Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 2 | The still existing gaps in income can be seen in the rapid
2 I, 2. 4 | per capita Gross National Income and the per capita Gross
3 I, 2. 4 | terms of gross national income and gross domestic product
4 I, 2. 4 | Product and Gross National Income per capita in EUGLOREH Countries,
5 I, 2. 4 | not pay sufficiently and income support is inadequate to
6 I, 2. 4 | adequate and well-designed income support and the provision
7 I, 2. 4 | education, occupational class, income level, or other groups such
8 I, 2. 4 | occupational class, or income;~· inequalities in mortality
9 I, 2. 4 | level, occupational class or income level:~· substantial inequalities
10 I, 2. 4 | lead to a slight rise in income inequality in Europe in
11 I, 2. 5 | lead to a slight rise in income inequality in Europe in
12 I, 2. 11 | on Social Inclusion and Income Distribution Final Report”.
13 II, 4. 1 | using the Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (SILC
14 II, 5. 1. 1| countries and lower/middle income developing countries, cardiovascular
15 II, 5. 5.Int| Similarly, women living on a low income for an extended period can
16 II, 5. 5. 3| countries with high national income and healthcare expenditure
17 II, 5. 5. 3| disease onset after 60, no income loss was observed. In patients
18 II, 5. 5. 3| disease onset a reduced income was observed, mainly due
19 II, 5. 6. 3| burden of disease in high income countries in 2001 measured
20 II, 5. 14. 1| indicates that children from low income households have higher caries
21 II, 5. 14. 1| needs than their higher income counterparts. A concern
22 II, 5. 14. 3| indicate that children from low income households have higher caries
23 II, 5. 14. 3| needs than their higher income counterparts.~ ~Despite
24 II, 5. 14. 3| socio-economic level, low income being a strong predictor
25 II, 5. 14. 3| Europe, especially for low income populations. Poor children
26 II, 5. 14. 3| of education and family income.~ ~The oral health care
27 II, 8. 1. 2| The EU Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC)
28 II, 8. 1. 2| analysis of earnings and income levels reported.~ ~The results
29 II, 8. 1. 3| than that in transport.~ ~Income~ ~The earnings of people
30 II, 8. 1. 3| working age (16-64 years) with income below the poverty line was
31 II, 8. 1. 3| limited to some extent had income below the poverty line.
32 II, 8. 1. 3| were not limited and had income below the poverty line.~ ~
33 II, 8. 2. 2| European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) (
34 II, 8. 2. 3| European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) (
35 II, 8. 2. 3| European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU-SILC) (
36 II, 9 | appropriate heating), family income, and maternal education (
37 II, 9 | that great inequalities in income remain, and indeed are increasing.
38 II, 9. 2. 4| education, housing and family income, advertising as well as
39 II, 9. 2. 4| appropriate heating), family income, and maternal education (
40 II, 9. 2. 4| that great inequalities in income remain, and indeed are increasing.
41 II, 9. 3. 1| Similarly, women living on a low income for an extended period of
42 II, 9. 3. 1| perspectives from low and middle income countries. World Health
43 II, 9. 4. 2| by age group, gender and income levels, which can improve,
44 II, 9. 4. 5| benefits to replace earned income in the event of unemployment,
45 II, 9. 4. 5| access for all regardless of income or wealth;~· a high level
46 II, 9. 4. 5| level, and by subsequent income, social roles and expectations
47 II, 9. 5. 3| education will influence the income, social role, expectations
48 II, 9. 5. 3| source of an older person’s income. An adequate standard of
49 II, 9. 5. 3| may be affected by lower income, women are particularly
50 II, 9. 5. 4| Community statistics on income and living conditions (EU-SILC).~
51 II, 9. 5. 6| Sandström S (2005): Poverty and Income Maintenance in Old Age:
52 II, 9. 5. 6| Cross-National View of Low Income Older Women. Income Study
53 II, 9. 5. 6| Low Income Older Women. Income Study Working Paper Series.
54 II, 9. 5. 6| perspectives from low and middle income countries. World Health
55 III, 10. 2. 1| productivity losses, foregone income taxes and contributions
56 III, 10. 2. 1| shifting its focus towards low income population, youth and women –
57 III, 10. 2. 1| relate very closely to the income from alcohol taxes.~ ~Figure
58 III, 10. 2. 1| population groups categorized per income level, occupational level
59 III, 10. 2. 1| 1989). For instance, in low income countries, obesity increased
60 III, 10. 2. 1| deprivation and lower household income (Jotangia et al, 2005).~ ~
61 III, 10. 3. 4| burden on the already limited income of rural families. The mass
62 III, 10. 4. 3| diseases are higher in low income groups or countries with
63 III, 10. 5. 1| Housing problems by household income group in EU15~ ~However,
64 III, 10. 5. 1| not only the impact of the income category, but especially
65 III, 10. 5. 1| household situation than by income, and thereby shows that
66 III, 10. 5. 1| even if we analyse data by income or social group we do not
67 III, 10. 5. 1| Figure 10.5.1.4. Crowding by income and household situation,
68 III, 10. 5. 3| such as employment status, income, gender and race, as well
69 III, 10. 6. 2| occupational standing and/or small income. Apart from age, sex and
70 III, 10. 6. 2| occupational class, or income;~· inequalities in mortality
71 III, 10. 6. 2| level, occupational class or income level:~· substantial inequalities
72 III, 10. 6. 2| lead to a slight rise in income inequality in Europe in
73 III, 10. 6. 2| education, occupational class, income level, or other groups such
74 IV, 11. 1. 3| more quickly than national income due to the limited constraints
75 IV, 11. 1. 4| financial burden across income groups and the distribution
76 IV, 11. 1. 4| unrelated to need, such as income, region, and socio-economic
77 IV, 11. 1. 4| system may allow higher income groups with private insurance
78 IV, 11. 1. 4| population groups, such as higher income earners, which is indicative
79 IV, 11. 1. 4| disproportionately in favour of higher income and wealthier individuals
80 IV, 11. 1. 5| and may have a targeted income beyond which they are no
81 IV, 11. 1. 6| Blended payment (63% of income from fee-for-service, 28%
82 IV, 11. 1. 6| Fee-for-service if higher income, patient capitation if lower
83 IV, 11. 1. 6| capitation if lower patient income.~ ~Salary. Fee-for-service
84 IV, 11. 1. 6| Fee-for-service if higher patient income,~capitation if lower patient
85 IV, 11. 1. 6| capitation if lower patient income.~ ~ ~Blended payment (salary
86 IV, 11. 1. 6| Blended payment (70% of income from fee-for-service and
87 IV, 11. 1. 6| Blended payment (85% of income from salary~and 15% from
88 IV, 11. 6. 1| spends more than 10% of its income on health.~ ~During the
89 IV, 11. 6. 2| potential to redistribute income between rich and poor people.
90 IV, 11. 6. 2| people. Moreover, personal income taxes, a form of direct
91 IV, 11. 6. 2| the same rate across the income spectrum (a ‘flat’ tax).
92 IV, 11. 6. 2| occur in situations where income tax rates vary geographically,
93 IV, 11. 6. 2| geographically, some forms of income are exempt from income tax (
94 IV, 11. 6. 2| of income are exempt from income tax (e.g. savings), or some
95 IV, 11. 6. 2| relate to consumption and not income, therefore placing a relatively
96 IV, 11. 6. 2| financial burden on lower income groups (Hills, 2000). The
97 IV, 11. 6. 2| fairness (progressivism) and income redistribution.~ ~Taxes
98 IV, 11. 6. 2| across the whole of the income distribution in a country
99 IV, 11. 6. 2| individual and corporate income, unlike social insurance
100 IV, 11. 6. 2| on non-earnings-related income through tax allocations (
101 IV, 11. 6. 2| contributions directly to employment income. For instance, since employers
102 IV, 11. 6. 2| insurance is dependent on income or employment, there may
103 IV, 11. 6. 2| contributions to a tax on total income rather than salary alone
104 IV, 11. 6. 2| tax-financed model based on total income, making health insurance
105 IV, 11. 6. 2| regressive (i.e. benefits higher income earners disproportionately),
106 IV, 11. 6. 2| should be highlighted. Higher income earners are benefiting disproportionately
107 IV, 11. 6. 2| access for individuals on low income. Moreover, the negative
108 IV, 11. 6. 2| France, Ireland (higher income or Category II patients),
109 IV, 11. 6. 2| Clinical condition~Level of income~Age~Type of drug~ ~Pregnancy
110 IV, 11. 6. 2| Spain~- UK~ ~Certain low income persons:~- Austria~- Belgium~-
111 IV, 11. 6. 2| people with below average income paid unofficial fees or
112 IV, 11. 6. 3| are progressive if higher income groups pay disproportionately
113 IV, 11. 6. 3| more than those on lower income (De Graeve and Van Ourti,
114 IV, 11. 6. 3| system will redistribute income from higher to the lower
115 IV, 11. 6. 3| from higher to the lower income groups depends on both the
116 IV, 11. 6. 3| spending benefits the lower income groups disproportionately
117 IV, 11. 6. 3| constitute a larger proportion of income of poor people than wealthier
118 IV, 11. 6. 3| be seen in the UK. Lower income households pay a greater
119 IV, 11. 6. 3| greater proportion of their income on indirect taxes (32%)
120 IV, 11. 6. 3| taxes (32%) than higher income households (11.3%) (Glennerster,
121 IV, 11. 6. 3| indirect taxes, with the lowest income quintile paying 40% of income
122 IV, 11. 6. 3| income quintile paying 40% of income in taxes, while the highest
123 IV, 11. 6. 3| taxes, while the highest income quintile paid 36% of their
124 IV, 11. 6. 3| quintile paid 36% of their income on taxes (Commission on
125 IV, 11. 6. 3| This not only increases income inequality but also reduces
126 IV, 11. 6. 3| personal and corporate) income tax (OECD 2007, as cited
127 IV, 11. 6. 3| extent of progressiveness of income taxation also depends on
128 IV, 11. 6. 3| create a regressive system. Income tax in France, Germany,
129 IV, 11. 6. 3| to be progressive, with income being transferred from the
130 IV, 11. 6. 3| transferred from the highest income quintile to the rest of
131 IV, 11. 6. 3| the average rate of local income taxes led to a decline in
132 IV, 11. 6. 3| contribution basis to include total income of employees, there is a
133 IV, 11. 6. 3| redistributed the most, reducing income inequality by 50%, followed
134 IV, 11. 6. 3| tax-funded system due to limited income equalization through social
135 IV, 11. 6. 3| appear to be proportional to income in Finland and even progressive
136 IV, 11. 6. 3| encouraging (or mandating) high income individuals to purchase
137 IV, 11. 6. 3| services to favour the higher income groups.~ ~While studies
138 IV, 11. 6. 3| households, regardless of income, health status and utilization;
139 IV, 11. 6. 3| of their total disposable income), countries faring particularly
140 IV, 11. 6. 3| former is based on household income data, the latter on aggregated
141 IV, 11. 6. 4| mortality, urbanization, income~Bulgaria~National Revenue
142 IV, 11. 6. 4| funds~Age, sex (and fund’s income base)~Greece~30 social health
143 IV, 11. 6. 4| urbanization (and fund’s income base)~Northern Ireland~HM
144 IV, 11. 6. 4| Equalization fund – age, average income~Portugal~Ministry of Finance~
145 IV, 11. 6. 4| sex, region (and fund’s income base)~Turkey~Ministry of
146 IV, 11. 6. 4| would see a reduction in income, being defined by benefit
147 IV, 11. 6. 4| e.g., socio-economic level, income) in, for example, a given
148 IV, 11. 6. 5| gesetzlichen Krankenversicherung [Income redistribution under Germany'
149 IV, 11. 6. 5| D (1996): "Is the target income hypothesis an economic heresy?"
150 IV, 11. 6. 5| Zandvakili S (1994): "Income distribution and redistribution
151 IV, 12. 2 | relate very closely to the income from alcohol taxes.~ ~Managing
152 IV, 12. 5 | survey, the Statistics of Income and Living Conditions (SILC)
153 IV, 12. 10 | regulation is to enhance the income of natural entities and
154 IV, 12. 10 | Greece, which their annual income is below the national per
155 IV, 12. 10 | uninsured citizens with low income in the public hospitals
156 IV, 12. 10 | areas~Economic conditions~Income inequality~ ~Proportion
157 IV, 13. 2. 2| socio-economic aspects such as income, the share generally being
158 IV, 13. 3 | million people, are at risk of income poverty, with women more
159 IV, 13. 3 | million people, are at risk of income poverty, with women more
160 IV, 13. 5 | regular employment, higher income levels and, consequently,
161 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| incineration~incinerators~income~incomes~incontinence~indoor~
