Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 1. 1 | a major risk factor for COPD.A study by Lundback (2003)
2 II, 5. 1. 1 | and socioeconomic group as COPD determinants. In the analysed
3 II, 5. 1. 1 | non-smokers. Prevalence of COPD reached 50% in elderly smokers.~
4 II, 5. 8.Acr | limitation~AO~airway obstruction~COPD~chronic obstructive pulmonary
5 II, 5. 8. 1 | Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) refers to pathologies characterized
6 II, 5. 8. 1 | bronchitis and emphysema. COPD is a common, costly and
7 II, 5. 8. 1 | the European population. COPD is a treatable disease,
8 II, 5. 8. 1 | fully reversible. However, COPD is often underestimated
9 II, 5. 8. 1 | year in Europe because of COPD. It represents the fifth
10 II, 5. 8. 1 | Niederlander et al, 2006). COPD is the main reason for mortality
11 II, 5. 8. 1 | significant augmentations in COPD prevalence and mortality
12 II, 5. 8. 1 | study, which envisaged that COPD would rise to the third
13 II, 5. 8. 1 | The main elements of COPD are chronic bronchitis and
14 II, 5. 8. 1 | emphysema: (Siafakas, 2006). COPD has significant extra-pulmonary
15 II, 5. 8. 2 | Office for Europe~ ~Although COPD and asthma are considered
16 II, 5. 8. 3 | mortality associated with COPD. It covers co-morbidity
17 II, 5. 8. 3 | data on the incidence of COPD in the EU, mainly deriving
18 II, 5. 8. 3 | cumulative incidence of COPD was 11.0% according to the
19 II, 5. 8. 3 | incidence rates of GOLD-defined COPD of 1.8% in never smokers,
20 II, 5. 8. 3 | of chronic bronchitis and COPD were assessed at 22% and
21 II, 5. 8. 3 | incidence of moderate and severe COPD was 1% in never smokers,
22 II, 5. 8. 3 | Since 2000, many studies on COPD prevalence have been published (
23 II, 5. 8. 3 | Prevalence estimates for COPD per different variables~ ~
24 II, 5. 8. 3 | year olds to 14.4% (6.3% COPD) (Murtagh et al, 2005).~ ~
25 II, 5. 8. 3 | estimated that the prevalence of COPD in the general Spanish population
26 II, 5. 8. 3 | population, the prevalence of COPD was estimated to increase
27 II, 5. 8. 3 | assess the prevalence of COPD severity stages, as defined
28 II, 5. 8. 3 | European centres) suggested COPD GOLD stage II was 10.1%
29 II, 5. 8. 3 | the overall prevalence of COPD at stage I or higher was
30 II, 5. 8. 3 | A doctor diagnosis of COPD was reported only by 5.6%
31 II, 5. 8. 3 | British Thoracic Society (BTS)-COPD was 5.3%, moderate 2.2%,
32 II, 5. 8. 3 | All subjects with severe COPD were symptomatic.~ ~Prevalence (
33 II, 5. 8. 3 | and 0.6 for very severe COPD (Hoogendoorn et al, 2005)
34 II, 5. 8. 3 | regarding the accuracy of COPD mortality data, the limited
35 II, 5. 8. 3 | indicate that mortality due to COPD increases with age and is
36 II, 5. 8. 3 | Moreover, it is clear that COPD is one of the most important
37 II, 5. 8. 3 | 1997) has estimated that COPD, which was the sixth cause
38 II, 5. 8. 3 | some important information. COPD mortality trends generally
39 II, 5. 8. 3 | 1970 through 2002 show that COPD mortality increased over
40 II, 5. 8. 3 | instance, in the case of COPD, other smoking-related diseases~•
41 II, 5. 8. 3 | pre-existing disease—in the case of COPD, pulmonary hypertension
42 II, 5. 8. 3 | unrelated pathogenesis that make COPD management more difficult.~•
43 II, 5. 8. 3 | treatment for patients with COPD (Rea et al 2004; GOLD 2006)~ ~
44 II, 5. 8. 3 | study exploring deaths from COPD and the multiple underlying
45 II, 5. 8. 3 | underlying cause of death when COPD was mentioned as an associated
46 II, 5. 8. 3 | of death in patients with COPD in a study by Calverley
47 II, 5. 8. 3 | well-known risk factor for both COPD and CVD, CVD in patients
48 II, 5. 8. 3 | CVD, CVD in patients with COPD is likely to be due to other
49 II, 5. 8. 3 | analysis of mortality in COPD patients discharged from
50 II, 5. 8. 3 | co-morbidities associated with COPD were reported also in a
51 II, 5. 8. 3 | also in a study of 45 966 COPD patients aged more than
52 II, 5. 8. 3 | Incidence of comorbidities in COPD patients with respect to
53 II, 5. 8. 3 | used to compare incident COPD patients (physician diagnosed,
54 II, 5. 8. 3 | of diagnosis of incident COPD patients related to major
55 II, 5. 8. 3 | respiratory infections (RI). COPD patients were at high risk
56 II, 5. 8. 3 | apart from observing that COPD was present in 10.4% of
57 II, 5. 8. 3 | population of patients with COPD (389 patients) was performed
58 II, 5. 8. 3 | 18% and 40%) than in male COPD patients (10% and 20%).
59 II, 5. 8. 3 | patients affected by severe COPD was analysed and it was
60 II, 5. 8. 3 | screening of patients with COPD would be helpful.~ ~A study
61 II, 5. 8. 3 | patients with asthma or COPD proved to be at higher risk
62 II, 5. 8. 3 | compared to non smokers..~ ~COPD has some important negative
63 II, 5. 8. 3 | population of about 10 700 COPD patients, with a mean age
64 II, 5. 8. 3 | with reported asthma or COPD. The results demonstrate
65 II, 5. 8. 3 | some authors consider that COPD should no longer be judged
66 II, 5. 8. 3 | pathogenetical substrates of COPD and its comorbidities.~ ~
67 II, 5. 8. 3 | on the economic aspect of COPD. The ERS European Lung White
68 II, 5. 8. 3 | overall annual cost for COPD in Europe (excluding mortality
69 II, 5. 8. 3 | Europe lost work days due to COPD are 4300. with a global
70 II, 5. 8. 3 | The total costs of COPD in different countries (
71 II, 5. 8. 3 | total medical cost of every COPD patient was estimated at
72 II, 5. 8. 3 | year: 41% was directed to COPD follow-up, 25% to COPD complications
73 II, 5. 8. 3 | to COPD follow-up, 25% to COPD complications and exacerbations,
74 II, 5. 8. 3 | one-third of the total direct COPD cost was directed to hospitalisations
75 II, 5. 8. 3 | The total medical cost for COPD patients in France was estimated
76 II, 5. 8. 3 | for patients admitted with COPD diagnoses in 1998-2002 showed
77 II, 5. 8. 3 | directed to treatment of COPD (Bilde et al, 2007). The
78 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2007). The net cost for COPD patients was 256 million
79 II, 5. 8. 3 | due to the treatment of COPD as primary diagnosis, whilst
80 II, 5. 8. 3 | A study on the burden of COPD and asthma was performed
81 II, 5. 8. 3 | Dubrovnik during 2002-2006. COPD patients (446) were treated
82 II, 5. 8. 3 | treatment) were higher for COPD than for asthma (Vrbica,
83 II, 5. 8. 3(27)| Spirometric Classification of COPD Severity:~Stage I:~Mild
84 II, 5. 8. 4 | are major risk factors for COPD. Occupational factors and
85 II, 5. 8. 4 | of chronic bronchitis and COPD were assessed at 42% and
86 II, 5. 8. 4 | incidence of moderate and severe COPD was 24.3 % in continuous
87 II, 5. 8. 4 | The risk of developing COPD decreases with the decreasing
88 II, 5. 8. 4 | results on the correlation of COPD with the smoking habit is
89 II, 5. 8. 4 | 8.3. Incidence rates of COPD and smoking habit in Nordic
90 II, 5. 8. 4 | and socioeconomic group as COPD determinants. In the analysed
91 II, 5. 8. 4 | non-smokers. Prevalence of COPD reached 50% in elderly smokers.~ ~
92 II, 5. 8. 4 | smokers.~ ~Furthermore, COPD has usually been associated
93 II, 5. 8. 4 | differences decreased, and COPD spread rapidly in 20-44
94 II, 5. 8. 4 | Cerveri et al, 2003).~ ~COPD has been usually considered
95 II, 5. 8. 4 | contradicted in the ECRHS study: COPD is already present at the
96 II, 5. 8. 4 | 10-20% to the burden of COPD (Balmes et al, 2003). Dusty
97 II, 5. 8. 4 | The exact prevalence of COPD is variable across the available
98 II, 5. 8. 4 | classification. Despite that, COPD is strongly associated with
99 II, 5. 8. 4 | infections, will result in higher COPD prevalence, morbidity, and
100 II, 5. 8. 4 | global population ageing, COPD is one of several chronic
101 II, 5. 8. 5 | policies~ ~Primary prevention~ ~COPD is a progressive disease,
102 II, 5. 8. 5 | reduce the prevalence of COPD and its progression to more
103 II, 5. 8. 5 | Differential diagnosis of COPD includes asthma, bronchiectasis,
104 II, 5. 8. 5 | with the aim of overcoming COPD under-diagnosis and strengthening
105 II, 5. 8. 5 | approach for early detection of COPD in high risk population
106 II, 5. 8. 5 | population at high risk of COPD, i.e. smokers, can reveal
107 II, 5. 8. 5 | Policies~ ~Different COPD guidelines have been issued:
108 II, 5. 8. 5 | global effort to increase COPD awareness (Bousquet et al,
109 II, 5. 8. 5 | morbidity and costs of COPD. A second edition of the
110 II, 5. 8. 6 | developments~ ~Higher standards of COPD care and studies on the
111 II, 5. 8. 6 | health and economic burden of COPD.~ ~Some new broncodilators,
112 II, 5. 8. 6 | Moreover, some aspects of COPD health care should also
113 II, 5. 8. 6 | should be implemented in COPD patients.~ ~Previous studies
114 II, 5. 8. 6 | obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients, yet there has
115 II, 5. 8. 6 | of life, decedents with COPD were more likely to be institutionalized
116 II, 5. 8. 6 | lung cancer. Patients with COPD generally have limited access
117 II, 5. 8. 7 | Increased mortality in COPD among construction workers
118 II, 5. 8. 7 | of treating patients with COPD in Denmark -- a population
119 II, 5. 8. 7 | a population study of COPD patients compared with non-COPD
120 II, 5. 8. 7 | variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study): a population-base
121 II, 5. 8. 7 | Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular
122 II, 5. 8. 7 | for Cardiovascular Events? COPD: Journal of Chronic Obstructive
123 II, 5. 8. 7 | treatment of patients with COPD: a summary of the ATS/ERS
124 II, 5. 8. 7 | I (2003): The burden of COPD in Italy: results from the
125 II, 5. 8. 7 | results from the Confronting COPD survey. Respir Med 2003;
126 II, 5. 8. 7 | LM, Rabe KF (2007): From COPD to chronic systemic inflammatory
127 II, 5. 8. 7 | Management, and Prevention of COPD – Executive Summary, updated
128 II, 5. 8. 7 | Janson C (2007): Mortality in COPD patients discharged from
129 II, 5. 8. 7 | Iqbal A (2003): Interpreting COPD prevalence estimates: what
130 II, 5. 8. 7 | 2006):Global burden of COPD: systematic review and meta-analysis.
131 II, 5. 8. 7 | Lundback B (2002): Costs of COPD in Sweden according to disease
132 II, 5. 8. 7 | Prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD by disease severity and
133 II, 5. 8. 7 | cumulative incidence of COPD and risk factors for incident
134 II, 5. 8. 7 | cumulative incidence of COPD in an age-stratified general
135 II, 5. 8. 7 | Vestbo J (2006): Developing COPD: a 25 year follow up study
136 II, 5. 8. 7 | but 50% of smokers develop COPD? Report from the Obstructive
137 II, 5. 8. 7 | 2007): Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence,
138 II, 5. 8. 7 | obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). A review. Nord J Psychiatry
139 II, 5. 8. 7 | spirometry and knowledge of COPD among general population.
140 II, 5. 8. 7 | Prevalence estimates of asthma or COPD from a health interview
141 II, 5. 8. 7 | of chronic bronchitis and COPD in relation to 30-year pulmonary
142 II, 5. 8. 7 | Jensen RL, Buist AS (2007): COPD prevalence in Salzburg,
143 II, 5. 8. 7 | DeLuise C, Lanes S, Eisner MD. COPD and incident cardiovascular
144 II, 5. 8. 7 | comorbidities in newly diagnosed COPD and asthma in primary care.
145 II, 5. 8. 7 | trends in physician diagnosed COPD in women and men in the
146 II, 5. 8. 7 | self-reported diagnosis of asthma or COPD. Chest 2004; 126: 81-89.~ ~
147 II, 5. 8. 7 | 2004): Early detection of COPD in primary care: screening
148 II, 5. 8. 7 | population of patients with COPD. Respir Med 2006; 100: 1349-
149 II, 5. 8. 7 | epidemiology and natural history of COPD. Eur Respir J 2007; 30:
150 II, 5. 8. 7 | 1013~ ~Vrbica Ž (2007): COPD and Asthma: comparison of
151 II, 5. 8. 7 | Vermeire PA. Increasing COPD awareness. Eur Respir J
152 II, 5. 9. 3 | A study on burden of COPD and asthma was performed
153 II, 5. 9. 3 | treatment) was higher for COPD than for asthma.~ ~
154 II, 5. 9. 7 | 407-413~ ~Vrbica Ž (2007): COPD and Asthma: comparison of
155 III, 10. 2. 1 | Smoking and Health: ASH UK~COPD~Chronic obstructive pulmonary
156 III, 10. 2. 1 | smoking related diseases (COPD and CVD) for the EU at an
157 III, 10. 2. 1 | Atherosclerosis*~Kidney and ureter~COPD, asthma and other respiratory
158 III, 10. 2. 1 | Lower respiratory illness~COPD*, chronic respiratory symptoms*,
159 III, 10. 2. 1 | obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)~- Acute respiratory illnesses,
160 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2002).~Mortality due to COPD (see Chapter 5.7) varies
161 III, 10. 2. 1 | of 62% of all deaths from COPD in the EU-25 (Pet ~ ~Not
162 III, 10. 2. 1 | including lung cancer, COPD and CVD. It is estimated
163 III, 10. 2. 1 | Tobacco is strongly linked to COPD and lung cancer and is known
164 III, 10. 2. 1 | such as CVD, cancer and COPD have one preventable risk
165 III, 10. 2. 1 | smoking related diseases: COPD and CVD, in Europe amount
166 III, 10. 4. 1 | chronic lung disease (sthma, COPD)~· In the general population~ ~
167 Key, Ap5. 0. 0 | consciousness~consumer~consumers~COPD~corynebacterium~cough~coughing~
