Part, Chapter, Paragraph
3501 III, 10. 5. 2 | also for low self-reported health status. Mortality rates
3502 III, 10. 5. 2 | composition as well as its health status and health service
3503 III, 10. 5. 2 | as its health status and health service accessibility may
3504 III, 10. 5. 2 | data on the self-reported health status of all EU members
3505 III, 10. 5. 2 | more often define their health status as poor. However,
3506 III, 10. 5. 2 | 10.5.2.9. Self-reported health in urban and rural settings~ ~
3507 III, 10. 5. 2 | disabilities that affect health. The results are presented
3508 III, 10. 5. 2 | posing a challenge to rural health services. Mostly, this increased
3509 III, 10. 5. 2 | urban population shows more health problems, a higher prevalence
3510 III, 10. 5. 2 | compares the prevalence of health problems between urban and
3511 III, 10. 5. 2 | citizens, there are increased health demands in rural areas based
3512 III, 10. 5. 2 | actions.~ ~Figure 10.5.2.11. Health problems in urban and rural
3513 III, 10. 5. 2 | the Netherlands~ ~A rural health profile of the UK (North
3514 III, 10. 5. 2 | same range of illnesses, health issues, lifestyle choices
3515 III, 10. 5. 2 | in 2000 stated that the health of rural residents is as
3516 III, 10. 5. 2 | Germany, data from children health surveys indicate that for
3517 III, 10. 5. 2 | surveys indicate that for most health indicators (birth weight,
3518 III, 10. 5. 2 | counterparts. Another survey on health care indicators in England
3519 III, 10. 5. 2 | as associated to better health outcomes (e.g. all-cause
3520 III, 10. 5. 2 | access also with poorer health outcomes from other diseases
3521 III, 10. 5. 2 | Looking into mental health, for example, a representative
3522 III, 10. 5. 2 | that for quite a number of health effects, rural citizens
3523 III, 10. 5. 2 | the US, the National Rural Health Association (NRHA) states
3524 III, 10. 5. 2 | within the UK (Wood, 2004).~Health service access~ ~One major
3525 III, 10. 5. 2 | major problem of national health systems in rural and less
3526 III, 10. 5. 2 | the provision of adequate health services. According to Eurofound (
3527 III, 10. 5. 2 | 2.3. Problems accessing health services in urban and rural areas (
3528 III, 10. 5. 2 | characteristics of rural health practice:~• increased emergency/
3529 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural settings as urban health systems do not translate
3530 III, 10. 5. 2 | or less affected by poor health. In addition, it needs to
3531 III, 10. 5. 2 | and rural differences of health status are only possible
3532 III, 10. 5. 2 | 3.1.)~Different than for health status, a more precise conclusion
3533 III, 10. 5. 2 | possible for the provision of health services in rural settings.
3534 III, 10. 5. 2 | less extensive provision of health services compared to the
3535 III, 10. 5. 2 | policy-makers more on the lack of health services than on the lack
3536 III, 10. 5. 2 | than on the lack of good health. Several reports even identify
3537 III, 10. 5. 2 | accessible and less sophisticated health services in rural settings,
3538 III, 10. 5. 2 | of the relevance of rural health services, but there are
3539 III, 10. 5. 2 | for most of the available health indicators that would distinguish
3540 III, 10. 5. 2 | of origin, the specific health outcome and the definition
3541 III, 10. 5. 2 | review of rural and urban health conditions in the EU, however,
3542 III, 10. 5. 2 | or stabilization of rural health services. However, to some
3543 III, 10. 5. 2 | However, to some extent, health and health services may
3544 III, 10. 5. 2 | some extent, health and health services may be part of
3545 III, 10. 5. 2 | and capacities for rural health service development as part
3546 III, 10. 5. 2 | differences in population health. Therefore, one of the important
3547 III, 10. 5. 2 | collect or categorize data on health status and health services
3548 III, 10. 5. 2 | data on health status and health services per settlement
3549 III, 10. 5. 2 | evidence on the urban-rural health variations and to inform
3550 III, 10. 5. 2 | variations and to inform health policies on priorities and
3551 III, 10. 5. 2 | 2006): Preschool children's health and its association with
3552 III, 10. 5. 2 | West Germany. BMC Public Health 2006, 6:312~[http://www.
3553 III, 10. 5. 2 | services and population health and health care indicators
3554 III, 10. 5. 2 | and population health and health care indicators in England.
3555 III, 10. 5. 2 | indicators in England. BMC Health Services Research 2004,
3556 III, 10. 5. 2 | considerations. Journal of Rural Health. 13(3), 253-256.~ ~Jones
3557 III, 10. 5. 2 | Jones A, Bentham G. (1997): Health service accessibility and
3558 III, 10. 5. 2 | improvement of emergency rural health care. Rural and Remote Health
3559 III, 10. 5. 2 | health care. Rural and Remote Health 5, on-line article n. 323,
3560 III, 10. 5. 2 | from http ~ ~Ministry of Health of New Zealand (2007): Urban–
3561 III, 10. 5. 2 | Zealand (2007): Urban–Rural Health Comparisons: Key results
3562 III, 10. 5. 2 | the 2002/03 New Zealand Health Survey. Wellington: Ministry
3563 III, 10. 5. 2 | Wellington: Ministry of Health.~ ~National Rural Health
3564 III, 10. 5. 2 | Health.~ ~National Rural Health Association (no date given):
3565 III, 10. 5. 2 | s different about rural health care? [http://www.nrharural.
3566 III, 10. 5. 2 | Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research (NIVEL) (
3567 III, 10. 5. 2 | for studying urban/rural health and health care utilization
3568 III, 10. 5. 2 | studying urban/rural health and health care utilization differences.
3569 III, 10. 5. 2 | Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research, Utrecht)
3570 III, 10. 5. 2 | Research, Utrecht) at the Rural Health Conference, Lodi, Italy
3571 III, 10. 5. 2 | Northern Ireland. BMC Public Health, 7:123.~[http://www.biomedcentral.
3572 III, 10. 5. 2 | 2000): Urban-rural mental health differences in Great Britain:
3573 III, 10. 5. 2 | pursuit' study. BMC Public Health 2002, 2:24.~ ~Statistics
3574 III, 10. 5. 2 | Urban-rural variations in health in The Netherlands: does
3575 III, 10. 5. 2 | Epidemiology and Community Health 52:487-493.~ ~Völzke H et
3576 III, 10. 5. 2 | behaviour in Germany. BMC Public Health 2006, 6:146~[http://www.
3577 III, 10. 5. 2 | Wood J (2004): Rural Health and Healthcare: a North
3578 III, 10. 5. 2 | West perspective. Public Health Information Report, North
3579 III, 10. 5. 2 | Report, North West Public Health Observatory, Lancaster,
3580 III, 10. 5. 2 | Netherlands Institute of Health Services Research~NRHA~National
3581 III, 10. 5. 2 | Research~NRHA~National Rural Health Association~OECD~Organization
3582 III, 10. 5. 3 | is what makes workplace health such an important element
3583 III, 10. 5. 3 | element of modern public health policies. This is beginning
3584 III, 10. 5. 3 | now considers workplace health as one of the most important
3585 III, 10. 5. 3 | consistency with public health policies (European Commission,
3586 III, 10. 5. 3 | challenges to workplace health from ongoing demographic
3587 III, 10. 5. 3 | world of work, regional health and safety discrepancies
3588 III, 10. 5. 3 | globalisation, improvement of health at work requires a holistic
3589 III, 10. 5. 3 | prevention, occupational health and safety as well as addressing
3590 III, 10. 5. 3 | determinants and employability~ ~Health reporting is an effective
3591 III, 10. 5. 3 | priority fields in public health policy. However, working
3592 III, 10. 5. 3 | only a minor role in EU health monitoring which is focused
3593 III, 10. 5. 3 | strength of work-related health monitoring is that it can
3594 III, 10. 5. 3 | implementation. However, health monitoring is only effective
3595 III, 10. 5. 3 | cycle-model of work-related health monitoring has been developed
3596 III, 10. 5. 3 | project which puts workplace health in the context of the wider
3597 III, 10. 5. 3 | Boedeker, 2004a).~Work-related health reporting needs to address
3598 III, 10. 5. 3 | working conditions as well as health problems. This chapter therefore
3599 III, 10. 5. 3 | presenting the impact of work on health. Furthermore, current and
3600 III, 10. 5. 3 | be used for work-related health reporting. However, a major
3601 III, 10. 5. 3 | data about work-related health problems as well as on working
3602 III, 10. 5. 3 | Furthermore, perceived health problems caused by work
3603 III, 10. 5. 3 | physical or psychological health problems, suffered by individuals
3604 III, 10. 5. 3 | absent from work due to health problems at least once in
3605 III, 10. 5. 3 | report sick leave due to health problems the percentage
3606 III, 10. 5. 3 | supply and those engaged in health & social work.~ ~Table 10.
3607 III, 10. 5. 3 | in last 12 month due to health problems~ ~Production losses~
3608 III, 10. 5. 3 | diseases being of high public health relevance.~The economic
3609 III, 10. 5. 3 | mental disorders and mental health problems are the major contributors
3610 III, 10. 5. 3 | nowadays the term is used for health problems totally or partially
3611 III, 10. 5. 3 | the perceived impact on health from the point of view of
3612 III, 10. 5. 3 | Perception of the work impact on health~ ~According to the Fourth
3613 III, 10. 5. 3 | their work affects their health. Furthermore, 33% of the
3614 III, 10. 5. 3 | respondents consider their health or safety at risk because
3615 III, 10. 5. 3 | perceived impact of work on health differs remarkably across
3616 III, 10. 5. 3 | of employees feel their health affected by work, this applies
3617 III, 10. 5. 3 | Bulgaria, and Romania sees his health or safety at risk because
3618 III, 10. 5. 3 | work.~When asked how their health was affected, the five most
3619 III, 10. 5. 3 | five most often mentioned health problems were backache,
3620 III, 10. 5. 3 | the prevalence of these health problems with respect to
3621 III, 10. 5. 3 | visible that the perceived health impact differs widely between
3622 III, 10. 5. 3 | are found to report all health problems above average.
3623 III, 10. 5. 3 | sector and those engaged in health & social work report more
3624 III, 10. 5. 3 | headache and stress as a health impact of their work.~ ~
3625 III, 10. 5. 3 | Perceived impact of work on health per country~ ~Table 10.5.
3626 III, 10. 5. 3 | Perceived impact of work on health per symptoms.~ ~Table 10.
3627 III, 10. 5. 3 | integrated work-related health reporting because working
3628 III, 10. 5. 3 | have a negative impact on health. Other stressing factors
3629 III, 10. 5. 3 | challenges to workplace health resulting from ongoing demographic
3630 III, 10. 5. 3 | world of work; regional health and safety discrepancies
3631 III, 10. 5. 3 | globalisation, improvement of health at work requires a holistic
3632 III, 10. 5. 3 | prevention, occupational health and safety as well as addressing
3633 III, 10. 5. 3 | 1996) both predict poor health (for an overview see Siegrist
3634 III, 10. 5. 3 | strongly associated to poor health – something that cannot
3635 III, 10. 5. 3 | that only people in good health remain in the work force,
3636 III, 10. 5. 3 | while those who have a poor health are selected for the pool
3637 III, 10. 5. 3 | a shift worker). In the health sector, about one third
3638 III, 10. 5. 3 | months. Workers in education, health, hotels and restaurants
3639 III, 10. 5. 3 | knowledge on potential negative health effects from such kind of
3640 III, 10. 5. 3 | implications for workplace health and safety. They can affect
3641 III, 10. 5. 3 | conditions can contribute to health problems, although traditional
3642 III, 10. 5. 3 | management of workplace health and safety. The use of subcontractors,
3643 III, 10. 5. 3 | traditional occupational health and safety hazards still
3644 III, 10. 5. 3 | administration; education; health and social work; community
3645 III, 10. 5. 3 | an increase in delivering health and social services care
3646 III, 10. 5. 3 | these jobs is that written health and safety notices are important
3647 III, 10. 5. 3 | labour market puts their health and safety at increased
3648 III, 10. 5. 3 | challenge for workplace health and safety to develop new
3649 III, 10. 5. 3 | management of workplace health. In SMEs, particularly in
3650 III, 10. 5. 3 | that will also affect the health and safety management process.
3651 III, 10. 5. 3 | negative impact on workplace health and safety. It is clear
3652 III, 10. 5. 3 | It is clear that public health and workplace health interventions
3653 III, 10. 5. 3 | public health and workplace health interventions among workers
3654 III, 10. 5. 3 | interventions to improve workplace health, although embedded in different
3655 III, 10. 5. 3 | can effectively improve health, reduce risk factors and
3656 III, 10. 5. 3 | Secker, 2002).~Workplace health interventions are most effective
3657 III, 10. 5. 3 | most effective when work health and public health aspects
3658 III, 10. 5. 3 | when work health and public health aspects are addressed together
3659 III, 10. 5. 3 | historical reasons, occupational health and safety and workplace
3660 III, 10. 5. 3 | environments.~ ~Promoting health, preventing diseases and
3661 III, 10. 5. 3 | Occupational Safety and Health Convention. This convention (
3662 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational safety and health as a field of scientific
3663 III, 10. 5. 3 | year of the Occupational Health Services Convention (ILO-
3664 III, 10. 5. 3 | to develop occupational health services for all workers.
3665 III, 10. 5. 3 | for effective workplace health and safety practices in
3666 III, 10. 5. 3 | enormous and unnecessary health burden, suffering and economic
3667 III, 10. 5. 3 | access to basic occupational health services (WHO, 2007). WHO
3668 III, 10. 5. 3 | States, at the 60th World Health Assembly in May 2007, endorsed
3669 III, 10. 5. 3 | Plan of Action on Workers'Health (2008-2017) (http://www.
3670 III, 10. 5. 3 | instruments on workers’ health; protect and promote health
3671 III, 10. 5. 3 | health; protect and promote health at the workplace; improve
3672 III, 10. 5. 3 | and access to occupational health services; provide and communicate
3673 III, 10. 5. 3 | practice; incorporate workers’ health into other policies.~The
3674 III, 10. 5. 3 | responsible for occupational health and safety (OSH), including
3675 III, 10. 5. 3 | European Commission, 2004). Health and safety improvement measures
3676 III, 10. 5. 3 | and preventive workplace health services in Europe.~The
3677 III, 10. 5. 3 | concept of Occupational Health and Safety (OSH) has been
3678 III, 10. 5. 3 | increasing evidence that workers’ health is determined not only by
3679 III, 10. 5. 3 | behaviour and access to health services. Therefore, further
3680 III, 10. 5. 3 | further improvement of the health of workers requires a holistic
3681 III, 10. 5. 3 | combining occupational health and safety with disease
3682 III, 10. 5. 3 | tackling social determinants of health and reaching out to workers'
3683 III, 10. 5. 3 | responsibility for their health in specific settings, is
3684 III, 10. 5. 3 | an important setting for health promoting activities. This
3685 III, 10. 5. 3 | bringing the concerns of public health to the workplace setting (
3686 III, 10. 5. 3 | Action in the Field of Public Health). In the past 11 years,
3687 III, 10. 5. 3 | and society to improve the health and well-being of people
3688 III, 10. 5. 3 | of national occupational health and safety, public health,
3689 III, 10. 5. 3 | health and safety, public health, health promotion and statutory
3690 III, 10. 5. 3 | aims at improving workplace health and well-being and reducing
3691 III, 10. 5. 3 | impact of work related ill health in the European workforce.
3692 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvement of workplace health and committed to working
3693 III, 10. 5. 3 | Health Promotion. Workplace health interventions have been
3694 III, 10. 5. 3 | on the improvement of the health of employees as well as
3695 III, 10. 5. 3 | studied and turns out in lower health expenditure. Observed effects
3696 III, 10. 5. 3 | until many years after the health risks have been reduced –
3697 III, 10. 5. 3 | advisers in the field of public health, occupational health and
3698 III, 10. 5. 3 | public health, occupational health and safety and social insurance
3699 III, 10. 5. 3 | principles of advocating health, enabling people and mediating
3700 III, 10. 5. 3 | health promotion.~ ~EU Legislation~ ~Health and Safety at work has been
3701 III, 10. 5. 3 | a Framework Directive on health and safety at work (Dir ),
3702 III, 10. 5. 3 | programs in the field of health and safety aimed at analysing
3703 III, 10. 5. 3 | level (European Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2007).
3704 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvements in the safety and health of workers~- 89/654/EEC:
3705 III, 10. 5. 3 | risks~- 90/270/EEC: minimum health and safety requirements
3706 III, 10. 5. 3 | principles (European Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2005).~
3707 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvements in the safety and health of workers~- 89/656/EEC:
3708 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvements in the safety and health at work of pregnant workers
3709 III, 10. 5. 3 | 2003/10/EC: the minimum health and safety requirements
3710 III, 10. 5. 3 | work (European Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2000,2001).~ ~
3711 III, 10. 5. 3 | protect workers’ safety and health~- Ensuring that workplace
3712 III, 10. 5. 3 | Providing safety and/or health signs where hazards cannot
3713 III, 10. 5. 3 | general Framework to manage health and safety, including: assessment
3714 III, 10. 5. 3 | status of communication of health and safety legislation,
3715 III, 10. 5. 3 | practical implementation of Health and Safety at Work Directives
3716 III, 10. 5. 3 | agriculture, transport and health were at higher risk, whereas
3717 III, 10. 5. 3 | A strategy for workplace health and safety in Great Britain
3718 III, 10. 5. 3 | legislation covering occupational health and safety in the United
3719 III, 10. 5. 3 | the United Kingdom is The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.~ ~
3720 III, 10. 5. 3 | the world of work affects health and is itself affected by
3721 III, 10. 5. 3 | is itself affected by ill health~- workplaces are powerful
3722 III, 10. 5. 3 | and prevention~- workplace health interventions are available
3723 III, 10. 5. 3 | and effective~- workplace health issues apply to non-working
3724 III, 10. 5. 3 | life as well~- workplace health is an essential part of
3725 III, 10. 5. 3 | essential part of public health.~ ~There are currently great
3726 III, 10. 5. 3 | challenges to workplace health from~- ongoing demographic
3727 III, 10. 5. 3 | world of work~- regional health and safety discrepancies
3728 III, 10. 5. 3 | advisers in the field of public health, occupational health and
3729 III, 10. 5. 3 | public health, occupational health and safety and social insurance
3730 III, 10. 5. 3 | principles of advocating health, enabling people and mediating
3731 III, 10. 5. 3 | e.g. by~- making workplace health issues an integral part
3732 III, 10. 5. 3 | integrated policies~- combating health inequalities~- promoting
3733 III, 10. 5. 3 | information~- treating workplace health issues as part of employment
3734 III, 10. 5. 3 | collaboration between OSH and public health institutions e.g. develop
3735 III, 10. 5. 3 | multi-professional European and national health action plans~- taking a
3736 III, 10. 5. 3 | broader view of workplace health as part of the social dialogue.~ ~
3737 III, 10. 5. 3 | globalisation, improvement of health at work requires a holistic
3738 III, 10. 5. 3 | prevention, occupational health and safety as well as addressing
3739 III, 10. 5. 3 | European work-related public health report on cardiovascular
3740 III, 10. 5. 3 | diseases and mental ill health. Essen. www.enwhp.org~European
3741 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvements in the safety and health of workers at work. Brussels.
3742 III, 10. 5. 3 | of the provisions of the Health and Safety at Work Directives
3743 III, 10. 5. 3 | Community strategy 2007-2012 on health and safety at work. Communication
3744 III, 10. 5. 3 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA) (2002): Research
3745 III, 10. 5. 3 | Occupational Safety and Health. Available at: htt m.~European
3746 III, 10. 5. 3 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA) (2003): Research
3747 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational safety and health in some Member States of
3748 III, 10. 5. 3 | EUROSTAT (2000): Work and Health in the EU. A statistical
3749 III, 10. 5. 3 | Occupational Safety and Health Convention. Available at: htt tm~
3750 III, 10. 5. 3 | Indicators for work-related health monitoring in Europe. Betriebliches
3751 III, 10. 5. 3 | Job retention and mental health: a review of the literature.
3752 III, 10. 5. 3 | Socioeconomic position and health: the role of work and employment.
3753 III, 10. 5. 3 | Social Inequalities in Health - New Evidence and Policy
3754 III, 10. 5. 3 | Declaration on Workers Health. Approved at the Seventh
3755 III, 10. 5. 3 | Centres for Occupational Health. Stresa, Italy.~ ~WHO (2007):
3756 III, 10. 5. 3 | Gross Domestic Product~HSWA~Health and Safety at Work etc Act
3757 III, 10. 5. 3 | disorders~OSH~Occupational Health and Safety~PPE~Personal
3758 III, 10. 6. 0 | on Social Determinants of Health~HBSC~The Health Behaviour
3759 III, 10. 6. 0 | Determinants of Health~HBSC~The Health Behaviour in School-Aged
3760 III, 10. 6. 0 | scale~SHARE~The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement~ ~ ~ ~
3761 III, 10. 6. 1 | important contribution to health, by providing people with
3762 III, 10. 6. 1 | support to positive mental health is well acknowledged (Ganster
3763 III, 10. 6. 1 | poor physical and mental health. A classic longitudinal
3764 III, 10. 6. 1 | interventions made to enhance health, further work is needed
3765 III, 10. 6. 1 | 10.6.1.2.1 The Mental health indicator pilot study~This
3766 III, 10. 6. 1 | SHARE survey~The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement (
3767 III, 10. 6. 1 | 6.2.4 The HBSC study~The Health Behaviour in School-Aged
3768 III, 10. 6. 1 | social networks, an important health determinant. Given the importance
3769 III, 10. 6. 1 | importance of social networks for health, data need to be collected
3770 III, 10. 6. 1 | order to monitor how these health determinants differ between
3771 III, 10. 6. 1 | role in determining mental health and well-being, but also
3772 III, 10. 6. 1 | strong influence on general health. Social cohesion -defined
3773 III, 10. 6. 1 | in the society -protects health.~ ~The renewed EU Sustainable
3774 III, 10. 6. 1 | protect physical and mental health. Their importance has often
3775 III, 10. 6. 1 | epidemiological research and health policy making. Social networks
3776 III, 10. 6. 1 | connectedness should be included in health surveys and epidemiological
3777 III, 10. 6. 1 | Beaudet M (1996). Depression. Health Rep 7:11-22.~ ~Börsch-Supan
3778 III, 10. 6. 1 | H. (2005). The Survey of Health, Aging, and Retirement in
3779 III, 10. 6. 1 | and improving community health in Sarasota, Florida: “crime
3780 III, 10. 6. 1 | American Journal of Public Health 93(9): 1442-1445.~ ~Currie
3781 III, 10. 6. 1 | Office for Europe, 2008 (Health Policy for Children and
3782 III, 10. 6. 1 | social support on mental health and physical health. Br
3783 III, 10. 6. 1 | mental health and physical health. Br J Med Psychol 61(1):
3784 III, 10. 6. 1 | Proximity and Contact. In: Health, Ageing and Retirement in
3785 III, 10. 6. 1 | Developing Common Instruments for Health Surveys. IOS Press, WHO,
3786 III, 10. 6. 1 | 10.6.1.7. Acronyms~ ~HBSC~Health Behaviour in School-Aged
3787 III, 10. 6. 1 | scale~SHARE~The Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement~ ~ ~
3788 III, 10. 6. 2 | are indeed associated to health and life expectancy. The
3789 III, 10. 6. 2 | Glass, 2000)~ ~Inequality in health is not confined to the poorest
3790 III, 10. 6. 2 | constitutional characteristics, health behaviour, social networks
3791 III, 10. 6. 2 | conditions can strongly influence health. These health determinants
3792 III, 10. 6. 2 | influence health. These health determinants are socially
3793 III, 10. 6. 2 | comprehensive expert Report on “Health inequalities: Europe in
3794 III, 10. 6. 2 | Strategies for Action to Tackle Health Inequalities in Europe’
3795 III, 10. 6. 2 | food, water, housing and health care services are obvious
3796 III, 10. 6. 2 | obvious prerequisites for health. The health burden of adverse
3797 III, 10. 6. 2 | prerequisites for health. The health burden of adverse job conditions
3798 III, 10. 6. 2 | psychosocial stress. Most health determinants are socially
3799 III, 10. 6. 2 | social gradient of adverse health behaviour is found across
3800 III, 10. 6. 2 | substantial inequalities in health and life expectancy in all
3801 III, 10. 6. 2 | even increasing social and health inequalities.~ ~Mortality
3802 III, 10. 6. 2 | The expert Report on “Health inequalities: Europe in
3803 III, 10. 6. 2 | most important causes of health inequalities in men than
3804 III, 10. 6. 2 | introduction of effective health care interventions (e.g.
3805 III, 10. 6. 2 | protective social, public health and health care institutions;
3806 III, 10. 6. 2 | social, public health and health care institutions; and a
3807 III, 10. 6. 2 | better against increased health risks and/or have been able
3808 III, 10. 6. 2 | from new opportunities for health gains. An example is provided
3809 III, 10. 6. 2 | suggests that a widening of the health gap in a period of important
3810 III, 10. 6. 2 | number of years lived in good health).~Inequalities are also
3811 III, 10. 6. 2 | rates.~ ~Accessibility of health services~ ~While health
3812 III, 10. 6. 2 | health services~ ~While health care systems have contributed
3813 III, 10. 6. 2 | significant improvements in health across the EU, access to
3814 III, 10. 6. 2 | across the EU, access to health care remains uneven across
3815 III, 10. 6. 2 | cure rates, and access to health services.~ ~A major challenge
3816 III, 10. 6. 2 | Few have begun to address health inequalities systematically
3817 III, 10. 6. 2 | preventing the ensuing health differences or addressing
3818 III, 10. 6. 2 | differences or addressing the poor health that results from the differences
3819 III, 10. 6. 2 | Finally, policies outside the health sector are also central
3820 III, 10. 6. 2 | central for improving the health of the population and reducing
3821 III, 10. 6. 2 | reducing the existing gaps in health care provision.~ ~
3822 III, 10. 6. 2 | and local level to tackle health inequalities by recognizing
3823 III, 10. 6. 2 | social determinants for health,. This evidence puts policy
3824 III, 10. 6. 2 | before a challenge. Reducing health inequalities has become
3825 III, 10. 6. 2 | issues within the public health sector in Europe and its
3826 III, 10. 6. 2 | strategies which aim at takling health inequalities, especially
3827 III, 10. 6. 2 | Strategies for Action to Tackle Health Inequalities in Europe’
3828 III, 10. 6. 2 | on Social Determinants of Health (CSDH) should be further
3829 III, 10. 6. 2 | supports countries and global health partners to address the
3830 III, 10. 6. 2 | social factors leading to ill health and inequities. It draws
3831 III, 10. 6. 2 | the social determinants of health known to be among the worst
3832 III, 10. 6. 2 | the worst causes of poor health and inequalities between
3833 III, 10. 6. 2 | globalization and lack of access to health systems (htt ~ ~European
3834 III, 10. 6. 2 | European level~The European Health and Consumer Protection
3835 III, 10. 6. 2 | Socio-economic determinants of health - health inequalities’ as
3836 III, 10. 6. 2 | determinants of health - health inequalities’ as an important
3837 III, 10. 6. 2 | past and current public health strategy (htt ). The DG’
3838 III, 10. 6. 2 | The DG’s action to reduce health inequalities aims at improving
3839 III, 10. 6. 2 | improving everyone's level of health closer to that of the most
3840 III, 10. 6. 2 | advantaged; ensure that the health needs of the most disadvantaged
3841 III, 10. 6. 2 | fully addressed; help the health of people in countries and
3842 III, 10. 6. 2 | regions with lower levels of health so that they can improve
3843 III, 10. 6. 2 | support the economies and health infrastructure of countries
3844 III, 10. 6. 2 | causes of socio-economic health inequalities as well as
3845 III, 10. 6. 2 | measures on socio-economic health determinants and identified
3846 III, 10. 6. 2 | determinants and identified health inequalities using data
3847 III, 10. 6. 2 | data from the Community health information system. Health
3848 III, 10. 6. 2 | health information system. Health inequalities also form an
3849 III, 10. 6. 2 | interventions aimed at tackling health determinants. Moreover,
3850 III, 10. 6. 2 | strategies to improve the health of vulnerable groups within
3851 III, 10. 6. 2 | aim of the Swedish public health policy established in 2003
3852 III, 10. 6. 2 | conditions which ensure good health to the entire population.
3853 III, 10. 6. 2 | that improving the public health of the most vulnerable to
3854 III, 10. 6. 2 | the bill is to make public health a fundamental part of social
3855 III, 10. 6. 2 | social policy. Since public health concerns and is influenced
3856 III, 10. 6. 2 | sectors. The Swedish public health policy is based on eleven
3857 III, 10. 6. 2 | important determinants of public health :~ ~ ~1. Participation and
3858 III, 10. 6. 2 | environments and products~6. Health and medical care that more
3859 III, 10. 6. 2 | more actively promotes good health~7. Effective protection
3860 III, 10. 6. 2 | sexuality and good reproductive health~9. Increased physical activity~
3861 III, 10. 6. 2 | National Institute of Public Health is to formulate interim
3862 III, 10. 6. 2 | sectors involved in population health is the idea behind ‘Health
3863 III, 10. 6. 2 | health is the idea behind ‘Health in all Policies’. Health
3864 III, 10. 6. 2 | Health in all Policies’. Health in All Policies (HiAP) was
3865 III, 10. 6. 2 | Policies (HiAP) was the main health theme of the Finnish European
3866 III, 10. 6. 2 | Finland’s long term horizontal health policy. While the health
3867 III, 10. 6. 2 | health policy. While the health sector has gradually increased
3868 III, 10. 6. 2 | have increasingly taken health and the well-being of citizens
3869 III, 10. 6. 2 | development has been that health and well-being are shared
3870 III, 10. 6. 2 | in sectors other than the health sector affect the population’
3871 III, 10. 6. 2 | affect the population’s health and how population health
3872 III, 10. 6. 2 | health and how population health can be promoted through
3873 III, 10. 6. 2 | the Italian Ministry of Health, the European Commission
3874 III, 10. 6. 2 | be recognized to tackle health inequalities within communities.
3875 III, 10. 6. 2 | objective than “ ensuring good health for the entire population”;
3876 III, 10. 6. 2 | reviewed the current state of health inequalities and identified
3877 III, 10. 6. 2 | a combination of mental health problems or drug abuse.
3878 III, 10. 6. 2 | and drug abuse and improve health through physical activity.
3879 III, 10. 6. 2 | contributes to reducing health inequalities by trying to
3880 III, 10. 6. 2 | no job opportunities.~· Health care system: The German
3881 III, 10. 6. 2 | German Federal Centre for Health Education (BZgA) has developed
3882 III, 10. 6. 2 | social determinants to tackle health inequalities, the national
3883 III, 10. 6. 2 | socio-economic determinants of health, introduce innovative pilot
3884 III, 10. 6. 2 | sectors can take the issues of health and health equity into consideration
3885 III, 10. 6. 2 | the issues of health and health equity into consideration
3886 III, 10. 6. 2 | networks, social support, and health. In L.Berkman & I. Kawachi (
3887 III, 10. 6. 2 | Strategies to Promote Equity in Health. Stockholm: Institute for
3888 III, 10. 6. 2 | EUROTHINE (2007): Tackling health inequalities in Europe:
3889 III, 10. 6. 2 | Mackenbach JP (2006): Health inequalities: Europe in
3890 III, 10. 6. 2 | at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_determinants/socio_economics/
3891 III, 10. 6. 2 | on Social Determinants of Health~ ~ ~
3892 III, 10. 6. 3 | violence according to the World Health Organisation includes neglect
3893 III, 10. 6. 3 | World Report on Violence and Health contains interesting facts
3894 III, 10. 6. 3 | United Nations, the World Health Organisation, and the International
3895 III, 10. 6. 3 | Violence within the Public Health Actions for a Safer Europe (
3896 III, 10. 6. 3 | important steps in the public health approach for preventing
3897 III, 10. 6. 3 | particular involving the health sector in collaboration
3898 III, 10. 6. 3 | World Report on Violence and Health [on-line publication available
3899 IV | PROTECTING AND PROMOTING PUBLIC HEALTH AND TREATING DISEASES: HEALTH
3900 IV | HEALTH AND TREATING DISEASES: HEALTH SYSTEMS, SERVICES AND POLICIES~ ~
3901 IV, 11 | 11. HEALTH SERVICES~ ~
3902 IV, 11.Acr | NICE~National Institute of Health and Clinical Excellence~
3903 IV, 11.Acr | Emission Tomography~PHI~Private health insurance~SHARE~Survey of
3904 IV, 11.Acr | insurance~SHARE~Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in
3905 IV, 11. 1 | determining the performance of health services~ ~ ~
3906 IV, 11. 1. 1 | 11.1.1. Introduction~ ~Health systems contribute to the
3907 IV, 11. 1. 1 | systems contribute to the health status of European citizens
3908 IV, 11. 1. 1 | performance of a country’s health system. Health systems are
3909 IV, 11. 1. 1 | country’s health system. Health systems are composed of
3910 IV, 11. 1. 1 | resources meant to improve the health of citizens – both at an
3911 IV, 11. 1. 1 | improve the population’s health, although there also other
3912 IV, 11. 1. 1 | Although all actions of a health system are meant to increase
3913 IV, 11. 1. 1 | increase the population’s health, it is to be kept in mind
3914 IV, 11. 1. 1 | that the contribution of health systems to the health status
3915 IV, 11. 1. 1 | of health systems to the health status of the targeted population
3916 IV, 11. 1. 1 | Important measures of population health such as life expectancy
3917 IV, 11. 1. 1 | some estimates suggest that health care might account for less
3918 IV, 11. 1. 1 | less than 20 percent of health improvement observed in
3919 IV, 11. 1. 1 | since the 1990s, advances in health care and medicines in particular,
3920 IV, 11. 1. 1 | positive role a well-performing health system can play in contributing
3921 IV, 11. 1. 1 | individuals’ and population health.~ ~To this end, the World
3922 IV, 11. 1. 1 | To this end, the World Health Organization, in its 2000
3923 IV, 11. 1. 1 | Organization, in its 2000 World Health Report, developed a conceptualization
3924 IV, 11. 1. 1 | developed a conceptualization of health system functions into four
3925 IV, 11. 1. 1 | stewardship. The objectives of health systems can be further delineated
3926 IV, 11. 1. 1 | whilst the latter encompass health status, fair financing,
3927 IV, 11. 1. 1 | international ranking of countries’ health systems has drawn criticism,
3928 IV, 11. 1. 1 | management underpinnings of a health system.~ ~The aim of this
3929 IV, 11. 1. 1 | structures and functions of health systems (in Europe). Given
3930 IV, 11. 1. 1 | Given the variance in health status and different disease
3931 IV, 11. 1. 1 | fact that each country’s health system influences these
3932 IV, 11. 1. 1 | elements which characterize the health systems is therefore important.
3933 IV, 11. 1. 1 | provides an overview of health care systems in Europe,
3934 IV, 11. 1. 1 | resources and financing of health systems in the European
3935 IV, 11. 1. 1 | begins with a section on health systems performance with
3936 IV, 11. 1. 1 | personal care and then public health and prevention. While long-term
3937 IV, 11. 1. 1 | important services in European health and social care systems,
3938 IV, 11. 1. 1 | then discussed, including health care facilities, providers,
3939 IV, 11. 1. 1 | examines the financing of health care, including trends in
3940 IV, 11. 1. 1 | definitions and measurement of key health care terms and data inevitably
3941 IV, 11. 1. 1 | caution.~ ~As all European health systems face their own challenges
3942 IV, 11. 1. 1 | challenge is then to develop health care policies to improve
3943 IV, 11. 1. 1 | policies to improve the health status of the local population
3944 IV, 11. 1. 1 | elements and functions of a health system and an understanding
3945 IV, 11. 1. 2 | Eurostat data and the European Health for all data (2007) forms
3946 IV, 11. 1. 2 | the comparative figures on health expenditure, health care
3947 IV, 11. 1. 2 | figures on health expenditure, health care resources – both physical
3948 IV, 11. 1. 2 | and human resources – and health care utilization. Trends
3949 IV, 11. 1. 2 | chapter draws on the OECD health database (2007) for the
3950 IV, 11. 1. 2 | provider payment methods, and health care quality measurement.
3951 IV, 11. 1. 2 | ECHP) and the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in
3952 IV, 11. 1. 2 | cross-country research on equity in health care use. The First European
3953 IV, 11. 1. 2 | public satisfaction with health. Levels of satisfaction
3954 IV, 11. 1. 2 | satisfaction and experiences with health care. Finally, the chapter
3955 IV, 11. 1. 2(1) | improve comparability of health statistics and reduce the
3956 IV, 11. 1. 2(1) | based on the OECD System of Health Accounts in 2006 for 14
3957 IV, 11. 1. 3 | 1.3. The Performance of Health Systems~ ~The impact of
3958 IV, 11. 1. 3 | Systems~ ~The impact of health care (or a health system)
3959 IV, 11. 1. 3 | impact of health care (or a health system) on the population’
3960 IV, 11. 1. 3 | system) on the population’s health has been a topic of much
3961 IV, 11. 1. 3 | argument that, rather than health care, it was in fact wider
3962 IV, 11. 1. 3 | changed as the scope of health care and range of interventions
3963 IV, 11. 1. 3 | adequate if not high quality health care, began finding currency
3964 IV, 11. 1. 3 | spreading from initial ‘specific health event’ studies in the United
3965 IV, 11. 1. 3 | evidence that (access to) health care had a positive impact
3966 IV, 11. 1. 3 | impact on the population’s health – often by decreasing infant
3967 IV, 11. 1. 3 | assessing the contribution to health outcomes, disaggregating
3968 IV, 11. 1. 3 | conclusions from measures of health system performance that
3969 IV, 11. 1. 3 | part, on broad population health indicators.~ ~Nevertheless,
3970 IV, 11. 1. 3 | used as an indicator for health system performance measurement.
3971 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the link between access to health care and improved population
3972 IV, 11. 1. 3 | and improved population health during the ’80s and ‘90s,
3973 IV, 11. 1. 3 | where there is a link to health system performance. This
3974 IV, 11. 1. 3 | concept that high-performing health systems can help in achieving
3975 IV, 11. 1. 3 | achieving better population health outcomes; a consensus supported
3976 IV, 11. 1. 3 | part driven by the WHO’s health systems framework.~ ~In
3977 IV, 11. 1. 3 | In view of the above, health care system performance
3978 IV, 11. 1. 3 | information on the performance of health systems as a basis for a
3979 IV, 11. 1. 3 | examination of the functions of health systems so as to understand
3980 IV, 11. 1. 3 | can help tackle population health needs.~ ~First of all, one
3981 IV, 11. 1. 3 | should bear in mind that health systems can be grouped in
3982 IV, 11. 1. 3 | by outcomes in terms of health attainment. One framework
3983 IV, 11. 1. 3 | framework used to categorize health systems across countries
3984 IV, 11. 1. 3 | Thus, four broad types of health systems can be identified
3985 IV, 11. 1. 3 | 1) ‘unreformed’ social health insurance e.g. France, Austria,
3986 IV, 11. 1. 3 | Greece, Slovenia;~2) social health insurance with competitive
3987 IV, 11. 1. 3 | broad category.~ ~Recent health care trends in the European
3988 IV, 11. 1. 3 | integrated Semashko model of health care to a more decentralized
3989 IV, 11. 1. 3 | contracted model of social health insurance (Bismarck model)2.
3990 IV, 11. 1. 3 | individuals for their own health and costs of health care;
3991 IV, 11. 1. 3 | own health and costs of health care; improve efficiency
3992 IV, 11. 1. 3 | shift the responsibility of health services away from central
3993 IV, 11. 1. 3 | Europe the most recent era of health reform can be characterized
3994 IV, 11. 1. 3 | continuous pressure on health systems worldwide stem from
3995 IV, 11. 1. 3 | complicated as the cost of health care continues to rise (
3996 IV, 11. 1. 3 | cost pressure on European health systems, the role of the
3997 IV, 11. 1. 3 | of care provided via the health system, or are they more
3998 IV, 11. 1. 3 | putting further demands on health system sustainability? The
3999 IV, 11. 1. 3 | to pay or nature of the health system itself. The role
4000 IV, 11. 1. 3 | performance and responsiveness of health systems.~ ~
