 4. 3 | bathing water is vital for the health of the population. Many
3335 III, 10. 4. 3 | The Protocol on Water and Health under the UNECE 1992 Convention
3336 III, 10. 4. 3 | reinforced. The potential health risks and impacts connected
3337 III, 10. 4. 3 | geology. At local level, the health impact can be significant.
3338 III, 10. 4. 3 | scientific findings, the health consequences of low levels
3339 III, 10. 4. 3 | Protocol on Water and Health to the 1992 Convention on
3340 III, 10. 4. 3 | 2006): Arsenic – a global health problem. Toxicology Letters
3341 III, 10. 4. 3 | WHO (2006b) World Health Statistics 2006. Available
3342 III, 10. 4. 3 | WHO (2007): Children’s Health and the environment in Europe:
3343 III, 10. 4. 3 | Available at: htt df~WHO – World Health Statistics. Core health
3344 III, 10. 4. 3 | Health Statistics. Core health indicators. htt s2~WHO –
3345 III, 10. 4. 3 | indicators. htt s2~WHO – Health Statistics; WHO | WHOSIS.
3346 III, 10. 4. 4 | may result in different health effects such as allergies,
3347 III, 10. 4. 4 | about environmental and health effects of diffused chemical
3348 III, 10. 4. 4 | products pose a risk to human health is through the EU rapid
3349 III, 10. 4. 4 | recording the number of health risks reported for consumer
3350 III, 10. 4. 5 | Although being beneficial to health, recreational waters such
3351 III, 10. 4. 5 | pathogens, poses limited health risks; in fact, due to investments
3352 III, 10. 4. 5 | there is no risk to human health. The new Bathing Water Directive (
3353 III, 10. 4. 5 | EC) introduces a higher health standard than the old directive
3354 III, 10. 4. 5 | animal waste, is the primary health threat to bathers. Therefore,
3355 III, 10. 4. 5 | regard to the risk to human health. The new Bathing Water Directive
3356 III, 10. 4. 5 | potentially affect public health. Algal blooms in the sea
3357 III, 10. 4. 5 | animal waste, is the primary health threat to bathers. Therefore,
3358 III, 10. 4. 5 | information on the risk to human health. The new Bathing Water Directive
3359 III, 10. 4. 5 | raised so that the estimated health risk to bathers is reduced.
3360 III, 10. 4. 5 | European Communities~HIA~Health impact assessment~JRC~Joint
3361 III, 10. 4. 5 | Central Europe~WHO~World Health Organisation~ ~Introduction~ ~
3362 III, 10. 4. 5 | serious effects on human health through direct contact,
3363 III, 10. 4. 5 | Further insights on possible health effects are likely to be
3364 III, 10. 4. 5 | than in urban areas.~ ~Many health endpoints have been considered
3365 III, 10. 4. 5 | specific landfills and adverse health effects, the current evidence
3366 III, 10. 4. 5 | considering both public health and contribution to greenhouse
3367 III, 10. 4. 5 | current evidence of adverse health effects possibly associated
3368 III, 10. 4. 5 | risks of pollution to human health and the environment.~ ~Data
3369 III, 10. 4. 5 | Waste, and Environment and health and the quality of life.~ ~
3370 III, 10. 4. 5 | produced a review “Population health and waste management: scientific
3371 III, 10. 4. 5 | contaminants for groundwater.~ ~The health impact of soil pollution
3372 III, 10. 4. 5 | epidemiological studies on health effects of land-filling
3373 III, 10. 4. 5 | exposure modelling; a number of health end-points have been considered,
3374 III, 10. 4. 5 | scientific literature on health effects of waste landfills
3375 III, 10. 4. 5 | landfill site and adverse health effects. The evidence, somewhat
3376 III, 10. 4. 5 | to the possible impact on health of incinerators, reasons
3377 III, 10. 4. 5 | studies indicating possible health effects (i.e. an increase
3378 III, 10. 4. 5 | disposal methodologies on human health and on the general environment
3379 III, 10. 4. 5 | that the adverse effects on health due to nuisance (smell,
3380 III, 10. 4. 5 | but are relevant for the health of communities. Consideration
3381 III, 10. 4. 5 | Consideration of all relevant health elements may be achieved
3382 III, 10. 4. 5 | participatory approaches, such as health impact assessment (HIA),
3383 III, 10. 4. 5 | the potential or likely health impacts of waste management
3384 III, 10. 4. 5 | developments~ ~Further insights on health effects of landfills and
3385 III, 10. 4. 5 | The evidence of adverse health effects related to landfills
3386 III, 10. 4. 5 | Lesley Rushton (2003): Health hazards and waste management.
3387 III, 10. 4. 5 | Martine Vrijheid (2000): Health effects of residence near
3388 III, 10. 4. 5 | literature. Environmental Health Perspectives 108 (Suppl.
3389 III, 10. 4. 5 | Europe (2007): Population health and waste management: scientific
3390 III, 10. 5. 1 | settlement and its impact on health is not entirely understood (
3391 III, 10. 5. 1 | assets from both public health and sustainability perspectives,
3392 III, 10. 5. 1 | services that are supportive to health (e.g. better access to water
3393 III, 10. 5. 1 | distant heating technologies; health services; etc.). However,
3394 III, 10. 5. 1 | spaces are positive for health and wellbeing. The urban
3395 III, 10. 5. 1 | challenge when describing the health impacts of human settlements
3396 III, 10. 5. 1 | melting pot of uncounted health risk factors and it is very
3397 III, 10. 5. 1 | projects have shown that both health as well as environmental
3398 III, 10. 5. 1 | acceptable from a public health perspective. Also, these
3399 III, 10. 5. 1 | on Social Determinants of Health, 2007). Below, a list of
3400 III, 10. 5. 1 | important determinants for health impacts. There are many
3401 III, 10. 5. 1 | important impacts on the health of specific population groups.
3402 III, 10. 5. 1 | may result in potential health effects (Federal Environment
3403 III, 10. 5. 1 | asbestos and lead, the health effects have been identified
3404 III, 10. 5. 1 | comfort, dampness~ ~The health impact of hygro-thermal
3405 III, 10. 5. 1 | home and trigger severe health consequences.~Second, the
3406 III, 10. 5. 1 | themselves can directly affect health if they fall under or exceed
3407 III, 10. 5. 1 | good habitat. While the health impact of hygiene pests
3408 III, 10. 5. 1 | factor for most of the common health threats within the home (
3409 III, 10. 5. 1 | Hänninen, 2005).~ ~Next to the health risks posed by environmental
3410 III, 10. 5. 1 | injuries are a serious public health problem. Each year in the
3411 III, 10. 5. 1 | living space on residential health must be split into two effect
3412 III, 10. 5. 1 | associated to poor mental health (Evans, 2003).~Within the
3413 III, 10. 5. 1 | and can pose a significant health risk that is generally underestimated.
3414 III, 10. 5. 1 | was launched and municipal health protection authorities are
3415 III, 10. 5. 1 | diseases to the National Public Health Institute; even the smallest
3416 III, 10. 5. 1 | carried out by the Public Health Services found that water
3417 III, 10. 5. 1 | the significantly poorer health status of homeless people
3418 III, 10. 5. 1 | problems obtaining adequate health care and may experience
3419 III, 10. 5. 1 | classrooms and respiratory health in pupils (Simoni et al,
3420 III, 10. 5. 1 | environment and teachers health (Norbäck, 1997). Violence
3421 III, 10. 5. 1 | has a positive effect on health. The effect seems to be
3422 III, 10. 5. 1 | rates and better mental health (Konlan et al, 2000; Bohnert
3423 III, 10. 5. 1 | settlement area. In public health terms, transport is associated
3424 III, 10. 5. 1 | associated to three major health determinants: noise, air
3425 III, 10. 5. 1 | most commonly considered health determinant in settlement
3426 III, 10. 5. 1 | to affect sleep, mental health, concentration and stress
3427 III, 10. 5. 1 | human settlements in public health literature (WHO, 2005; EEA,
3428 III, 10. 5. 1 | considered as a major threat to health, as the monitoring of particulate
3429 III, 10. 5. 1 | predominant while direct health effects are rare. On the
3430 III, 10. 5. 1 | cities gives rise to another health threat that is to be considered
3431 III, 10. 5. 1 | quality and the related health impacts as these are related
3432 III, 10. 5. 1 | of these addresses “urban health issues”, focusing on larger
3433 III, 10. 5. 1 | THE PEP - Transport, Health and Environment Pan European
3434 III, 10. 5. 1 | Programme~ ~The Transport, Health and Environment Pan European
3435 III, 10. 5. 1 | integration of environmental and health concerns into transport
3436 III, 10. 5. 1 | integration of environmental and health aspects into urban transport
3437 III, 10. 5. 1 | practice examples.~htt ~ ~WHO - Health city program~ ~The WHO Healthy
3438 III, 10. 5. 1 | planning can shape people’s health and that the policy decisions
3439 III, 10. 5. 1 | the physical and mental health and well-being of citizens.
3440 III, 10. 5. 1 | goal it is necessary to put health considerations at the heart
3441 III, 10. 5. 1 | LHHAP - Local Housing and Health Action Plans~ ~Together
3442 III, 10. 5. 1 | Together with the Ministry of Health of Portugal, the WHO housing
3443 III, 10. 5. 1 | Portugal, the WHO housing and health programme has produced a
3444 III, 10. 5. 1 | development of Local Housing and Health Action Plans for use and
3445 III, 10. 5. 1 | authorities. In terms of public health, the realization of LHHAP
3446 III, 10. 5. 1 | against housing-related health effects and injuries, and
3447 III, 10. 5. 1 | and mitigate social and health inequities within the local
3448 III, 10. 5. 1 | information.~htt ~ ~Urban health indicators~ ~Based on the
3449 III, 10. 5. 1 | on the awareness that the health needs of urban dwellers
3450 III, 10. 5. 1 | ability to monitor urban health will become a high priority,
3451 III, 10. 5. 1 | priority, the EU Public Health Programme work plan 2005
3452 III, 10. 5. 1 | development of an urban health indicator system as an essential
3453 III, 10. 5. 1 | comprehensive and integrated EU health information and knowledge
3454 III, 10. 5. 1 | development of a system of urban health indicators.~ ht ~ ~UN-HABITAT~ ~
3455 III, 10. 5. 1 | relevant information about health and other important issues
3456 III, 10. 5. 1 | prevention. Environmental Health Perspectives, 111:1649–1653.~Cla W (
3457 III, 10. 5. 1 | quality, ventilation and health symptoms in schools: an
3458 III, 10. 5. 1 | Review of environmental and health effects of waste management:
3459 III, 10. 5. 1 | and local levels. World Health Organization, Geneva. Environmental
3460 III, 10. 5. 1 | et al (2000): Noise and health in the urban environment.
3461 III, 10. 5. 1 | Reviews on Environmental Health 15(1-2): 43-82.~Evans GW (
3462 III, 10. 5. 1 | built environment and mental health. In: Journal of Urban Health
3463 III, 10. 5. 1 | health. In: Journal of Urban Health 80(4): 536-555.~Federal
3464 III, 10. 5. 1 | American Journal of Public Health 93(9):1451-1456.~Kim HS,
3465 III, 10. 5. 1 | Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 28(3):174-8, 2000 Sep.~
3466 III, 10. 5. 1 | Lawrence RJ (2000): Urban Health: a new agenda? In: Reviews
3467 III, 10. 5. 1 | Reviews on Environmental Health 15(1-2): 1-12.~Loftness
3468 III, 10. 5. 1 | Design. In: Environmental Health Perspectives, 115(6): 965-
3469 III, 10. 5. 1 | Environmental noise, sleep and health. Sleep Medicine Reviews
3470 III, 10. 5. 1 | Happiness and children’s health: An investigation of art,
3471 III, 10. 5. 1 | recreation American J of Public Health. Washington: Feb 2003, vol
3472 III, 10. 5. 1 | Seltzer JM, Fedoruk MJ (2007): Health effects of mold in children.
3473 III, 10. 5. 1 | Epidemiology and Community Health 56: 913-918.Urban Audit (htt ~ ~
3474 III, 10. 5. 1 | European Journal of Public Health, Vol. 16, No. 6, 583–591;~ ~
3475 III, 10. 5. 1 | noise, Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007 Aug.~ ~WHO Commission
3476 III, 10. 5. 1 | on Social Determinants of Health (2007): Our cities, our
3477 III, 10. 5. 1 | 2007): Our cities, our health, our future: Acting on social
3478 III, 10. 5. 1 | social determinants for health equity in urban settings.
3479 III, 10. 5. 1 | WHO (2000): Noise and health. Health and environment
3480 III, 10. 5. 1 | 2000): Noise and health. Health and environment briefing
3481 III, 10. 5. 1 | pamphlet series 36. World Health Organization, Regional Office
3482 III, 10. 5. 1 | Copenhagen~ ~WHO (2005): Health effects of transport-related
3483 III, 10. 5. 1 | WHO (2007): Children's Health and the environment in Europe:
3484 III, 10. 5. 1 | ECHI~European Community Health Indicators~ECHIM~European
3485 III, 10. 5. 1 | ECHIM~European Community Health Indicators Monitoring~EEA~
3486 III, 10. 5. 1 | LHHAP~Local Housing and Health Action Plans~PCB~Polychlorinated
3487 III, 10. 5. 1 | Matter~THE PEP~Transport, Health and Environment Pan European
3488 III, 10. 5. 1 | Children's Fund~WHO~World Health Organization~ ~
3489 III, 10. 5. 2 | Thereby, any comparison of the health status of urban and rural
3490 III, 10. 5. 2 | mechanisms that influence health status and mortality of
3491 III, 10. 5. 2 | such as the provision of health care. Key dimensions of
3492 III, 10. 5. 2 | the Institute of Rural Health (UK) and a number of research
3493 III, 10. 5. 2 | Eurofound, Institute of Rural Health, EURIPA etc.)~Gaps of evidence
3494 III, 10. 5. 2 | less available than data on health service provision – between
3495 III, 10. 5. 2 | to these limitations, the health data on disease prevalence
3496 III, 10. 5. 2 | age being one of the major health determinants, this already
3497 III, 10. 5. 2 | indicates a higher demand for health and care services within
3498 III, 10. 5. 2 | urban and rural setting~ ~Health data~ ~A variety of national
3499 III, 10. 5. 2 | conflicting evidence on the health differences between urban
3500 III, 10. 5. 2 | increasing prevalence of poor health from rural to urban areas (
