Part, Chapter, Paragraph
2001 IV, 11. 6. 2 | it is increasing in some countries. Since private insurance
2002 IV, 11. 6. 2 | health expenditure is in most countries higher than 50% and there
2003 IV, 11. 6. 2 | in time for all European countries.~ ~While in Western Europe,
2004 IV, 11. 6. 2 | While in Western Europe, few countries show a decline in the public
2005 IV, 11. 6. 2 | 81% to 86%. While in some countries, in particular in the CEE
2006 IV, 11. 6. 2 | in particular in the CEE countries, the role of private financing
2007 IV, 11. 6. 2 | last ten years, in most countries the public sector has shown
2008 IV, 11. 6. 2 | in private funding in CEE countries is almost wholly driven
2009 IV, 11. 6. 2 | remains limited in most countries. In 2004, the countries
2010 IV, 11. 6. 2 | countries. In 2004, the countries that joined the EU after
2011 IV, 11. 6. 2 | health expenditure in all countries. Private health insurance (
2012 IV, 11. 6. 2 | private expenditure in some countries, for example in some of
2013 IV, 11. 6. 2 | example in some of the CEE countries where private health insurance
2014 IV, 11. 6. 2 | financing source in many countries (notably, Bulgaria, Cyprus,
2015 IV, 11. 6. 2 | shown in Table 11.12, the countries with predominantly tax-funded
2016 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Spain, UK and Denmark. Countries with predominantly social
2017 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Finally there are some countries which draw heavily on both
2018 IV, 11. 6. 2 | contribution mechanisms in the CEE countries following the economic transition,
2019 IV, 11. 6. 2 | reliance on taxation among countries with systems predominantly
2020 IV, 11. 6. 2 | reliance on local taxation in countries with predominantly tax-funded
2021 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Mossialos et al, 2000).~ ~Countries that rely heavily on taxation
2022 IV, 11. 6. 2 | in seven Western European countries: Austria, Belgium, France,
2023 IV, 11. 6. 2 | 2002). In many of these countries, taxation remains an important
2024 IV, 11. 6. 2(4) | be overestimated in some countries (Thomson, Foubister and
2025 IV, 11. 6. 2 | improve efficiency. All countries except Germany and Greece
2026 IV, 11. 6. 2 | has been seen in some CEE countries. For example, in Hungary,
2027 IV, 11. 6. 2 | private expenditure in many countries (as noted above). The main
2028 IV, 11. 6. 2 | payments, though in all countries but France and Slovenia,
2029 IV, 11. 6. 2 | insurance companies (in countries that have a PHI market)
2030 IV, 11. 6. 2 | States, although in most countries it remains well below 5%
2031 IV, 11. 6. 2 | relatively undeveloped in most countries and does not contribute
2032 IV, 11. 6. 2 | the population. In many countries - Romania, Poland, Latvia,
2033 IV, 11. 6. 2 | purchase PHI in some European countries, usually in the form of
2034 IV, 11. 6. 2 | remove tax incentives in some countries as they are argued to be
2035 IV, 11. 6. 2 | PHI can be seen in some countries such as in England where
2036 IV, 11. 6. 2 | costs at macro level. In countries where public budgets are
2037 IV, 11. 6. 2 | expenditure in many European countries and are the second most
2038 IV, 11. 6. 2 | total expenditure in 15 countries, with a rise of more than
2039 IV, 11. 6. 2 | benefits package. In all countries, cost sharing is applied
2040 IV, 11. 6. 2 | pharmaceuticals and in all countries but Romania to dental care.
2041 IV, 11. 6. 2 | dental care. About half of EU countries also require cost sharing
2042 IV, 11. 6. 2 | co-insurance in the remaining countries. In Sweden individuals must
2043 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Although all European countries require cost sharing for
2044 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Table 11.13. Also in some countries, cost sharing arrangements
2045 IV, 11. 6. 2 | central and Eastern European countries there has been a shift away
2046 IV, 11. 6. 2 | likely underestimated in many countries due to the difficulty in
2047 IV, 11. 6. 2 | differs across regions and countries, making generalizations
2048 IV, 11. 6. 2 | expenditure in CEE and CIS countries. Informal payments constitute
2049 IV, 11. 6. 2 | substantial diversity across countries. Informal payments are mainly
2050 IV, 11. 6. 2 | increasing trend in some countries with respect to the proportion
2051 IV, 11. 6. 2 | corruption in many CEE and CIS countries.~ ~
2052 IV, 11. 6. 3 | healthcare financing in OECD countries found the UK and Italy to
2053 IV, 11. 6. 3 | taxes are progressive in all countries, while indirect taxes were
2054 IV, 11. 6. 3 | taxes were regressive in all countries except Spain in 1980 (this
2055 IV, 11. 6. 3 | of 15.4% in 1980 in OECD countries to 19% in 2005, along with
2056 IV, 11. 6. 3 | are more progressive than countries relying more on social and
2057 IV, 11. 6. 3 | considerable variation across countries. Comparing eight countries
2058 IV, 11. 6. 3 | countries. Comparing eight countries in the 1990s, the funding
2059 IV, 11. 6. 3 | financing in the transition countries of central and Eastern Europe,
2060 IV, 11. 6. 3 | total disposable income), countries faring particularly poorly
2061 IV, 11. 6. 4 | collection agents as in some countries with social health insurance
2062 IV, 11. 6. 4 | remain separated. In most countries, funds are pooled at a single,
2063 IV, 11. 6. 4 | administrative efficiency. Countries that do not pool resources
2064 IV, 11. 6. 4 | insurance funds), whereas in countries with tax-financed health
2065 IV, 11. 6. 4 | can be critical. In many countries this information and expertise
2066 IV, 11. 6. 4 | non-existent, in particular in countries of central and Eastern Europe (
2067 IV, 11. 6. 4 | et al 2004). Even in the countries with the greatest experience
2068 IV, 11. 6. 4 | schemes in place in five countries (Belgium, Germany, Israel,
2069 IV, 11. 6. 4 | improved in the above five countries during the 2000-2005 period,
2070 IV, 11. 6. 4 | population. Indeed, all OECD countries cover 100% or almost 100%
2071 IV, 11. 6. 4 | health insurance. In some countries with systems funded by social
2072 IV, 11. 6. 4 | in user charges in some countries, which has eroded coverage
2073 IV, 11. 6. 4 | uninsured is very low. In CEE countries, while universal coverage
2074 IV, 11. 6. 4 | comprehensive in European countries, although pressures from
2075 IV, 11. 6. 4 | et al, 2005).~ ~In many countries, there is a legal basis
2076 IV, 11. 6. 4 | social health insurance countries to only the core basic and
2077 IV, 11. 6. 4 | has been able to do so. Countries have responded by making
2078 IV, 11. 6. 4 | benefits packages.~ ~Most countries rely on a combination of
2079 IV, 11. 6. 4 | in ambulatory care, many countries make use of explicit regulation
2080 IV, 11. 6. 4 | Gibis et al, 2004). All countries explicitly regulate medical
2081 IV, 11. 6. 4 | formally challenged in some countries, such as for pharmaceuticals
2082 IV, 11. 6. 4 | or positively.~ ~In CEE countries, the shift from a general
2083 IV, 11. 6. 4 | or intervention. In many countries, programmes for HTA have
2084 IV, 11. 6. 4 | non-governmental entities. While many countries have established bodies
2085 IV, 11. 6. 4 | 2005). For example, some countries, such as the Netherlands
2086 IV, 11. 6. 4 | the participating European countries. It represents a pilot exercise
2087 IV, 11. 6. 4 | European and Extra-European countries was defined. From the 10
2088 IV, 11. 6. 4 | institutions, established in 10 countries, information was collected
2089 IV, 11. 6. 4 | among the participating countries in terms of the availability
2090 IV, 11. 6. 4 | available only in Scandinavian countries. The implementation of risk
2091 IV, 11. 6. 4 | few diseases and in few countries, given that most of the
2092 IV, 11. 6. 5 | are they in high-income countries?" Human Resources for Health
2093 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Direct Transfers in Eight Countries. New York, Syracuse University.~ ~
2094 IV, 11. 6. 5 | specialist care in eight countries. Policy brief. European
2095 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, 1970-1998." Health Systems
2096 IV, 11. 6. 5 | system performance in OECD countries. P. Smith. Paris, Organisation
2097 IV, 11. 6. 5 | resources: a comparison of OECD countries." Health Policy 69(1): 55-
2098 IV, 11. 6. 5 | comparison of nine European countries." Health Care Management
2099 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Basket" in nine European countries. Evidence from the European
2100 IV, 11. 6. 5 | elective surgery across OECD countries. OECD Economic Studies No.
2101 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Physician Services in OECD Countries. Paris, Organisation for
2102 IV, 11. 6. 5 | system performance in OECD countries. Paris, Organisation for
2103 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Systems in the 13 Applicant Countries: Latvia Country Report.
2104 IV, 11. 6. 5 | market in five European countries." Health Policy 65: 75-98.~ ~
2105 IV, 11. 6. 5 | medical care in 21 OECD countries. Paris, OECD.~ ~Van Doorslaer
2106 IV, 11. 6. 5 | care finance in twelve OECD countries." Journal of Health Economics
2107 IV, 12. 1 | foster cooperation with third countries and the competent international
2108 IV, 12. 1 | of agreements with Third Countries and with International Organizations,
2109 IV, 12. 1 | Union, now enlarged to 27 countries and half a billion citizens (
2110 IV, 12. 2 | in place in all European countries.~ ~Several WHO resolutions
2111 IV, 12. 2 | practice among European countries and pressure to raise consistently
2112 IV, 12. 2 | Authorities in most European countries define, mainly at national
2113 IV, 12. 2 | national level and in some countries also at regional level,
2114 IV, 12. 2 | cancer registries in several countries and very nearly did so in
2115 IV, 12. 2 | specific problem in some countries is the budget and the support
2116 IV, 12. 2 | even more important as some countries report percentages as high
2117 IV, 12. 2 | national authorities of some countries to help patients stop smoking.
2118 IV, 12. 2 | promotion and sponsorship. Countries are to undertake a comprehensive
2119 IV, 12. 2 | constitutional constraints, countries are required to put restrictions
2120 IV, 12. 2 | By signing the Treaty, countries also commit themselves to
2121 IV, 12. 2 | world’s population live in countries that fully protect their
2122 IV, 12. 2 | increased in nearly all countries, providing a source of sustainable
2123 IV, 12. 2 | MPOWER package provides countries with a roadmap to help them
2124 IV, 12. 2 | smoke-free legislation and 40% of countries still allow smoking in hospitals
2125 IV, 12. 2 | world’s population lives in countries with comprehensive national
2126 IV, 12. 2 | advertising and promotion;~Just 15 countries, representing 6% of the
2127 IV, 12. 2 | fully available in only nine countries, covering 5% of the world’
2128 IV, 12. 2 | control in middle-income countries and more than 9000 times
2129 IV, 12. 2 | greater in lower-income countries. High-income countries collect
2130 IV, 12. 2 | lower-income countries. High-income countries collect about 340 times
2131 IV, 12. 2 | alcohol sales.~ ~Almost all countries legally restrict alcohol
2132 IV, 12. 2 | alcohol marketing in some countries. France’s Loi Evin is one
2133 IV, 12. 2 | been lowered in a number of countries, and is as low as zero or
2134 IV, 12. 2 | or 0.2g/l in a number of countries, and 0.5g/l or lower in
2135 IV, 12. 2 | 0.5g/l or lower in most countries in Europe. Both establishing
2136 IV, 12. 2 | been used in a number of countries, there have been no evaluations
2137 IV, 12. 4 | ELARG~Assisting EU accession countries to put in place the health
2138 IV, 12. 4 | RELEX~Relations with third countries, including European Neighbourhood
2139 IV, 12. 4 | including European Neighbourhood countries~on health~RTD~RTD Research
2140 IV, 12. 5 | or morbidity between all countries for men and women. If we
2141 IV, 12. 5 | Member States/Candidate Countries/US and Japan (including
2142 IV, 12. 5 | European scientists from all EU countries and thus contributing to
2143 IV, 12. 8 | co-operation with third countries and the competent international
2144 IV, 12. 8 | and co-ordination with the countries and international organizations
2145 IV, 12. 8 | counterparts in Canada and other countries.~ ~The enlargement process~ ~
2146 IV, 12. 8 | experts from the candidate countries in the European mechanisms,
2147 IV, 12. 8 | Commission services, EFTA countries, the Council of Europe and
2148 IV, 12. 8 | Commission, and, most of all, the countries themselves that had to undertake
2149 IV, 12. 8 | together a diverse group of countries with considerable variations
2150 IV, 12. 8 | initiatives to help candidate countries meet the accession-related
2151 IV, 12. 8 | accession, all candidate countries were directly associated
2152 IV, 12. 8 | health in the applicant countries could be launched, including
2153 IV, 12. 8 | Health. This enabled these countries to participate in the eight
2154 IV, 12. 8 | until the end of 2002. All countries fully accept to take on
2155 IV, 12. 8 | Representatives from the 3 EFTA countries and from the European Commission
2156 IV, 12. 8 | the health sector. EFTA countries participate fully in the
2157 IV, 12. 8 | programme committee. EFTA countries participated in close to
2158 IV, 12. 8 | in the Eastern European countries. The EU Structural Funds,
2159 IV, 12. 9 | European Union and candidate countries, the European free trade
2160 IV, 12. 9 | supporting health in developing countries;~· the Framework Convention
2161 IV, 12. 10 | priority~In most industrialised countries - including Germany - the
2162 IV, 12. 10 | implemented in developing countries and on what form implementation
2163 IV, 13.Acr | is still reversible. Many countries have developed national
2164 IV, 13.Acr | health can be seen in several countries. The concept of health strategies
2165 IV, 13.Acr | measure and compare across countries. The data suggest that,
2166 IV, 13.Acr | in funding only in some countries, such as Austria (from 1.
2167 IV, 13.Acr | funding are seen in most countries, with public health and
2168 IV, 13.Acr | where data exist, some countries have shown an increasing
2169 IV, 13. 1 | expectancy in different EU countries.~ ~Table 13.1. Standardised
2170 IV, 13. 1 | socio-economic statuses even in countries characterised by higher
2171 IV, 13. 2. 2 | industrialised and developing countries, and between the east and
2172 IV, 13. 2. 2 | being higher in lower-income countries, i.e: estimated to be 2-
2173 IV, 13. 2. 2 | OECD and 13% in non-OECD countries.~ ~In low-income countries,
2174 IV, 13. 2. 2 | countries.~ ~In low-income countries, acute infectious diseases
2175 IV, 13. 2. 2 | while in the high-income countries chronic diseases at older
2176 IV, 13. 2. 2 | much higher in low-income countries compared to developed countries.
2177 IV, 13. 2. 2 | countries compared to developed countries. This is reflected in a
2178 IV, 13. 2. 2 | low-income, more traditional countries, the environmental problems
2179 IV, 13. 2. 2 | WHO European region (51 countries), 2-6% of deaths from all
2180 IV, 13. 2. 2 | cause of YLDs in high-income countries.~· An analysis carried out
2181 IV, 13. 2. 2 | of stroke in developed countries is caused by physical inactivity.~ ~ ~
2182 IV, 13. 2. 3 | to poverty in developing countries. Worldwide malnutrition,
2183 IV, 13. 2. 3 | the WHO-Europe region (51 countries), 2-6 % of deaths from all
2184 IV, 13. 2. 4 | lost, for the individual countries of the European Region of
2185 IV, 13. 2. 4 | Burden of Disease in European countries (Table 13.8).~ ~ ~Table
2186 IV, 13. 2. 4 | different impact in different Countries. Moreover, it is to be considered
2187 IV, 13. 4 | Developing partnerships with the countries of origin/transition on
2188 IV, 13. 5 | of development. European countries intensively debate how to
2189 IV, 13. 5 | garnering attention in many countries. However, while it is true
2190 IV, 13. 5 | OECD survey in a group of countries point to a decline in disability
2191 IV, 13. 5 | yet to be achieved in many countries. A preventative approach
2192 IV, 13. 5 | differences. However, only a few countries have begun to address health
2193 IV, 13. 5 | seek healthcare in other countries and be reimbursed under
2194 IV, 13. 6. 2 | Leiden. So far, 16 European countries have become members of EACH.
2195 IV, 13. 6. 2 | care for children. In some countries there is a separate special
2196 IV, 13. 6. 2 | specialist care. In other countries, there is a system of generic
2197 IV, 13. 6. 2 | the family context. Other countries have other systems. This
2198 IV, 13. 6. 2 | teachers, has dwindled in many countries. However, lack of any health
2199 IV, 13. 6. 3 | of eligibility. In many countries, this is based on insurance
2200 IV, 13. 6. 3 | healthcare for children. In other countries, it is based on citizenship
2201 IV, 13. 7. 2 | innovation followers, catching-up countries and those trailing behind.
2202 IV, 13. 7. 4 | controversial within and among countries for a number of reasons
2203 IV, 13. 7. 4 | issue considering that many countries that are not significantly
2204 IV, 13. 8 | society in the candidate countries.” (European Commission,
