Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 4 | inevitable.~ ~As in the case with mortality, rates of
2 I, 2. 5 | Health at Work, 2006).~Both case studies and quantitative
3 I, 2. 8 | e.g. as is currently the case for oil) are likely to have
4 I, 2. 10. 4 | authentication. In the worst case, two packs of drugs with
5 I, 2. 10. 4 | the supply chain, in which case stakeholders would be alerted
6 I, 2. 10. 4 | information in healthcare: “The case for coding is compelling,
7 II, 4. 2 | with Figure 4.2.2). In that case the regression coefficient
8 II, 5. 1. 1 | policies. Screening and case identification strategies
9 II, 5. 1. 1 | due to abdominal fat In case of a genetic susceptibility
10 II, 5. 1. 2 | worried that he may misread in case of little or even no dialogue
11 II, 5. 1. 2 | account all these issues in case of long lasting diseases.
12 II, 5. 2. 2 | fatality are also reported; case fatality (including in-
13 II, 5. 2. 2 | stroke events and 28-day case fatality are also reported;
14 II, 5. 2. 2 | fatality are also reported; case fatality (including in-
15 II, 5. 2. 3 | separate cases of AMI or one case of AMI and one case of IHD.
16 II, 5. 2. 3 | one case of AMI and one case of IHD. In addition, there
17 II, 5. 2. 3 | coronary events and 28-day case fatality for men and women
18 II, 5. 2. 3 | Eastern and Eastern countries. Case fatality from coronary heart
19 II, 5. 2. 3 | aged 35-64 years; 28-day case fatality (including patients
20 II, 5. 2. 3 | functional outcome and the case fatality after stroke.~ ~
21 II, 5. 2. 3 | stroke events and 28-day case fatality for men and women
22 II, 5. 2. 3 | of changes in attack and case fatality rates with changes
23 II, 5. 2. 3 | attributable to reduced case fatality and one third to
24 II, 5. 2. 3 | whether this decrease of case fatality was due to changes
25 II, 5. 2. 3 | women aged 35-64; 28-day case fatality; average annual
26 II, 5. 2. 7 | in stroke event rates or case fatality?. Stroke 34:1833-
27 II, 5. 3. 2 | hospitalisation or cost per case have to be collected by
28 II, 5. 3. 3 | Verdecchia et al, 2007). In the case of Czech Republic, survival
29 II, 5. 3. 5 | screening programmes. In this case, screening detects cervical
30 II, 5. 3. 6 | all cancers reflects the case mix by cancer site. For
31 II, 5. 4. 2 | limitation in the frequent case where different countries/
32 II, 5. 4. 2 | Fleming, 2004).~In this case participants are motivated
33 II, 5. 4. 2 | hospitals.~A particular case of outcome is that of mortality:
34 II, 5. 4. 2 | complete diabetes sources. The case of Tayside, Scotland provides
35 II, 5. 4. 5 | due to abdominal fat In case of a genetic susceptibility,
36 II, 5. 4. 6 | even more important in the case of countries reporting a
37 II, 5. 4. 6 | of high risk state in the case of diabetes obesity should
38 II, 5. 4. 6 | risk factors. This is one case in which screening on an
39 II, 5. 5. 1 | This was particularly the case for Portugal, France and
40 II, 5. 5. 2 | study, this was not the case. Also, the EURODEM study
41 II, 5. 5. 2 | age groups. This was the case for Austria, Germany, Hungary,
42 II, 5. 5. 2 | populations. This is the case for Cyprus, Ireland, Malta,
43 II, 5. 5. 3 | the lack of psychiatric case registries in most of the
44 II, 5. 5. 3 | Figure 5.5.3.2.8. Costs per case of schizophrenia in EUGLOREH
45 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychiatric illnesses, detailed case registries (which are only
46 II, 5. 5. 3 | to develop a consistent case definition have created
47 II, 5. 5. 3 | diagnosis, lack of agreement on case definition and differences
48 II, 5. 5. 3 | definition and differences in case finding methods have contributed
49 II, 5. 5. 3 | Member State in ASD as the case identification system is
50 II, 5. 5. 3 | measure prevalence and the case definition of ASD in Europe
51 II, 5. 5. 3 | be explored to maximize case ascertainment. The large
52 II, 5. 5. 3 | explained by suboptimal case ascertainment or by flaws
53 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations at risk, the extent of case identification and the study
54 II, 5. 5. 3 | explained through accuracy in case ascertainment and selection
55 II, 5. 5. 3 | for suicide in epilepsy: a case control study. Epilepsia
56 II, 5. 5. 3 | AED~Antiepileptic Drug~CFR~Case Fatality Ratio~IBE~International
57 II, 5. 5. 3 | PR-SP-MS and PP-MS.~ ~MS case registers in ”Europe”~Population-based
58 II, 5. 5. 3 | was related to improved case assessment over time. The
59 II, 5. 5. 3 | widespread improvement of case ascertainment and survey
60 II, 5. 5. 3 | the different degree of case ascertainment coverage based
61 II, 5. 5. 3 | a general improvement in case ascertainment and survey
62 II, 5. 5. 3 | billion. The cost per MS case in Europe ranges from €10
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | Differences in methods for case ascertainment may also influence
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | some studies. As is the case for elderly PD patients,
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 2005). The cost per case differed significantly across
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | Figure 5.5.3.6.2. Cost per case in PD in selected EUGLOREH
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | MM, Maraganore DM (1998): Case ascertainment uncertainties
68 II, 5. 6. 3 | of local inflammation.~ ~Case definition can be based
69 II, 5. 6. 3 | the definition of a new case. It can be estimated by
70 II, 5. 6. 3 | Natural history~ ~A classical case of osteoporosis may be present
71 II, 5. 7. 1 | cost excess of $26.000 per case per year in the USA (Smith
72 II, 5. 8. 3 | patho-physiology, for instance, in the case of COPD, other smoking-related
73 II, 5. 8. 3 | pre-existing disease—in the case of COPD, pulmonary hypertension
74 II, 5. 8. 7 | practice: cross sectional case finding study. BMJ 2002;
75 II, 5. 10. 1 | incriminated food. In the case of IgE-mediated food allergy,
76 II, 5. 11. 3 | a localized area. In the case of piercing, where the duration
77 II, 5. 11. 5 | extended sets of indicators and case studies, including examples
78 II, 5. 12. 4 | decades – which remain in any case far from the level reached
79 II, 5. 12. 6 | difficult to evaluate. In any case, it is likely to be modest
80 II, 5. 14. 3 | until recently This is the case for instance for Slovenia
81 II, 5. 15. 1 | drug development. In this case, rarity is defined as the
82 II, 6. 3. 1 | diagnosed, and finally the case is notified. For a large
83 II, 6. 3. 1 | travel revenues. In the case of pandemics, no part of
84 II, 6. 3. 3 | country of origin of the case, rather than on the possible
85 II, 6. 3. 4 | severe pneumonia with high case fatality rates, especially
86 II, 6. 3. 5 | Generalised spasms can occur. The case fatality rate ranges from
87 II, 6. 3. 5 | measure. In Europe, the last case of flaccid paralysis caused
88 II, 6. 3. 7 | Leone (2000 and 2003), one case in the Netherlands in 2000,
89 II, 6. 3. 7 | Eurosurveillance reported one imported case of CCHF in the UK, in a
90 II, 6. 3. 7 | In the last 10 years, one case was reported by Germany
91 II, 6. 4. 2 | decision 2002/253/EC lays down case definitions for reporting
92 II, 7. 4. 3 | the most vulnerable. In case of a collision with a motorised
93 II, 7. 6 | causing injuries (as it is the case in interpersonal violence,
94 II, 8. 2. 1 | group, and it is still the case that intellectual disability
95 II, 9 | EUROCAT, 2004). In the case of epilepsy and diabetes,
96 II, 9. 1. 1 | arise from variation in case definition and in the inclusion
97 II, 9. 1. 2 | quality data (both in terms of case ascertainment and diagnostic
98 II, 9. 1. 2 | investigation by autopsy in case of infant death c) the likelihood
99 II, 9. 1. 2 | recent years due to late case registration). This increase
100 II, 9. 1. 2 | encouraged, and done only in case of lethal anomaly. Some
101 II, 9. 1. 2 | EUROCAT, 2004). In the case of epilepsy and diabetes,
102 II, 9. 3. 1 | this is not always the case and what is emerging is
103 II, 9. 3. 1 | Replacement Treatment (ART). In case of unclear results, the
104 II, 9. 3. 1 | dialysis method; in this case the cut off is 5 ng/dl (
105 II, 9. 3. 1 | digital examination and, in case of doubt, by transrectal
106 II, 9. 3. 1 | Obesity in Europe: the case for action. European Association
107 II, 9. 3. 2 | completeness of registration) and case description. Improvement
108 II, 9. 3. 3 | the programme as in the case of the UK Teenage Pregnancy
109 II, 9. 4. 6 | care or - in a more severe case - may lead to moving into
110 III, 10. 1 | likely association in the case of cancer/radon to a low
111 III, 10. 1 | low likelihood as in the case of cancer/EMF.~ ~Table 10.
112 III, 10. 2. 1 | Norway ( however, in the case of Luxembourg, consumption
113 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggests that this is not the case. There is no apparent correlation
114 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggest that, as is the case with tobacco, consideration
115 III, 10. 2. 1 | criminal drinking-driver case may be delayed or successfully
116 III, 10. 2. 1 | of stabilisation in the case of cannabis, amphetamines
117 III, 10. 2. 1(10)| complementary systems, HIV case reporting and HIV seroprevalence
118 III, 10. 2. 1(14)| Most national case definitions are the same
119 III, 10. 2. 4 | diseases. The Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium has recently
120 III, 10. 2. 4 | can be rare in the one case (e.g., due to MC4R mutant
121 III, 10. 2. 4 | or common in the other case (due to environmental factors).~ ~
122 III, 10. 2. 4 | 2003, www ~ ~Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium (2007):
123 III, 10. 2. 5 | Endocrine disrupters represent a case when mutagenesis is not
124 III, 10. 3. 1 | Additionally, diagnosis and case identification may be more
125 III, 10. 3. 1 | may be particularly the case in urban areas, where most
126 III, 10. 3. 1 | general public and workers in case of a significant increase
127 III, 10. 3. 2 | exposure routes such as the case of acrylamide in food (EU,
128 III, 10. 3. 2 | Endocrine disrupters represent a case when mutagenesis is not
129 III, 10. 3. 2 | activities in mining – the case of cyanide spill in Baia
130 III, 10. 3. 2 | explosive substances – the case of Enschede fireworks accident,
131 III, 10. 3. 2 | based fertilisers – the case of the explosion in a fertiliser
132 III, 10. 3. 2 | known problems which in case of persistent substances,
133 III, 10. 3. 3 | severe pneumonia with high case fatality rates, especially
134 III, 10. 3. 3 | severity of the disease, the case fatality and number of cases (
135 III, 10. 3. 4 | illness). The reverse is the case for winter. Preliminary
136 III, 10. 3. 4 | in Bulgaria in 2005. The case of Bulgaria shows that floods
137 III, 10. 4. 1 | knowledge, assessments and case studies in Europe.~ ~The
138 III, 10. 4. 1 | studies such as the Dublin case study, the former East Germany
139 III, 10. 4. 1 | Germany and the Atlanta case. There are also several
140 III, 10. 4. 1 | This is especially the case with asthma and allergies.~ ~
141 III, 10. 4. 2 | possible safeguard measures in case of emergencies; f) consumer
142 III, 10. 4. 2 | external borders. In the first case, consumers can be reassured
143 III, 10. 4. 2 | the market; in the second case, consumers can be reassured
144 III, 10. 4. 2 | on a weekly basis. In the case of a large outbreak of an
145 III, 10. 4. 2 | severity of the disease, the case fatality, and number of
146 III, 10. 4. 2 | This is especially the case for resistance to fluoroquinolones
147 III, 10. 4. 2 | notified for the first time. In case of plastic materials and
148 III, 10. 4. 2 | considered to be an extreme case as only a minority of Europeans
149 III, 10. 4. 2 | may be difficult or, in case of rare events, impossible
150 III, 10. 4. 2 | Member State or, in the case of a third country, to refuse,
151 III, 10. 4. 2 | to operate such plans in case of an emergency; (g) that
152 III, 10. 4. 2 | This is particularly the case for Regulation (EC) No 852/
153 III, 10. 4. 3 | Figure 10.4.3.2).~ ~A special case of water safety is the occurrence
154 III, 10. 4. 3 | actions should be taken in case of contamination to prevent
155 III, 10. 4. 4 | skin or mucosa as in the case for tattoo and piercing
156 III, 10. 4. 5 | applicability of the principle in case of remediation of historical
157 III, 10. 4. 5 | of existing sites. In the case of remediation schemes of
158 III, 10. 5. 1 | open windows but – in the case of noise – also through
159 III, 10. 5. 1 | solutions.~Various city case studies, evidence reports
160 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural settings~ ~Continuing the case of long-standing illnesses,
161 III, 10. 5. 2 | urban places). Four-week case mortality was also significantly
162 III, 10. 5. 2 | Bulgaria:~incidence and case fatality findings from a '
163 III, 10. 5. 2 | of symptoms in a Swedish case control study. BMC Family
164 III, 10. 5. 3 | and manufacturing (in each case, around every fourth employee
165 III, 10. 5. 3 | home (OSHA, 2002).~Both case studies and quantitative
166 III, 10. 6. 1 | psychological help available in case of crisis or problem (Nosikov
167 III, 10. 6. 1 | respondent can count on in case of serious problems and
168 IV, 11. 1. 5 | demographics, payer mix and case mix. It also includes issues
169 IV, 11. 1. 5 | example, adjustment for case mix is needed to identify
170 IV, 11. 1. 6 | that is risk adjusted by case mix complexity – are being
171 IV, 11. 2. 1 | providers. In the latter case, the shortfall tends to
172 IV, 11. 2. 1 | does not seem to be the case with specialist physicians (
173 IV, 11. 4 | soundness of HTA, as was the case with HTA in positron emission
174 IV, 11. 5. 4 | transmission risk inherent in each case. Although a definition of
175 IV, 11. 5. 4 | characteristics. In every case there is a balance of risks
176 IV, 11. 6. 2 | opt out of (or, as in the case of the Netherlands, are
177 IV, 11. 6. 4 | misleading, in particular in the case of Germany. The situation
178 IV, 11. 6. 4 | or positive list (in the case of Austria, the list is
179 IV, 11. 6. 4 | outcome of interest. In case of a dichotomous effect
180 IV, 11. 6. 4 | or waiting time (e.g. in case of hip fracture, the time
181 IV, 11. 6. 5 | 2006): "Editorial: Hospital case payment systems in Europe."
182 IV, 11. 6. 5 | for the Enabling State. CASE Discussion Paper No. 41.
183 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Committed to Safety: Ten Case Studies on Reducing Harm
184 IV, 12. 1 | this is still largely the case today. From the start, the
185 IV, 12. 1 | difficult ethical aspects in the case of therapeutic substances
186 IV, 12. 2 | are already present.~ ~The case for screening for undiagnosed
187 IV, 12. 2 | suggests that this is not the case. There is no apparent correlation
188 IV, 12. 2 | suggest that, as is the case with tobacco, consideration
189 IV, 12. 2 | criminal drinking-driver case may be delayed or successfully
190 IV, 12. 10 | targets and measures.~As in case of alcohol dependants a (
191 IV, 12. 10 | industry. An end-to-end case of early warning at the
192 IV, 12. 10 | the public to accuse any case of low and improper quality
193 IV, 12. 10 | work activities at risk in case of alcohol consumption.~
194 IV, 13. 1 | health-achievements. In any case, there is no evidence that
195 IV, 13. 2. 3 | diseases such as AIDS. In the case of chemical contamination,
196 IV, 13. 3 | compared. This is also the case when the positive time-trends
197 IV, 13. 7. 3 | be studied for example in case of an international, boarding
198 IV, 13. 7. 5 | individual level..~ ~In any case, clearness is needed and
199 IV, 13. 8 | help them build their own case. NGOs with recognised expertise
