Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 4 | differ in incidence and prevalence rates, treatment and cure
2 I, 2. 4 | inequalities are also found in the prevalence of most specific diseases (
3 I, 2. 4 | are also evident in the prevalence of self-reported chronic
4 I, 2. 4 | chronic diseases have a higher prevalence in the lower educational
5 I, 2. 4 | health promotion; reducing the prevalence and incidence of certain
6 I, 2. 10. 1 | sufficient to measure the prevalence of diseases if the surveillance
7 II, 4. 1 | using incidence in place of prevalence), less subjective (using
8 II, 4. 2 | the decrease in smoking prevalence. Mortality by external causes (
9 II, 5. 1. 1 | compared to non-smokers. Prevalence of COPD reached 50% in elderly
10 II, 5. 2. 2 | failure and arrhythmias, whose prevalence has greatly increased in
11 II, 5. 2. 3 | by the reduction in the prevalence of smokers. The first two
12 II, 5. 2. 3 | characterized by different prevalence, age distribution and risk
13 II, 5. 2. 3 | become milder and that the prevalence of stroke survivors is increasing.
14 II, 5. 2. 3 | suggesting that a decrease in the prevalence of some environmental factors (
15 II, 5. 2. 4 | available data on hypertension prevalence by age range. It seems clear
16 II, 5. 2. 4 | clear that hypertension prevalence increases with age and that
17 II, 5. 2. 4 | definition of hypertension prevalence ( 160 o 95 mmHg; 140 o 90
18 II, 5. 2. 4 | data on total cholesterol: prevalence of hypercholesterolemia
19 II, 5. 2. 4 | laboratory assays. Beyond that, prevalence, as expected, increases
20 II, 5. 2. 4 | health interview surveys. Prevalence of smoking in women is lower
21 II, 5. 2. 4 | Table 5.2.7. Estimated prevalence of hypertension for men
22 II, 5. 2. 4 | cholesterol in mmol/l and prevalence of hypercholesterolemia
23 II, 5. 2. 4 | Table 5.2.9. Estimated prevalence of smoking habit in 27 EU
24 II, 5. 2. 4 | Table 5.2.10. Estimated prevalence of obesity (defined as BMI
25 II, 5. 2. 4 | conditions.~ ~Table 5.2.11. Prevalence of smoking (%), mean values
26 II, 5. 2. 4 | that in over 10 years the prevalence of patients with hypertension
27 II, 5. 2. 4 | made with regards to the prevalence of smoking and obesity.~ ~
28 II, 5. 3. 1 | years after diagnosis);~ ~ Prevalence: reflects the total cancer
29 II, 5. 3. 2 | time after diagnosis) and prevalence. ENCR has developed recommendations
30 II, 5. 3. 6 | important to consider that the prevalence of European adults with
31 II, 5. 3. 8 | Coleman et al, 2003). Cancer prevalence, the measure of living people
32 II, 5. 3. 8 | cases in 2002. With cancer prevalence, the demand for resources
33 II, 5. 4. 1 | overweight and obesity, the prevalence of T2DM is increasing in
34 II, 5. 4. 1 | Because of the increased prevalence of obesity, the onset of
35 II, 5. 4. 1 | Worldwide estimates of prevalence of diabetes are scarce and
36 II, 5. 4. 1 | equivalent to a global prevalence of about 6.0%, 46% of which
37 II, 5. 4. 1 | According to WHO, diabetes prevalence in the European Region is
38 II, 5. 4. 1 | the IDF Atlas reports a prevalence of 8.5% in the EU 27 Member
39 II, 5. 4. 1 | important differences in prevalence are observed among the different
40 II, 5. 4. 1 | Austria have the largest prevalence rates with 11.8% and 11.
41 II, 5. 4. 1 | States in general experience prevalence rates above 10%. Diabetes
42 II, 5. 4. 1 | factors leads to the increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. For
43 II, 5. 4. 1 | reports a staggering worldwide prevalence of 7.5%, estimated to increase
44 II, 5. 4. 2 | accurate measurement of the prevalence of the disease, risk factors,
45 II, 5. 4. 2 | individuals overestimate prevalence; different portion of cases
46 II, 5. 4. 2 | containing estimates of the prevalence of diabetes and impaired
47 II, 5. 4. 2 | Among these items, diabetes prevalence and diabetes management
48 II, 5. 4. 2 | national drug sales to estimate prevalence of different pathologies (
49 II, 5. 4. 2 | an indirect estimate of prevalence and the pharmaceutical use
50 II, 5. 4. 2 | years~12~HES/HIS Registry~Prevalence of diabetes mellitus/1000
51 II, 5. 4. 2 | HIS/HES/SPSN/RS Registries~Prevalence (stock) of dialysis/transplantation (
52 II, 5. 4. 2 | year per 100.000 children.~Prevalence of diabetes, defined by
53 II, 5. 4. 2 | is extremely variable.~Prevalence over 25 yrs, an EUCID indicator,
54 II, 5. 4. 2 | Almost in all countries, prevalence reaches a peak over 75 years
55 II, 5. 4. 2 | population in one year.~Prevalence (stock) of dialysis/transplantation
56 II, 5. 4. 2 | Epidemiology of diabetes~ ~Prevalence of subjects with impaired
57 II, 5. 4. 3 | 14 years (Green, 2001).~Prevalence of diabetesStandardized
58 II, 5. 4. 3 | band of 75-84 years of age.~Prevalence (stock) of dialysis/transplantation
59 II, 5. 4. 4 | constantly underlined by prevalence results. Evidence shows
60 II, 5. 4. 4 | results. Evidence shows that prevalence is rapidly increasing. However,
61 II, 5. 4. 4 | is absolutely necessary. Prevalence forecasts for 2025 must
62 II, 5. 4. 4 | estimates. The variation in the prevalence of dialysis/transplant among
63 II, 5. 4. 4 | glucose tolerance has a prevalence at least as high as that
64 II, 5. 4. 6 | of CVD and of the rising prevalence of obesity and T2DM. A recent
65 II, 5. 4. 6 | increase of obesity, the dither prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising
66 II, 5. 4. 6 | Slovenia experience the highest prevalence rates in Europe, and will
67 II, 5. 4. 8 | Register: trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality, Diabetologia.
68 II, 5. 4. 8 | of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence, numerical estimates, and
69 II, 5. 4. 8 | trends in male diabetes prevalence, undiagnosed diabetes, and
70 II, 5. 4. 8 | 2008)~Wil H (2004): Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for
71 II, 5. 5.Int | But despite their lower prevalence, the associated burden of
72 II, 5. 5.Int | According to Makino et al18, the prevalence rates in Western countries
73 II, 5. 5.Int(18)| K, Dennerstein L.(2004): Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison
74 II, 5. 5.Int | Schizophrenia in the EU has a prevalence of about 1% equivalent to
75 II, 5. 5.Int | available.~ ~Epilepsy: The prevalence of epilepsy in the EU varies
76 II, 5. 5.Int | epilepsy is 0.9 million (prevalence 4.5-5.0 per 1000), 1.9 million
77 II, 5. 5.Int | 1.9 million aged 20-64 (prevalence six per 1000) and 0.6 million
78 II, 5. 5.Int | million aged 65 or older (prevalence seven per 1000). Approximately
79 II, 5. 5. 1 | are quite common. Lifetime prevalence of major depression is 13%
80 II, 5. 5. 1 | among women; in Europe, prevalence is 9% for adult men and
81 II, 5. 5. 1 | Member States found lifetime prevalence of having any anxiety disorder
82 II, 5. 5. 1 | and projected lifetime prevalence 13-26% in the participating
83 II, 5. 5. 1 | comparability and validity of prevalence and incidence data when
84 II, 5. 5. 1 | addition, the HfA includes prevalence in %, as a cumulative number
85 II, 5. 5. 1 | sources. The incidence and prevalence data are available in HfA
86 II, 5. 5. 1 | following areas are covered: prevalence, risk factors, disability,
87 II, 5. 5. 1 | than comparison of absolute prevalence rates. Reports of access
88 II, 5. 5. 1 | description and analysis~ ~Prevalence, incidence, access to treatment
89 II, 5. 5. 1 | Netherlands, and Spain.~ ~Lifetime prevalence of any mood disorder was
90 II, 5. 5. 1 | ESEMeD countries. Lifetime prevalence of any anxiety disorder
91 II, 5. 5. 1 | presents lifetime and 12 month prevalence rates (%) for mood and anxiety
92 II, 5. 5. 1 | 1 Lifetime and 12 month prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders
93 II, 5. 5. 1 | 1) those with a lower prevalence of psychological distress
94 II, 5. 5. 1 | 2) those with a similar prevalence of psychological distress
95 II, 5. 5. 1 | 3) those with a higher prevalence of psychological distress
96 II, 5. 5. 1 | Brugha TS, Bryson H (2004a). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe:
97 II, 5. 5. 1 | 2007): Lifetime prevalence and age-of-onset distributions
98 II, 5. 5. 1 | 146-52.~ ~S G (2005). The prevalence and impact of alcohol problems
99 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia (Kurz, 2002). The prevalence of dementia in EU is estimated
100 II, 5. 5. 2 | two major studies into the prevalence of dementia in Europe and
101 II, 5. 5. 2 | group pooled data on the prevalence of moderate to severe dementia
102 II, 5. 5. 2 | and came up with a set of prevalence rates for men and women
103 II, 5. 5. 2 | when using the resulting prevalence rates for other countries
104 II, 5. 5. 2 | other factors affecting prevalence.~ ~It is difficult if not
105 II, 5. 5. 2 | on dementia and agreed on prevalence estimates for every World
106 II, 5. 5. 2 | calculations, we only used the prevalence rates for Western Europe (
107 II, 5. 5. 2 | differences in the resulting prevalence rates. In the EURODEM study,
108 II, 5. 5. 2 | EURODEM study, for example, a prevalence rate was calculated for
109 II, 5. 5. 2 | study calculated separate prevalence rates per 5 year age groups
110 II, 5. 5. 2 | whereas Ferri et al reported a prevalence rate for people aged 85
111 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| for which we calculated prevalence.~
112 II, 5. 5. 2 | description and analysis~ ~Prevalence~ ~The prevalence rates for
113 II, 5. 5. 2 | analysis~ ~Prevalence~ ~The prevalence rates for the EURODEM and
114 II, 5. 5. 2 | Table 5.5.2.1. EURODEM prevalence rates~ ~Table 5.5.2.2. Prevalence
115 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevalence rates~ ~Table 5.5.2.2. Prevalence rates reported by Ferri
116 II, 5. 5. 2 | al (2005)~ ~Using these prevalence rates and the population
117 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia (depending on which prevalence rates are used). This represents
118 II, 5. 5. 2 | developments based on their prevalence rates and UN population
119 II, 5. 5. 2 | meta-analysis of existing prevalence studies in whole Europe,
120 II, 5. 5. 2 | to devise new consensual prevalence rates for dementia. A database
121 II, 5. 5. 2 | development of consensual prevalence rates, guidelines on diagnosis,
122 II, 5. 5. 2 | Prince M et al (2005): Global prevalence of dementia: a Delphi consensus
123 II, 5. 5. 3 | representative conclusions about prevalence and incidence. ~ ~Literature
124 II, 5. 5. 3 | to measure incidence and prevalence. One method, which is able
125 II, 5. 5. 3 | not provide information (prevalence and incidence) about the
126 II, 5. 5. 3 | to indicate the complete prevalence and incidence of eating
127 II, 5. 5. 3 | allowing statements about prevalence and incidence of anorexia
128 II, 5. 5. 3 | representative data about prevalence of Bulimia and Anorexia
129 II, 5. 5. 3 | representative data about the prevalence of Bulimia and Anorexia
130 II, 5. 5. 3 | epidemiological studies about prevalence of eating disorders. However,
131 II, 5. 5. 3 | research on the incidence and prevalence of eating disorders in the
132 II, 5. 5. 3 | epidemiological data concerning prevalence of bulimia and anorexia
133 II, 5. 5. 3 | physical activity as well as the prevalence of particular high priority
134 II, 5. 5. 3 | Hoeken, 2003). An average prevalence rate of 0.3% for young females
135 II, 5. 5. 3 | States was noticed. The prevalence rate for bulimia is 1% for
136 II, 5. 5. 3 | about changes in incidence, prevalence and progress. With this
137 II, 5. 5. 3 | well-grounded information on prevalence, incidence and progress
138 II, 5. 5. 3 | D, (2003): Review of the Prevalence and Incidence of Eating
139 II, 5. 5. 3 | related to schizophrenia.~Prevalence and Incidence~According
140 II, 5. 5. 3 | review (Saha et al, 2005) of prevalence data evaluated in 188 epidemiological
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | studies the median point prevalence was 4.6 per 1000, period
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | was 4.6 per 1000, period prevalence 3.3 per 1000, lifetime prevalence
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence 3.3 per 1000, lifetime prevalence 4.0 per 1000 and lifetime
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | habitation area. However, the prevalence was significantly increased
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | 22, 2008) the calculated prevalence of schizophrenia should
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimates based on the lifetime prevalence rate, the service utilization
147 II, 5. 5. 3 | available focusing on the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia
148 II, 5. 5. 3 | Available data summarize prevalence and incidence rates for
149 II, 5. 5. 3 | variation in incidence and prevalence data (Lange et al, 2002).
150 II, 5. 5. 3 | underestimate the actual prevalence of schizophrenia since about
151 II, 5. 5. 3 | rates as indicators for prevalence - as well as information
152 II, 5. 5. 3 | the schizophrenia burden.~Prevalence and Incidence~Figure 5.5.
153 II, 5. 5. 3 | Figure 5.5.3.2.1. Estimated prevalence of psychotic disorders in
154 II, 5. 5. 3 | comprehensive review on prevalence data identified a median
155 II, 5. 5. 3 | identified a median point prevalence of 4.6 per 1 000, 3.3 for
156 II, 5. 5. 3 | per 1 000, 3.3 for period prevalence, 4.0 for lifetime prevalence
157 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence, 4.0 for lifetime prevalence and 7.2 for lifetime morbidity
158 II, 5. 5. 3 | value noted for lifetime prevalence is 0.5 to 1.0%.~Worldwide,
159 II, 5. 5. 3 | specific differences in prevalence and in certain incidence
160 II, 5. 5. 3 | Factors that may influence the prevalence, such as recovery, suicide
161 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimates of lifetime suicide prevalence in schizophrenia are contradictory:
162 II, 5. 5. 3 | due to higher incidence or prevalence rates in these countries.
163 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia have a higher prevalence of HIV infections and hepatitis,
164 II, 5. 5. 3 | morbidity.~Table 5.5.3.2.2. Prevalence and adjusted odds ratios
165 II, 5. 5. 3 | Compared to typical community prevalence rates (25-30%), the rate
166 II, 5. 5. 3 | metabolic syndrome. The diabetes prevalence is shown to be about 15%
167 II, 5. 5. 3 | Netherlands and the UK. The prevalence period for help seeking
168 II, 5. 5. 3 | surveys, population size, and prevalence rates was as follows:~Mini
169 II, 5. 5. 3 | little to no atypicals. Prevalence estimates on schizophrenia
170 II, 5. 5. 3 | evidence suggests a decline in prevalence (e.g. Suvisaari et al, 1999),
171 II, 5. 5. 3 | comparable data on incidence and prevalence rates, risk factors etc
172 II, 5. 5. 3 | Survey Consortium (2004): Prevalence, severity, and unmet need
173 II, 5. 5. 3 | Leckband SG, Jeste DV (2002): Prevalence of and risk factors for
174 II, 5. 5. 3 | systematic review of the prevalence of schizophrenia PLoS Med.
175 II, 5. 5. 3 | Smith G, Goodall E (1988): Prevalence of obesity in patients receiving
176 II, 5. 5. 3 | Survey Consortium (2004): Prevalence, severity, and unmet need
177 II, 5. 5. 3 | difficulties in estimating the prevalence of ASD in a historical perspective,
178 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe-wide information on the prevalence. Difficulties such as lack
179 II, 5. 5. 3 | differences in reported prevalence over time. The major source
180 II, 5. 5. 3 | survey methodologies. Point prevalence comparisons made within
181 II, 5. 5. 3 | from multiple surveys. ~Prevalence rates have been estimated
182 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevention (CDC) carried out a prevalence study in 2002. This study
183 II, 5. 5. 3 | consistent with the upper end of prevalence estimates from previously
184 II, 5. 5. 3 | A systematic review of prevalence studies has contributed
185 II, 5. 5. 3 | influences on variation among prevalence estimates. Over half of
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | of these known factors on prevalence estimates should now be
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | for other influences on prevalence.~It is well accepted in
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | available to determine both the prevalence and financial burden of
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | valid information about ASD prevalence in several European countries
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | methods for planning an ASD prevalence study in Europe. This is
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | developments~ ~Reports of increased prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | differences in reported prevalence over time. The methodology
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | The methodology to measure prevalence and the case definition
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | In Europe, the incidence, prevalence and mortality of epilepsy
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | background, the different prevalence of the most common risk
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | population at risk, the prevalence of the etiological factors
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | epidemiological purposes.~ ~Prevalence of epilepsy~There are numerous
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | numerous studies on the prevalence of epilepsy in Europe (Forsgren
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 2005). The overall prevalence of active epilepsy ranges
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | 000 (Table 5.5.3.4.3). The prevalence is lower in infancy and
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | elderly. As with incidence, prevalence of epilepsy tends to prevail
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | with documented etiology in prevalence studies has been shown to
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | above).~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.3. Prevalence of active epilepsy in Europe~
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | Population ~Design~No. of cases ~Prevalence ratio (per 1,000)~Reference(
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | shown by Forsgren (2004) in prevalence studies made on adults from
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | contrast with incidence, the prevalence of epilepsy syndromes has
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | Beilmann et al, 1999), the prevalence of idiopathic epilepsies
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | Waaler et al, 2000). The prevalence of specific syndromes in
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | was detected between the prevalence of epilepsy and social deprivation,
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranges from 1 per 1,000 in prevalence studies (O’Donogue and Sander,
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cornaggia, 2002) and the prevalence of comorbidity in patients
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | controls, with differing prevalence ratios (PR) when comparing
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | studies on the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in countries
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | reports, similar incidence, prevalence and mortality rates are
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | A, Soot A, et al (1999): Prevalence of childhood epilepsy in
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | first attendance rates, prevalence, and prognosis. J Neurol
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | V, Miseviciene V (1997): Prevalence of childhood epilepsy in
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | KJ., Koivikko MJ (1997): Prevalence, classification, and severity
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | La Spina P, et al (2005): Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy
220 II, 5. 5. 3 | Social deprivation and prevalence of epilepsy and associated
221 II, 5. 5. 3 | Forsgren L, Heijbel J (1996): Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy
222 II, 5. 5. 3 | Epilepsy in children: prevalence, disability and handicap.
223 II, 5. 5. 3 | Skeidsvoll H, Mykletun A (2000): Prevalence, classification, and severity
224 II, 5. 5. 3 | despite its relatively limited prevalence. It is the major cause of
225 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of MS incidence and prevalence by age, sex, disease course
226 II, 5. 5. 3 | Age categorisation for prevalence and incidence differs from
227 II, 5. 5. 3 | When feasible, the total prevalence rate was standardized using
228 II, 5. 5. 3 | provide further details as to prevalence distribution by country,
229 II, 5. 5. 3 | available.~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.1. Prevalence of Multiple Sclerosis in
230 II, 5. 5. 3 | Countries~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.2. Prevalence (per 100 000) of Multiple
231 II, 5. 5. 3 | gender~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.3. Prevalence (per 100 000) of Multiple
232 II, 5. 5. 3 | Wales; a markedly increased prevalence up to tenfold in Wales partly
233 II, 5. 5. 3 | latitudinal gradient of MS prevalence across the UK is unquestionable,
234 II, 5. 5. 3 | Scottish border. The MS prevalence in Northern Ireland is comparable
235 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations. In Ireland, the prevalence of MS is similar to that
236 II, 5. 5. 3 | comparable latitudes.~The MS prevalence in the Nordic countries
237 II, 5. 5. 3 | across regions. The higher prevalence rates of MS reported in
238 II, 5. 5. 3 | an uneven distribution of prevalence and incidence, with peaks
239 II, 5. 5. 3 | Norwegians in Oslo had a prevalence rate of 136, which was higher
240 II, 5. 5. 3 | population. In Hordaland County prevalence was 151 in 2003. In most
241 II, 5. 5. 3 | resistant population, the prevalence increased 3.5-fold to 73
242 II, 5. 5. 3 | established in the early 1950s, prevalence in Göteborg in southwestern
243 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sweden showed an increase of prevalence from 125 in 1990 to 154
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | regional differences in MS prevalence and incidence have persisted
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | in Uusimaa in the south. Prevalence increased between 1983 and
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | threefold increase of MS prevalence up to 119 in 1999 compared
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | Scandinavian countries.~The MS prevalence in Germany has been rather
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | time and geography, with prevalence between 83 and 127 (Pugliatti
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | personal data). Similar prevalence rates were found in the
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | geographical distribution of MS prevalence was heterogeneous in Poland,
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | nationwide survey, the estimated prevalence in France is 65 per 100
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | regional differences applied to prevalence but not to incidence rates,
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | and central Spain found prevalence rates of 32–58 and mean
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | rates from 2–4 in the 1990s. Prevalence data are in the same range
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | range for Portugal.~Several prevalence surveys on MS have been
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | multiply assessed. The overall prevalence and the reported increase
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | and increased survival. Prevalence and incidence rates in the
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | fold increase in Malta’s prevalence rate since 1978 was explained
259 II, 5. 5. 3 | MS risk in the Maltese.~Prevalence of 39 and 21 per 100 000
260 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence of 0.9 for Romania. Prevalence was 39 in Greece and Cyprus (
261 II, 5. 5. 3 | in these areas.~In brief, prevalence in Europe ranges from approx.
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nevertheless, a certain extent of prevalence heterogeneity is observed
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | decreasing variability in prevalence rates among and within Countries
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | in the same time frame. Prevalence ranges between 11 and 282
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1.1 and 3.4. Mean total prevalence estimates by age group varied
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | across Countries. The highest prevalence estimates have been reported
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | Scotland, and Norway, where prevalence was higher in the population
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | information on age-specific prevalence rates, on the distribution
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | comparing incidence and prevalence rates between studies.~A
270 II, 5. 5. 3 | in the distribution of MS prevalence rates across Europe has
271 II, 5. 5. 3 | decreased variability in prevalence rates among and within countries
272 II, 5. 5. 3 | and a temporal increase of prevalence and incidence rates where
273 II, 5. 5. 3 | predict the degree of MS prevalence according to latitude, a
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | gradient was found if crude prevalence rates were considered (Zivadinov
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 2003). However, for prevalence and incidence rates age-adjusted
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | epidemiological data, such as prevalence and incidence rates, age
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | analyse and compare MS data; prevalence and epidemiology of multiple
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ganzinger U, et al (2002): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | Füvesi J, et al (2001): The prevalence of multiple sclerosis, distribution
280 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1994): Multiple sclerosis prevalence in Russia and other countries
281 II, 5. 5. 3 | sclerosis in Oslo, Norway: prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence
282 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nord-Trøndelag County, Norway: a prevalence and incidence study. Acta
283 II, 5. 5. 3 | Mendes H, et al (2006): The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
284 II, 5. 5. 3 | Swingler RJ (1999): The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | Airey CM, et al (1998): The prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality of multiple
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | reappraisal of incidence and prevalence in Ferrara. Arch Neurol
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | Kokk A, Kaasik AE (1993): Prevalence of MS in South Estonia.
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | sclerosis: incidence and prevalence rates in Denmark 1948–64
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | Latitudinal variation in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | Jordanova L, Topalov N (1997): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | Zwanniken CF (1994): Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | López A, Errea JM (1997): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lo Fermo S, et al (2001): Prevalence and incidence of multiple
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | the region of Szczecin: prevalence and incidence 1993-1995.
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | G (2002): The worldwide prevalence of MS. Clinical Neurology
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | 76.~Rosati G (2001). The prevalence of MS in the world: an update.
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1998): High incidence and prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | Hakama M (2001): Increasing prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nyström L, Forsgren L (2001): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
301 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incidence (1988-97): and prevalence (1997): of multiple sclerosis
302 II, 5. 5. 3 | Fernández-Herranz R (1999): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
303 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cialfi A, et al (2000): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | Vlietnick R, Carton H (1994): Prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | Regional variations in the prevalence of multiple sclerosis in
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | standardized incidence and prevalence rates in epidemiological
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | parkinsonism”, have a much lower prevalence (MSA:1.86 to 4.9/100.000,
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with an increasing prevalence in older age groups (>85y;
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | Country-specific data on PD prevalence are summarised in Table
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005).~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.2. Prevalence studies of Parkinson’s disease
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe.~ ~Estimates of crude prevalence rates varied considerably,
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | Detailed age-specific prevalence rates were not provided
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 2001), the crude prevalence increased steadily with
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | Rosati et al, 1979) the crude prevalence started to decrease between
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | years of age.~Estimated prevalence and incidence rates for
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | were included, the rates of prevalence and incidence were much
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | distributions (note that the highest prevalence of 12,500/100,000 was obtained
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | false-negative screening results, prevalence may also be underestimated (
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | conflicting evidence of a higher prevalence for men: some studies found
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | limitations discussed for prevalence studies, differences in
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | and mortality of PD.~The prevalence and cost data were stratified
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | identified, however, the prevalence of genes that have been
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | developed countries, the prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | ascertainment uncertainties in prevalence surveys of Parkinson’s disease.
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | Gabriel R, Morales JM (2003): Prevalence of PD and other types of
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | Marti-Masso JF (2004): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease and
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | Magnani C, Schiffer D (1998): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | de Pedro-Cuesta J (2002): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | Naccarato S, Manzaroli D (1987): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | Meche FG, Hofman A (1995): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | Alperovitch A, Rocca WA (1997): Prevalence of parkinsonism and Parkinson’
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | de Pedro-Cuesta J (1999): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | Giuffrida S, Reggio A (2003): Prevalence of Parkinson’s disease:
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | United Kingdom. A study of prevalence and disability. Acta neurologica
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | Estimation of incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’s disease in
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | Berger K, Dodel R (2005): Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’
337 II, 5. 6. 3 | definitions, incidence and prevalence; determinants; disability
338 II, 5. 6. 3 | Estimates of incidence and prevalence for the major musculoskeletal
339 II, 5. 6. 3 | 1. General Incidence and Prevalence Rates~ ~Musculoskeletal
340 II, 5. 6. 3 | rheumatoid arthritis.~ ~Prevalence~ ~In Europe, just over one-fifth (
341 II, 5. 6. 3 | in those over 75.~ ~The prevalence of musculoskeletal pain
342 II, 5. 6. 3 | The age and sex-specific prevalence of chronic musculoskeletal
343 II, 5. 6. 3 | Sweden~ ~ ~Figure 5.6.2. Prevalence of self reported musculoskeletal
344 II, 5. 6. 3 | Netherlands~ ~Figure 5.6.2.b Prevalence of self reported musculoskeletal
345 II, 5. 6. 3 | Report No 272e, 2007).~ ~The prevalence of physical disabilities
346 II, 5. 6. 3 | Reynolds et al, 1992). The prevalence is higher in women, and
347 II, 5. 6. 3 | studies to estimate the prevalence of OA in different joint
348 II, 5. 6. 3 | progression increases with age.~ ~Prevalence~ ~Prevalence measured using
349 II, 5. 6. 3 | with age.~ ~Prevalence~ ~Prevalence measured using radiological
350 II, 5. 6. 3 | lead to an overestimate of prevalence. Likewise, surveys that
351 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoarthritis over-estimate the prevalence (Symmons et al, 2003). For
352 II, 5. 6. 3 | in the UK showed that the prevalence of symptomatic knee OA was
353 II, 5. 6. 3 | Spector et al, 1991).~ ~The prevalence of OA increases indefinitely
354 II, 5. 6. 3 | people aged 55 – 74 the prevalence of OA of the hand is 70%,
355 II, 5. 6. 3 | geographical variation in prevalence.~ ~In many people there
356 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.3. Osteoarthritis Prevalence in selected EUGLOREH Countries~ ~
357 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.4. Osteoarthritis Prevalence (Radiographic Criteria)
358 II, 5. 6. 3 | Countries ~ ~Figure 5.6.3. Prevalence of knee OA in Europe~ ~Figure
359 II, 5. 6. 3 | Europe~ ~Figure 5.6.4a. Prevalence of radiographic OA by age
360 II, 5. 6. 3 | age A) Men~Figure 5.6.4b. Prevalence of radiographic OA by age
361 II, 5. 6. 3 | public health, based on their prevalence and associated disability.
362 II, 5. 6. 3 | changes in the incidence and prevalence of OA are difficult to predict.
363 II, 5. 6. 3 | predict. As incidence and prevalence rise with increasing age
364 II, 5. 6. 3 | females. Estimates of the prevalence of RA range from 1-6 per
365 II, 5. 6. 3 | women. In all studies the prevalence is higher in women than
366 II, 5. 6. 3 | now reflected in recent prevalence figures for RA from the
367 II, 5. 6. 3 | approximate 25% fall in prevalence in women aged 16-74.~ ~The
368 II, 5. 6. 3 | 74.~ ~The incidence and prevalence of RA generally rises with
369 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.6)~ ~Table 5.6.6. Prevalence and incidence of rheumatoid
370 II, 5. 6. 3 | studies across Europe.~ ~Prevalence~ ~For both men and women
371 II, 5. 6. 3 | to be a gradient in the prevalence of RA going from South (
372 II, 5. 6. 3 | highest). For example the prevalence of RA in men in Finland
373 II, 5. 6. 3 | Italy 0.13%. In women, the prevalence in the same three countries
374 II, 5. 6. 3 | changes in the incidence and prevalence of RA are difficult to predict.
375 II, 5. 6. 3 | indicate a decline in its prevalence, particularly among women (
376 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3.4.4 Prevalence~ ~Prevalence is best measured
377 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.3.4.4 Prevalence~ ~Prevalence is best measured by the
378 II, 5. 6. 3 | vertebral deformity.~ ~The prevalence of vertebral deformity increases
379 II, 5. 6. 3 | IOF criteria, the general prevalence of osteoporosis rises from
380 II, 5. 6. 3 | previous low back pain.~ ~Prevalence~ ~Lifetime prevalence varies
381 II, 5. 6. 3 | Prevalence~ ~Lifetime prevalence varies between 58% and 84%.
382 II, 5. 6. 3 | pain is very common but the prevalence varies according to the
383 II, 5. 6. 3 | between countries. Point prevalence (proportion of population
384 II, 5. 6. 3 | been a reported increase in prevalence in the UK between 1980 and
385 II, 5. 6. 6 | estimates of severity and prevalence from the Calderdale Rheumatic
386 II, 5. 6. 6 | Chronic musculoskeletal pain, prevalence rates, and sociodemographic
387 II, 5. 6. 6 | Great Britain Report 1: The prevalence of disability among adults.~ ~
388 II, 5. 6. 6 | 1998): Estimates of the prevalence of arthritis and selected
389 II, 5. 6. 6 | Minnesota: a study of incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Am J Epidemiol
390 II, 5. 6. 6 | Chandler C, Dawson P (1999): Prevalence of back, neck and shoulder
391 II, 5. 6. 6 | Great Britain Report 1: Prevalence of disability among adults.~
392 II, 5. 6. 6 | Britain: comparison of two prevalence surveys at an interval of
393 II, 5. 6. 6 | Picavet HS, Hazes JM (2003): Prevalence of self reported musculoskeletal
394 II, 5. 6. 6 | Leedham-Green M (1991): The prevalence of knee and hand osteoarthritis (
395 II, 5. 6. 6 | Hart DJ, Powell RJ (1993): Prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis
396 II, 5. 6. 6 | D, Silman A (2002): The prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis
397 II, 5. 6. 6 | community: the comparative prevalence of symptoms at different
398 II, 5. 7. 1 | policies for CKD. The high prevalence of CKD, its contribution
399 II, 5. 7. 2 | compilation of studies on the prevalence of CKD among children, adolescents
400 II, 5. 7. 2 | RRT. Available data on the prevalence of CKD (stages 1-5) in EU
401 II, 5. 7. 2 | data on the incidence and prevalence of RRT for ESRD to the ERA-EDTA
402 II, 5. 7. 2 | to calculate incidence, prevalence and patient survival. These
403 II, 5. 7. 2 | aggregated incidence and prevalence data that are received from
404 II, 5. 7. 2 | this report incidence and prevalence data on RRT were used from
405 II, 5. 7. 3 | available only in Norway. Prevalence of 1-5 CKD in Norway was
406 II, 5. 7. 3 | is similar to the current prevalence in the USA (11%). This contrasts
407 II, 5. 7. 3 | nephrologist and had higher prevalence of obesity and diabetes.~ ~
408 II, 5. 7. 3 | Table 5.7.5). Just like prevalence, the incidence rate of RRT
409 II, 5. 7. 3 | concomitant increase in the prevalence of RRT over the past decades
410 II, 5. 7. 3 | variation in incidence~ ~As for prevalence the incidence rate of RRT
411 II, 5. 7. 3 | Renal Registry, 2003).~ ~Prevalence~ ~For the 27 EU Member countries,
412 II, 5. 7. 3 | national surveys on the prevalence of CKD among adults are
413 II, 5. 7. 3 | databases overestimate the prevalence of diseases and this is
414 II, 5. 7. 3 | this review. Indeed the prevalence of stages 3-5 CKD was 1.
415 II, 5. 7. 3 | Italy, Iceland, Norway. The prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD appears
416 II, 5. 7. 3 | than in males. The higher prevalence on CKD in females, which
417 II, 5. 7. 3 | people <20 years reported a prevalence of CKD (defined as a GFR <
418 II, 5. 7. 3 | Esbjorner et al, 1997).~ ~The prevalence of ESRD undergoing RRT in
419 II, 5. 7. 3 | et al, 2004). In 2005 the prevalence of RRT in the 0-14 years
420 II, 5. 7. 3 | Table 5.7.7).~ ~Adults~ ~The prevalence of CKD by stages (as defined
421 II, 5. 7. 3 | Figure 5.7.2.~ ~Figure 5.7.2. Prevalence of chronic kidney disease
422 II, 5. 7. 3 | stage in two EU Countries~ ~Prevalence of stages 3-5 CKD - i.e.
423 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2007). Stage 3-5 CKD prevalence was either similar in males
424 II, 5. 7. 3 | information was available the prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD increased
425 II, 5. 7. 3 | 5.7.4).~ ~Figure 5.7.3. Prevalence of stages 3-5 of chronic
426 II, 5. 7. 3 | 4. Sex and age specific prevalence of stages 3-5 of chronic
427 II, 5. 7. 3 | sex.~ ~In 2005 the crude prevalence of RRT for ESRD varied from
428 II, 5. 7. 3 | to females (Table 5.7.7). Prevalence of RRT in Europeans is lower
429 II, 5. 7. 3 | 2007).~ ~Table 5.7.6A. Prevalence of RRT over the period 1992-
430 II, 5. 7. 3 | country.~ ~Table 5.7.6B. Prevalence of RRT over the period 2000-
431 II, 5. 7. 3 | country.~ ~Table 5.7.7. Prevalence of RRT over the period 1992-
432 II, 5. 7. 3 | In those surveys, the prevalence of stage 1-5 CKD rose from
433 II, 5. 7. 3 | DeJong, 2007), while the prevalence of stages 3-5 remained almost
434 II, 5. 7. 3 | 7) the overall adjusted prevalence of RRT for ESRD increased
435 II, 5. 7. 3 | age group, however, the prevalence remained stable throughout
436 II, 5. 7. 3 | databases overestimate the prevalence of diseases and this was
437 II, 5. 7. 3 | this review. Indeed, the prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD was 1.3
438 II, 5. 7. 3 | Italy, Iceland, Norway. The prevalence of stage 3-5 CKD appears
439 II, 5. 7. 3 | than in males. The higher prevalence on CKD in females, which
440 II, 5. 7. 3 | concomitant increase in the prevalence of RRT over the past decades
441 II, 5. 7. 4 | Renal Registry, 2003), the prevalence of RRT was higher in socially
442 II, 5. 7. 4 | general population, by the prevalence of underlying causes of
443 II, 5. 7. 5 | proposal for a survey on the prevalence of CKD at community level
444 II, 5. 7. 7 | Zimmet PZ, et al (2003): Prevalence of kidney damage in Australian
445 II, 5. 7. 7 | Reynolds K, et al (2005) Prevalence of decreased kidney function
446 II, 5. 7. 7 | filtration in the population: prevalence, associated disorders, and
447 II, 5. 7. 7 | kidney disease awareness, prevalence, and trends among U.S. adults,
448 II, 5. 7. 7 | of chronic kidney disease prevalence and ESRD risk. J Am Soc
449 II, 5. 7. 7 | increasing faster than the prevalence of chronic renal insufficiency.
450 II, 5. 8. 1 | significant augmentations in COPD prevalence and mortality are envisaged
451 II, 5. 8. 3 | section addresses incidence, prevalence and mortality associated
452 II, 5. 8. 3 | between men and women.~ ~Prevalence and disease severity~ ~Since
453 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2000, many studies on COPD prevalence have been published (Chapman
454 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2006). The variability of prevalence rates according to different
455 II, 5. 8. 3 | et al, 2006) estimated a prevalence of 9.2% using a spirometric
456 II, 5. 8. 3 | studies reported 101 overall prevalence estimates from 28 different
457 II, 5. 8. 3 | of which were European. Prevalence did not vary significantly
458 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.1)~ ~Table 5.8.1. Prevalence estimates for COPD per different
459 II, 5. 8. 3 | from Northern Italy, AO prevalence rates ranged from 11.0%
460 II, 5. 8. 3 | NICECOPD) study, assessed the prevalence of obstructive lung disease
461 II, 5. 8. 3 | Study (WHO LARES) reported a prevalence of 6.2% of chronic bronchitis
462 II, 5. 8. 3 | has estimated that the prevalence of COPD in the general Spanish
463 II, 5. 8. 3 | steady trend to increased prevalence in Finland, Slovakia, Romania,
464 II, 5. 8. 3 | the Dutch population, the prevalence of COPD was estimated to
465 II, 5. 8. 3 | were used to assess the prevalence of COPD severity stages,
466 II, 5. 8. 3 | Figure 5.8.2.~ ~Figure 5.8.2. Prevalence of the GOLD severity stages*
467 II, 5. 8. 3 | Delta survey assessed the prevalence of GOLD-COPD in men and
468 II, 5. 8. 3 | Salzburg (Austria), the overall prevalence of COPD at stage I or higher
469 II, 5. 8. 3 | Sweden (OLIN) found that the prevalence of mild British Thoracic
470 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD were symptomatic.~ ~Prevalence (per 1 000 in Dutch population)
471 II, 5. 8. 3 | Moreover, a study on the prevalence of nutritional depletion (
472 II, 5. 8. 3 | results showed that the prevalence of nutritional depletion
473 II, 5. 8. 3 | high (27%), whereas the prevalence of normal BMI and low FFMI
474 II, 5. 8. 3 | al, 2007). This increased prevalence of osteoporosis could not
475 II, 5. 8. 3 | anxiety are reported with prevalence rates reaching 47% . Moreover,
476 II, 5. 8. 4 | compared to non-smokers. Prevalence of COPD reached 50% in elderly
477 II, 5. 8. 4 | at the age of 20-45, with prevalence rates of 11.8% for the pre-clinical
478 II, 5. 8. 4 | of FEV1 nor an increased prevalence of airway obstruction was
479 II, 5. 8. 4 | et al, 2005).~ ~The exact prevalence of COPD is variable across
480 II, 5. 8. 4 | will result in higher COPD prevalence, morbidity, and mortality.
481 II, 5. 8. 5 | substantially reduce the prevalence of COPD and its progression
482 II, 5. 8. 7 | Annesi-Maesano I. (2007) : Reported prevalence and co-morbidity of asthma,
483 II, 5. 8. 7 | International variation in the prevalence of COPD (the BOLD study):
484 II, 5. 8. 7 | study): a population-base prevalence study. Lancet; 370: 741-
485 II, 5. 8. 7 | Lammers JW, Verheij TJ (2005): Prevalence of undetected persistent
486 II, 5. 8. 7 | 2003): Interpreting COPD prevalence estimates: what is the true
487 II, 5. 8. 7 | LJ, Backer V (2007): The prevalence of osteoporosis in patients
488 II, 5. 8. 7 | LG, Lundback B. (2006): Prevalence and underdiagnosis of COPD
489 II, 5. 8. 7 | burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future trends. Lancet
490 II, 5. 8. 7 | Schellevis FG, Raat H (2006): Prevalence estimates of asthma or COPD
491 II, 5. 8. 7 | Patterson C, MacMahon J (2005): Prevalence of obstructive lung disease
492 II, 5. 8. 7 | RL, Buist AS (2007): COPD prevalence in Salzburg, Austria: results
493 II, 5. 8. 7 | the COSMIC Study Group. Prevalence of nutritional depletion
494 II, 5. 8. 7 | Carrozzi L, Giuntini C (2000): Prevalence of airways obstruction in
495 II, 5. 8. 7 | population-based observational study on prevalence and the relationship with
496 II, 5. 9. FB | Epidemiology of allergic diseases~ ~Prevalence of allergic diseases~ ~More
497 II, 5. 9. FB | throughout Europe, allergy prevalence among teenagers ranges from
498 II, 5. 9. FB | Data about the overall prevalence of atopic-related allergies
499 II, 5. 9. FB | allergy. Significant higher prevalence of atopy and allergic asthma
500 II, 5. 9. FB | converging" trend in the prevalence of allergic asthma and of
