Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 5.Int| mental illnesses such as schizophrenia, bipolar and other psychotic
2 II, 5. 5.Int| significant risk factor in men.~ ~Schizophrenia in the EU has a prevalence
3 II, 5. 5.Int| depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and other psychotic illnesses
4 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.5.3.2. Schizophrenia and disorders of the schizophrenia
5 II, 5. 5. 3| Schizophrenia and disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum~ ~
6 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.3.2.1. Introduction~ ~Schizophrenia (ICD-10/F20) is a relapsing
7 II, 5. 5. 3| thinking. Disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum are coded F21-F29.~
8 II, 5. 5. 3| spectrum are coded F21-F29.~Schizophrenia is a long-lasting disorder
9 II, 5. 5. 3| Disability). People with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have
10 II, 5. 5. 3| the need for treatment of schizophrenia and access or utilization
11 II, 5. 5. 3| with the stigma related to schizophrenia.~Prevalence and Incidence~
12 II, 5. 5. 3| long-term persistent belief that schizophrenia occurs in about 1% of the
13 II, 5. 5. 3| 7 per 1000 suffer from schizophrenia in the WHO European Region (
14 II, 5. 5. 3| calculated prevalence of schizophrenia should be 3 465 899 (htt ).
15 II, 5. 5. 3| Since relapses are frequent, schizophrenia is associated with repeated
16 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenias” instead of “schizophrenia”. The first onset of this
17 II, 5. 5. 3| advances in the treatment of schizophrenia. Medications (antipsychotics)
18 II, 5. 5. 3| percentage of people with schizophrenia are not receiving appropriate
19 II, 5. 5. 3| effective treatments exist) for schizophrenia and non-affective psychosis
20 II, 5. 5. 3| of treatment, people with schizophrenia sometimes do not get the
21 II, 5. 5. 3| illness and especially with schizophrenia (Wrigley et al, 2005). The
22 II, 5. 5. 3| health care system is due to schizophrenia which affords relatively
23 II, 5. 5. 3| economic burden caused by schizophrenia exceeds the direct treatment
24 II, 5. 5. 3| Andlin-Sobocki et al, 2005).~Schizophrenia belongs to the ten leading
25 II, 5. 5. 3| prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia as a single diagnosis. Available
26 II, 5. 5. 3| calculated estimates for schizophrenia in the majority of epidemiological
27 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia; patients not receiving
28 II, 5. 5. 3| underestimate the need for care in schizophrenia and the burden of the disease.
29 II, 5. 5. 3| to identify persons with schizophrenia may still be an important
30 II, 5. 5. 3| reluctance in diagnosing schizophrenia – especially in non-psychiatric
31 II, 5. 5. 3| rates. The renaming of “Schizophrenia” to “Integration Disorder”
32 II, 5. 5. 3| i.e. the chapter including schizophrenia, are not complete for all
33 II, 5. 5. 3| the actual prevalence of schizophrenia since about 80% of patients
34 II, 5. 5. 3| the care of patients with schizophrenia.~ ~Inter-country comparison
35 II, 5. 5. 3| rates are available for schizophrenia (ICD-10/F20). They are listed
36 II, 5. 5. 3| for a death “caused” by schizophrenia. Other data sources like
37 II, 5. 5. 3| provide data restricted to schizophrenia (ICD-10/F20) but focus on
38 II, 5. 5. 3| quality, are inconsistent. Schizophrenia itself is no fatal disease
39 II, 5. 5. 3| underlying conditions like schizophrenia. Therefore, these mortality
40 II, 5. 5. 3| substances applied for treating schizophrenia and relapse prevention are
41 II, 5. 5. 3| actual use in patients with schizophrenia since these drugs are applied
42 II, 5. 5. 3| antipsychotics (not limited to schizophrenia) numbers should be regarded
43 II, 5. 5. 3| prescribed to treat patients with schizophrenia (IMS 2003).~ ~ ~Health indicators
44 II, 5. 5. 3| the stigma associated with schizophrenia, on treatment gaps and costs
45 II, 5. 5. 3| the main aspects of the schizophrenia burden.~Prevalence and Incidence~
46 II, 5. 5. 3| individuals experience an onset of schizophrenia during their lifetime is
47 II, 5. 5. 3| experience a new onset of schizophrenia per year; thus the incidence
48 II, 5. 5. 3| while for Finnish women schizophrenia seems to be more often a
49 II, 5. 5. 3| of people suffering from schizophrenia.~There is a substantial
50 II, 5. 5. 3| projected mortality rates for schizophrenia according to the updated
51 II, 5. 5. 3| Saha, 2007).~People with schizophrenia are at an increased mortality
52 II, 5. 5. 3| ratio (SMR) for people with schizophrenia was elevated by a factor
53 II, 5. 5. 3| mortality of people with schizophrenia.~In addition, the metabolic
54 II, 5. 5. 3| deaths. Death rates caused by schizophrenia vary widely between countries
55 II, 5. 5. 3| Lifetime suicide rates for schizophrenia of 10% are widely cited.
56 II, 5. 5. 3| lifetime suicide prevalence in schizophrenia are contradictory: While
57 II, 5. 5. 3| suicides in the context of schizophrenia.~All these factors underline
58 II, 5. 5. 3| per 1000; Main diagnosis: Schizophrenia ICD-10 codes: F20.~Figure
59 II, 5. 5. 3| of the complex aspects of schizophrenia and their impact on the
60 II, 5. 5. 3| fourteenth). In terms of YLDs, schizophrenia is ranking 11th and accounts
61 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.5.3.2.1. DALYs due to schizophrenia~DALY rates for schizophrenia
62 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia~DALY rates for schizophrenia are especially important
63 II, 5. 5. 3| is reflected by the high schizophrenia DALY rates estimated from
64 II, 5. 5. 3| the work life. Therefore, schizophrenia carries with it massive
65 II, 5. 5. 3| measure for people with schizophrenia. Longitudinal research has
66 II, 5. 5. 3| Co-morbidity~People with schizophrenia are significantly more likely
67 II, 5. 5. 3| on physical illness and schizophrenia, people with schizophrenia
68 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia, people with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence
69 II, 5. 5. 3| conditions in women and men with schizophrenia compared to controls.~Schizophrenia
70 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia compared to controls.~Schizophrenia is associated to co-morbid
71 II, 5. 5. 3| 50% of the patients with schizophrenia are addicted to alcohol,
72 II, 5. 5. 3| adequate for people with schizophrenia. In addition, substance
73 II, 5. 5. 3| about 15% in patients with schizophrenia as compared to 2 – 3% in
74 II, 5. 5. 3| family history of people with schizophrenia there is evidence of an
75 II, 5. 5. 3| addition, people affected by schizophrenia show a much stronger tendency
76 II, 5. 5. 3| rate in people affected by schizophrenia cannot be exclusively attributed
77 II, 5. 5. 3| were noticed in people with schizophrenia before the use of antipsychotic
78 II, 5. 5. 3| the disease burden due to schizophrenia is underestimated.~Evidence
79 II, 5. 5. 3| Evidence based treatment of schizophrenia and treatment gaps.~Treatment
80 II, 5. 5. 3| art of the treatment of schizophrenia comprises psycho-pharmacotherapy,
81 II, 5. 5. 3| While nearly all people with schizophrenia need antipsychotics not
82 II, 5. 5. 3| psychotherapy for patients with schizophrenia (Pitschel-Walz and Bäuml,
83 II, 5. 5. 3| treatment of patients with schizophrenia, an important issue is represented
84 II, 5. 5. 3| onset of symptoms and before schizophrenia is diagnosed and appropriate
85 II, 5. 5. 3| 7 per 1000) affected by schizophrenia are estimated to be untreated.
86 II, 5. 5. 3| age 15 and older covering schizophrenia are available only from
87 II, 5. 5. 3| people needing treatment for schizophrenia and the number of people
88 II, 5. 5. 3| median treatment gap for schizophrenia (including other non affective-psychoses)
89 II, 5. 5. 3| far too many people with schizophrenia do not receive timely and
90 II, 5. 5. 3| to more severe courses of schizophrenia resulting in increased disability
91 II, 5. 5. 3| in the understanding of schizophrenia and in its treatment have
92 II, 5. 5. 3| routine clinical care of schizophrenia is far behind the current
93 II, 5. 5. 3| essential if people with schizophrenia are to benefit from advances
94 II, 5. 5. 3| evidence that the treatment of schizophrenia should be based on three
95 II, 5. 5. 3| Prevalence estimates on schizophrenia for Finland are contradictory;
96 II, 5. 5. 3| for other indications than schizophrenia. Thus, the reasons for this
97 II, 5. 5. 3| number of patients with schizophrenia receive some kind of individual
98 II, 5. 5. 3| non-compliance of people with schizophrenia and their frequent non-adherence
99 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with first-episode schizophrenia was significantly greater
100 II, 5. 5. 3| excellent guidelines on schizophrenia treatment, most of them
101 II, 5. 5. 3| evidence based knowledge about schizophrenia treatment and to provide
102 II, 5. 5. 3| these resources. Although schizophrenia was not explicitly in the
103 II, 5. 5. 3| degree be also valid for schizophrenia.~Adequate numbers of specialized
104 II, 5. 5. 3| Nordic study on people with schizophrenia living in the community
105 II, 5. 5. 3| discrimination~People affected with schizophrenia do not only suffer from
106 II, 5. 5. 3| associated to the diagnosis of schizophrenia. An international example
107 II, 5. 5. 3| experience with renaming schizophrenia (Sato, 2006). A pilot study
108 II, 5. 5. 3| three with people with schizophrenia and three with patients’
109 II, 5. 5. 3| Fang and Rizzo, 2007).~Schizophrenia especially is associated
110 II, 5. 5. 3| prejudices are that people with schizophrenia are dangerous and that their
111 II, 5. 5. 3| discrimination because of schizophrenia provided limited evidence
112 II, 5. 5. 3| Direct and indirect costs of schizophrenia~A number of studies have
113 II, 5. 5. 3| illness as a whole, and schizophrenia as a single diagnosis. Economic
114 II, 5. 5. 3| is particularly true for schizophrenia. The direct costs account
115 II, 5. 5. 3| all expenditures caused by schizophrenia is not available. Yet the
116 II, 5. 5. 3| disorders represented mainly by schizophrenia. However, the authors stressed
117 II, 5. 5. 3| hospital stays is related to schizophrenia, being a very severe disease
118 II, 5. 5. 3| cohort of patients with schizophrenia over 5 years. They found
119 II, 5. 5. 3| budgets necessary to treat schizophrenia according to the therapeutic
120 II, 5. 5. 3| 3.2.8. Costs per case of schizophrenia in EUGLOREH countries.~Andrews
121 II, 5. 5. 3| and optimal treatment for schizophrenia (Andrews et al, 2003). Their
122 II, 5. 5. 3| defining a core set of unbiased schizophrenia treatment recommendations.
123 II, 5. 5. 3| commenting on the survey on schizophrenia practice guidelines, “would
124 II, 5. 5. 3| focussed on the stigma of schizophrenia.~To date there are few programmes
125 II, 5. 5. 3| focusing exclusively on schizophrenia: Poland has established
126 II, 5. 5. 3| fight stigma associated with schizophrenia “Open the Doors” as did
127 II, 5. 5. 3| Open Hearts.~Research in schizophrenia~Networking in research has
128 II, 5. 5. 3| effective instrument in schizophrenia research e.g. in Germany.
129 II, 5. 5. 3| One of these disorders is schizophrenia. But when talking about
130 II, 5. 5. 3| talking about prevention of schizophrenia the only option that will
131 II, 5. 5. 3| prevention programme on schizophrenia – are under development.
132 II, 5. 5. 3| German Research Network on Schizophrenia.~
133 II, 5. 5. 3| early detection, first-onset schizophrenia, somatic and psychiatric
134 II, 5. 5. 3| the stigma associated with schizophrenia;~· to ameliorate the delivery
135 II, 5. 5. 3| reduce the burden caused by schizophrenia for affected people, their
136 II, 5. 5. 3| and clinical research on schizophrenia at European level covering
137 II, 5. 5. 3| and optimal treatment for schizophrenia. Br J Psychiatry 183:427-
138 II, 5. 5. 3| toward individuals with schizophrenia in six German cities. Results
139 II, 5. 5. 3| 1997): Excess mortality of schizophrenia, A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry
140 II, 5. 5. 3| R (2007): The stigma of schizophrenia from patients’ and relatives’
141 II, 5. 5. 3| medication adherence in schizophrenia. Psychiatr Clin North Am
142 II, 5. 5. 3| comorbidity in women and men with schizophrenia: a population-based controlled
143 II, 5. 5. 3| mass index in persons with schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatry 46:549-
144 II, 5. 5. 3| Mortality among persons with schizophrenia in Sweden: An epidemiological
145 II, 5. 5. 3| discrimination because of schizophrenia - Open the Doors”: Results
146 II, 5. 5. 3| Rutz W, McIntyre JS (2005): Schizophrenia practice guidelines: international
147 II, 5. 5. 3| Psychiatric rehabilitation in schizophrenia: advances and challenges.
148 II, 5. 5. 3| 2006): Early detection of schizophrenia: current evidence and future
149 II, 5. 5. 3| suicide rates in treated schizophrenia: 1875-1924 and 1994-1998
150 II, 5. 5. 3| Citrome L (2005): Diabetes and schizophrenia 2005: are we any closer
151 II, 5. 5. 3| Peltonen L, Lonnqvist J (1997): Schizophrenia in the gentic isolate of
152 II, 5. 5. 3| antipsychotic drugs in first-episode schizophrenia and schizophreniform disorder:
153 II, 5. 5. 3| nonadherence in patients with schizophrenia: A comprehensive review
154 II, 5. 5. 3| guidelines and protocols for schizophrenia. Program and abstracts of
155 II, 5. 5. 3| Patterns of usual care for schizophrenia: initial results from the
156 II, 5. 5. 3| initial results from the Schizophrenia Patient Outcomes Research
157 II, 5. 5. 3| psychosocial treatment practices in schizophrenia: Lessons from the Patient
158 II, 5. 5. 3| 2007): Physical illness and schizophrenia: a review of the literature.
159 II, 5. 5. 3| Levander S (2007): Costs of schizophrenia during 5 years. Acta Psych
160 II, 5. 5. 3| dimensions of stigma in schizophrenia. Schiz Res 98:194-200.~Marneros,
161 II, 5. 5. 3| Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: data versus dogma. Schiz
162 II, 5. 5. 3| lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a re-examination. Arch
163 II, 5. 5. 3| Psychological treatments in schizophrenia: I. Meta-analysis of family
164 II, 5. 5. 3| 2007): Social outcomes in schizophrenia. British Journal of Psychiatry
165 II, 5. 5. 3| MR (2006): Nicotine for schizophrenia. Cochrane Database Syst
166 II, 5. 5. 3| review of the prevalence of schizophrenia PLoS Med. 2(5):e141.~Saha
167 II, 5. 5. 3| systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the differential mortality
168 II, 5. 5. 3| Sato M (2006): Renaming schizophrenia: a Japanese perspective.
169 II, 5. 5. 3| efficacy-effectiveness gap in schizophrenia. Available at: http:www.
170 II, 5. 5. 3| Decline in the incidence of schizophrenia in the Finnish cohorts born
171 II, 5. 5. 3| in Long-term Treatment in Schizophrenia. psychoneuro 32:327-330.~
172 II, 5. 5. 3| German Research Network on schizophrenia. Bridging the gap between
173 II, 5. 5. 3| affective disorders and schizophrenia World Health Organization,
174 II, 5. 5. 3| disorder (PR 6.1) followed by schizophrenia (PR 5.8).~ ~Prognosis~Treatment
175 II, 7. 4. 6| such as major depression, schizophrenia, alcohol and other drug
176 II, 9. 3. 1| Möller-Leimkühler, 2002).~ ~Schizophrenia. In the EU schizophrenia
177 II, 9. 3. 1| Schizophrenia. In the EU schizophrenia has a prevalence of about
178 II, 9. 5. 3| anxiety~Females > Males~Schizophrenia~Males = Females~Bipolar
179 II, 9. 5. 4| illnesses - e.g. depression and schizophrenia;~ ~Gender mainstreaming~ ~
180 III, 10. 2. 4| pre-menopausal breast cancer, schizophrenia and recurrent pregnancy
181 III, 10. 2. 5| to mental disorders like schizophrenia (Wahlbeck et al, 2001) and
182 III, 10. 2. 5| J (2001): Association of schizophrenia with low maternal body mass
183 IV, 13. 2. 2| fourteenth). In terms of YLDs, schizophrenia is ranking 11th and accounts
184 IV, 13. 2. 3| Particulate matter in atmosphere~Schizophrenia, prostate cancer, influenza~
185 IV, 13. 5 | improvements would be needed (e.g. schizophrenia and transplants).~ ~The
186 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| salmonellosis~salt~sanitation~sars~schizophrenia~school~schools~scleroderma~
