Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 7 | people, will be living in urban areas. By 2030, this figure
2 I, 2. 7 | suggest a steady rise of urban populations. Within the
3 I, 2. 7 | The divergence between urban and rural settlements introduces
4 I, 2. 7 | of the variation between urban and rural settlements are
5 I, 2. 7 | living conditions to the new urban settlers and keep them in
6 I, 2. 7 | of global importance. The urban area will occupy just one
7 I, 2. 7 | problems or large-scale urban settlements. Research work
8 II, 5. 5. 1| status, education and rural/urban living and thus compare
9 II, 5. 5. 3| as well as no effect of urban, rural, and mixed habitation
10 II, 5. 5. 3| but also people born in urban areas show a higher incidence.
11 II, 5. 5. 3| study was in a rural or urban location and whether cases
12 II, 5. 6. 6| disk degeneration in an urban population. Annals of 1958
13 II, 6. 3. 5| deprivation in specific inner urban areas, were both strongly
14 II, 8. 2. 1| are higher in deprived and urban areas (UK DoH, 2001).~ ~
15 II, 9. 2. 2| living in extreme rural and urban poverty, and are therefore
16 II, 9. 2. 3| seems to be predominantly urban and occurs frequently in
17 II, 9. 2. 6| Policies on planning and urban design, transport, environment,
18 II, 9. 3. 3| frequent among those living in urban areas of Italy and less
19 III, 10. 1 | non food consumer products~Urban, Rural and Industrial~Age~
20 III, 10. 2. 1| male gender, living in an urban area and preference of certain
21 III, 10. 2. 1| communities, especially in urban settings, the protection
22 III, 10. 2. 1| al, 2002).~ ~Not only the urban environment in which people
23 III, 10. 2. 1| fewer green spaces and urban planning policies resulting
24 III, 10. 2. 1| resulting in increasing urban sprawl play an important
25 III, 10. 2. 1| transport, environment, urban planning, employers, local
26 III, 10. 2. 1| physical activity and active living in urban environments: the role of
27 III, 10. 2. 1| Paper supports sustainable urban transport actions and specifies
28 III, 10. 2. 1| towards better and sustainable urban mobility that will be presented
29 III, 10. 2. 1| results of the Green Paper on Urban Mobility (European Commission,
30 III, 10. 2. 1| sectors, such as transport, urban planning, environment, employers
31 III, 10. 2. 1| Towards a new culture for urban mobility” Directorate General
32 III, 10. 2. 1| transport/clean/green_paper_urban_transport/doc/2007_09_25_
33 III, 10. 2. 1| transport/doc/2007_09_25_gp_urban_mobility_en.pdf]~ ~European
34 III, 10. 2. 1| physical activity and active living in urban environments: the role of
35 III, 10. 2. 1| transport, environment, urban planning, employers, local
36 III, 10. 3. 1| particularly the case in urban areas, where most of these
37 III, 10. 3. 2| part of our natural and urban environment. The chemical
38 III, 10. 3. 4| countries~Vulnerability in urban and rural areas is different;
39 III, 10. 3. 4| island effects in all large urban environments can account
40 III, 10. 3. 4| Athens or 8°C in London . The Urban heat island effect increases
41 III, 10. 3. 4| existing health risks in urban areas and excess mortality
42 III, 10. 4. 1| children who grow up in urban areas. Children with asthma
43 III, 10. 4. 1| US, the Dept of Housing & Urban Development has established
44 III, 10. 4. 1| domestic wood stoves. In urban areas, up to 10 per cent
45 III, 10. 4. 3| important disparities between urban and rural areas: only 30–
46 III, 10. 4. 3| important disparities between urban and rural areas: only 30–
47 III, 10. 4. 3| rural areas often lags behind urban areas, particularly in eastern
48 III, 10. 4. 3| effects of discharges of urban waste water and from certain
49 III, 10. 4. 3| relation to discharges from urban waste water treatment plants
50 III, 10. 4. 3| subject to eutrophication.~The Urban Wastewater Directive requires
51 III, 10. 4. 3| Directive 91/271/EC on Urban Waste Water. Available at: htt ML~
52 III, 10. 4. 5| especially in rural more than in urban areas.~ ~Many health endpoints
53 III, 10. 5. 1| migration from rural to urban areas and led to the development
54 III, 10. 5. 1| large cities. The resulting urban development is a departure
55 III, 10. 5. 1| industrial emissions and urban pests. Sealed land and contaminants
56 III, 10. 5. 1| health and wellbeing. The urban sprawl has many drawbacks
57 III, 10. 5. 1| that often are defined as “urban problems” come into consideration.
58 III, 10. 5. 1| environmental determinants of urban and rural settlements may
59 III, 10. 5. 1| can be much lower than in urban areas.~ ~It is estimated
60 III, 10. 5. 1| relation to outdoor and urban conditions, cannot be assessed
61 III, 10. 5. 1| compensating effect on the urban heat island in summer time (Elm st
62 III, 10. 5. 1| al, 2004). Data from the Urban Audit of EU cities shows
63 III, 10. 5. 1| participating cities provide urban green areas within walking
64 III, 10. 5. 1| 1996). City data from the Urban Audit project show that
65 III, 10. 5. 1| incineration plants may add to the urban air pollution (DEFRA, 2004).~ ~
66 III, 10. 5. 1| DEFRA, 2004).~ ~Outdoor urban pests~ ~As within the building,
67 III, 10. 5. 1| 2004).~Future scenarios of urban sprawl as well as climate
68 III, 10. 5. 1| industrial or military sites into urban quarters or service areas:
69 III, 10. 5. 1| reduced space consumption / urban sprawl. Still, noise, air
70 III, 10. 5. 1| number of these addresses “urban health issues”, focusing
71 III, 10. 5. 1| benchmarking and comparison of urban conditions and (b) for the
72 III, 10. 5. 1| for the improvement of urban conditions, focusing on
73 III, 10. 5. 1| tools is given here below:~ ~Urban Audit~ ~The Urban Audit
74 III, 10. 5. 1| below:~ ~Urban Audit~ ~The Urban Audit collects information
75 III, 10. 5. 1| and health aspects into urban transport and demand side
76 III, 10. 5. 1| scientific awareness that good urban spatial planning can shape
77 III, 10. 5. 1| considerations at the heart of all urban planning and generate political
78 III, 10. 5. 1| of the concept of healthy urban planning and all that is
79 III, 10. 5. 1| the application of healthy urban planning principles and
80 III, 10. 5. 1| Ageing and accessibility, Urban design and physical activity,
81 III, 10. 5. 1| 3. Mainstreaming healthy urban planning through appropriate
82 III, 10. 5. 1| local population.~htt ~ ~Urban matrix, knowledge networks~ ~
83 III, 10. 5. 1| matrix, knowledge networks~ ~Urban matrix, knowledge networks
84 III, 10. 5. 1| required information.~htt ~ ~Urban health indicators~ ~Based
85 III, 10. 5. 1| that the health needs of urban dwellers and the ability
86 III, 10. 5. 1| and the ability to monitor urban health will become a high
87 III, 10. 5. 1| identified the development of an urban health indicator system
88 III, 10. 5. 1| development of a system of urban health indicators.~ ht ~ ~
89 III, 10. 5. 1| of human settlements and urban issues. Although many projects
90 III, 10. 5. 1| Thematic Strategy on the Urban Environment~ ~The Communication
91 III, 10. 5. 1| challenges faced by Europe's urban areas, focusing on 4 priority
92 III, 10. 5. 1| conjunction with stakeholders, are urban environmental management,
93 III, 10. 5. 1| environmental management, urban transport, sustainable construction
94 III, 10. 5. 1| sustainable construction and urban design. The strategy contains
95 III, 10. 5. 1| priorities to be addressed by urban actors and policy-makers.~htt ~ ~
96 III, 10. 5. 1| directives in relation to urban environment and settlements.
97 III, 10. 5. 1| sites: Competitiveness, urban sustainability and public
98 III, 10. 5. 1| Integrated pest management in an urban community: a successful
99 III, 10. 5. 1| social-ecological systems in urban landscapes: Stockholm and
100 III, 10. 5. 1| Stockholm and the National Urban Park, Sweden. In: Ann. N.
101 III, 10. 5. 1| Environment Agency (2006a): Urban sprawl in Europe. The ignored
102 III, 10. 5. 1| Noise and health in the urban environment. In: Reviews
103 III, 10. 5. 1| mental health. In: Journal of Urban Health 80(4): 536-555.~Federal
104 III, 10. 5. 1| Reduction potential of urban PM 25 mortality risk using
105 III, 10. 5. 1| Lawrence RJ (2000): Urban Health: a new agenda? In:
106 III, 10. 5. 1| Takano T, et al (2002): Urban residential environments
107 III, 10. 5. 1| Community Health 56: 913-918.Urban Audit (htt ~ ~Tranter DC (
108 III, 10. 5. 1| determinants for health equity in urban settings. WHO Kobe Centre,
109 III, 10. 5. 1| physical activity and active living in urban environments. The role of
110 III, 10. 5. 1| and sanitation target: the urban and rural challenge of the
111 III, 10. 5. 2| 10.5.2. Urban and rural populations~ ~
112 III, 10. 5. 2| represented by the definition of “urban” and “rural”. First of all,
113 III, 10. 5. 2| areas. The definition of urban and rural areas, however,
114 III, 10. 5. 2| infrastructures or the distance from urban centres. In many cases it
115 III, 10. 5. 2| what does not fall under “urban”. Still, recent study results
116 III, 10. 5. 2| dualism between rural and urban areas may be more an imagination
117 III, 10. 5. 2| of settlement categories (urban versus rural), but also
118 III, 10. 5. 2| be easily considered as urban or rural based on the profile
119 III, 10. 5. 2| in many member states, urban settlements account for
120 III, 10. 5. 2| considered two categories of urban versus rural settlements
121 III, 10. 5. 2| of the health status of urban and rural populations strongly
122 III, 10. 5. 2| how – in a given study – urban and rural are defined (Johnson-Webb
123 III, 10. 5. 2| the differences between urban and rural populations may
124 III, 10. 5. 2| The divergence between urban and rural settlements introduces
125 III, 10. 5. 2| dimensions of variation between urban and rural settlement are
126 III, 10. 5. 2| service provision – between urban and rural setting, as well
127 III, 10. 5. 2| some years older than the urban population (Eurofound, 2006).
128 III, 10. 5. 2| younger people migrate into urban areas, which leaves an increasing
129 III, 10. 5. 2| dependency rate between urban and rural areas is higher
130 III, 10. 5. 2| of the EU (Spain: 22% in urban versus 33% in rural areas;
131 III, 10. 5. 2| slightly lower in rural than in urban areas (OECD, 2007).~ ~With
132 III, 10. 5. 2| secondary education than urban dwellers (Eurofound, 2006).~
133 III, 10. 5. 2| health-related living conditions as urban residents tend to complain
134 III, 10. 5. 2| due to air pollution in urban and rural settings~ ~Figure
135 III, 10. 5. 2| recreational / green spaces in urban and rural setting~ ~Health
136 III, 10. 5. 2| health differences between urban and rural settings. Data
137 III, 10. 5. 2| considered and the definition of “urban” and “rural” is not comparable.
138 III, 10. 5. 2| differences and life expectancy in urban and rural settings. However,
139 III, 10. 5. 2| clear difference between urban and rural settings. The
140 III, 10. 5. 2| decreased mortality rates in urban areas. For females, there
141 III, 10. 5. 2| standard mortality rate with urban and rural settlements, males~ ~
142 III, 10. 5. 2| age-adjusted mortality rates with urban and rural settlements, females~ ~
143 III, 10. 5. 2| poor health from rural to urban areas (O`Reilly et al.,
144 III, 10. 5. 2| populations versus 11.57 in urban settings), a trend identified
145 III, 10. 5. 2| expectancy by gender in urban and rural settings in Lithuania,
146 III, 10. 5. 2| 2.8. Mortality rates in urban and rural settings in Lithuania,
147 III, 10. 5. 2| year higher (66.4 years) in urban settings than in rural settings (
148 III, 10. 5. 2| is 2 years (77.8 years in urban and 75.7 years in rural settings).~
149 III, 10. 5. 2| Self-reported health in urban and rural settings~ ~In
150 III, 10. 5. 2| illness and disability in urban and rural settings~ ~Continuing
151 III, 10. 5. 2| in the Netherlands, the urban population shows more health
152 III, 10. 5. 2| health problems between urban and rural residents, showing
153 III, 10. 5. 2| 2.11. Health problems in urban and rural citizens in the
154 III, 10. 5. 2| Infection prevalence in urban and rural male citizens
155 III, 10. 5. 2| interventions as those living in urban areas (Wood, 2004). Even
156 III, 10. 5. 2| citizens is much higher than in urban settings (Male: 909 in rural
157 III, 10. 5. 2| 909 in rural versus 597 in urban places; Female: 667 in rural
158 III, 10. 5. 2| 667 in rural versus 322 in urban places). Four-week case
159 III, 10. 5. 2| compared to the 35% of urban places (Powles et al, 2002).~ ~
160 III, 10. 5. 2| better than children in urban settings (Du Prel et al.,
161 III, 10. 5. 2| birth weight, indicating that urban new-borns are substantially
162 III, 10. 5. 2| prevalence for girls in rural and urban settings (8.5%), while for
163 III, 10. 5. 2| prevalence was higher in urban (14.2%) than in rural settings (
164 III, 10. 5. 2| state of mind is worse in urban areas, with social pathologies
165 III, 10. 5. 2| being more prevalent in urban settings. The authors conclude
166 III, 10. 5. 2| stable social conditions in urban areas may be a causal factor (
167 III, 10. 5. 2| smokers also tend to be urban dwellers (Völzke et al.,
168 III, 10. 5. 2| considerable advantage compared to urban residents. A meta-review
169 III, 10. 5. 2| accessing health services in urban and rural areas (2006)~ ~ ~
170 III, 10. 5. 2| United Kingdom~Rural: 20~Urban: 18~EU countries with intermediate
171 III, 10. 5. 2| Slovenia, Spain~Rural: 27~Urban: 24~ ~EU countries with
172 III, 10. 5. 2| Poland, Slovakia~Rural: 34~Urban: 17~ ~2006-Accession countries
173 III, 10. 5. 2| Romania, Turkey~Rural: 58~Urban: 47~ ~EU25~ ~Rural: 23~Urban:
174 III, 10. 5. 2| Urban: 47~ ~EU25~ ~Rural: 23~Urban: 20~ ~ ~ ~Adapted from:
175 III, 10. 5. 2| questions the equity of urban and rural citizens with
176 III, 10. 5. 2| required for rural settings as urban health systems do not translate
177 III, 10. 5. 2| morbidity and mortality in urban and rural regions. Therefore,
178 III, 10. 5. 2| question whether rural or urban residents are more or less
179 III, 10. 5. 2| precise statements on the urban and rural differences of
180 III, 10. 5. 2| services compared to the urban settlers. This lack of access
181 III, 10. 5. 2| would distinguish between urban and rural settings. The
182 III, 10. 5. 2| consistent review of rural and urban health conditions in the
183 III, 10. 5. 2| Although the terminology of urban versus rural settings remains
184 III, 10. 5. 2| and that differences in urban places may become more and
185 III, 10. 5. 2| Health of New Zealand (2007): Urban–Rural Health Comparisons:
186 III, 10. 5. 2| Practice as a tool for studying urban/rural health and health
187 III, 10. 5. 2| Rosato M, Connolly S (2007): Urban and rural variations in
188 III, 10. 5. 2| et al. (2002): Stroke in urban and rural populations in
189 III, 10. 5. 2| myocardial infarction in urban and rural areas in Northeast
190 III, 10. 6. 2| unemployment, unsafe workplaces, urban slums, globalization and
191 IV, 11. 3. 1| typically in favour of urban areas, have introduced measures
192 IV, 11. 3. 1| physicians to rural and deprived urban areas. Greece applies educational
193 IV, 11. 6. 4| other cities, and between urban and rural areas; these geographical
194 IV, 12. 10 | Transport, Building and Urban Affairs (Bundesministerium
195 IV, 12. 10 | the population living in urban areas is subject of several
196 IV, 12. 10 | Transport, Building and Urban affairs (htt n) and its
197 IV, 12. 10 | Transport, Building and Urban Affairs, Federal Ministry
198 IV, 13. 2. 3| genetic make-up. Finally, urban air pollution and occupational
199 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| United Kingdom~uptake~uranium~urban~urbanization~urban-rural~
