Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 5. 3| Multiple System Atrophy~PD~Parkinson’s disease~PSP~
2 II, 5. 5. 3| Introduction~ ~Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common
3 II, 5. 5. 3| the typical symptoms of PD include multiple system
4 II, 5. 5. 3| 2002; Hely et al, 2005).~PD mainly affects older people
5 II, 5. 5. 3| bed or to a wheelchair. PD has no cure and despite
6 II, 5. 5. 3| review estimated costs due to PD resulting in €10.7 billion
7 II, 5. 5. 3| estimated the number of PD patients at 1.2 million
8 II, 5. 5. 3| countries~Incidence rates for PD in different studies are
9 II, 5. 5. 3| Country-specific data on PD prevalence are summarised
10 II, 5. 5. 3| and incidence rates for PD in the general population
11 II, 5. 5. 3| 24% of the diagnoses of PD are false positives, even
12 II, 5. 5. 3| Granieri et al, 1991).~PD progresses relentlessly
13 II, 5. 5. 3| patients in advanced stages of PD cause higher healthcare
14 II, 5. 5. 3| according to the severity of PD is through the Hoehn and
15 II, 5. 5. 3| HYV. The distribution of PD severity in Europe seems
16 II, 5. 5. 3| is the case for elderly PD patients, patients with
17 II, 5. 5. 3| is widely believed that PD patients do have the benefit
18 II, 5. 5. 3| Australian study, which followed PD patients over a 10-year
19 II, 5. 5. 3| common in patients with PD and psychiatric disturbances
20 II, 5. 5. 3| to occur in up to 70% of PD patients during the advanced
21 II, 5. 5. 3| nursing home placement in PD patients (Aarsland et al,
22 II, 5. 5. 3| European countries including PD (Figure 5.5.3.6.2) (Andlin-Sobocki
23 II, 5. 5. 3| 3.6.2. Cost per case in PD in selected EUGLOREH countries (€
24 II, 5. 5. 3| 2004)~ ~The total cost of PD was estimated at €10.7 billion
25 II, 5. 5. 3| disability and mortality of PD.~The prevalence and cost
26 II, 5. 5. 3| In the early stages of PD (HY I) average cost are €
27 II, 5. 5. 3| cost for severely disabled PD patients reach €9,200 per
28 II, 5. 5. 3| review has revealed that: i) PD represents a major burden
29 II, 5. 5. 3| society, ii) the cost of PD markedly increase with disease
30 II, 5. 5. 3| majority of the cost of PD can be found outside the
31 II, 5. 5. 3| sector. Disability due to PD causes a strong need for
32 II, 5. 5. 3| 60% of the total cost of PD. These results are confirmed
33 II, 5. 5. 3| higher in advanced stages of PD compared to the early stages
34 II, 5. 5. 3| highest average cost for PD in countries with high national
35 II, 5. 5. 3| epidemiological research on PD, with important consequences.
36 II, 5. 5. 3| d. Schulenburg, 2007).~ ~PD, employment and indirect
37 II, 5. 5. 3| about the indirect costs of PD are available for PD. In
38 II, 5. 5. 3| of PD are available for PD. In 1988, Späte evaluated
39 II, 5. 5. 3| evaluated the influence of PD on retirement and employment
40 II, 5. 5. 3| group, only 51.2% of the PD patients were still at work
41 II, 5. 5. 3| duration of disease. 25% of the PD patients were no longer
42 II, 5. 5. 3| Bundesministerium für Gesundheit, 1995). PD patients retired at a mean
43 II, 5. 5. 3| Although treatment options for PD have increased in the last
44 II, 5. 5. 3| patients stopped working due to PD (Clarke et al, 1995).~ ~
45 II, 5. 5. 3| threefold increased risk of PD. Tsui et al, (1999) investigated
46 II, 5. 5. 3| 5 times greater risk for PD in those working as teachers,
47 II, 5. 5. 3| affect the risk of developing PD (Lai et al, 2002; Logroscino,
48 II, 5. 5. 3| smoking and alcohol use in 144 PD patients and 464 matched
49 II, 5. 5. 3| matched controls. The risk for PD showed a dose-dependent
50 II, 5. 5. 3| was not associated with PD risk. The authors concluded
51 II, 5. 5. 3| which affect the risk of PD.~Some dietary factors such
52 II, 5. 5. 3| the primary prevention of PD.~Secondary prevention~Currently,
53 II, 5. 5. 3| secondary prevention of PD. The medications and surgical
54 II, 5. 5. 3| in promoting education on PD for patients, their relatives
55 II, 5. 5. 3| National and international PD user groups have been established.~
56 II, 5. 5. 3| regarding the management of PD have been developed in several
57 II, 5. 5. 3| diagnosis and treatment of PD, these instruments can be
58 II, 5. 5. 3| neurodegenerative disorders including PD will increase considerably.
59 II, 5. 5. 3| individuals suffering from PD was estimated for Western
60 II, 5. 5. 3| individuals over 50 with PD was between 4.1 and 4.6
61 II, 5. 5. 3| al, 2007). The burden of PD will also shift from more
62 II, 5. 5. 3| elderly people including PD in the EU currently are: (
63 II, 5. 5. 3| 2050 most of the advanced PD patients supposedly live
64 II, 5. 5. 3| access to healthcare. Many PD patients are unaware of
65 II, 5. 5. 3| Smith-Weller T, Swanson PD (1999): Dietary factors
66 II, 5. 5. 3| JM (2003): Prevalence of PD and other types of parkinsonism
67 II, 5. 5. 3| practitioner~HY~Hoehn & Yahr scale~PD~Parkinson’s disease~SMR~
68 II, 5. 7.Acr| Nutrition Examination Survey III~PD~Peritoneal Dialysis~PMARP~
69 II, 5. 7. 1| transplantation~5 D if dialysis (HD or PD)~ ~*Glomerular filtration
70 III, 10. 1. 3| Paediatr Suppl 404:9-13.~Wood PD (1994): Physical activity,
71 III, 10. 3. 2| catalysts using Pt/Rh or Pd/Rh. Pd/Rh catalysts that,
72 III, 10. 3. 2| catalysts using Pt/Rh or Pd/Rh. Pd/Rh catalysts that, due to
73 III, 10. 3. 2| to flooding.~Levels for Pd and Rh were mainly below
74 III, 10. 3. 2| attributed to the Pt and Pd compounds in their soluble
75 IV, 11. 6. 5| 106-11.~ ~Mainz J, Bartels PD (2006): "Nationwide quality
