Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | mainly over the last 10 years and, when possible, over
2 I, 2. 1 | 20th Century and the first years of the 21st Century, resulting
3 I, 2. 2 | competitiveness. In the first years of the 21st century – despite
4 I, 2. 2 | global warming on Europe in the years ahead could increase this
5 I, 2. 3 | increasing over the past 25 years. For the European population
6 I, 2. 3 | colonies. During the past 20 years, Europe experienced very
7 I, 2. 3 | migration and over the last 5 years, EU net migrant inflows
8 I, 2. 4 | mutually supportive. In recent years, social protection reforms
9 I, 2. 4 | real GDP over the last 10 years of all the EU member States
10 I, 2. 4 | experienced in the last 10 years. However, recent EUROSTAT
11 I, 2. 4 | expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among men, 2 to 4 years
12 I, 2. 4 | years among men, 2 to 4 years among women). In many Western
13 I, 2. 4 | life expectancy' (number of years lived in good health).~Inequalities
14 I, 2. 4 | in Europe in the next 20 years. Larger numbers of people
15 I, 2. 5 | workplace of only a few years ago. Employers and employees
16 I, 2. 5 | rate declined in the last years down to 7%, the lowest level
17 I, 2. 5 | than for those 25 or more years old. Unemployment rates
18 I, 2. 5 | in Europe in the next 20 years. Larger numbers of people
19 I, 2. 5 | which people retire by 5 years (the Barcelona target).
20 I, 2. 5 | average retirement age is 59.9 years and in 2002 only 30% of
21 I, 2. 6 | adult population (25-64 years old) that has completed
22 I, 2. 6 | data are available for both years. The only exceptions are
23 I, 2. 6 | initially enrolled some years previously when the share
24 I, 2. 7 | production of more than 40 years of activity of the Italian
25 I, 2. 7 | lower. However, in recent years, there is a trend back to
26 I, 2. 9 | decade during the past 40 years, with the greatest losses
27 I, 2. 9 | 1 mm/year in the past 15 years (compared with a global
28 I, 2. 9 | month earlier than 30–40 years ago. Climate change may
29 I, 2. 9 | substantially over the past 15 years and is projected to extend
30 I, 2. 10. 4 | significantly increase over the next years. The US based Centre for
31 I, 2. 11 | Finnish Heart Health for the Years 2005-2011. Helsinki, Finnish
32 I, 3. 1 | first birth was 23 to 24 years in many EU Member States,
33 I, 3. 1 | levels between 24 and 26 years of age.~ ~Closer inspection
34 I, 3. 1. 0(1) | behaviour in successive years or to women from successive
35 I, 3. 2 | migration~ ~During the last 50 years, the population of the EU
36 I, 3. 2 | halved during the last fifty years due to the fact that the
37 I, 3. 2 | EUROSTAT). During the last 50 years, the population of the European
38 I, 3. 2 | population size in specific years since 1990.~ ~Compared to
39 I, 3. 2 | population growth in the last few years. In this period, the largest
40 I, 3. 2 | diminishing. In the past ten years, the balance shifted to
41 I, 3. 2 | increasing over the past 25 years. In countries with a net
42 I, 3. 2 | 2004).~ ~During the past 20 years, Europe experienced very
43 I, 3. 2 | migration and over the last 5 years, EU net migrant inflows
44 I, 3. 3 | for the past 50 or 100 years or so. The issue is expected
45 I, 3. 3 | persons of 0 to about 100 years of age, these pyramids illustrate
46 I, 3. 3 | country in the past 100 years. In addition to population
47 I, 3. 3 | of those born in 1963 (43 years of age in 2005). People
48 I, 3. 3 | 2005). People born in later years are less numerous and their
49 I, 3. 3 | World War (around 60-65 years of age now), as well as
50 I, 3. 3 | First World War (around 85 years now); both are more related
51 I, 3. 3 | population will be, in the years to come, much larger in
52 I, 3. 3 | 1.5% during the last 20 years. The country with the most
53 I, 3. 3 | dependency ratios in certain years. Ireland is the only country
54 I, 3. 3 | stagnation over the last 20 years. All other countries saw
55 I, 3. 3 | be two persons of 15-64 years per one person of 65+ (compared
56 I, 3. 3 | noted:~ ~Children (0-14 years). Bulgaria, Italy, Greece,
57 II, 4.Acr | DFLE0 at birth; DFLE65 at 65 years etc.)~ECHP~European Community
58 II, 4.Acr | Indicator~HLY~Healthy Life Years~LE~Life Expectancy (LE0
59 II, 4.Acr | LE0 at birth; LE65 at 65 years etc.)~LEwML~The expected
60 II, 4.Acr | expected number of remaining years with moderate activity limitations~
61 II, 4.Acr | expected number of remaining years with severe activity limitations~
62 II, 4. 1 | expectancy and healthy life years~ ~In 1980, male life expectancy
63 II, 4. 1 | expectancy was around 70 years as compared to the current
64 II, 4. 1 | 1980, on average, about 67 years to live and currently around
65 II, 4. 1 | 12 new Member States (8 years) than elsewhere in the EU (
66 II, 4. 1 | elsewhere in the EU (6 to 7 years). For the future, a further
67 II, 4. 1 | expected.~Whether the extra years of life gained during the
68 II, 4. 1 | the risk of surviving many years with functional restrictions
69 II, 4. 1 | the name of “Healthy Life Years” (HLY), a health expectancy
70 II, 4. 1 | increasing Healthy Life Years is crucial in increasing
71 II, 4. 1 | expectancy (LE), Healthy Life Years (HLY), the expected number
72 II, 4. 1 | expected number of remaining years with moderate activity limitations (
73 II, 4. 1 | expected number of remaining years with severe activity limitations (
74 II, 4. 1 | expectancy to the Healthy Life Years expressed a percentage (
75 II, 4. 1 | expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (HLY) at birth, at 50 and
76 II, 4. 1 | The number of Healthy Life Years (HLY) lived in 2005 by the
77 II, 4. 1 | of the EU25 reached 61.1 years for men and 63.0 years for
78 II, 4. 1 | 1 years for men and 63.0 years for women. These years represent
79 II, 4. 1 | 0 years for women. These years represent 81% and 77% of
80 II, 4. 1 | the world, at almost 76 years for men and 82 years for
81 II, 4. 1 | 76 years for men and 82 years for women (EU25), for its
82 II, 4. 1 | million inhabitants, too many years are still lived with activity
83 II, 4. 1 | limitations, close to 15 years for men and 19 years for
84 II, 4. 1 | 15 years for men and 19 years for women including 5 to
85 II, 4. 1 | for women including 5 to 6 years with severe limitations.
86 II, 4. 1 | Women live on average 6 years longer than men but most
87 II, 4. 1 | most of these additional years correspond to years with
88 II, 4. 1 | additional years correspond to years with reported moderate or
89 II, 4. 1 | much smaller, less than 2 years, than the total longevity
90 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY at 50 is 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for
91 II, 4. 1 | 6 years for men and 19.1 years for women representing 62%
92 II, 4. 1 | indication of the number of years with good functioning which
93 II, 4. 1 | live longer than men, 4.9 years on average, but more than
94 II, 4. 1 | two-thirds of these additional years correspond to years lived
95 II, 4. 1 | additional years correspond to years lived with activity limitations.
96 II, 4. 1 | 50 is much smaller, 1.5 years, than the total longevity
97 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY still reaches 8.8 years for men and 9.9 years for
98 II, 4. 1 | 8 years for men and 9.9 years for women, representing
99 II, 4. 1 | in the number of expected years with activity limitations
100 II, 4. 1 | increase in the number of years without disability than
101 II, 4. 1 | increased in the EU27, by 3 years for men and by 2 years for
102 II, 4. 1 | 3 years for men and by 2 years for women, thereby reducing
103 II, 4. 1 | expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (HLY), at birth, at 50 and
104 II, 4. 1 | in 2005 range from 65.3 years to 78.5 years (13.2 years
105 II, 4. 1 | from 65.3 years to 78.5 years (13.2 years gap) for men
106 II, 4. 1 | years to 78.5 years (13.2 years gap) for men and from 76.
107 II, 4. 1 | gap) for men and from 76.5 years to 84.0 years (7.5 years
108 II, 4. 1 | from 76.5 years to 84.0 years (7.5 years gap) for women.
109 II, 4. 1 | years to 84.0 years (7.5 years gap) for women. The corresponding
110 II, 4. 1 | range respectively from 48.0 years to 68.5 years (20.5 years
111 II, 4. 1 | from 48.0 years to 68.5 years (20.5 years gap) for men
112 II, 4. 1 | years to 68.5 years (20.5 years gap) for men and from 52.
113 II, 4. 1 | gap) for men and from 52.2 years to 70.2 years (18.0 years
114 II, 4. 1 | from 52.2 years to 70.2 years (18.0 years gap) for women.
115 II, 4. 1 | years to 70.2 years (18.0 years gap) for women. Table 4.
116 II, 4. 1 | range respectively from 9.1 years to 23.6 years (14.5 years
117 II, 4. 1 | respectively from 9.1 years to 23.6 years (14.5 years gap) for men
118 II, 4. 1 | years to 23.6 years (14.5 years gap) for men and from 10.
119 II, 4. 1 | gap) for men and from 10.4 years to 24.1 years (13.7 years
120 II, 4. 1 | from 10.4 years to 24.1 years (13.7 years gap) for women,
121 II, 4. 1 | years to 24.1 years (13.7 years gap) for women, highlighting
122 II, 4. 1 | LE0 ) and healthy life years (HLY0 ) in the Member States
123 II, 4. 1 | broken down as Healthy Life Years, Years with Minor Limitations
124 II, 4. 1 | down as Healthy Life Years, Years with Minor Limitations and
125 II, 4. 1 | with Minor Limitations and Years with Severe Limitations,
126 II, 4. 1 | broken down as Healthy Life Years, Years with Minor Limitations
127 II, 4. 1 | down as Healthy Life Years, Years with Minor Limitations and
128 II, 4. 1 | with Minor Limitations and Years with Severe Limitations,
129 II, 4. 1 | between total longevity and years lived free of disability),
130 II, 4. 1 | live slightly more than 60 years in good health, as estimated
131 II, 4. 1 | birth are expected to live 6 years more than men. They will
132 II, 4. 1 | men. They will also live 4 years more with activity limitations,
133 II, 4. 1 | remaining HLY still reaches 17.6 years for men and 19.1 years for
134 II, 4. 1 | 6 years for men and 19.1 years for women, providing possibilities
135 II, 4. 1 | expectancies at birth is over 13 years for men and over 7 years
136 II, 4. 1 | years for men and over 7 years for women. Gaps in HLY between
137 II, 4. 1 | are even wider: over 20 years for men and 18 years for
138 II, 4. 1 | 20 years for men and 18 years for women in total. At 50
139 II, 4. 1 | the HLY gaps reach 14.5 years for men and 13.7 years for
140 II, 4. 1 | 5 years for men and 13.7 years for women, highlighting
141 II, 4. 1 | to a level of around two years from the highest EU27 values.
142 II, 4. 1 | that LE in Japan is four years higher than in both EU27
143 II, 4. 1 | compared to the USA but three years lower than in Japan. Secondly,
144 II, 4. 1 | gender gaps range from 5.2 years in the USA to 7 years in
145 II, 4. 1 | 2 years in the USA to 7 years in Japan. Finally, the EU27
146 II, 4. 1 | introduction in 2004 Healthy Life Years (HLY) have featured significantly
147 II, 4. 1 | increasing healthy life years are those aimed at increasing
148 II, 4. 1 | increase the quality and years of healthy life and eliminate
149 II, 4. 1 | made during the last few years in developing sustainable
150 II, 4. 1 | Indeed, after almost 20 years of research on health expectancies (
151 II, 4. 1 | annually) and EHIS (every 5 years) will provide the required
152 II, 4. 2 | on average, by about 2 years per decade. In several Central
153 II, 4. 2 | particularly for men, but in recent years life expectancy has been
154 II, 4. 2 | expectancy. Since in recent years the decline in mortality
155 II, 4. 2 | been slowing down in recent years, which would suggest that
156 II, 4. 2 | birth has increased by 2.3 years per decade for both men
157 II, 4. 2 | expectancy increased by 1.8 years in the 1970s, 2.1 years
158 II, 4. 2 | years in the 1970s, 2.1 years in the 1980s and 3.0 years
159 II, 4. 2 | years in the 1980s and 3.0 years in the 1990s. For women,
160 II, 4. 2 | increase in the 1980s (1.9 years) was lower than in the 1970s (
161 II, 4. 2 | lower than in the 1970s (2.3 years), but similarly to men the
162 II, 4. 2 | observed in the 1990s (2.7 years).~ ~Table 4.2.1 shows the
163 II, 4. 2 | 4.2.4 shows by how many years life expectancy at birth
164 II, 4. 2 | than for men, but in recent years the increase for men is
165 II, 4. 2 | implies that it will take 50 years until convergence is completed.~ ~
166 II, 4. 2 | convergence will take some 40 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.4. Relationship
167 II, 4. 2 | convergence will take 30 years.~ ~Figure 4.2.5. Relationship
168 II, 4. 2 | men it will take some 40 years to reach convergence, while
169 II, 4. 2 | women it will take about 30 years.~ ~
170 II, 5. 1. 1 | total causes of death; 3 years average (2001-2003), EU27 –
171 II, 5. 1. 1 | total causes of death; 3 years average (2001-2003), EU27 –
172 II, 5. 1. 1 | and older age, after many years of exposure to unhealthy
173 II, 5. 1. 1 | HPV infection, take many years to progress into cervical
174 II, 5. 2. 1 | caregivers and the loss of years of productive life.~In most
175 II, 5. 2. 2 | age-standardized for 35-74 years using the EUROSTAT European
176 II, 5. 2. 2 | standard. The age range 35-74 years is recommended because below
177 II, 5. 2. 2 | recommended because below 35 years events are rare and above
178 II, 5. 2. 2 | events are rare and above 74 years age structure differs among
179 II, 5. 2. 2 | individuals aged over 75 years CVD mortality becomes increasingly
180 II, 5. 2. 2 | age-standardized for 35-84 years: the recommended upper age
181 II, 5. 2. 2 | recommended upper age limit is 84 years given that between 75 and
182 II, 5. 2. 2 | given that between 75 and 84 years the number of events doubles.
183 II, 5. 2. 2 | events doubles. Above 84 years of age it is difficult to
184 II, 5. 2. 2 | the average of the last 3 years available (2001-2003) in
185 II, 5. 2. 2 | Age-standardized (35-74 years) mortality rates were calculated
186 II, 5. 2. 2 | calculated for the last ten years (1994-2003) to estimate
187 II, 5. 2. 2 | age-standardized (35-74 years) mortality rate are presented
188 II, 5. 2. 2 | as average of the last 3 years available.~To make trends
189 II, 5. 2. 2 | greatly increased in recent years, are not available, mainly
190 II, 5. 2. 2 | for the age range 35-64 years as mean annual coronary
191 II, 5. 2. 2 | although collected several years ago and not necessarily
192 II, 5. 2. 2 | age groups 35-74 and 35-84 years separately were calculated
193 II, 5. 2. 2 | the average of the last 3 years available in EU Member States.~
194 II, 5. 2. 2 | Member States.~The last ten years (1994-2003) were selected
195 II, 5. 2. 2 | for the age range 35-64 years as mean stroke attack rates
196 II, 5. 2. 2 | derived from the last 3 years of surveillance. Annual
197 II, 5. 2. 2 | although collected several years ago and not necessarily
198 II, 5. 2. 2 | and older age, after many years of exposure to unhealthy
199 II, 5. 2. 3 | Even below the age of 75 years, IHD mortality is higher
200 II, 5. 2. 3 | ICD-9 410-14) Men aged 35-74 years~ ~Figure 5.2.2. Age-standardized
201 II, 5. 2. 3 | 410-14) Women aged 35-74 years~ ~Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.
202 II, 5. 2. 3 | This means that in recent years there has been a notable
203 II, 5. 2. 3 | men and women aged 35-64 years. Trends for age-adjusted
204 II, 5. 2. 3 | men and women aged 35-64 years; 28-day case fatality (including
205 II, 5. 2. 3 | coronary event rate in 10 years.~ ~To summarize, IHD, the
206 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries (approximately 20 years later than Western European
207 II, 5. 2. 3 | women over the last ten years, but have not eliminated
208 II, 5. 2. 3 | aged 35-74 and 35-84 - 3 years average~ ~In men, mortality
209 II, 5. 2. 3 | in the age range 75-84 years stroke events double in
210 II, 5. 2. 3 | 430-38) - Men aged 35-84 years~ ~Similar results can be
211 II, 5. 2. 3 | 430-38) - Women aged 35-84 years~ ~Morbidity~ ~Table 5.2.
212 II, 5. 2. 3 | those collected more than 10 years ago through the same standardized
213 II, 5. 2. 3 | attack rates of the last 3 years of surveillance for stroke
214 II, 5. 2. 3 | 100.000 mean of the last 3 years of the 10- year surveillance
215 II, 5. 2. 3 | average annual trend in 10 years of stroke events .~ ~In
216 II, 5. 2. 3 | mortality during the last 10 years suggest that acute stroke
217 II, 5. 2. 4 | men and women aged 35-64 years~ ~Also the INTERHEART (Yusuf
218 II, 5. 2. 4 | been found that in over 10 years the prevalence of patients
219 II, 5. 2. 5 | expenditures in the last years of life (Daviglus et al,
220 II, 5. 2. 5 | educate residents. After five years, significant improvements
221 II, 5. 2. 5 | lifestyle-related disease. Twenty years later, major reductions
222 II, 5. 2. 6 | was elucidated in the same years. Low Density Lipoprotein (
223 II, 5. 2. 6 | 1% will induce within 5 years a 1% reduction of CVD incidence (
224 II, 5. 3. 1 | diagnosis (i.e. 1-year, 3-years, 5-years after diagnosis);~ ~
225 II, 5. 3. 1 | i.e. 1-year, 3-years, 5-years after diagnosis);~ ~ Prevalence:
226 II, 5. 3. 4 | HPV infection, take many years to progress into cervical
227 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence rates in recent years in the more affluent world
228 II, 5. 3. 5 | of the incidence in the years following full screening
229 II, 5. 3. 5 | diffusion. Mortality rates by years (Figure 5.3.28) are constant
230 II, 5. 3. 6 | diagnosed under the age of 15 years from 1983 to 1994. Sex-and-age-adjusted
231 II, 5. 3. 6 | childhood cancers combined, 5-years survival increased from
232 II, 5. 3. 6 | survival for prostate cancer 5 years after diagnosis stood at
233 II, 5. 3. 7 | pre-cancer lesions (with 3 or 5 years of interval); women aged
234 II, 5. 3. 7 | cancer screening (with 2 or 3 years of interval) and men and
235 II, 5. 3. 7 | colorectal cancer (with 1 or 2 years of interval).~ ~It has been
236 II, 5. 3. 7 | with a perspective of 1–2 years (as increases in costs >
237 II, 5. 3. 8 | strongly increased in recent years (Coleman et al, 2003). Cancer
238 II, 5. 3. 8 | incidence over the next 10-20 years (i.e.: European implementation
239 II, 5. 4. 1 | and often in the teenage years, is inevitably linked to
240 II, 5. 4. 1 | reported over the last 30 years.~ ~·Type 2 diabetes mellitus (
241 II, 5. 4. 1 | people) over the next 20 years. (Figure 5.4.1). The latest
242 II, 5. 4. 1 | increase of 1.0% in only 3 years. Very important differences
243 II, 5. 4. 2 | are still very relevant 20 years later.~Tracking quality
244 II, 5. 4. 2 | than 200 Countries for the years 2007 and forecasts are given
245 II, 5. 4. 2 | constant during the last years.~Normally, an HDR involves
246 II, 5. 4. 2 | 100,000 population 0–14 years~12~HES/HIS Registry~Prevalence
247 II, 5. 4. 2 | prevalence reaches a peak over 75 years of age, with values all
248 II, 5. 4. 3 | all EU countries over ten years, corresponding to 3.2% annually.
249 II, 5. 4. 3 | for children aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9
250 II, 5. 4. 3 | 3.1% (1.5-4.8%) for 5-9 years, and 2.4% (1.0-3.8%) for
251 II, 5. 4. 3 | 4% (1.0-3.8%) for 10-14 years (Green, 2001).~Prevalence
252 II, 5. 4. 3 | 8.7% of the adult (20-79 years) EU-27 population was diagnosed
253 II, 5. 4. 3 | before the age band of 75-84 years of age.~Prevalence (stock)
254 II, 5. 4. 4 | often unstable across the years, thus all estimates must
255 II, 5. 4. 6 | development in the last years, with several countries
256 II, 5. 4. 8 | of medical care 1 and 8 years after diagnosis of diabetes:
257 II, 5. 5.Int | the six leading causes of years lived with disability are
258 II, 5. 5.Int | age, doubling every four years over 65. After the age of
259 II, 5. 5.Int | 65. After the age of 85 years rates of Alzheimer’s Disease (
260 II, 5. 5. 1 | depression have doubled in ten years, and most of the increase
261 II, 5. 5. 1 | important contributor to life years lost because it frequently
262 II, 5. 5. 1 | available in age groups 0-64 years and all ages. The data availability
263 II, 5. 5. 1 | mortality and potential years of life lost from external
264 II, 5. 5. 1 | mortality and potential years of life lost from mental
265 II, 5. 5. 1 | the oldest age range (³65 years) have lower risk than younger
266 II, 5. 5. 1 | variations over approximately 12 years is given in Table 5.5.1.
267 II, 5. 5. 1 | of the last 3 available years for suicide and self inflicted
268 II, 5. 5. 1 | health promotion for Children up to 6 years of age(1997-99): Early years
269 II, 5. 5. 1 | years of age(1997-99): Early years of life have a significant
270 II, 5. 5. 2 | onset of the disease by five years would halve the number of
271 II, 5. 5. 2 | age groups from 60 to 84 years and for people over 85.
272 II, 5. 5. 2 | will double every twenty years. Therefore Ferri et al predict
273 II, 5. 5. 2 | increasing over the last 50 years and that this is likely
274 II, 5. 5. 3 | categories are observed 0 to 14 years and 15 to 19 years. The
275 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 14 years and 15 to 19 years. The source of this information
276 II, 5. 5. 3 | adolescents between 13 and 16 years of age (3000 adolescents).
277 II, 5. 5. 3 | measurements of 5 or 10 years allowing conclusions about
278 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe by nutrition in 13-16 years adolescents across Europe.
279 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disability Adjusted Life Years) and YLDs (Years Lived with
280 II, 5. 5. 3 | Adjusted Life Years) and YLDs (Years Lived with Disability).
281 II, 5. 5. 3 | prodromal period of up to 5 years characterized by unspecific
282 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability adjusted life years for the 15 to 44 age group,
283 II, 5. 5. 3 | list of leading causes of years lived with disability (WHO,
284 II, 5. 5. 3 | again between 45 and 49 years of age with a continuous
285 II, 5. 5. 3 | continuous increase from 54 years on in Hungary, while in
286 II, 5. 5. 3 | a positive trend in the years to come. This is in contrast
287 II, 5. 5. 3 | pre-community care era and in the years 1994 – 1998 (based on cohorts
288 II, 5. 5. 3 | increase in the more recent years possibly mediated by deinstitutionalization
289 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability adjusted life years (DALYs) in the WHO European
290 II, 5. 5. 3 | WHO, 2007). In terms of years lived with disability (YLD),
291 II, 5. 5. 3 | accounts for 2.3% of the years lived with disability (unipolar
292 II, 5. 5. 3 | increasing trend over time (years 1993 – 2002) in prescribing
293 II, 5. 5. 3 | with schizophrenia over 5 years. They found that the direct
294 II, 5. 5. 3 | total costs within these 5 years (Lindström et al, 2007)~
295 II, 5. 5. 3 | will be available in some years’ time is the so called indicated
296 II, 5. 5. 3 | surveys before and after three years of antistigma interventions.
297 II, 5. 5. 3 | of schizophrenia during 5 years. Acta Psych Scand 116(s435):
298 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disability Adjusted Life Years~DDD~Defined Daily Dose~YLDs~
299 II, 5. 5. 3 | Defined Daily Dose~YLDs~Years Lived with Disability~HMDB~
300 II, 5. 5. 3 | specified). In the last five years, research has shown that
301 II, 5. 5. 3 | condition was described many years before autism but has only
302 II, 5. 5. 3 | autism have changed over the years, these changes are not so
303 II, 5. 5. 3 | children in the last 20 years have alerted the scientific
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | autism have changed over the years, these changes do not prevent
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizures for at least five years in patients still receiving
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | remission for at least five years in patients off medications
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizure in the preceding 5 years regardless of treatment
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | Spain ~Children >10 years and adults~Two-phase across
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | U.K. ~Children 4-20 years ~MR review ~69 ~4.3 ~Tidman
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al., 2003 (*)~+ = 5-14 years - = 6-12 years MR = Medical
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5-14 years - = 6-12 years MR = Medical record P =
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pediatricians ~ = 6-16 years Ø = 6-14 years GP = General
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | 6-16 years Ø = 6-14 years GP = General practitioners
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy followed up for 35 years, a mortality rate of 6.23
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | survival at 10, 20 and 40 years after seizure onset was
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality in the past 100 years, the SMR for epilepsy in
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | during the first 10 to 14 years of disease. Generalised
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | year remission rate at 9 years of age (Cockerell et al,
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | year remission rate at 10 years was 61% in adults (Lindsen
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | remission rate at 12-30 years of age children was 74-78% (
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | First unprovoked seizure (5 years)~ normal EEG) First provoked
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | First provoked seizure (2 years)~Croatia I 24 months Ban
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | license valid 1 year;~ 2 years if seizure freedom >2 years;
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | years if seizure freedom >2 years; 5 years~ if seizure freedom >
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | seizure freedom >2 years; 5 years~ if seizure freedom >4 years)~
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | years~ if seizure freedom >4 years)~ First unprovoked seizure (
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | 120; Must be off AED for 5 years; license valid for~ bus
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | license valid for~ bus 240) 5 years~Estonia I 24 months -~ II -
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | No seizures in previous 3 years~Germany I 12 months Single
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | epileptiform epileptiform EEG (2 years)~ activity)~ ~ ~Norway I
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | pattern established~ by 3 years~ II 120 months (no AED)
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | a follow-up study three years after the first seizure.
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | prospectively over 11-14 years. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | the UK for more than 70 years show three main epidemiological
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | time trend over the past 30 years. The 4-fold increase in
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | at death from MS was 59 years between 1990-2001, with
337 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability adjusted life years (DALYs) is one of the most
338 II, 5. 5. 3 | present value of future years of lifetime lost due to
339 II, 5. 5. 3 | to premature mortality (years of life lost, YLLs) and
340 II, 5. 5. 3 | or physical disability (years of life with disability,
341 II, 5. 5. 3 | MS in Europe is 307 000 years and varies according to
342 II, 5. 5. 3 | will be updated every four years. Data will also be collected
343 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability adjusted life years (DALYs): in cost-effectiveness
344 II, 5. 5. 3 | patterns of adult (45–74 years) neurological deaths in
345 II, 5. 5. 3 | temporal comparison during 30 years. Acta Neurol Scand 110:
346 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disability Adjusted Life Years~DMSR~Danish Multiple Sclerosis
347 II, 5. 5. 3 | Health Organization~YLD~Years Of Life With Disability~
348 II, 5. 5. 3 | Life With Disability~YLL~Years Of Life Lost~ ~ ~ ~
349 II, 5. 5. 3 | patients are younger than 50 years old (Hoehn, 1992). After
350 II, 5. 5. 3 | After a mean duration of 12 years, patients require assistance
351 II, 5. 5. 3 | daily living, and after 18 years they may become confined
352 II, 5. 5. 3 | decrease between 70 and 90 years of age.~Estimated prevalence
353 II, 5. 5. 3 | only older age groups (>60 years) were included, the rates
354 II, 5. 5. 3 | diminished over a period of 4 years on levodopa, but continued
355 II, 5. 5. 3 | significantly reduced. After 4 years, increasing survival benefit
356 II, 5. 5. 3 | over time to at least 17 years of levodopa treatment (Uitti
357 II, 5. 5. 3 | longer working within 5 years after disease onset, and
358 II, 5. 5. 3 | rose to 80% five to nine years after disease onset.~Similar
359 II, 5. 5. 3 | retired at a mean age of 50.5 years compared to a mean of 57.
360 II, 5. 5. 3 | compared to a mean of 57.9 years for the healthy population.
361 II, 5. 5. 3 | increased in the last thirty years, no major changes in employment
362 II, 5. 5. 3 | progression and mortality at 10 years. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery,
363 II, 5. 5. 3 | problems dominate at 15 years. Mov Disord 20(2):190-199~
364 II, 5. 6.Acr | Disability Adjusted Life Years~HRT~Hormone Replacement
365 II, 5. 6.Acr | Rheumatoid Arthritis~YLDs~Years Lived With Disability~ ~ ~
366 II, 5. 6. 3 | and women from 16 to 74 years of age in the UK General
367 II, 5. 6. 3 | increases mainly up to about 65 years of age (Andersson et al,
368 II, 5. 6. 3 | has been noticed over 65 years of age; a plausible explanation
369 II, 5. 6. 3 | disability adjusted life years (DALYs) and years lived
370 II, 5. 6. 3 | adjusted life years (DALYs) and years lived with disability (YLDs).
371 II, 5. 6. 3 | 10% of the population 60 years old or older have symptomatic
372 II, 5. 6. 3 | everyone who reaches 90 years of age will have OA in some
373 II, 5. 6. 3 | OA: 4.5 for farming 1-9 years and 9.3 for farming ten
374 II, 5. 6. 3 | and 9.3 for farming ten years or more when compared to
375 II, 5. 6. 3 | in 75% of people after 5 years. However the remission in
376 II, 5. 6. 3 | significant progression over 10 years with few being controlled
377 II, 5. 6. 3 | et al, 1992). Within ten years of onset, at least 50% of
378 II, 5. 6. 3 | have improved over recent years with new disease modifying
379 II, 5. 6. 3 | high during the first 2 years, largely related to consultations;
380 II, 5. 6. 3 | increase over the subsequent years due to the costs of devices,
381 II, 5. 6. 3 | the total costs after 10 years (Hulsemann et al, 2005).
382 II, 5. 6. 3 | increase in the next 10 years in Europe due to the ageing
383 II, 5. 6. 3 | present in a woman about 55 years of age with a wrist fracture.
384 II, 5. 6. 3 | with a wrist fracture. Ten years later she may present back
385 II, 5. 6. 3 | fractures. Approximately 10–15 years later, at the age of 75–
386 II, 5. 6. 3 | person-years in women 85 years of age and older, with rates
387 II, 5. 6. 3 | Melton, 1992). Above 50 years of age there is a female
388 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoporosis between 50 and 80 years of age.~ ~On the basis of
389 II, 5. 6. 3 | comprehensible, i.e. 5 to 10 years (Kanis et al, 2002) (Table
390 II, 5. 6. 3 | been demonstrated several years after the fracture. Physical
391 II, 5. 6. 3 | increased mortality at 5 years as seen with hip fracture,
392 II, 5. 6. 3 | higher between 25 and 64 years of age (van den Velden et
393 II, 5. 6. 3 | return to work and after 2 years absence, there is little
394 II, 5. 6. 6 | surveys at an interval of 10 years. BMJ 320:1577-1578~Petersson
395 II, 5. 7. 2 | patient data in another few years. These different stages
396 II, 5. 7. 3 | adolescents in the 6 months-16 years range) the corresponding
397 II, 5. 7. 3 | enrolled individuals 45-64 years old, the incidence rate
398 II, 5. 7. 3 | 7.8 per 1000 patients x years (Kurella et al, 2005). Similarly
399 II, 5. 7. 3 | rate in patients over 65 years of age which had more than
400 II, 5. 7. 3 | including all people <20 years reported a prevalence of
401 II, 5. 7. 3 | restricted age-range (6 months-16 years) and applying a lower GFR
402 II, 5. 7. 3 | undergoing RRT in children (<20 years) in Europe is about 60 cases
403 II, 5. 7. 3 | prevalence of RRT in the 0-14 years age group was 43 per million
404 II, 5. 7. 3 | 0-14, 15-64 and over 65 years of age respectively (Table
405 II, 5. 7. 5 | Kidney Day, in the last two years.~· In Poland in 2007 a programme
406 II, 5. 7. 5 | transplantation is about 2 years. Accessibility of dialysis
407 II, 5. 7. 6 | centres. Over the next few years the number of these private
408 II, 5. 7. 7 | Chinese adults aged 35 to 74 years. Kidney Int 2005;68(6):2839-
409 II, 5. 8. 1 | disability adjusted life years (Mannino and Buist, 2007).
410 II, 5. 8. 3 | baseline were followed for 25 years (Lokke et al, 2006). Abnormal
411 II, 5. 8. 3 | definition in adults over 40 years of age. A total of 62 studies
412 II, 5. 8. 3 | population aged between 40 and 69 years is 9.1% (Sobradillo Pena
413 II, 5. 8. 3 | 000 young adults (20–44 years) enrolled between 1991 and
414 II, 5. 8. 4 | baseline were followed for 25 years (Lokke et al, 2006). Abnormal
415 II, 5. 8. 4 | affecting people over 50 years of age. This was contradicted
416 II, 5. 8. 7 | obstruction in male smokers 40-65 years old. Fam Pract 2005; 22:
417 II, 5. 8. 7 | of smokers aged 40 to 55 years. Br J Gen Pract 2004; 54:
418 II, 5. 9. FB | early in life, persist over years or decades and often remit
419 II, 5. 9. FB | East Germany only 6 to 8 years after the Germany reunification.
420 II, 5. 9. FB | extensively studied over the years in cases where the mother
421 II, 5. 9. 2 | eczema in 6-7 and 13-15 years old were assessed through
422 II, 5. 9. 2 | children aged from 9 to 11 years. ISAAC Phase III is the
423 II, 5. 9. 2 | 193 404 children aged 6–7 years from 66 centres in 37 countries
424 II, 5. 9. 2 | 679 children aged 13–14 years from 106 centres in 56 countries,
425 II, 5. 9. 2 | individuals aged 20 to 44 years from 29 centres in 14 countries (
426 II, 5. 9. 3 | adult population (20-44 years of age) (de Marco, 2000).~ ~
427 II, 5. 9. 3 | in boys aged less than 10 years (4.38/1000 people per year)
428 II, 5. 9. 3 | age at onset (7.8 vs 15.9 years, P 001) and a shorter duration
429 II, 5. 9. 3 | the disease (5.6 vs 16.1 years, P 001) than patients with
430 II, 5. 9. 3 | in the <10- and > or =20-years age-at-onset groups, respectively).
431 II, 5. 9. 3 | 5.9.3. Asthma by age 14 years in ECHRS and ISAAC phase
432 II, 5. 9. 3 | mean age at diagnosis (9.6 years) and the predominance of
433 II, 5. 9. 3 | 11.2% in children of 6-7 years of age and 16.9% in children
434 II, 5. 9. 3 | 9% in children of 13.14 years of age), Romania (7%), Switzerland (
435 II, 5. 9. 3 | prevalence during the last three years, from 24% to 26% in the
436 II, 5. 9. 3 | 26% in the age group 15 years and older, while adolescents
437 II, 5. 9. 3 | while adolescents 13 to 14 years old presented a 37.1% prevalence.
438 II, 5. 9. 3 | more commonly in the 6–7 years of age-group than in the
439 II, 5. 9. 3 | age-group than in the 13–14 years of age-group: for the 6–
440 II, 5. 9. 3 | of age-group: for the 6–7 years of age-group, two of the
441 II, 5. 9. 3 | changes); for the 13–14 years of age-group, 11 of 105
442 II, 5. 9. 4 | aged 9-11. Over these 15 years the male to female ratio (
443 II, 5. 9. 4 | in the bedroom in initial years of life (OR = 0.6); attending
444 II, 5. 9. 4 | OR = 3.8) in the first 2 years of life. The strength of
445 II, 5. 9. 4 | who had lived in Italy <5 years, while migrant children
446 II, 5. 9. 4 | had lived in Italy for 5 years or more had risks very similar
447 II, 5. 9. 4 | increased with the numbers of years of living in Italy. These
448 II, 5. 10. 7 | food - results after three years. Allergi i praksis (in press):~
449 II, 5. 11. 3 | hardly any individual over 50 years of age who does not need
450 II, 5. 11. 3 | three-fold over the last 30 years. The precise reasons for
451 II, 5. 11. 3 | piercing is practiced before 20 years of age (L Dotterud and E
452 II, 5. 11. 3 | the regulation. Since some years have elapsed from the Directive
453 II, 5. 11. 3 | among German women below 30 years over a 9-year period (A
454 II, 5. 11. 3 | Similarly, in Finland, in the years 1995–97 and 2000–02 the
455 II, 5. 11. 3 | and women in the 40 to 60 years of age group (Rea, 1976).~
456 II, 5. 11. 3 | universal during teenage years. Yet surveys have suggested
457 II, 5. 11. 3 | population over the last 30 years (doubling the number of
458 II, 5. 11. 3 | number of cases every 10-15 years), probably due in part to
459 II, 5. 11. 5 | European countries have for years now been actively included
460 II, 5. 11. 7 | atopic dermatitis at two years of age: A prospective, population-based
461 II, 5. 11. 7 | skin cancers between the years of 1990 and 1999 in Izmir,
462 II, 5. 11. 7 | care among persons 1–74 years, United States, 1971–1974.
463 II, 5. 12. 2 | truncated at age 35 to 64 years, were computed using the
464 II, 5. 12. 2 | for one or more calendar years. No extrapolation was made
465 II, 5. 12. 2 | analysis was used to identify years where a significant change
466 II, 5. 12. 3 | all ages and at 35 to 64 years of age for various European
467 II, 5. 12. 3 | at all ages and at 35-64 years of age from various European
468 II, 5. 12. 3 | in truncated rates (35-64 years of age) from cirrhosis in
469 II, 5. 12. 3 | consideration truncated rates (35-64 years of age), in 2000-02 the
470 II, 5. 12. 3 | at all ages and at 35-64 years of age from various European
471 II, 5. 12. 3 | countries in more recent years particularly in men, with
472 II, 5. 12. 3 | were observed around the years when subsequent Revisions
473 II, 5. 12. 4 | were followed after a few years by comparable changes in
474 II, 5. 12. 6 | transformation.~ ~Over the last few years, a contribution towards
475 II, 5. 12. 6 | be possible only in a few years time. Active monitoring
476 II, 5. 13 | adopted during the early years of life. Childhood obesity
477 II, 5. 14. 1 | in children aged 6 to 8 years. Retention of primary molars
478 II, 5. 14. 2 | per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~Numerator: Total
479 II, 5. 14. 2 | per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~Denominator: Total
480 II, 5. 14. 2 | of children at 6 and 12 years of age surveyed.~ ~b. Dental
481 II, 5. 14. 2 | dental clinic within the past years.~Denominator: Total number
482 II, 5. 14. 2 | 18 and 35-44 and 65-74 years in the four categories:
483 II, 5. 14. 2 | group 12, 15, 18 and 35-74 years in each of the four categories.~
484 II, 5. 14. 2 | group 12, 15, 18 and 35-74 years examined.~Only bleeding
485 II, 5. 14. 2 | population aged more than 35 years who have lost all their
486 II, 5. 14. 2 | adults aged more than 35 years who have lost all their
487 II, 5. 14. 3 | health status in the last 20 years.~ ~Despite the widespread
488 II, 5. 14. 3 | health charts recorded in the years 1965, the same populations
489 II, 5. 14. 3 | population. In the 35 to 44 years old group, the prevalence
490 II, 5. 14. 5 | oral health. The school years are an influential stage
491 II, 5. 14. 5 | recommendations. In recent years, the European Commission
492 II, 5. 14. 6 | progress over the past 20 years with improving oral health
493 II, 5. 15. 3 | deaths between 5 and 15 years of age. In terms of hospitalisation,
494 II, 5. 15. 3 | the market in the next 10 years.~ ~A survey, conducted by
495 II, 5. 15. 4 | Products in the first five years.~ ~Regulation 1394/2007
496 II, 5. 15. 6 | orphan drugs -- two dozen years of treating rare diseases.
497 II, 6. 2 | for data on trends for the years 1995–20041. This information
498 II, 6. 3. 1(3) | s remit over the coming years is to bring more clarity
499 II, 6. 3. 3 | increased again in recent years in a number of countries,
500 II, 6. 3. 3 | symptoms. In the last 10 years, the Baltic States (Estonia,
