Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 3 | underestimated.~ ~The number of children born to immigrants usually
2 I, 2. 3 | non-immigrants. However, their children, the second generation,
3 I, 2. 4 | poverty, 19 million are children. Ensuring equal opportunities
4 I, 2. 4 | Social Inclusion, 2008). When children are poor, it is because
5 I, 2. 4 | promoting well-being of children and young people. This involves
6 I, 2. 4 | of necessary services for children and their families. The
7 I, 2. 4 | helping families and targeting children in their own right. The
8 I, 2. 4 | target the most disadvantaged children within a broader universal
9 I, 2. 4 | Efforts to tackle poverty – of children and overall - will gain
10 I, 3. 1 | The average number of children per woman was about two
11 I, 3. 1 | corresponding to the mean number of children per woman) was below 2.5
12 I, 3. 1 | replacement level of 2.2 children per woman everywhere in
13 I, 3. 1 | Postponement of having children1 triggers a decline in (
14 I, 3. 1 | career with a number of children below replacement. Women
15 I, 3. 1 | but the ultimate number of children born to women of that particular
16 I, 3. 1 | as the ultimate number of children per woman does not change.
17 I, 3. 1 | than women remain without children, due to lower ever-marriage-rates
18 I, 3. 1 | reason for remaining without children. Next to that, education
19 I, 3. 1 | 2001).~ ~Increasingly, children are born outside marriage.
20 I, 3. 1 | and Sweden had over 10% of children born outside marriage. Currently
21 I, 3. 1 | below 10%. More than 40% of children are born outside marriage
22 I, 3. 1. 0(3)| birth rates may not include children born to married women whose
23 I, 3. 3 | of fertility (number of children per woman) and mortality (
24 I, 3. 3 | example if the number of children per woman rises or declines,
25 I, 3. 3 | following can be noted:~ ~Children (0-14 years). Bulgaria,
26 I, 3. 3 | the relative number of ‘children’ over time (Cyprus, Malta,
27 I, 3. 3 | was much lower than for Children. Sweden, Denmark, the United
28 I, 3. 4 | L (1995): The Place of Children in the History of Couples.
29 II, 5. 1. 1 | and peanuts, whereas in children three fourths of reactions
30 II, 5. 1. 3 | morbidity in both adults and children. The educational aspect
31 II, 5. 3. 6 | analyzed survival in 129,440 children diagnosed under the age
32 II, 5. 4. 2 | incidence of diabetes in children (0-14 year), with type 1
33 II, 5. 4. 2 | new cases of diabetes in children in one year per 100.000
34 II, 5. 4. 2 | in one year per 100.000 children.~Prevalence of diabetes,
35 II, 5. 4. 3 | incidence of diabetes in children (0-14 year). Standardised
36 II, 5. 4. 3 | were 6.3% (4.1-8.5%) for children aged 0-4 years, 3.1% (1.
37 II, 5. 4. 3 | Netherlands and France. Apart from children that have lower figures,
38 II, 5. 4. 3 | percentages were found in children and people above 65.~HDL
39 II, 5. 4. 3 | percentages are lower in children and people above 75.~An
40 II, 5. 4. 6 | presentation, in particular to children, of energy dense foods and
41 II, 5. 5.Int | roles as primary carers for children and/or other dependants,
42 II, 5. 5.Int | The estimated number of children and adolescents in Europe
43 II, 5. 5.Int | combats violence against children, young people and women.
44 II, 5. 5. 1 | Mental health promotion for Children up to 6 years of age(1997-
45 II, 5. 5. 1 | promote mental health of young children.~o Supporting Children in
46 II, 5. 5. 1 | young children.~o Supporting Children in Substance Abuse Families (
47 II, 5. 5. 1 | to different age groups, children and adolescence, those at
48 II, 5. 5. 3 | Behaviour in School Aged Children) and is a cross-national
49 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available
50 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe” written by Alexander
51 II, 5. 5. 3 | health examinations of school children and unpublished data from
52 II, 5. 5. 3 | attendance data (number of children for both diagnoses separately
53 II, 5. 5. 3 | health examinations of school children.~Sweden~ ~X~ ~Turkey~ ~X~ ~ ~
54 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available
55 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe)~ ~A third European
56 II, 5. 5. 3 | Behaviour in School Aged Children) survey showed that 22%
57 II, 5. 5. 3 | social-cultural trend to be thin. Children, adolescents and early adults
58 II, 5. 5. 3 | is meaningless;~· involve children in designing and implementing
59 II, 5. 5. 3 | attitudes and beliefs of children;~ ~
60 II, 5. 5. 3 | particularly of families and children. Prevention can be named
61 II, 5. 5. 3 | health care providers, children and adolescents about: what
62 II, 5. 5. 3 | emphasize fitness; praise children for who they are; encourage
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | physical activity; talk to your children about the normal body changes
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe; Volume 1: The
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | Physical activity Behaviour of Children and Adolescents, in press.~
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe; Volume 2: Available
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe, in press~Anorexia
68 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2004): Health Policy for Children and Adolescents, No. 4;
69 II, 5. 5. 3 | Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international
70 II, 5. 5. 3 | Behaviour in School Aged Children~HELENA~Healthy Lifestyle
71 II, 5. 5. 3 | officially’ recognized. Children with CDD develop a condition
72 II, 5. 5. 3 | percent of U.S. eight-year-old children born in 1994 from 14 states.
73 II, 5. 5. 3 | states. A total of 407,578 children were involved and 2,685
74 II, 5. 5. 3 | rates ranged from one in 222 children to one in 101 eight-year
75 II, 5. 5. 3 | one in 101 eight-year old children in the six communities studied.
76 II, 5. 5. 3 | 94 among eight-year old children. The average finding of
77 II, 5. 5. 3 | approximately one in 150 children in these communities. This
78 II, 5. 5. 3 | explained by the age of the children screened, the diagnostic
79 II, 5. 5. 3 | intensive education can help children with ASD to develop and
80 II, 5. 5. 3 | Earlier identification of children with ASD could increase
81 II, 5. 5. 3 | The findings reveal that children with autism cost £2.7 billion (
82 II, 5. 5. 3 | per 10,000 to 66 per 10000 children in the last 20 years have
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | detection and diagnosis of children with autism varies enormously
84 II, 5. 5. 3 | in different age groups (children, adults, elderly).~The socio-cultural
85 II, 5. 5. 3 | The incidence is higher in children and in the elderly (Table
86 II, 5. 5. 3 | of the disease, mostly in children. Although an improvement
87 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence of epilepsy in children, the introduction of more
88 II, 5. 5. 3 | Joensen, 1986 (*)~Estonia ~Children ~Prospective~560 ~3.6 ~Beilmann
89 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al., 1989 (*)~Finland~Children ~Retrospective/MR review
90 II, 5. 5. 3 | Gallitto et al, 2005~Italy ~Children ~MR review~? ~4.5 + ~Cavazzuti,
91 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cavazzuti, 1986 (*)~Lithuania~Children ~MR review~378 ~4.3 ~Endziniene
92 II, 5. 5. 3 | Endziniene et al., 1997~Norway ~Children ~MR review and examination~
93 II, 5. 5. 3 | Zielinski, 1974 (*)~Spain ~Children ~Postal/domiciliary questionnaire~
94 II, 5. 5. 3 | Luaces, 1991 (*)~Spain ~Children >10 years and adults~Two-phase
95 II, 5. 5. 3 | Forsgren, 1992 (*)~Sweden~Children ~Questionnaire and GP and
96 II, 5. 5. 3 | Pond et al., 1960 (*)~U.K. ~Children 4-20 years ~MR review ~69 ~
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | generalized seizures both in children and adults. As shown by
98 II, 5. 5. 3 | corresponding numbers in children were respectively 36-66%,
99 II, 5. 5. 3 | of epilepsy syndromes in children and adults.~In contrast
100 II, 5. 5. 3 | countries. In a study made on children in Estonia (Beilmann et
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | ranges from 1.6 to 5.3 in children and adults (Jallon, 2004) (
102 II, 5. 5. 3 | In neurologically normal children with idiopathic or cryptogenic
103 II, 5. 5. 3 | The highest mortality in children may be thus explained by
104 II, 5. 5. 3 | population, which is lower in children, and by the higher proportion
105 II, 5. 5. 3 | period in a large cohort of children and adults and matched controls
106 II, 5. 5. 3 | rate at 12-30 years of age children was 74-78% (Forsgren, 2004).
107 II, 5. 5. 3 | ability~About 25-50% of children with epilepsy experience
108 II, 5. 5. 3 | the Isle of Wight found children with epilepsy of average
109 II, 5. 5. 3 | recent UK study showed 53% of children with epilepsy attending
110 II, 5. 5. 3 | Finland showed that 27% of children with epilepsy did not complete
111 II, 5. 5. 3 | poorly prepared for having children with epilepsy in their classes (
112 II, 5. 5. 3 | temporal trends of epilepsy in children and in the elderly may be
113 II, 5. 5. 3 | the educational issues, children with epilepsy should be
114 II, 5. 5. 3 | Issues relating to educating children with epilepsy should be
115 II, 5. 5. 3 | educational provision for children with epilepsy. Increased
116 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy amongst school children should be encouraged.~ ~
117 II, 5. 5. 3 | intractable epilepsy in children: a prospective study’ Neurology
118 II, 5. 5. 3 | Incidence of epilepsy in children: a follow-up study three
119 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2001): Mortality risk in children with epilepsy: the Dutch
120 II, 5. 5. 3 | and epileptic syndromes in children. Epilepsia 38:1275-1282.~
121 II, 5. 5. 3 | of epileptic seizures in children. Acta Paediatr 82:60-65.~
122 II, 5. 5. 3 | characteristics of epilepsy in children in Northern Sweden. Seizure
123 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sillanpaa M (1992): Epilepsy in children: prevalence, disability
124 II, 5. 5. 3 | development. In: Epilepsy in children and adolescents (Edited
125 II, 5. 5. 3 | severity of epilepsy in children in Western Norway. Epilepsia
126 II, 5. 7. 1 | in the pre-ESRD phases in children is scarce. Available data
127 II, 5. 7. 1 | therapy (RRT) for ESRD in children are collected by the renal
128 II, 5. 7. 1 | Although rare, CKD and ESRD in children pose unique challenges because
129 II, 5. 7. 1 | and Patel, 2006) and in children (McKenna et al, 2006; Fadrowski
130 II, 5. 7. 1 | 7.2). Data about CKD in children are presented according
131 II, 5. 7. 2 | prevalence of CKD among children, adolescents and adults
132 II, 5. 7. 3 | and analysis~ ~Incidence~ ~Children and adolescents~ ~CKD in
133 II, 5. 7. 3 | Swedish study (considering children and adolescents in the 6
134 II, 5. 7. 3 | rate of RRT for ESRD in children aged 0-14 was 7.1 patients
135 II, 5. 7. 3 | the CKD incidence rate in children/adolescents or adults.~In
136 II, 5. 7. 3 | sub-optimal (Lin et al, 2003).~ ~Children and adolescents~ ~Information
137 II, 5. 7. 3 | the pre-ESRD phases for children and adolescents is very
138 II, 5. 7. 3 | of ESRD undergoing RRT in children (<20 years) in Europe is
139 II, 5. 7. 4 | in adults and obesity in children (Wang et al, 2006). Since
140 II, 5. 7. 7 | chronic renal failure in children: data from the ItalKid project.
141 II, 5. 7. 7 | chronic renal failure in children: a report from Sweden 1986-
142 II, 5. 7. 7 | 2006): Quality of life in children with chronic kidney disease-patient
143 II, 5. 9. FB | one out of four European children under the age of ten is
144 II, 5. 9. FB | in UK. Secondly, among children, boys are more prone to
145 II, 5. 9. FB | 1.3) and concluded that children with high body weight, either
146 II, 5. 9. FB | Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), performed on 2100
147 II, 5. 9. FB | performed on 2100 British children, reported a reduced incidence
148 II, 5. 9. FB | proteins early in life.~ ~Since children with a positive family history
149 II, 5. 9. FB | at least four months in children has some protective effect.
150 II, 5. 9. FB | development of asthma; In young children already sensitized to house
151 II, 5. 9. FB | Asthma and obesity in children. Curr. Opin. Pediatr. 19:
152 II, 5. 9. 2 | 1991. As many as 463 801 children were enrolled in 155 collaborating
153 II, 5. 9. 2 | allergic determinants in children aged from 9 to 11 years.
154 II, 5. 9. 2 | schoolchildren were enrolled: 193 404 children aged 6–7 years from 66 centres
155 II, 5. 9. 2 | 37 countries and 304 679 children aged 13–14 years from 106
156 II, 5. 9. 2 | asthma prevalence among children and adults by Medline searches
157 II, 5. 9. 2 | were among adults, 13 among children and two among both of them.~ ~ ~
158 II, 5. 9. 3 | of remission are high in children and low in adults; nevertheless,
159 II, 5. 9. 3 | most remarkable in German children (p <0,05)~ ~The survey by
160 II, 5. 9. 3 | prevalence in adults and 35% in children - while the lowest was in
161 II, 5. 9. 3 | a 12.9% of prevalence in children, 14.7% in adolescents, while
162 II, 5. 9. 3 | general population: 11.2% in children of 6-7 years of age and
163 II, 5. 9. 3 | years of age and 16.9% in children of 13.14 years of age),
164 II, 5. 9. 3 | Switzerland (9.1% in children and 6.8% in adults), Spain (
165 II, 5. 9. 3 | 2% in adults and 17% in children, Czech Rep. 12.5%, Croatia
166 II, 5. 9. 3 | increased for decades. Data on children are more contradictory:
167 II, 5. 9. 4 | Numerous surveys on school-age children have shown increasing asthma
168 II, 5. 9. 4 | The diagnosis of asthma in children with wheeze was more commonly
169 II, 5. 9. 4 | between older and younger children occurred, making secular
170 II, 5. 9. 4 | based on a sample of 4470 children from 10 different areas;
171 II, 5. 9. 4 | between age groups. Farm children living in a rural area suffer
172 II, 5. 9. 4 | bronchial asthma (1.6%) than children (n = 966) with no direct
173 II, 5. 9. 4 | CI 0.42-0.67) for farm children compared to their references.~ ~
174 II, 5. 9. 4 | the specific allergen in children as well as in adults with
175 II, 5. 9. 4 | of allergic diseases in children having daily contact with
176 II, 5. 9. 4 | sensitized or symptomatic children or in families with a positive
177 II, 5. 9. 4 | environmental factors among 1450 children aged 13- to 14- and living
178 II, 5. 9. 4 | questionnaire, was used; ninety-nine children (10.2%) had a physician'
179 II, 5. 9. 4 | genetically predisposed children only.~ ~In several studies
180 II, 5. 9. 4 | been recently observed that children with a background of migration
181 II, 5. 9. 4 | an atopic disease, than children from local families of low
182 II, 5. 9. 4 | and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS) (Sc ud
183 II, 5. 9. 4 | significantly less common among children born abroad than among children
184 II, 5. 9. 4 | children born abroad than among children born in Italy (lifetime
185 II, 5. 9. 4 | 0.47-1.10) were found in children who had lived in Italy <
186 II, 5. 9. 4 | 5 years, while migrant children who had lived in Italy for
187 II, 5. 9. 4 | very similar to Italian children. Moreover, the prevalence
188 II, 5. 9. 4 | dirt, animals and other children; early exposure to certain
189 II, 5. 9. 7 | atopic sensitization in children related to farming and anthroposophic
190 II, 5. 9. 7 | analysis of 753 European children with asthma. Rev Mal Respir.
191 II, 5. 9. 7 | but not of asthma, among children in an industrialized area
192 II, 5. 9. 7 | allergic rhinitis in Ligurian children with respiratory symptoms.
193 II, 5. 9. 7 | respiratory symptoms in migrant children to Italy: the results of
194 II, 5. 9. 7 | and Examination Survey for Children and Adolescents (KiGGS).
195 II, 5. 10. 1 | 3% in adults and 4-6% in children (EFSA, 2004).~ ~Health consequences
196 II, 5. 10. 1 | restrictions, particularly in children (Mills et al, 2004).~ ~
197 II, 5. 10. 2 | across Europe in infants, children and adults including, but
198 II, 5. 10. 3 | self-reported FHS for adults and children was about 12% (Rona et al,
199 II, 5. 10. 3 | estimated to be around 4-6 % in children and 1-3% in adults, the
200 II, 5. 10. 3 | and peanuts, whereas in children three fourths of reactions
201 II, 5. 10. 4 | certain age groups such as children and pregnant or lactating
202 II, 5. 11.Acr | Basal cell carcinoma~CEHAPE~Children’s Environment and Health
203 II, 5. 11. 3 | et al~ ~Swedish school children (5-6 yrs)~Lifetime prevalence=
204 II, 5. 11. 3 | et al~ ~Italian school children (9 yrs)~Lifetime prevalence=
205 II, 5. 11. 3 | G, et al~ ~Danish school children (12-16 yrs)~Lifetime prevalence=
206 II, 5. 11. 3 | T, et al~ ~Danish school children (12-16 yrs)~Prevalence=15%~
207 II, 5. 11. 3 | et al~ ~Swedish school children (16-19 yrs)~Point prevalence=
208 II, 5. 11. 3 | M, et al~ ~Danish school children aged 12-16 yrs~Point prevalence=
209 II, 5. 11. 3 | persist into adulthood. Some children who have atopic eczema will
210 II, 5. 11. 3 | the quality of life for children, as well as for their parents
211 II, 5. 11. 3 | affecting around 10% of all children. The highest rates (around
212 II, 5. 11. 3 | unclear.~Prevalence studies of children in temperate developed countries
213 II, 5. 11. 3 | In a study of 695 school children in London, where 8.5% were
214 II, 5. 11. 3 | London born Afro-Caribbean children when compared to their white
215 II, 5. 11. 3 | However, studies of Asian children in Leicester showed that,
216 II, 5. 11. 3 | specialist clinics than white children, no differences in prevalence
217 II, 5. 11. 3 | to nickel. Among Danish children aged 0–18 , nickel allergy
218 II, 5. 11. 3 | Fisher, Nickel dermatitis in children, Cutis, 1991;47(1):19-21.~
219 II, 5. 11. 3 | Allergic contact dermatitis in children and adolescents, Contact
220 II, 5. 11. 5 | that at least one third of children born from parents with an
221 II, 5. 11. 5 | environment-related disease on children. The children’s environment
222 II, 5. 11. 5 | disease on children. The children’s environment and health
223 II, 5. 11. 5 | puts a lot of emphasis on children.~ ~Better labeling of cosmetic
224 II, 5. 11. 7 | guideline 57 – Atopic eczema in children, London: 2007.~ ~Nielsen
225 II, 5. 11. 7 | London-born black Carriben children are at increased risk of
226 II, 5. 12. 7 | hepatitis A and B infections in children in Naples, Italy. Public
227 II, 5. 13 | are now being seen among children and with increasing frequency (
228 II, 5. 13 | 53, Member States) among children and adolescents. It is predicted
229 II, 5. 13 | about 38% of school-age children will be overweight by 2010
230 II, 5. 13 | than a quarter of these children will be obese.~ ~Apart from
231 II, 5. 13 | risk groups among elderly, children, pregnant and lactating
232 II, 5. 14. 1 | particularly molars in children aged 6 to 8 years. Retention
233 II, 5. 14. 1 | research also indicates that children from low income households
234 II, 5. 14. 1 | access to dental services for children and adults especially from
235 II, 5. 14. 2 | prevalence of caries in young children, adolescents and adults (
236 II, 5. 14. 2 | has been established for children whereas surveillance of
237 II, 5. 14. 2 | conducted on random sample of children, adolescents, adults age
238 II, 5. 14. 2 | Experience in Permanent Molars in Children~Mean number of decayed,
239 II, 5. 14. 2 | permanent molars present per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~
240 II, 5. 14. 2 | permanent molars present per children at 6 and 12 years of age.~
241 II, 5. 14. 2 | Denominator: Total number of children at 6 and 12 years of age
242 II, 5. 14. 2 | actions mainly targeted school children. Collected data favoured
243 II, 5. 14. 3 | and 2000 improvement among children rose from 50 to 80%. Similarly,
244 II, 5. 14. 3 | dental caries in Portuguese children seems to be relatively low
245 II, 5. 14. 3 | health care programmes for children. For 12-year-olds the United
246 II, 5. 14. 3 | Dental Health in 12 year-old children in selected EUGLOREH countries~ ~
247 II, 5. 14. 3 | dental caries experience in children is shown also for certain
248 II, 5. 14. 3 | rate of dental caries in children has remained high in most
249 II, 5. 14. 3 | the index is also high in children. This shows that significant
250 II, 5. 14. 3 | significant proportions of children are in need of dental care.
251 II, 5. 14. 3 | disparities remain and many children and adults still develop
252 II, 5. 14. 3 | caries experience; most other children fall in the range of 1 to
253 II, 5. 14. 3 | In contrast, 10.8% of all children have a dental caries experience
254 II, 5. 14. 3 | good demography, 30% of the children have about 80% of decayed
255 II, 5. 14. 3 | decayed teeth, and 25% of the children have about 65% of DMF teeth,
256 II, 5. 14. 3 | of DMF teeth, 10% of the children have about 40% of DMF teeth.
257 II, 5. 14. 3 | researches indicate that children from low income households
258 II, 5. 14. 3 | new caries formation than children. Studies show that nursing
259 II, 5. 14. 3 | sample of 1379 12-year old children in Leicestershire and Rutland (
260 II, 5. 14. 3 | 1989, oral health care for children was provided by public health
261 II, 5. 14. 3 | dental visit frequency of children across Europe. In Portugal,
262 II, 5. 14. 3 | of 12-year-olds; 17.8% of children aged 6 had seen a dentist
263 II, 5. 14. 3 | age of12.~ ~Figure 5.14.3. Children aged 12 with a dental contact
264 II, 5. 14. 3 | In Eastern Europe, many children attend the dentist with
265 II, 5. 14. 3 | income populations. Poor children are more than twice as likely
266 II, 5. 14. 4 | and periodontal disease. Children and adolescents can benefit
267 II, 5. 14. 5 | the oral health of their children. Schools provide an ideal
268 II, 5. 14. 5 | and socially disadvantaged children, who are at risk, can access
269 II, 5. 14. 5 | specific life-styles – i.e. children or elderly people; goals
270 II, 5. 14. 5 | access to dental services for children and adults especially from
271 II, 5. 14. 6 | to be taken into account. Children are part of the most vulnerable
272 II, 5. 15. 3 | of these 200 RD affect children. In terms of incapacities,
273 II, 5. 15. 3 | healthy. Only 25% of their children carry the double mutation
274 II, 6. 3. 2 | cause of death in young children, the picture is more mixed,
275 II, 6. 3. 2 | that vaccination of young children would represent an effective
276 II, 6. 3. 3 | symptoms, and HBV infection in children usually goes with few or
277 II, 6. 3. 4 | generally observed among children aged 0–14 years. In all,
278 II, 6. 3. 4 | the cases overall, while children under 14 represented 4%.
279 II, 6. 3. 4 | general BCG vaccination of children could consider switching
280 II, 6. 3. 5 | the nasopharynx of young children. Invasive infections carry
281 II, 6. 3. 5 | infection-related death in young children. Unlike the older ‘polysaccharide’
282 II, 6. 3. 5 | disease even in very young children. As these vaccines also
283 II, 6. 3. 5 | others recommend it for children at-risk. As the vaccine
284 II, 6. 3. 5 | is most common in young children, with a secondary peak among
285 II, 6. 3. 5 | systemic infections in young children. Effective vaccines are
286 II, 6. 3. 5 | affecting both adults and children. The most serious consequence
287 II, 6. 3. 6 | most affected age group is children under the age of five years.
288 II, 6. 3. 6 | the highest incidence in children less than five year-old (
289 II, 6. 3. 6 | of acute renal failure in children, and 3–5% of patients die.
290 II, 6. 3. 6 | per 100 000 per year, with children under five years old having
291 II, 6. 3. 6 | 90% of HAV-infected young children do not have any symptoms.
292 II, 6. 3. 6 | highest incidence was seen in children under the age of 15.~ ~
293 II, 6. 3. 6 | chronic diarrhoea. Infants and children are at particular risk.
294 II, 6. 3. 6 | affected age groups are children 5–14 years of age and adults
295 II, 6. 3. 7 | morbidity and death, mainly in children. Imported cases of Dengue
296 II, 7. 1 | accident or violence. In children, adolescents and young adults
297 II, 7. 3. 2 | year. Injuries kill more children, adolescents and young adults (
298 II, 7. 4 | leading cause of death in children, adolescents and young adults.
299 II, 7. 4 | on in this chapter:~ ~· Children and adolescents;~· Elderly
300 II, 7. 4. 1 | 7.4.1. Safety of children and adolescents~ ~Children
301 II, 7. 4. 1 | children and adolescents~ ~Children and adolescents have been
302 II, 7. 4. 1 | leading cause of death for children, adolescents and young adults
303 II, 7. 4. 1 | due to injury another 50 children and youths are admitted
304 II, 7. 4. 1 | that estimated 21 million children and youths are being treated
305 II, 7. 4. 1 | group, EU27~ ~Deaths of children and teenagers are in particular
306 II, 7. 4. 1 | causes of injury deaths in children (Figure 7.19.A).~ ~Figure
307 II, 7. 4. 1 | injury hazards for preschool children at home (falls, scalds,
308 II, 7. 4. 1 | bicycle helmets amongst older children.~ ~The “European Child Safety
309 II, 7. 4. 4 | linked to the “safety of children and adolescents” priority
310 II, 7. 4. 4 | exercises for pre-school children, physical education at school,
311 II, 7. 5 | to the “seven priorities” children & adolescents; elderly citizens &
312 II, 7. 5 | the seven priority areas (children & youth, elderly people,
313 II, 8. 2. 1 | intellectual disability or young children who have not entered school.~
314 II, 8. 2. 1 | study of two cohorts of children (altogether 21397 individuals)
315 II, 8. 2. 1 | out in a cohort of 12058 children followed up to the age of
316 II, 8. 2. 1 | epidemiological census study among children under 15 years, showed an
317 II, 8. 2. 1 | experienced by, for example, children and adolescents with intellectual
318 II, 8. 2. 1 | during childhood. For many children, the cause of their intellectual
319 II, 8. 2. 1 | sample of n=10,438 British children, finding that intellectual
320 II, 8. 2. 1 | health and mental health of children and adolescents with intellectual
321 II, 8. 2. 1 | with proper medical care. Children diagnosed with an intellectual
322 II, 8. 2. 1 | congenital hypothyroidism. Children that do have these conditions
323 II, 8. 2. 1 | inequalities of British children and adolescents with intellectual
324 II, 8. 2. 1 | capital and the health of children and adolescents with intellectual
325 II, 8. 2. 1 | developmentally disabled children. Pediatric Dentistry 4,
326 II, 8. 2. 2 | Although blindness in children remain a significant problem,
327 II, 8. 2. 2 | problem, affecting about 21000 children in EUR-A and EUR-C epidemiological
328 II, 8. 2. 2 | Although blindness in children remain a significant problem,
329 II, 8. 2. 2 | problem, affecting about 21000 children in EUR-A and EUR-C epidemiological
330 II, 8. 2. 2 | important that screening of children for refractive errors are
331 II, 8. 2. 2 | of visual impairment in children: a review of available data.
332 II, 8. 2. 2 | Preventing blindness in children. Report of a WHO/IAPB scientific
333 II, 8. 2. 3 | population sample ob about 553000 children aged 0-9 years (Fortnum
334 II, 9 | mothers at delivery, newborns, children, adults and elderly). The
335 II, 9 | Although many fewer women bear children late in life in the new
336 II, 9 | outcome for mothers and children and is an indicator of effective
337 II, 9 | 1b. Main risk factors for children and adolescents~Domestic
338 II, 9 | adolescents~Domestic Environment. Children and their health are initially
339 II, 9 | still have major pockets of children living in poverty (UNICEF,
340 II, 9 | It has been shown that children of mothers educated only
341 II, 9 | of health problems that children of more educated mothers (
342 II, 9 | cases it is reported that children who smoke frequently have
343 II, 9 | of physical disability in children, or of mental disability,
344 II, 9. 1. 1 | Data presented here concern children with CP born 1990-1998,
345 II, 9. 1. 1 | cohorts 1990-1998~ ~Among children with CP, some have a severe
346 II, 9. 1. 1 | intellectual impairment. Other children have a mild clinical CP
347 II, 9. 1. 1 | The CP rate among VLBW children born in the covered area
348 II, 9. 1. 1 | neonatal mortality among children born VLBW, which varies
349 II, 9. 1. 1 | and mainly in the group of children born 1000-1499g (Platt et
350 II, 9. 1. 1 | Outcome at 5 years of age of children 23 to 27 weeks' gestation:
351 II, 9. 1. 2 | quality of life of affected children and adults and their families~·
352 II, 9. 1. 2 | the health of adults and children is not necessarily enough
353 II, 9. 1. 2 | across Europe are live born children who survive infancy, but
354 II, 9. 1. 2 | Although many fewer women bear children late in life in the new
355 II, 9. 1. 2 | outcome for mothers and children and is an indicator of effective
356 II, 9. 1. 2 | retrospective follow-up studies of children with congenital anomalies
357 II, 9. 1. 2 | the outcome of affected children and their families in terms
358 II, 9. 2 | 9.2. Children and adolescents (age 1-18)~ ~ ~
359 II, 9. 2. 1 | 9.2.1. Introduction~ ~Children are citizens in their own
360 II, 9. 2. 1 | that in their early years children are totally dependant upon
361 II, 9. 2. 1 | facilities such as recreation.~ ~Children are also a particularly
362 II, 9. 2. 1 | considerable targeting of children directly or subliminally
363 II, 9. 2. 1 | spans the complete care of children’s and adolescents’ physical,
364 II, 9. 2. 1 | lifestyle pattern for adulthood. Children who do not follow a balanced
365 II, 9. 2. 1 | diabetes and asthma in children play out over the lifespan,
366 II, 9. 2. 1 | the lifespan, as unhealthy children typically grow up to be
367 II, 9. 2. 1 | initiative is that of the Children’s Environment and Health
368 II, 9. 2. 2 | Health Action for Healthier Children and Populations” (WHO Regional
369 II, 9. 2. 2 | For All data relating to children. Thus 24 indicators are
370 II, 9. 2. 2 | cannot give the number of children in Europe, being restricted
371 II, 9. 2. 2 | available data.~ ~Data about children are available from a range
372 II, 9. 2. 2 | a good understanding of children’s health and related pressures
373 II, 9. 2. 2 | across Europe, but specific children’s issues do not feature
374 II, 9. 2. 2 | after the perinatal period children do not feature highly other
375 II, 9. 2. 2 | Commission has an interest in children in several Directorates-General,
376 II, 9. 2. 2 | Security (responsible for children’s rights), have major interests
377 II, 9. 2. 2 | interests in issues relating to children and which may have health
378 II, 9. 2. 2 | the effects of issues on children’s health. (Web link - ec.
379 II, 9. 2. 2 | UNICEF: The United Nations Children’s Fund, UNICEF, is the United
380 II, 9. 2. 2 | promote the interests of children worldwide. Naturally, given
381 II, 9. 2. 2 | studies on issues affecting children, or parenting and families
382 II, 9. 2. 2 | parenting and families with children, such as the OECD Family
383 II, 9. 2. 2 | architectural design and children, and early education. More
384 II, 9. 2. 2 | country-specific data on children. (Web link – ww ~ ~European
385 II, 9. 2. 2 | Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC): This collaborative
386 II, 9. 2. 2 | obtains a robust sample of children in each country, though
387 II, 9. 2. 2 | inevitable exclusion of children not attending school means
388 II, 9. 2. 2 | though households may contain children, seldom are the data analysed
389 II, 9. 2. 2 | analysed to focus on those children. Much more information could
390 II, 9. 2. 2 | related to data collection on children~ ~Defining and counting
391 II, 9. 2. 2 | Defining and counting children: Children are defined by
392 II, 9. 2. 2 | Defining and counting children: Children are defined by the United
393 II, 9. 2. 2 | Assembly, 1989). So how many children are there in Europe, and
394 II, 9. 2. 2 | aged 0-19 years inclusive. Children in their totality, namely
395 II, 9. 2. 2 | value placed on considering children as a group in their own
396 II, 9. 2. 2 | identifying and caring for children as a group. Using a cut-off
397 II, 9. 2. 2 | same category as preschool children: physiologically, socially,
398 II, 9. 2. 2 | forcing the consideration of children as generally being those
399 II, 9. 2. 2 | know about the wellbeing of children. Nor is enough known about
400 II, 9. 2. 2 | and thereby the effect on children of the union) is not measured
401 II, 9. 2. 2 | marriage and divorce rates.~ ~Children are not miniature adults,
402 II, 9. 2. 3 | Cancer: Tumors recognized in children include mainly Hodgkin’s
403 II, 9. 2. 3 | successfully treated in children.~ ~Figure 9.2.1a. Age-standardised
404 II, 9. 2. 3 | mortality rates by cancer in children aged 0-14 in selected EUGLOREH
405 II, 9. 2. 3 | mortality rates by cancer in children aged 0-14 in selected EUGLOREH
406 II, 9. 2. 3 | self-reported asthma symptoms” for children aged 13-14 for those countries
407 II, 9. 2. 3 | common chronic disease in children, with a prevalence between
408 II, 9. 2. 3 | asthma2 in 13- to 14-year-old children as high as 18.4% for Scotland,
409 II, 9. 2. 3 | cannot identify the number of children with impairment or disability,
410 II, 9. 2. 3 | vision of happy and healthy children, balanced with concern about
411 II, 9. 2. 3 | disabled or hospitalised children, but no public health data
412 II, 9. 2. 3 | and has also developed a children’s version of it, there is
413 II, 9. 2. 3 | reporting of the number of children in society with various
414 II, 9. 2. 3 | the main cause of death in children aged 1-14 in Europe. Over
415 II, 9. 2. 3 | Every year, some 9.000 children and young people under 19
416 II, 9. 2. 3(2)| period in 13- to 14-year-old children) was used as the prevalence
417 II, 9. 2. 3 | levels of bullying. Levels of children perceiving that they were
418 II, 9. 2. 3 | only unaware of how many children are being abused and neglected
419 II, 9. 2. 3 | a significant number of children in transition countries (
420 II, 9. 2. 3 | avoid infection and many children are unclear about the ways
421 II, 9. 2. 3 | tuberculosis and poliomyelitis in children, there is a greater risk
422 II, 9. 2. 3 | particularly worrying in children, as not only does obesity
423 II, 9. 2. 3 | WHO 2005b). Overweight in children leads to low self-esteem,
424 II, 9. 2. 3 | the number of overweight children is rising each year by 400
425 II, 9. 2. 3 | indicate that more than 27 000 children in the EU have type 2 diabetes,
426 II, 9. 2. 3 | available, particularly about children. This in turn means that
427 II, 9. 2. 3 | childhood nutrition through to children’s patterns of physical exercise –
428 II, 9. 2. 3 | burden of disability on children. Mood disorders such as
429 II, 9. 2. 3 | health policy concerning children and adolescents needs to
430 II, 9. 2. 3 | only limited mention of children, though those references
431 II, 9. 2. 3 | is a right for European children. A short summary of the
432 II, 9. 2. 3 | mental health of European children. This again is a truly worrying
433 II, 9. 2. 3 | anxious, in older school children, but leaves many other aspects
434 II, 9. 2. 3 | leaves many other aspects of children’s mental health uncovered.
435 II, 9. 2. 3 | difficult is access by older children to mental health and counselling
436 II, 9. 2. 3 | times per year European children are being denied this right
437 II, 9. 2. 3 | contains some reference to children’s mental health needs and
438 II, 9. 2. 3 | Behaviour in a School-aged Children (HBSC) study, covering the
439 II, 9. 2. 3 | shows that by no means all children feel a sense of wellbeing.
440 II, 9. 2. 3 | a worrying proportion of children do not feel able to obtain
441 II, 9. 2. 4 | have been identified for children health (see Table 9.1b.).
442 II, 9. 2. 4 | 1b. Main risk factors for children and adolescents~ ~Domestic
443 II, 9. 2. 4 | Domestic Environment. Children and their health are initially
444 II, 9. 2. 4 | still have major pockets of children living in poverty (UNICEF,
445 II, 9. 2. 4 | It has been shown that children of mothers educated only
446 II, 9. 2. 4 | of health problems that children of more educated mothers (
447 II, 9. 2. 4 | cases it is reported that children who smoke frequently have
448 II, 9. 2. 4 | of physical disability in children, or of mental disability,
449 II, 9. 2. 5 | neither infants, nor young children can be appropriately accommodated
450 II, 9. 2. 5 | requires other support for children including play areas, and
451 II, 9. 2. 5 | and for the rights of children to appropriate hospitals
452 II, 9. 2. 5 | primary and community care for children. In some countries there
453 II, 9. 2. 5 | doctors specifically for children, whereas in other countries
454 II, 9. 2. 5 | necessary for the healthcare of children, and the minimum standards
455 II, 9. 2. 5 | medicines prescribed for children have not yet been tested
456 II, 9. 2. 5 | and authorised for use by children. The European Commission
457 II, 9. 2. 5 | of medicines for use in children.~ ~Policies~ ~EU policy
458 II, 9. 2. 5 | Policies~ ~EU policy for children and young people’s health
459 II, 9. 2. 5 | its actions in favour of children and young people, the European
460 II, 9. 2. 5 | strengthen the protection of children, both within and outside
461 II, 9. 2. 5 | with stakeholders~- To help children to enforce their rights~ ~
462 II, 9. 2. 5 | EC policy areas and with children as principal target, notably
463 II, 9. 2. 5 | beings, sexual exploitation, children in armed conflict, safety
464 II, 9. 2. 5 | for actions in favour of children and young people, notably
465 II, 9. 2. 5 | democracy and access of Roma children to education.~ ~In 2000,
466 II, 9. 2. 5 | to issues that influence children and young people. These
467 II, 9. 2. 5 | prevention of cigarette sales to children and adolescents; information
468 II, 9. 2. 5 | protect the interests of children and young people and promote
469 II, 9. 2. 5 | entitled “A World Fit for Children”. The resolution encompassed
470 II, 9. 2. 5 | physical activity behaviour of children, commissioned by the EU,
471 II, 9. 2. 5 | to promote the health of children, adolescents and young people
472 II, 9. 2. 5 | Committee in autumn 2008.~ ~Children's Environment and Health
473 II, 9. 2. 5 | affect the health of European children (WHO, 2004). It was developed
474 II, 9. 2. 5 | on "The future for our children". This action plan highlights
475 II, 9. 2. 5 | the main commitments on children's health and environment
476 II, 9. 2. 5 | devoted to protect and promote children’s health is the EU “Environment
477 II, 9. 2. 6 | influence on the health of children and young people is at first
478 II, 9. 2. 6 | collection of comparative data on children, including gender segregated
479 II, 9. 2. 6 | which may have an impact on children’s health. Hence, the recent
480 II, 9. 2. 6 | and specifically includes children’s health.~ ~Top priorities /
481 II, 9. 2. 6 | well being and morbidity of children.~It is a priority to study
482 II, 9. 2. 6 | the pattern of health of children, their physical and mental
483 II, 9. 2. 6 | health and well being of children, the positives, as well
484 II, 9. 2. 6 | measured specifically for children of different ages;~ ~· Child
485 II, 9. 2. 6 | impairment and disability in children differ significantly compared
486 II, 9. 2. 6 | impact of disability on children’s lives at different stages
487 II, 9. 2. 6 | development of a variation for children of a measurement tool based
488 II, 9. 2. 6 | Intentional harm and injury to children~The improvement of information
489 II, 9. 2. 6 | health and development of children and of their enduring health-related
490 II, 9. 2. 6 | lifestyles and environments for children needs to move higher up
491 II, 9. 2. 7 | Determinants of Obesity in Children in Europe, Health and Consumer
492 II, 9. 2. 7 | Andersson G.I (2002); Children’s experience of family disruption
493 II, 9. 2. 7 | European Association for Children in Hospital (EACH) (1988):
494 II, 9. 2. 7 | Available at:~www ~ ~European Children’s Network-UN Meeting Florence (
495 II, 9. 2. 7 | Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study: international
496 II, 9. 2. 7 | October 2002 - A world fit for children (A/RES/S-27/2). Available
497 II, 9. 2. 7 | Behaviour in School-aged Children. HBSC study: 2001/2002.
498 II, 9. 2. 7 | WHO, Geneva.~ ~WHO (2004): Children's Environment and Health
499 II, 9. 2. 7 | health action for healthier children and populations. WHO, Copenhagen,
500 II, 9. 2. 7 | EURO/06/05: The health of children and adolescents in Europe:
