Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 8. 2. 2| welfare payments, lost taxation revenue and the impaired
2 III, 10. 2. 1| tobacco products (price, taxation);~· measures to reduce exposure
3 III, 10. 2. 1| and safety as well as in taxation have also provided legal
4 III, 10. 2. 1| their impact. Prices and taxation policies are attributed
5 III, 10. 2. 1| e.g. through price and taxation policies) and the demand
6 III, 10. 2. 1| their impact. Prices and taxation policies (1) are attributed
7 III, 10. 2. 1| whole-of-government interventions (e.g. taxation and pricing policies) have
8 IV, 11. 1. 6| the third party or through taxation in a public system.~ ~Capitation
9 IV, 11. 2. 1| those funded largely by taxation.~ ~Figure 11.2.Number of
10 IV, 11. 6. 2| inequalities that arise from local taxation or collection of resources
11 IV, 11. 6. 2| mechanisms are public – general taxation and social insurance contributions (
12 IV, 11. 6. 2| areas: 1) the shift from taxation to social health insurance
13 IV, 11. 6. 2| an increasing reliance on taxation among countries with systems
14 IV, 11. 6. 2| the Netherlands) and also taxation (e.g. Latvia shifting from
15 IV, 11. 6. 2| Demark from local to central taxation), and 3) an increased reliance
16 IV, 11. 6. 2| increased reliance on local taxation in countries with predominantly
17 IV, 11. 6. 2| latest available year4~ ~Taxation~ ~Taxation has different
18 IV, 11. 6. 2| available year4~ ~Taxation~ ~Taxation has different sources (direct
19 IV, 11. 6. 2| While on the whole direct taxation is equitable, inequities
20 IV, 11. 6. 2| Spain and the UK. Local taxation may be associated to: increased
21 IV, 11. 6. 2| 2008). In addition, local taxation has the advantage of separating
22 IV, 11. 6. 2| the other hand, national taxation has the potential to redistribute
23 IV, 11. 6. 2| reduction.~ ~Additionally, taxation may be general, as in Italy,
24 IV, 11. 6. 2| healthcare, as in France. General taxation draws on a broad revenue
25 IV, 11. 6. 2| reduce public resistance to taxation because it is more visible (
26 IV, 11. 6. 2| more visible (Commission on Taxation and Citizenship, 2000),
27 IV, 11. 6. 2| manipulation. Earmarked taxation may, however, cause increased
28 IV, 11. 6. 2| Countries that rely heavily on taxation to fund their health systems
29 IV, 11. 6. 2| earmarked versus general taxation. Overall, the potential
30 IV, 11. 6. 2| potential revenue raised by taxation is significant, being levied
31 IV, 11. 6. 2| greater reliance on central taxation may also increase financial
32 IV, 11. 6. 2| many of these countries, taxation remains an important funding
33 IV, 11. 6. 2| associated with earmarked taxation. For instance, it is more
34 IV, 11. 6. 2| transparent than general taxation, hence tends to be more
35 IV, 11. 6. 2| interference than revenue from taxation since an independent system
36 IV, 11. 6. 3| Among the different types of taxation, there are different degrees
37 IV, 11. 6. 3| on taxes (Commission on Taxation and Citizenship, 2000).~ ~
38 IV, 11. 6. 3| increasing reliance on indirect taxation in many Member States since
39 IV, 11. 6. 3| as a proportion of total taxation increased from an average
40 IV, 11. 6. 3| progressiveness of income taxation also depends on the number
41 IV, 11. 6. 3| Zandvakili, 1994). Progressive taxation also depends on the relative
42 IV, 11. 6. 3| tax collection. National taxation has been found to be a more
43 IV, 11. 6. 3| of financing than local taxation. For example, in Finland,
44 IV, 11. 6. 3| social transfers than from taxation (Ervik, 1998).~ ~The redistributive
45 IV, 11. 6. 3| Schneider, 1998).~ ~Contrary to taxation and social insurance where
46 IV, 11. 6. 4| cost variation)~Estonia~Taxation Agency~Estonian Health Insurance
47 IV, 11. 6. 5| 210-27.~ ~Hills J (2000): Taxation for the Enabling State.
48 IV, 11. 6. 5| Duncan A (1995): Hypothecated taxation: an evaluation of recent
49 IV, 11. 6. 5| and redistribution through taxation: an international comparison."
50 IV, 12. 2 | tobacco products (price, taxation);~· measures to reduce exposure
51 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| tachycardia~tattoo~taxation~teenagers~teeth~temperature~
