Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | description and analysis; (iv) Risk factors; (v) Control tools
2 I, 2. 2 | is often a very important risk factor for the transmission
3 I, 2. 4 | Table 2.2).~ ~Table 2.2. At risk of poverty rate in EU27
4 I, 2. 4 | million Europeans living at risk of poverty, 19 million are
5 I, 2. 4 | inadequate to ward off the risk of poverty. Therefore, the
6 I, 2. 4 | statistical capacity.~ ~High risk populations in Europe, indicated
7 I, 2. 4 | increases of the relative excess risk of dying in the lowest socio-economic
8 I, 2. 4 | excessive drinking and other risk factors for premature mortality.
9 I, 2. 4 | inequalities, e.g. by: addressing risk factors through health promotion;
10 I, 2. 5 | violence and psychosocial risk factors. More women than
11 I, 2. 5 | and safety at increased risk, in comparison with other
12 I, 2. 5 | have also shown an elevated risk of psychological exhaustion (
13 I, 2. 5 | their work. These “new” risk factors are associated with
14 I, 2. 5 | working times increase the risk of cardiovascular diseases.~ ~
15 I, 2. 8 | during reprocessing).~ ~Risk from uncontrolled releases
16 I, 2. 9 | contributing to an increased risk of desertification. In many
17 I, 2. 9 | to change, with mortality risk increases by between 0.2
18 I, 2. 9 | and latitudes. There is a risk of additional outbreaks
19 I, 2. 9 | countries and there is a risk of human Leishmania cases
20 I, 2. 9 | frequent extreme events. The risk is very dependent on human
21 I, 2. 10. 1 | populations based on their genomic risk profile. The upcoming post-genomic
22 I, 2. 10. 1 | only be used if the genomic risk stratification shows outcomes
23 I, 2. 10. 1 | introduction of new concept of risk stratification and prevention.~ ~
24 II, 4. 1 | by chronic diseases, the risk of becoming ill was not
25 II, 4. 1 | not solely linked to the risk of dying but also to the
26 II, 4. 1 | of dying but also to the risk of surviving many years
27 II, 4. 1 | dramatically increase the risk of becoming dependent for
28 II, 4. 1 | dramatically increase the risk of losing independence and
29 II, 4. 3 | Riley, J. C. (1990): The risk of being sick: morbidity
30 II, 5. 1. 1 | non-communicable diseases and their risk factors~ ~Main non-communicable
31 II, 5. 1. 1 | the control of behavioural risk factors, such as smoking,
32 II, 5. 1. 1 | environmental and occupational risk factors have been identified;
33 II, 5. 1. 1 | Men.~ ~ ~ ~Table 5.1.1. Risk factors for non-communicable
34 II, 5. 1. 1 | physical inactivity) and risk factors (elevated total
35 II, 5. 1. 1 | differences in IHD. Among all CVD risk factors, age remains the
36 II, 5. 1. 1 | remains the most important risk factor for CVD. A too rich
37 II, 5. 1. 1 | physical inactivity. Other risk factors are: air pollution (
38 II, 5. 1. 1 | lead; noise; stress.~ ~The risk factors identified as the
39 II, 5. 1. 1 | diagnostic criteria adopted in risk definition (hypertension
40 II, 5. 1. 1 | associated with an increased risk of stomach cancer (WCRF,
41 II, 5. 1. 1 | awareness of tobacco as a risk factor promoting lung cancer
42 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors that modify the risk of this cancer when diagnosed
43 II, 5. 1. 1 | postmenopausally are not the same. Risk factors for breast cancer
44 II, 5. 1. 1 | Cervical cancer: the main risk factor is the infection
45 II, 5. 1. 1 | cancer: age is the strongest risk factor for prostate cancer:
46 II, 5. 1. 1 | natural history. Other certain risk factors are an high fat
47 II, 5. 1. 1 | history, while possible risk factors are androgens and
48 II, 5. 1. 1 | gallbladder cancer.~ ~Other risk factors are: air pollution (
49 II, 5. 1. 1 | Diabetes~ The major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
50 II, 5. 1. 1 | to the disease. Further risk factors for developing type
51 II, 5. 1. 1 | are critically important risk factors influencing personal
52 II, 5. 1. 1 | genetic and environmental risk factors for Autism is still
53 II, 5. 1. 1 | Dementia~A number of risk factors and possible protective
54 II, 5. 1. 1 | found to both increase the risk of but also protect against
55 II, 5. 1. 1 | associated with an increased risk of developing dementia,
56 II, 5. 1. 1 | fuel are well recognized risk factors. Cigarette smoking
57 II, 5. 1. 1 | Cigarette smoking is a major risk factor for COPD.A study
58 II, 5. 1. 1 | smoking were the two major risk factors, in a multivariate
59 II, 5. 1. 1 | perhaps non-traditional risk factors like anemia, hyperphosphatemia,
60 II, 5. 1. 1 | nephrotoxic drugs are at higher risk for CKD. Currently, diabetes
61 II, 5. 1. 1 | evidence shows that important risk factors for periodontal
62 II, 5. 2. 2 | database and WHO MONICA for risk factors distribution.~Following
63 II, 5. 2. 2 | changes in environmental risk factors (Kuulasmaa et al,
64 II, 5. 2. 2 | case-fatality, trends in classical risk factors and advancements
65 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.3 Risk factors~CVD clinically manifests
66 II, 5. 2. 2 | physical inactivity) and risk factors (elevated total
67 II, 5. 2. 2 | differences in IHD. Among all CVD risk factors, age remains the
68 II, 5. 2. 2 | remains the most important risk factor for CVD.~Last available
69 II, 5. 2. 2 | Last available data on risk factors were taken from
70 II, 5. 2. 2 | database (htt b, 2007). The risk factors identified as the
71 II, 5. 2. 2 | diagnostic criteria adopted in risk definition (hypertension
72 II, 5. 2. 3 | in the average level of risk factors, such as serum cholesterol
73 II, 5. 2. 3 | conditions and the management of risk factors.~Comparable data
74 II, 5. 2. 3 | prevalence, age distribution and risk factors.~In addition, the
75 II, 5. 2. 3 | increased levels of traditional risk factors, such as diet rich
76 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~
77 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4.1. Risk factors in primary prevention~
78 II, 5. 2. 4 | smoking habit.~Some of these risk factors are linked to a
79 II, 5. 2. 4 | disease does not develop: risk factors thresholds are arbitrary
80 II, 5. 2. 4 | the only way to reduce the risk of developing the disease
81 II, 5. 2. 4 | disease is to keep levels of risk factors at a favourable
82 II, 5. 2. 4 | Although the role of risk factors is well known, national
83 II, 5. 2. 4 | mentioned most important risk factors for the prediction
84 II, 5. 2. 4 | by BMI - in predicting CV risk (see also Chapter 10).~ ~
85 II, 5. 2. 4 | diagnostic criteria adopted for risk factor definition (hypertension
86 II, 5. 2. 4 | and comparison among high risk countries. Therefore, it
87 II, 5. 2. 4 | results, changes in classic risk factors explained only a
88 II, 5. 2. 4 | differences in ‘classical risk factors’ such as smoking,
89 II, 5. 2. 4 | are at almost twice the risk of heart attack compared
90 II, 5. 2. 4 | studies demonstrated that the risk is reversible through healthy
91 II, 5. 2. 4 | for individuals at high risk (the North Karelia Project
92 II, 5. 2. 4 | recommendations on management of risk factors are still not properly
93 II, 5. 2. 4 | describe the management of risk factors in hospitalized
94 II, 5. 2. 5 | attributable to reductions in major risk factors, mainly smoking,
95 II, 5. 2. 5 | disease trends, treatments and risk factors in order to improve
96 II, 5. 2. 5 | have emphasized that known risk factors account for more
97 II, 5. 2. 5 | least one or more previous risk factors (Greenland et al,
98 II, 5. 2. 5 | optimal levels of known risk factors are associated with
99 II, 5. 2. 5 | associated with very low CVD risk (Palmieri et al, 2006; Giampaoli
100 II, 5. 2. 5 | Daviglus et al, 2007). Low risk individuals live longer
101 II, 5. 2. 5 | is commonly believed that risk factors increase with age,
102 II, 5. 2. 5 | population strategy, a high risk strategy and a secondary
103 II, 5. 2. 5 | studies have demonstrated that risk is a continuum, many asymptomatic
104 II, 5. 2. 5 | many asymptomatic high risk individuals exist and the
105 II, 5. 2. 5 | prevention are artificial. Risk assessment, based on age,
106 II, 5. 2. 5 | step to identify people at risk to develop the disease,
107 II, 5. 2. 5 | disease, help those at high risk to reduce it and those at
108 II, 5. 2. 5 | reduce it and those at low risk to maintain this favourable
109 II, 5. 2. 5 | prevention is that individual risk factors (such as hypertension
110 II, 5. 2. 5 | increasing intensity as the CVD risk increases; treatment targets
111 II, 5. 2. 5 | individuals with different risk profiles have been set in
112 II, 5. 2. 5 | nutritional control of these risk factors (Poli A et al, 2008;
113 II, 5. 2. 5 | A et al, 2008). In high risk subjects, if these interventions
114 II, 5. 2. 5 | prevention approaches of CVD risk factors related to the lifestyles
115 II, 5. 2. 5 | major reductions in CVD risk factor levels, morbidity
116 II, 5. 2. 5 | mortality decline comes from risk factors reduction.~ ~
117 II, 5. 2. 6 | such as the reduction of risk factors or through more
118 II, 5. 2. 6 | important to remember that risk factors such as smoking
119 II, 5. 2. 6 | mortality decline comes from risk factors reduction.~One of
120 II, 5. 2. 6 | cholesterol levels and CVD risk~Observational studies performed
121 II, 5. 2. 6 | cholesterol levels and CHD risk was convincingly proven
122 II, 5. 2. 6 | blood in determining CVD risk was elucidated in the same
123 II, 5. 2. 6 | directly associated to CHD risk, while the High Density
124 II, 5. 2. 6 | 2006). The ischemic stroke risk was also diminished in many
125 II, 5. 2. 6 | from 70 mg/dL in very high risk patients to 160 mg/dL in
126 II, 5. 2. 6 | to 160 mg/dL in very low risk subjects) in the large majority
127 II, 5. 2. 6 | Blood pressure and CVD risk~Elevated blood pressure
128 II, 5. 2. 6 | associated with an increased risk of stroke, of CHD and of
129 II, 5. 2. 6 | S et al, 2002). The CVD risk associated to blood pressure
130 II, 5. 2. 6 | 2 times higher than the risk associated to blood pressure
131 II, 5. 2. 6 | associated to increased CVD risk, especially in elderly subjects (
132 II, 5. 2. 6 | especially if the overall CV risk of the patient considered
133 II, 5. 2. 6 | pressure as a cardiovascular risk factor: prevention and treatment.
134 II, 5. 2. 6 | systolic hypertension and the risk of coronary heart disease
135 II, 5. 2. 6 | between serum cholesterol and risk of premature death from
136 II, 5. 2. 6 | screenees of the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial (
137 II, 5. 2. 6 | high-normal blood pressure on the risk of cardiovascular disease.
138 II, 5. 2. 7 | Favorable Cardiovascular Risk Profile in Young Women and
139 II, 5. 2. 7 | Young Women and Long-term Risk of Cardiovascular and All-Cause
140 II, 5. 2. 7 | al (2005): Cardiovascular risk profile earlier in life
141 II, 5. 2. 7 | 2001): Trends in coronary risk factors in the WHO MONICA
142 II, 5. 2. 7 | Favorable cardiovascular risk profile (Low Risk) and 10-
143 II, 5. 2. 7 | cardiovascular risk profile (Low Risk) and 10-year stroke incidence
144 II, 5. 2. 7 | Wilson PW (2003): Major risk factors as antecedents of
145 II, 5. 2. 7 | to Optimal and Borderline Risk Factors. Arch Intern Med.
146 II, 5. 2. 7 | of changes in classical risk factors to trends in coronary
147 II, 5. 2. 7 | Favorable cardiovascular risk profile and 10-year coronary
148 II, 5. 2. 7 | to lower cardiovascular risk: The Italian Progetto CUORE
149 II, 5. 2. 7 | and other cardiovascular risk factors explain trends in
150 II, 5. 2. 7 | Treatments and Population Risk Factor Changes in England
151 II, 5. 2. 7 | of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with
152 II, 5. 3. 1 | and importance of cancer risk factors and also due to
153 II, 5. 3. 1 | year over the population at risk. It is usually expressed
154 II, 5. 3. 1 | per 100,000 population at risk;~ ~- Mortality: cancer mortality
155 II, 5. 3. 1 | year over the population at risk. It is usually expressed
156 II, 5. 3. 1 | per 100,000 population at risk;~ ~- Relative survival:
157 II, 5. 3. 2 | social factors on cancer risk and outcomes, and supporting
158 II, 5. 3. 2 | individuals and families at higher risk of developing cancer. People
159 II, 5. 3. 2 | history may put them at high risk of cancer. The CR is often
160 II, 5. 3. 3 | by EUROSTAT for 2006. The risk of cancer increases with
161 II, 5. 3. 4 | 5.3.3 Risk factors~ ~The majority of
162 II, 5. 3. 4 | below we have the major risk factors for the cancer sites
163 II, 5. 3. 4 | associated to an increased risk of stomach cancer (WCRF,
164 II, 5. 3. 4 | awareness of tobacco as a risk factor promoting lung cancer
165 II, 5. 3. 4 | factors that modify the risk of this cancer when diagnosed
166 II, 5. 3. 4 | post-menopausally are not the same. Risk factors for breast cancer
167 II, 5. 3. 4 | Cervical cancer: the main risk factor is the infection
168 II, 5. 3. 4 | cancer: age is the strongest risk factor for prostate cancer:
169 II, 5. 3. 4 | natural history. Other certain risk factors are a diet rich
170 II, 5. 3. 4 | history, while possible risk factors are linked to androgens
171 II, 5. 3. 5 | Parkin et al, 2005). The risk of developing cervical cancer
172 II, 5. 3. 7 | disease. Avoiding exposure to risk determinants would result
173 II, 5. 3. 7 | in a reduction in cancer risk. Although all of these avoidable
174 II, 5. 3. 7 | identified, it is thought that risk determinants currently exist
175 II, 5. 3. 7 | prevention approaches of cancer risk factors related to lifestyles
176 II, 5. 3. 7 | from primary prevention of risk factors to early diagnosis,
177 II, 5. 3. 8 | still exposed to cancer risk factors. Moreover, cancer
178 II, 5. 4. 1 | to be highly significant risk factors that can be usefully
179 II, 5. 4. 1 | implicated in the increased risk of complications, affecting
180 II, 5. 4. 1 | also a well known major risk factor for blood vessel
181 II, 5. 4. 1 | diabetes are at an increased risk of miscarriage and stillbirth.~
182 II, 5. 4. 2 | prevalence of the disease, risk factors, quality of care,
183 II, 5. 4. 2 | opportunistic screening among high risk individuals overestimate
184 II, 5. 4. 2 | recent data~Data sources~ ~I Risk factors of diabetes~ ~ ~%
185 II, 5. 4. 2 | tolerance and/or diet only~2~III Risk factors for complications~ ~
186 II, 5. 4. 3 | further hypotheses on possible risk factors for T1DM, some of
187 II, 5. 4. 3 | In EUCID databases this risk factor was found in crude
188 II, 5. 4. 3 | In EUCID databases this risk factor was found across
189 II, 5. 4. 4 | that the most important risk factor for prevention, i.e.
190 II, 5. 4. 4 | geographical areas and high risk strata. Regardless of the
191 II, 5. 4. 5 | 5.4.5. Risk factors~ ~The major risk
192 II, 5. 4. 5 | Risk factors~ ~The major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes
193 II, 5. 4. 5 | to the disease.~Further risk factors for developing type
194 II, 5. 4. 6 | Diabetes Mellitus and its risk factors available throughout
195 II, 5. 4. 6 | lifestyle intervention. Risk factors are well known and
196 II, 5. 4. 6 | approaches to this important risk factor. For high blood pressure
197 II, 5. 4. 6 | Chapter 5.2.4. and for other risk factors see Chapter 10.~
198 II, 5. 4. 6 | important to monitor other risk factors regularly in order
199 II, 5. 4. 6 | challenge of identifying high risk categories in order to reduce
200 II, 5. 4. 6 | are at a sufficiently high risk of a specific disorder in
201 II, 5. 4. 6 | The definition of high risk state in the case of diabetes
202 II, 5. 4. 6 | more of the above mentioned risk factors. This is one case
203 II, 5. 4. 6 | cardiovascular disease share many risk factors, as for example
204 II, 5. 4. 6 | the needs of those most at risk of developing diabetes as
205 II, 5. 4. 6 | mortality, morbidity and risk factor data across Member
206 II, 5. 4. 6 | health determinants and risk factors of diabetes into
207 II, 5. 4. 7 | characteristics (diabetes status, risk factors e.g. obesity, lifestyle,
208 II, 5. 4. 8 | IDDM in the Genetically at Risk (TRIGR). Pediatr Diabetes
209 II, 5. 5.Int | Disadvantaged groups face a greater risk of mental illness. People
210 II, 5. 5.Int | There are gender-specific risk factors for some common
211 II, 5. 5.Int | Women are at much greater risk of experiencing domestic
212 II, 5. 5.Int | minority groups are at a higher risk for victimisation by violence.
213 II, 5. 5.Int | depressed. Individuals most at risk of social isolation and
214 II, 5. 5.Int | depression in older people, risk factors, detection and treatment
215 II, 5. 5.Int | late-life depression. The higher risk of depression in older women
216 II, 5. 5.Int | firms, and an increased risk of unemployment for individuals.
217 II, 5. 5.Int(17)| Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors [on-line publications
218 II, 5. 5.Int | education was not a significant risk factor in men.~ ~Schizophrenia
219 II, 5. 5. 1 | adolescence increase the risk for depression two to threefold (
220 II, 5. 5. 1 | social support increase the risk of anxiety disorders (Fryers,
221 II, 5. 5. 1 | an individual at higher risk of suicide including psychiatric
222 II, 5. 5. 1 | associated to an increased risk for future suicidal behaviour
223 II, 5. 5. 1 | are covered: prevalence, risk factors, disability, health-related
224 II, 5. 5. 1 | range (³65 years) have lower risk than younger adults.~ ~Figure
225 II, 5. 5. 1 | recommendation already in 2001 as a risk factor for suicide.~ ~A
226 II, 5. 5. 1 | MHEDEA Investigators (2006). Risk factors for suicidality
227 II, 5. 5. 2 | European long term care. The risk of dementia can be reduced
228 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A tremendous amount
229 II, 5. 5. 2 | vascular dementia). A number of risk factors and possible protective
230 II, 5. 5. 2 | found to both increase the risk of but also protect against
231 II, 5. 5. 2 | associated with an increased risk of developing dementia,
232 II, 5. 5. 2 | a descriptive review of risk factors for dementia based
233 II, 5. 5. 2 | detailed information on risk reduction and one of the
234 II, 5. 5. 2 | 2008 on how to reduce the risk of developing dementia.~ ~
235 II, 5. 5. 2 | psycho-social interventions, risk factors and risk reduction/
236 II, 5. 5. 2 | interventions, risk factors and risk reduction/prevention strategies
237 II, 5. 5. 2 | 2002). Certain possible risk factors such as age, gender
238 II, 5. 5. 2 | taken to reduce exposure to risk factors which can be influenced
239 II, 5. 5. 2 | which further increase the risk of developing dementia in
240 II, 5. 5. 2 | with the non-modifiable risk factors. Useful primary
241 II, 5. 5. 2 | strategies to reduce vascular risk factors and public campaigns
242 II, 5. 5. 2 | which might put people at risk or have a buffering effect
243 II, 5. 5. 2 | your brain: the evidence on risk reduction and dementia,
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence) about the whole risk group (Alexander and Rigby,
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | identification of adolescents at risk of eating disorders (Austrian
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | during 1988-1993. The highest risk group (i.e., 20–24-year-old
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.4. Risk factors and vulnerable population
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | eating disorder depends on risk factors as well as on individual
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | are critically important risk factors influencing personal
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1000 and lifetime morbid risk 7.2 per 1000, respectively.
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | on a consistent morbidity risk over the life span of 1%
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2 for lifetime morbidity risk (Saha et al, 2005). These
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | at an increased mortality risk compared to the general
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | represents an important risk factor to develop the metabolic
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | identify people at increased risk and to establish optimal
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | social functioning. Their risk for development of full-blown
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | and the Prevention through Risk Identification, Management,
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | prodrome and moderating risk/resilience factors of psychosis.
259 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence and prevalence rates, risk factors etc is most desirable (
260 II, 5. 5. 3 | targeted to people at high risk and emerging prodromal symptoms (
261 II, 5. 5. 3 | research in the field of risk assessment, early detection,
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | substance misuse), emerging risk factors like migration;~·
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2002): Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | JM (2005): The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia:
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | Although a higher mortality risk has been observed in autism
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | genetic and environmental risk factors for ASD. The study
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | factors for ASD. The study of risk factors has contributed
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | been found to be potential risk factors. Most risk factors
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | potential risk factors. Most risk factors have been identified
270 II, 5. 5. 3 | made direct comparison of risk factors very difficult.
271 II, 5. 5. 3 | identifying unique and strong risk factors for ASD.~A systematic
272 II, 5. 5. 3 | Network of Surveillance on Risk Factors for Autism and Cerebral
273 II, 5. 5. 3 | England, France and Denmark. Risk factors found in more than
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | the populations as well as risk factors found to be associated
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | Network of Surveillance on Risk Factors for Autism and Cerebral
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | recognized etiological or risk factor (idiopathic and cryptogenic
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | background of the populations at risk may be a strong confounder
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of environmental risk factors to be evenly distributed.~ ~
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | different populations at risk, the extent of case identification
280 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence of the most common risk factors in the two sexes
281 II, 5. 5. 3 | structure of the population at risk, the prevalence of the etiological
282 II, 5. 5. 3 | two- to six-fold mortality risk than the general population.
283 II, 5. 5. 3 | reported to be at higher risk of suicide than the general
284 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy a 25-fold increased risk of suicide (Barraclough,
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | a 4-fold increase in the risk of suicide in a Swedish
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | thus explain the increased risk of suicide in patients with
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 1995). The patient at risk for SUDEP is a young or
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | carbamazepine could increase the risk of SUDEP by causing arrhythmia
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | greater than two- to six-fold risk of psychiatric comorbidity
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | patient’s perspective, the risk of seizure-related accidents (
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1.8)(Vaa, 2005) and the risk of serious accidents (RR
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | followed to calculate the risk of seizure recurrence and
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | identify patients at high risk of epilepsy.~The variability
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | with epilepsy to reduce the risk of seizure recurrence secondary
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | AT, Shinnar S (1991): The risk of seizure recurrence following
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al (2001): Mortality risk in children with epilepsy:
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | Forsgren L (2000): Mortality risk in an adult cohort with
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | Farahmand BY, et al (2002): Risk factors for suicide in epilepsy:
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimate of the mortality risk. Epilepsia 43:445-450.~Sheth
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | Chadwick D, Johnson T (1996): Risk of accidents in drivers
301 II, 5. 5. 3 | age and their relative risk of accident involvement:
302 II, 5. 5. 3 | with a discrete change in risk at the Scottish border.
303 II, 5. 5. 3 | assessment over time. The MS risk in Iceland is similar to
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | northern Africa, an area at low risk for MS, is believed to account
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | for the low absolute MS risk in the Maltese.~Prevalence
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated with an elevated risk for death in Europe, with
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.4. Risk factors~ ~MS is a complex
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2000). The most influential risk factor for MS is hypothesised
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | may act in determining the risk, either with individual
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | operate in determining MS risk especially at familial level.
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | are major environmental risk factors, studies of disease
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | all patients with MS or at risk of developing MS (eg., ‘
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | type of individuals were at risk for leaving the workforce.
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | employed people and at/not at risk for job loss);~o identifying
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | evidence for a true increasing risk. Acta Neurol Scand 103:20-
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | year survival rate was 23%. Risk of death following initiation
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.4. Risk factors~ ~The cause of the
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | than threefold increased risk of PD. Tsui et al, (1999)
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | investigated a 2-2.5 times greater risk for PD in those working
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | to pesticide affect the risk of developing PD (Lai et
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated with a decreased risk for Parkinson’s disease (
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | 464 matched controls. The risk for PD showed a dose-dependent
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | manner, with the lowest risk in heavy smokers. Alcohol
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | was not associated with PD risk. The authors concluded that
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | cigarettes which affect the risk of PD.~Some dietary factors
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | decreased Parkinson’s disease risk, but the associations are
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | factors influencing the risk of Parkinson's disease:
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | CG, Stebbins GT (1993): Risk factors for nursing home
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | Johnson CC (2004): Multiple risk factors for Parkinson’s
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | Occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson’s
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | early life environmental risk factors in Parkinson disease:
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | A, Devoto MC (1980): The risk of Parkinson disease in
333 II, 5. 6. 3 | differences in the epidemiology of risk factors, such as obesity,
334 II, 5. 6. 3 | B) Women~ ~Determinants, risk factors and population at
335 II, 5. 6. 3 | factors and population at risk~ ~Age is the strongest predictor
336 II, 5. 6. 3 | associated with a reduced risk of the development and progression
337 II, 5. 6. 3 | 2002).~ ~Obesity (BMI) is a risk factor for the development
338 II, 5. 6. 3 | units would decrease the risk of developing knee OA by
339 II, 5. 6. 3 | and intensive activity are risk factors for the development
340 II, 5. 6. 3 | presents the greatest relative risk for OA: 4.5 for farming
341 II, 5. 6. 3 | Felson et al, 1996).~ ~These risk factors are summarised in
342 II, 5. 6. 3 | table 5.6.5.~ ~Table 5.6.5. Risk factors for incidence and
343 II, 5. 6. 3 | disability (Global burden and risk factors 2006) .~ ~Economic
344 II, 5. 6. 3 | seems clear.~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population
345 II, 5. 6. 3 | factors and the population at risk~ ~RA tends to run in families.
346 II, 5. 6. 3 | Smoking and obesity are also risk factors for RA (Symmons
347 II, 5. 6. 3 | mineral density (BMD). The risk of fracture rises when the
348 II, 5. 6. 3 | might have one of several risk factors: low body weight,
349 II, 5. 6. 3 | hospitalisation, a 20% excess risk of death, considerable functional
350 II, 5. 6. 3 | condition. The lifetime risk or the 10 year probability
351 II, 5. 6. 3 | al, 2001). The lifetime risk of fragility fractures at
352 II, 5. 6. 3 | al, 2000)~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population
353 II, 5. 6. 3 | factors and the population at risk~ ~Apart from age and female
354 II, 5. 6. 3 | trauma fracture. There are risk factors that identify those
355 II, 5. 6. 3 | have osteoporosis or be at risk of fracture (Table 5.6.9).
356 II, 5. 6. 3 | are some semi-independent risk factors for fracture such
357 II, 5. 6. 3 | and co-morbidity are also risk factors for poor outcome
358 II, 5. 6. 3 | reduced bone strength. The risk of falling increases with
359 II, 5. 6. 3 | Melton, 1995).~ ~Table 5.6.8. Risk Factors for Falling in the
360 II, 5. 6. 3 | the Elderly~ ~Table 5.6.9. Risk factors for bone loss, development
361 II, 5. 6. 3 | with the presence of other risk factors for fracture. In
362 II, 5. 6. 3 | bone density combined with risk factors that are at least
363 II, 5. 6. 3 | those at much increased risk of fracture but the exact
364 II, 5. 6. 3 | interaction of different risk factors has not yet been
365 II, 5. 6. 3 | to describe the absolute risk for the individual patient
366 II, 5. 6. 3 | population and changes in risk factors (Report on osteoporosis
367 II, 5. 6. 3 | 2003).~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population
368 II, 5. 6. 3 | factors and the population at risk~ ~The occurrence of low
369 II, 5. 6. 3 | dissatisfaction. Obesity is a risk factor for chronicity.~ ~
370 II, 5. 6. 5 | those individuals at highest risk of developing these conditions;
371 II, 5. 6. 6 | Black D, Vogt TM (1995): Risk factors for hip fracture
372 II, 5. 6. 6 | Dawson A (2002): Ten-year risk of osteoporotic fracture
373 II, 5. 6. 6 | fracture and the effect of risk factors on screening strategies.
374 II, 5. 6. 6 | Laet C, Dawson A (2000): Risk of hip fracture according
375 II, 5. 6. 6 | Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors ISBN-10: 0-8213-
376 II, 5. 6. 6 | review of the literature. I. Risk factors for the development
377 II, 5. 6. 6 | Assessment of fracture risk and its application to screening
378 II, 5. 7.Acr | Acronyms~ ~ARIC~Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities~CKD~Chronic
379 II, 5. 7. 1 | because it amplifies the risk for cardiovascular complications.
380 II, 5. 7. 1 | Independent from other risk factors, patients with stage
381 II, 5. 7. 1 | stage 4-5 CKD have a death risk for cardiovascular complications
382 II, 5. 7. 1 | have a 100 times higher risk (Baigent et al, 2000). There
383 II, 5. 7. 1 | diseases where it acts as a risk multiplier (Sarnak et al.
384 II, 5. 7. 1 | is emerging that CKD is a risk factor for death and other
385 II, 5. 7. 1 | contribution to cardiovascular risk and to other diseases and
386 II, 5. 7. 1 | neoplasias and amplifies the risk for adverse outcomes and
387 II, 5. 7. 3 | In the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study
388 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2006a) the relative risk for progression from CKD
389 II, 5. 7. 3 | stages showing a higher risk for CV complications and
390 II, 5. 7. 3 | meta-analysis has shown that the risk of mortality in CKD rises
391 II, 5. 7. 3 | cohort 1995-1999) lower risk of death. The mortality
392 II, 5. 7. 3 | of death. The mortality risk reduction in transplant
393 II, 5. 7. 4 | 5.7.4. Risk factors~ ~Hypertension and
394 II, 5. 7. 4 | perhaps non-traditional risk factors such as anaemia,
395 II, 5. 7. 4 | nephrotoxic drugs are at higher risk for CKD.~ ~There are no
396 II, 5. 7. 4 | et al, 2006). Since these risk factors are also the main
397 II, 5. 7. 5 | individuals with cardiovascular risk factors or with cardiovascular
398 II, 5. 7. 5 | individuals in whom CKD acts as a risk amplifier) and diabetics
399 II, 5. 7. 5 | HBC and HBB) are at higher risk for CKD. When the risk of
400 II, 5. 7. 5 | higher risk for CKD. When the risk of complications due to
401 II, 5. 7. 7 | kidney, a cardiovascular risk marker, and a new target
402 II, 5. 7. 7 | Nyren O (2006): Obesity and risk for chronic renal failure.
403 II, 5. 7. 7 | disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc Nephrol 2006;
404 II, 5. 7. 7 | Metabolic syndrome and the risk for chronic kidney disease
405 II, 5. 7. 7 | Identification of patients and risk factors in chronic kidney
406 II, 5. 7. 7 | kidney disease -- evaluating risk factors and therapeutic
407 II, 5. 7. 7 | Chronic kidney disease and risk of incident myocardial infarction
408 II, 5. 7. 7 | al, Kidney disease as a risk factor for development of
409 II, 5. 7. 7 | kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review. J
410 II, 5. 8.Acr | Respiratory Infections~RR~Relative Risk~VC~Vital Capacity~
411 II, 5. 8. 1 | function, increasing the risk for exacerbations. These
412 II, 5. 8. 3 | smoking is a well-known risk factor for both COPD and
413 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD patients were at high risk for pneumonia (relative
414 II, 5. 8. 3 | for pneumonia (relative risk (RR) = 16.0), osteoporosis (
415 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD proved to be at higher risk of depression (OR 3.52,
416 II, 5. 8. 4 | 5.8.4. Risk factors~ ~Active and passive
417 II, 5. 8. 4 | tobacco smoking are major risk factors for COPD. Occupational
418 II, 5. 8. 4 | are other well recognized risk factors.~ ~Among 1711 middle-aged
419 II, 5. 8. 4 | between men and women. The risk of developing COPD decreases
420 II, 5. 8. 4 | and fumes increased the risk for chronic bronchitis from
421 II, 5. 8. 5 | spirometry. Most relevant risk factors have been identified
422 II, 5. 8. 5 | screening of the population at risk, with the aim of overcoming
423 II, 5. 8. 5 | detection of COPD in high risk population by means of spirometric
424 II, 5. 8. 5 | of the population at high risk of COPD, i.e. smokers, can
425 II, 5. 8. 7 | Pulmonary Disease (COPD) a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular
426 II, 5. 8. 7 | cumulative incidence of COPD and risk factors for incident disease
427 II, 5. 8. 7 | regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic
428 II, 5. 8. 7 | Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and
429 II, 5. 8. 7 | Detecting patients at a high risk of developing chronic obstructive
430 II, 5. 9. FB | allergic diseases can be risk factors for further allergic
431 II, 5. 9. FB | 5.FB.5. Risk and protective factors~ ~
432 II, 5. 9. FB | 50% increase in relative risk (RR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2 to 1.
433 II, 5. 9. FB | childhood, are at increased risk for future asthma. Potential
434 II, 5. 9. FB | limited. The evaluation of risk factors and determinants
435 II, 5. 9. FB | still healthy although at risk. Unfortunately, all predictors
436 II, 5. 9. FB | whole population, present no risk and have a low cost.~ ~All
437 II, 5. 9. FB | early childhood and the risk of developing IgE responses
438 II, 5. 9. FB | been studied in this “high risk group” during the last decade.
439 II, 5. 9. FB | and a deeper knowledge of risk factors in the aetiology
440 II, 5. 9. FB | rhinitis ) to reduce the risk of development of asthma;
441 II, 5. 9. FB | identify the affected and at risk individuals to begin an
442 II, 5. 9. 1 | exposure to environmental risk factors and to the so-called
443 II, 5. 9. 4 | 5.9.4. Risk factors~ ~Data show a significant
444 II, 5. 9. 4 | in boys in 1989: relative risk (RR) 1.32 (1.12, 1.56),
445 II, 5. 9. 4 | age. Occupations at high risk include: farming and agricultural
446 II, 5. 9. 4 | significant excess asthma risk was seen after exposure
447 II, 5. 9. 4 | occupational asthma (relative risk=1.6, 95% CI 1.1-2.3, P=0.
448 II, 5. 9. 4 | occupations, a significant excess risk of asthma was seen for nursing (
449 II, 5. 9. 4 | 3-4.0, P=0.007). Asthma risk was also increased in participants
450 II, 5. 9. 4 | population-attributable risk for adult asthma due to
451 II, 5. 9. 4 | asthmatic patients. However, the risk of developing allergic disease
452 II, 5. 9. 4 | will be used to assess the risk associated with air-pollution-linked
453 II, 5. 9. 5 | information about the places where risk factors conditions are progressively
454 II, 5. 9. 5 | and a deeper knowledge of risk factors in the aetiology
455 II, 5. 9. 6 | allergen-free diet for high risk woman in pregnancy is still
456 II, 5. 9. 7 | Early” cat ownership and teh risk of sensitization and allergic
457 II, 5. 9. 7 | improvement of knowledge about risk factors and preventive factors
458 II, 5. 10. 2 | methods and to identify the risk factors associated with
459 II, 5. 10. 5 | protecting consumers at risk. Council Directive 2000/
460 II, 5. 10. 5 | are not likely to be a risk for allergic peoples, Commission
461 II, 5. 11. 3 | about the associated allergy risk.~ ~Most body piercing jewellery
462 II, 5. 11. 3 | the point of view that the risk of becoming allergic to
463 II, 5. 11. 3 | ear piercing increases the risk of gold sensitization is
464 II, 5. 11. 3 | information on the chemical risk induced by metals at pierced
465 II, 5. 11. 3 | such as occupations at high risk of disease. The Lambeth
466 II, 5. 11. 3 | a form of cancer whose risk is strongly linked to cumulative
467 II, 5. 11. 7 | children are at increased risk of atopic dermatitis. J
468 II, 5. 12. 4 | 5.12.4. Risk factors~ ~The patterns in
469 II, 5. 12. 7 | alcohol consumption on the risk of symptomatic liver cirrhosis.
470 II, 5. 13 | five global disease burden risk factors closely related
471 II, 5. 13 | strongly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular
472 II, 5. 13 | particularly significant in certain risk groups among elderly, children,
473 II, 5. 14. 1 | to be assessed and whose risk factors are still to be
474 II, 5. 14. 1 | periodontal disease constitutes a risk for general well-being and
475 II, 5. 14. 2 | surveillance of chronic disease and risk factors (Petersen et al,
476 II, 5. 14. 2 | and its determinants and risk factors on the morbidity
477 II, 5. 14. 3 | population groups at high risk for dental caries include
478 II, 5. 14. 3 | population groups with a high risk of tooth decay. These populations
479 II, 5. 14. 3 | These populations at high risk for tooth decay -perhaps
480 II, 5. 14. 3 | perhaps not their only risk factor - remain on dental
481 II, 5. 14. 3 | periodontal disease is a potential risk for general health and well-being,
482 II, 5. 14. 3 | cardiovascular diseases and the risk of premature birth. Periodontal
483 II, 5. 14. 3 | whole. Proper diagnosis and risk assessment are prerequisites
484 II, 5. 14. 4 | 5.14.4. Risk factors~ ~The caries decline
485 II, 5. 14. 4 | professionals must address dietary risk factors associated with
486 II, 5. 14. 4 | evidence shows that important risk factors for periodontal
487 II, 5. 14. 5 | disadvantaged children, who are at risk, can access oral health
488 II, 5. 14. 8 | burden of oral diseases and risk to oral heath. Bull World
489 II, 5. 15. 3 | autonomy. In terms of vital risk, only 20% of the studied
490 II, 5. 15. 3 | The identification of at risk couples is hardly feasible.
491 II, 5. 15. 4 | strengthen the requirements for risk management and traceability
492 II, 6. 3. 1 | population segments and risk groups). For some of these
493 II, 6. 3. 1 | more in-depth analysis of risk factors, determinants, or
494 II, 6. 3. 2 | public health concern.~ ~Risk factors~ ~A key factor in
495 II, 6. 3. 2 | requires the collection of risk factors and the involvement
496 II, 6. 3. 3 | than in other countries.~ ~Risk factors~ ~In 2005, 28 044
497 II, 6. 3. 3 | populations at a higher risk. These are the high-incidence
498 II, 6. 3. 3 | vulnerable populations at higher risk of infection and therefore
499 II, 6. 3. 3 | activities place them at high risk of becoming infected, such
500 II, 6. 3. 4 | early autumn for three major risk groups (the elderly, healthcare
