Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | well as by low and late mortality. Most EU citizens still
2 I, 2. 4 | data, rates of premature mortality are higher among those with
3 I, 2. 4 | income;~· inequalities in mortality exist from the youngest
4 I, 2. 4 | men; and~· inequalities in mortality can also be found for many
5 I, 2. 4 | These inequalities in mortality lead to substantial inequalities
6 I, 2. 4 | Western European countries, mortality differences between socio-economic
7 I, 2. 4 | socio-economic groups in the speed of mortality decline. While mortality
8 I, 2. 4 | mortality decline. While mortality declined in all socio-economic
9 I, 2. 4 | in the lower. The faster mortality declines in higher socio-economic
10 I, 2. 4 | turn mostly due to faster mortality declines for cardiovascular
11 I, 2. 4 | in cardiovascular disease mortality. This was due to improvements
12 I, 2. 4 | late 1980s, inequalities in mortality were in Eastern Europe at
13 I, 2. 4 | looking at differences in mortality by level of education in
14 I, 2. 4 | substantial inequalities in mortality in all countries, both among
15 I, 2. 4 | women. Among men, the excess mortality ranged between 50 and 78
16 I, 2. 4 | relative inequalities in mortality were of similar magnitude
17 I, 2. 4 | the political transition, mortality rates have changed dramatically
18 I, 2. 4 | risk factors for premature mortality. The available evidence
19 I, 2. 4 | shows that these changes in mortality have not been equally shared
20 I, 2. 4 | countries with available data, mortality rates have generally improved
21 I, 2. 4 | rise of inequalities in mortality has occurred. Evidence from
22 I, 2. 4 | inevitable.~ ~As in the case with mortality, rates of morbidity are
23 I, 2. 4 | together with inequalities in mortality, inequalities in morbidity
24 I, 2. 5 | increases cardiovascular mortality (Finnish Heart Association,
25 I, 2. 5 | increases cardiovascular mortality. In industrialised countries,
26 I, 2. 7 | influence health status and mortality of the population, such
27 I, 2. 9 | continues to change, with mortality risk increases by between
28 I, 2. 9 | some evidence that winter mortality in Europe has decreased,
29 I, 3. 3 | fertility and low levels of mortality which make them grow (significant
30 I, 3. 3 | children per woman) and mortality (life expectancy) in combination
31 I, 3. 3 | from changing fertility and mortality levels, for example if the
32 I, 3. 3 | population, the fertility, mortality and migration rates in a
33 I, 3. 3 | fertility than to higher mortality. The pyramid for the New
34 II, 4. 2 | different patterns of change in mortality rates. The decline in mortality
35 II, 4. 2 | mortality rates. The decline in mortality rates has not been the same
36 II, 4. 2 | recent years the decline in mortality rates at old ages has become
37 II, 4. 2 | question comes down to whether mortality at old ages has been slowing
38 II, 4. 2 | contribution of changes in mortality rates at different ages
39 II, 4. 2 | other ages. The analysis of mortality trends is limited to some
40 II, 4. 2 | the 1970s the decline in mortality at very young age contributed
41 II, 4. 2 | fourth. During the 1980s, mortality at young age still was an
42 II, 4. 2 | increasingly declines in mortality for the elderly contributed
43 II, 4. 2 | caused by the decline in mortality for age groups 80 and over,
44 II, 4. 2 | These age patterns in mortality decline were visible in
45 II, 4. 2 | countries, the decline in mortality at the youngest ages contributed
46 II, 4. 2 | variation in changes in mortality across age groups, even
47 II, 4. 2 | countries the decline of mortality for elderly people became
48 II, 4. 2 | expectancy. In most countries, mortality decline was larger for men
49 II, 4. 2 | and Italy the decline in mortality at the youngest ages continued
50 II, 4. 2 | in Spain the decline in mortality at higher ages had a larger
51 II, 4. 2 | countries. In the 1990s, mortality at the youngest ages continued
52 II, 4. 2 | mainly caused by a decline in mortality at elderly ages, at slightly
53 II, 4. 2 | deviating pattern. In the 1990s, mortality of women aged between 65
54 II, 4. 2 | deviation, as since 2000 mortality of women aged 65-74 has
55 II, 4. 2 | several Eastern countries mortality of men in their fifties
56 II, 4. 2 | 1970s for men the decline in mortality by respiratory disease was
57 II, 4. 2 | addition, the decline in mortality in heart disease and cerebrovascular
58 II, 4. 2 | contribution of the decline in mortality by heart and cerebrovascular
59 II, 4. 2 | for men the decrease in mortality by ischemic heart disease
60 II, 4. 2 | for women the decrease of mortality by cerebrovascular disease
61 II, 4. 2 | the 1990s, the decrease in mortality by ischemic heart disease
62 II, 4. 2 | 1990s for men the decline in mortality by various types of cancer
63 II, 4. 2 | smoking since the 1970s, mortality by cancer declined in the
64 II, 4. 2 | For women the decrease in mortality by heart and cerebrovascular
65 II, 4. 2 | there was a decline in mortality by cancer. However, mortality
66 II, 4. 2 | mortality by cancer. However, mortality by smoking related cancer
67 II, 4. 2 | different patterns of change in mortality across the countries of
68 II, 4. 2 | countries, the decline in mortality by circulatory diseases (
69 II, 4. 2 | and strokes. Changes in mortality by the other main cause
70 II, 4. 2 | diseases. One important part of mortality by cancer is caused by smoking.
71 II, 4. 2 | cancer is caused by smoking. Mortality by gynaecological cancers (
72 II, 4. 2 | the 1990s the decline in mortality by these cancers had a positive
73 II, 4. 2 | had a negative effect on mortality at young and old ages, but
74 II, 4. 2 | had a negative effect on mortality of men in their thirties
75 II, 4. 2 | their thirties and forties. Mortality by respiratory diseases (
76 II, 4. 2 | decrease in smoking prevalence. Mortality by external causes (causes
77 II, 4. 2 | that in Eastern countries mortality by traffic accidents increased
78 II, 4. 2 | the 1980s. In the 1990s mortality by traffic accidents decreased
79 II, 4. 2 | transport accidents on the mortality of men is larger than that
80 II, 4. 2 | on women. Alcohol related mortality (cause 13 in table 3) had
81 II, 4. 2 | has been the decrease in mortality of circulatory diseases.
82 II, 4. 2 | had a negative impact on mortality due to cancer, for men more
83 II, 4. 2 | the effect of smoking on mortality is larger than mortality
84 II, 4. 2 | mortality is larger than mortality by lung cancer and other
85 II, 4. 2 | as smoking also affects mortality by circulatory and respiratory
86 II, 4. 2 | 2000 due to a decline in mortality by circulatory diseases
87 II, 4. 2 | countries the decline in mortality by circulatory diseases
88 II, 4. 2 | effect of the decline in mortality by circulatory disease was
89 II, 4. 2 | Contribution of change in mortality by circulatory diseases
90 II, 4. 2 | countries.~ ~The decline in mortality rates for the elderly has
91 II, 4. 2 | important question is whether mortality at old ages will continue
92 II, 4. 2 | stagnation of the decline in mortality at the oldest ages. In order
93 II, 4. 2 | analyse developments in mortality for the elderly (65+) in
94 II, 4. 2 | stagnation in the decline of mortality for the elderly.~ ~For women
95 II, 4. 2 | the sexes: the levels of mortality rates at older ages for
96 II, 4. 2 | shows the development of mortality for the oldest old (80+).
97 II, 4. 2 | that the development of mortality at the oldest ages in the
98 II, 4. 2 | sign of a stagnation in mortality at high ages.~ ~Figure 4.
99 II, 4. 2 | negative development in mortality for men in Eastern European
100 II, 4. 3 | 1997): Report of Final Mortality Statistics. Monthly Vital
101 II, 4. 3 | 1971): A single index of mortality and morbidity. Health Services
102 II, 5. 1. 1 | high impact in terms of mortality and morbidity include cardiovascular
103 II, 5. 1. 1 | contribute significantly to mortality in the EU. Main non lethal
104 II, 5. 1. 1 | represent the greatest burden of mortality and morbidity within the
105 II, 5. 1. 1 | lung cancer incidence and mortality are influenced by past exposure
106 II, 5. 1. 1 | Cirrhosis~The patterns in mortality from cirrhosis are largely
107 II, 5. 2. 1 | experiencing declining rates of mortality from CVD, there is an increasing
108 II, 5. 2. 1 | women (54% of all-cause mortality) than men (43% of all-cause
109 II, 5. 2. 1 | than men (43% of all-cause mortality) (2733 Employment, Social
110 II, 5. 2. 1 | et al, 2008) and a higher mortality in the lower socio-economic
111 II, 5. 2. 1 | is the leading cause of mortality in EU, accounting for over
112 II, 5. 2. 1 | most European countries CVD mortality has declined since the mid
113 II, 5. 2. 1 | 70s, but in Eastern Europe mortality has remained stable or has
114 II, 5. 2. 1 | Despite the decline in mortality, the annual number of CVD
115 II, 5. 2. 2 | available on CVD beyond mortality, other than rigorous but
116 II, 5. 2. 2 | geographical areas.~In this effort, mortality and morbidity data were
117 II, 5. 2. 2 | EUROSTAT (htt u, 2007) for mortality data; WHO-HFA database (htt b,
118 II, 5. 2. 2 | individuals aged over 75 years CVD mortality becomes increasingly salient
119 II, 5. 2. 2 | strategies.~Dynamics of CVD mortality in Western and Eastern Europe
120 II, 5. 2. 2 | cardiovascular and all-cause mortality were interpreted in the
121 II, 5. 2. 2 | Ischemic heart disease~ ~Mortality~EUROSTAT data were analyzed
122 II, 5. 2. 2 | were analyzed to obtain mortality rates (htt u, 2007).~IHD
123 II, 5. 2. 2 | rates (htt u, 2007).~IHD mortality was defined as underlying
124 II, 5. 2. 2 | 414). Age-specific total mortality rates for the average of
125 II, 5. 2. 2 | proportion of cause-specific mortality in the different age groups
126 II, 5. 2. 2 | Age-standardized (35-74 years) mortality rates were calculated for
127 II, 5. 2. 2 | age-standardized (35-74 years) mortality rate are presented as average
128 II, 5. 2. 2 | those of Northern Europe and mortality rates are higher compared
129 II, 5. 2. 2 | country with the lowest mortality rate and the one with the
130 II, 5. 2. 2 | care to the decline in CVD mortality. Data from the WHO MONICA
131 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.2. Stroke~ ~Mortality~Following the recommendations
132 II, 5. 2. 2 | were analyzed to obtain mortality rates (htt u, 2007). Stroke
133 II, 5. 2. 2 | rates (htt u, 2007). Stroke mortality was defined as underlying
134 II, 5. 2. 2 | 430-438). Age-standardized mortality rates for the age groups
135 II, 5. 2. 2 | were selected to estimate mortality trends. To make trends more
136 II, 5. 2. 2 | Europe countries because mortality rates are higher compared
137 II, 5. 2. 2 | country with the lowest mortality and the one with the highest
138 II, 5. 2. 3 | Ischemic heart disease~ ~Mortality~ ~CVD is the main cause
139 II, 5. 2. 3 | the age of 75 years, IHD mortality is higher in men than in
140 II, 5. 2. 3 | decided to report standardized mortality rates only for 35-74 age
141 II, 5. 2. 3 | EUROCISS project. However, mortality rates for the different
142 II, 5. 2. 3 | accounts for 34% of total mortality and IHD for 15%. Mortality
143 II, 5. 2. 3 | mortality and IHD for 15%. Mortality rates are higher in men
144 II, 5. 2. 3 | gradient with the highest mortality rates in Baltic1, Central
145 II, 5. 2. 3 | standard European population) mortality rates per 100.000.~ ~Mortality
146 II, 5. 2. 3 | mortality rates per 100.000.~ ~Mortality trends for IHD in men are
147 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries from 1994 to 2003 mortality rates in the 35-74 age range
148 II, 5. 2. 3 | Figure 5.2.2) for whom mortality rates fell by 40% in Central
149 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.1. Age-standardized mortality rates per 100.000. Trends
150 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.2. Age-standardized mortality rates per 100.000. Trends
151 II, 5. 2. 3 | Since then, cardiovascular mortality started to decrease also
152 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries). The decline in IHD mortality rates has been greater for
153 II, 5. 2. 3 | countries with the highest mortality rates. Not surprisingly,
154 II, 5. 2. 3 | rates. Not surprisingly, mortality rates are much higher for
155 II, 5. 2. 3 | for men than for women; mortality rates have been falling
156 II, 5. 2. 3 | women. Faster declining mortality rates for men have narrowed
157 II, 5. 2. 3 | treatment.~The decline in mortality in the different populations
158 II, 5. 2. 3 | Stroke~Data on morbidity and mortality are available only for the
159 II, 5. 2. 3 | fatality after stroke.~ ~Mortality~Stroke alone is the second
160 II, 5. 2. 3 | Allender et al, 2008). Stroke mortality is higher in men than in
161 II, 5. 2. 3 | decided to report standardized mortality rates only for the 35-84
162 II, 5. 2. 3 | accounts for 10% of all-cause mortality. Analyses of mortality highlighted
163 II, 5. 2. 3 | all-cause mortality. Analyses of mortality highlighted substantial
164 II, 5. 2. 3 | Population) cerebrovascular mortality rates per 100.000 men and
165 II, 5. 2. 3 | years average~ ~In men, mortality rate varies from 60 deaths
166 II, 5. 2. 3 | mainly affects the elderly.~Mortality trends for stroke in men
167 II, 5. 2. 3 | 5.2.3; from 1994 to 2003 mortality rates in the age range 35-
168 II, 5. 2. 3 | 298 to 279 per 100.000). Mortality increased by 10% in Eastern
169 II, 5. 2. 3 | 357 per 100.000). In 2003, mortality rates in Central Europe
170 II, 5. 2. 3 | from 1993 to 2002 in stroke mortality were more favourable in
171 II, 5. 2. 3 | gradient with the highest mortality rates in Baltic Europe and
172 II, 5. 2. 3 | standard European population) mortality rates per 100.000 Cerebrovascular
173 II, 5. 2. 3 | Figure 5.2.4) for which mortality rates fell by 39% in Central
174 II, 5. 2. 3 | 193 to 121 per 100.000). Mortality rates increased by 21% in
175 II, 5. 2. 3 | 246 per 100.000). In 2003, mortality rates in Southern Europe
176 II, 5. 2. 3 | standard European population) mortality rates per 100.000 Cerebrovascular
177 II, 5. 2. 3 | fatality rates with changes in mortality rates revealed that two
178 II, 5. 2. 3 | thirds of the decreasing mortality was attributable to reduced
179 II, 5. 2. 3 | declining trends of stroke mortality during the last 10 years
180 II, 5. 2. 3 | increasing. The decline in mortality has been greater in countries
181 II, 5. 2. 3 | dramatically increase in stroke mortality for men and women in Eastern
182 II, 5. 2. 3 | explain the increase in mortality.~ ~
183 II, 5. 2. 5 | Project, which measured IHD mortality trends between the early
184 II, 5. 2. 5 | populations with decreasing mortality, two-thirds of the decline
185 II, 5. 2. 5 | looking at the decline in IHD mortality over a 20-year period in
186 II, 5. 2. 5 | the remaining 42% of the mortality decline (Unal et al, 2005).~
187 II, 5. 2. 5 | the world’s highest CVD mortality rate. Planners examined
188 II, 5. 2. 5 | blood pressure. By 1992, CVD mortality rates for men aged 35-64
189 II, 5. 2. 5 | factor levels, morbidity and mortality were also attributed to
190 II, 5. 2. 5 | explain less than half of the mortality decline; the major contribution
191 II, 5. 2. 5 | the major contribution to mortality decline comes from risk
192 II, 5. 2. 6 | explain less than half of the mortality decline; the major contribution
193 II, 5. 2. 6 | the major contribution to mortality decline comes from risk
194 II, 5. 2. 6 | large benefits for reducing mortality.~Nevertheless, it is important
195 II, 5. 2. 6 | with the country specific mortality for Coronary Heart Disease (
196 II, 5. 2. 6 | reduction of CHD morbidity and mortality (Baigent C et al, 2005).
197 II, 5. 2. 6 | blood pressure to vascular mortality: a meta-analysis of individual
198 II, 5. 2. 6 | coronary heart disease and mortality in elderly men (the Zutphen
199 II, 5. 2. 6 | cholesterol and vascular mortality by age, sex, and blood pressure:
200 II, 5. 2. 7 | Cardiovascular and All-Cause Mortality JAMA 292:1588-1592.~Daviglus
201 II, 5. 2. 7 | cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in Western and Eastern Union
202 II, 5. 2. 7 | Uemura K (1982): Trends of mortality from ischemic heart disease
203 II, 5. 2. 7 | cardiovascular diseases mortality in Europe. Task force of
204 II, 5. 2. 7 | Cardiology on Cardiovascular mortality and morbidity statistics
205 II, 5. 2. 7 | Project (2003): Are changes in mortality from stroke caused by changes
206 II, 5. 2. 7 | TJ (1989): International mortality from heart disease: rates
207 II, 5. 2. 7 | 1985). Trends in total mortality and mortality from heart
208 II, 5. 2. 7 | Trends in total mortality and mortality from heart disease in 26
209 II, 5. 2. 7 | in coronary heart disease mortality: 10-year results from 37
210 II, 5. 2. 7 | and coronary heart disease mortality across the WHO MONICA Project
211 II, 5. 2. 7 | in cardiovascular disease mortality in industrialized countries
212 II, 5. 3. 1 | population at risk;~ ~- Mortality: cancer mortality rates
213 II, 5. 3. 1 | risk;~ ~- Mortality: cancer mortality rates show the number of
214 II, 5. 3. 2 | introduction; trends in mortality among screened subjects
215 II, 5. 3. 3 | indicators (i.e. incidence, mortality, survival) are presented
216 II, 5. 3. 3 | Switzerland).~- The basic mortality and population information
217 II, 5. 3. 3 | annual reported data on mortality statistics by age, sex,
218 II, 5. 3. 3 | Diseases (ICD).~- Cancer mortality trends in men and women
219 II, 5. 3. 3 | Figures on cancer incidence, mortality and 5-year relative survival
220 II, 5. 3. 3 | these reasons all incidence, mortality and relative survival data
221 II, 5. 3. 4 | lung cancer incidence and mortality are influenced by past exposure
222 II, 5. 3. 5 | 5.3.4 Mortality and incidence data discussion~ ~
223 II, 5. 3. 5 | cases per 100,000). Maximum mortality rates (Figures 5.3.3) were
224 II, 5. 3. 5 | 3.2b), while the highest mortality rates were reported in Eastern
225 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figures 5.3.4 show that mortality is decreasing for men with
226 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
227 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
228 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
229 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
230 II, 5. 3. 5 | while maximum levels of mortality rates (Figures 5.3.7) were
231 II, 5. 3. 5 | 100,000). Incidence and mortality levels seem to be negatively
232 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence (Figures 6) and mortality trends (Figures 5.3.8) are
233 II, 5. 3. 5 | both for male incidence and mortality.~ ~Figure 5.3.5a. Stomach
234 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
235 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
236 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
237 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
238 II, 5. 3. 5 | and Slovakia had higher mortality rates than the rest of Europe
239 II, 5. 3. 5 | men (Figure 5.3.10a). Male mortality rates (Figure 5.3.12a) are
240 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
241 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
242 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
243 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
244 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence (Figure 5.3.14a) and mortality (Figure 5.3.16a) rates (
245 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence (Figure 5.3.14b) and mortality (Figure 5.3.16b) rates for
246 II, 5. 3. 5 | although incidence and mortality rates are now declining
247 II, 5. 3. 5 | contrast, incidence and mortality are increasing for women (
248 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
249 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
250 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
251 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
252 II, 5. 3. 5 | 3.19 shows that in 2007 mortality rates varied by 17 deaths (
253 II, 5. 3. 5 | per 100,000 (in Denmark). Mortality trends (Figure 5.3.20) are
254 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 174) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
255 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 174) standardized mortality rates (European standard)~ ~
256 II, 5. 3. 5 | cervical cancer incidence and mortality, most clearly observed in
257 II, 5. 3. 5 | Uterus cancer standardized mortality rates (European standard)
258 II, 5. 3. 5 | uterus cancer standardized mortality rates (European standard)
259 II, 5. 3. 5 | the PSA test diffusion. Mortality rates by years (Figure 5.
260 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 185) standardized mortality rates (European standard)
261 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 185) standardized mortality rates (European standard)~ ~
262 II, 5. 3. 6 | decreased post-operative mortality (Sant et al, 2003).~ ~Figure
263 II, 5. 3. 7 | effectiveness in reducing cancer mortality. Attention should also be
264 II, 5. 3. 7 | screening is to reduce cancer mortality, and reduce the incidence
265 II, 5. 3. 7 | been shown to reduce cancer mortality in regional comparisons
266 II, 5. 3. 7 | population. Reductions in mortality of about 25% can be envisaged
267 II, 5. 3. 7 | concerns a reduction in mortality. The results of those trials
268 II, 5. 3. 7 | in cancer morbidity and mortality;~· People affected (or suspect
269 II, 5. 3. 9 | the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in 2006. Ann Oncol
270 II, 5. 4. 1 | contribute to high morbidity and mortality.~Diagnosis of diabetes according
271 II, 5. 4. 2 | diabetes~Cardiovascular mortality in patients with diabetes~ ~ ~ ~
272 II, 5. 4. 2 | case of outcome is that of mortality: HDRs may provide information
273 II, 5. 4. 2 | necessary to organize a mortality register that is lacking
274 II, 5. 4. 2 | the diabetic population.~Mortality is the most fundamental
275 II, 5. 4. 2 | measure such condition, mortality data in diabetes are not
276 II, 5. 4. 3 | no clear age band effect.~Mortality. According to EUCID, standardised
277 II, 5. 4. 3 | standardised data show that mortality ranges between 7 (Luxembourg)
278 II, 5. 4. 4 | variations found in dialysis. Mortality rates are extremely important,
279 II, 5. 4. 6 | to reduce morbidity and mortality through the timely initiation
280 II, 5. 4. 6 | and reporting of diabetes mortality, morbidity and risk factor
281 II, 5. 4. 8 | incidence, prevalence and mortality, Diabetologia. 2008 Sep
282 II, 5. 4. 8 | Economics of Health and Mortality Special Feature: Nature
283 II, 5. 5.Int | ill-health and premature mortality in Europe with women twice
284 II, 5. 5.Int | greater toll on morbidity and mortality than depression. Yet depression
285 II, 5. 5.Int | suggest that the incidence and mortality of epilepsy are declining.
286 II, 5. 5. 1 | and also due to increased mortality for suicide. For example
287 II, 5. 5. 1 | systems. Also statistics on mortality due to suicide are not totally
288 II, 5. 5. 1 | include data on causes of mortality and potential years of life
289 II, 5. 5. 1 | mental health indicators like mortality and potential years of life
290 II, 5. 5. 1 | residence.~ ~Suicides~ ~The mortality rates for suicides and intentional
291 II, 5. 5. 1 | presenting the data.~ ~The mortality rate for suicide and intentional
292 II, 5. 5. 1 | indicate that the highest mortality rates of suicide and intentional
293 II, 5. 5. 1 | The annual age adjusted mortality rates due to suicide and
294 II, 5. 5. 1 | 6. Annually age adjusted mortality rates due to suicide and
295 II, 5. 5. 1 | Table 5.5.1.7. Age adjusted mortality rates and trends due to
296 II, 5. 5. 1 | changes in age-adjusted mortality rates in Belgium, Ireland,
297 II, 5. 5. 1 | average yearly age adjusted mortality rates (SMR) of the last
298 II, 5. 5. 1 | have much lower suicide mortality rates compared to men.~ ~
299 II, 5. 5. 1 | rates compared to men.~ ~Mortality rates for suicide are higher
300 II, 5. 5. 1 | the fourth highest rate of mortality for suicide in the world
301 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| countries with a low adult mortality rate (Bulgaria, Poland,
302 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| those with a high adult mortality rate (Estonia, Hungary,
303 II, 5. 5. 2 | or cure and no changes in mortality.~ ~The data clearly suggest
304 II, 5. 5. 3 | Supranuclear Palsy~SMR~Standardized Mortality Ratio~ ~
305 II, 5. 5. 3 | and excessive exercise a mortality rate of 5,6% per decade (
306 II, 5. 5. 3 | the general morbidity and mortality for nutrition endocrines
307 II, 5. 5. 3 | analysed indicators such as mortality (death, suicide), diagnostic,
308 II, 5. 5. 3 | have a high level of excess mortality due to treatable physical
309 II, 5. 5. 3 | accounts for 28% of the excess mortality and is the largest single
310 II, 5. 5. 3 | The other main causes of mortality are due to the high psychiatric
311 II, 5. 5. 3 | Inter-country comparison data on mortality for selected causes of death
312 II, 5. 5. 3 | all EU15 countries. WHO mortality rates are available for
313 II, 5. 5. 3 | in the European Detailed Mortality Database (DMDE) but are
314 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated with an increased mortality mainly caused by co-morbid
315 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia. Therefore, these mortality data have to be interpreted
316 II, 5. 5. 3 | or other forms of early mortality, also need to be re-evaluated.
317 II, 5. 5. 3 | regarding mental health policy.~Mortality~The crude F20-death rates
318 II, 5. 5. 3 | from the European Detailed Mortality Database show very high
319 II, 5. 5. 3 | already mentioned above, mortality data seem to be quite questionable
320 II, 5. 5. 3 | statistics and expected mortality rates according to literature.~
321 II, 5. 5. 3 | literature.~The projected mortality rates for schizophrenia
322 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia-attributed mortality rates stated in literature (
323 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia are at an increased mortality risk compared to the general
324 II, 5. 5. 3 | mental health services, this mortality gap has even worsened during
325 II, 5. 5. 3 | deaths, the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for people with
326 II, 5. 5. 3 | that the SMRs for all-cause mortality had significantly increased
327 II, 5. 5. 3 | evaluated that the higher mortality rate (23.0% vs. 11.2%) was
328 II, 5. 5. 3 | cardiovascular disease. Mortality due to cardiovascular disease
329 II, 5. 5. 3 | Fors et al, 2007).~Thus, mortality increasing factors such
330 II, 5. 5. 3 | programmes to reduce the mortality of people with schizophrenia.~
331 II, 5. 5. 3 | their contribution to the mortality rate (Saha, 2007).~The mortality
332 II, 5. 5. 3 | mortality rate (Saha, 2007).~The mortality data attributed to the group
333 II, 5. 5. 3 | need of evaluating detailed mortality data with a more distinct
334 II, 5. 5. 3 | Brown S (1997): Excess mortality of schizophrenia, A meta-analysis.
335 II, 5. 5. 3 | Bingefors K, Widerlöv B (2007): Mortality among persons with schizophrenia
336 II, 5. 5. 3 | Projections of Global Mortality and Burden of Disease from
337 II, 5. 5. 3 | A systematic review of mortality in schizophrenia: is the
338 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia: is the differential mortality gap worsening over time?
339 II, 5. 5. 3 | exist. ~ ~Although a higher mortality risk has been observed in
340 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence, prevalence and mortality of epilepsy are fairly homogeneous
341 II, 5. 5. 3 | Morgan et al, 2000).~ ~Mortality~The mortality rate due to
342 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2000).~ ~Mortality~The mortality rate due to epilepsy ranges
343 II, 5. 5. 3 | vital statistics give annual mortality rates at 1-2 per 100,000 (
344 II, 5. 5. 3 | followed up for 35 years, a mortality rate of 6.23 per 1,000 person-years
345 II, 5. 5. 3 | of studies investigating mortality in the past 100 years, the
346 II, 5. 5. 3 | Community-based studies of mortality in epilepsy~Modified from
347 II, 5. 5. 3 | facilities; SMR: Standardized mortality ratio; (*) Reference listed
348 II, 5. 5. 3 | strongest predictors of mortality in epilepsy. Patients with
349 II, 5. 5. 3 | have a two- to six-fold mortality risk than the general population.
350 II, 5. 5. 3 | at birth have the highest mortality, with a SMR between 7 and
351 II, 5. 5. 3 | account for the increased mortality in childhood-onset epilepsy.
352 II, 5. 5. 3 | childhood-onset epilepsy. Mortality is greater in men than in
353 II, 5. 5. 3 | cryptogenic epilepsy in remission, mortality does not appear to be substantially
354 II, 5. 5. 3 | population. The highest mortality in children may be thus
355 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated to an increased mortality in several studies from
356 II, 5. 5. 3 | contrast, data regarding the mortality in patients with partial
357 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated to significant mortality. In prospective population-based
358 II, 5. 5. 3 | not available.~Differient mortality rates have been found for
359 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy. While seizure-related mortality is rare in new onset epilepsy,
360 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence, prevalence and mortality rates are expected in these
361 II, 5. 5. 3 | Geertz AT, et al (2001): Mortality risk in children with epilepsy:
362 II, 5. 5. 3 | A, Sander JW (2004): The mortality of epilepsy revisited. Epileptic
363 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1405-1415.~Jallon P (2004): Mortality in patients with epilepsy’
364 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nystrom L, Forsgren L (2000): Mortality risk in an adult cohort
365 II, 5. 5. 3 | Loiseau P (1999): Short-term mortality after a first epileptic
366 II, 5. 5. 3 | EW, Schoenberg BS (1985): Mortality from epilepsy. International
367 II, 5. 5. 3 | al (1997): Cause-specific mortality in epilepsy: a cohort study
368 II, 5. 5. 3 | Farahmand BY, Tomson T (2003): Mortality in a population-based cohort
369 II, 5. 5. 3 | MF, Sander JW (1997): The mortality associated with epilepsy,
370 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy: an estimate of the mortality risk. Epilepsia 43:445-450.~
371 II, 5. 5. 3 | Krumholz A. Li G (2004): Mortality in epilepsy: driving fatalities
372 II, 5. 5. 3 | focus on physical injuries, mortality, traffic accidents and their
373 II, 5. 5. 3 | JJ (1974): Epilepsy and mortality rate and cause of death.
374 II, 5. 5. 3 | Excellence~PMR~Proportionate Mortality Ratio~SEWGED~Second European
375 II, 5. 5. 3 | Guidelines~SMR~Standardized Mortality Ratio~SUDEP~Sudden Unexplained
376 II, 5. 5. 3 | disability,and that of MS mortality was reviewed for Europe
377 II, 5. 5. 3 | with both morbidity and mortality studies (Vukusic et al,
378 II, 5. 5. 3 | EUGLOREH countries~ ~MS mortality rates and survival time
379 II, 5. 5. 3 | time in Europe~Data on MS mortality must be taken cautiously
380 II, 5. 5. 3 | for death in Europe, with mortality ranging from 0.6 to 1.0
381 II, 5. 5. 3 | literature. An overview of mortality rates in Europe is reported
382 II, 5. 5. 3 | Italy for women. The highest mortality rates from MS in Austria
383 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 45.~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.7. Mortality (per 100 000) of MS patients
384 II, 5. 5. 3 | lifetime lost due to premature mortality (years of life lost, YLLs)
385 II, 5. 5. 3 | and varies according to mortality strata, being 157 000 in
386 II, 5. 5. 3 | the low-child/high-adult mortality strata respectively (WHO,
387 II, 5. 5. 3 | general decreasing trend of mortality rates over time reported
388 II, 5. 5. 3 | Koch-Henriksen H (2006): Survival and mortality rates among Danes with MS.
389 II, 5. 5. 3 | Doll R, Hill AB (1966). Mortality of British doctors in relation
390 II, 5. 5. 3 | Ekestern E, Lebhart G (2004). Mortality from multiple sclerosis
391 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence, prevalence and mortality of multiple sclerosis in
392 II, 5. 5. 3 | analysis~ ~Morbidity and mortality~A recent initiative to calculate
393 II, 5. 5. 3 | a significant increased mortality (SMR: 2.9) was reported
394 II, 5. 5. 3 | with the disability and mortality of PD.~The prevalence and
395 II, 5. 5. 3 | diagnosis, work capacity, mortality and cause of death in Parkinson
396 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease: progression and mortality at 10 years. Journal of
397 II, 5. 5. 3 | onset, progression and mortality. Neurology:427-442.~Hoehn
398 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005): Population based mortality and quality of death certification
399 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease~SMR~Standardized Mortality Ratio~ ~ ~ ~
400 II, 5. 6. 3 | There is also an increased mortality associated with RA (EULAR
401 II, 5. 6. 3 | countries.~ ~Co-morbidities and mortality~ ~RA is associated to reduced
402 II, 5. 6. 3 | reduced life expectancy. Mortality is generally greater in
403 II, 5. 6. 3 | severe form of the disease. Mortality is related to severity of
404 II, 5. 6. 3 | loss of mobility and excess mortality. Nearly all are hospitalised
405 II, 5. 6. 3 | fracture is associated with 20% mortality or 50% loss of function,
406 II, 5. 6. 3 | quality of life and increased mortality (Woolf and Akesson, 2006).~ ~
407 II, 5. 6. 3 | Sernbo and Johnell, 1993).~ ~Mortality~ ~Mortality following hip
408 II, 5. 6. 3 | Johnell, 1993).~ ~Mortality~ ~Mortality following hip fracture is
409 II, 5. 6. 3 | associated with an increased mortality at 5 years as seen with
410 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5 year period. No excess mortality is associated with wrist
411 II, 5. 6. 3 | on individual (morbidity, mortality) and on society (socioeconomic)~ ~
412 II, 5. 6. 6 | Sambrook PN, Eisman JA (1999) Mortality after all major types of
413 II, 5. 6. 6 | Laet C, Jonsson B (2004): Mortality after osteoporotic fractures.
414 II, 5. 6. 6 | incidence, prevalence, and mortality. Am J Epidemiol 111:87-98~
415 II, 5. 6. 6 | SM and Symmons DP (2007): Mortality in Established Rheumatoid
416 II, 5. 7. 1 | Apart from the morbidity, mortality and poor quality of life
417 II, 5. 7. 2 | period. The data used for mortality analyses included patients
418 II, 5. 7. 3 | hypertension and cardiovascular mortality in the populations were
419 II, 5. 7. 3 | throughout the period.~ ~Mortality~ ~A recent meta-analysis
420 II, 5. 7. 3 | has shown that the risk of mortality in CKD rises exponentially
421 II, 5. 7. 3 | decreasing GFR (USRDS 2007 ). Mortality in ESRD patients is very
422 II, 5. 7. 3 | is very high. Five-year mortality rates in incident RRT patients
423 II, 5. 7. 3 | Table 5.7.8). Five-year mortality in patients on dialysis
424 II, 5. 7. 3 | and 13%, respectively.~Mortality on RRT is lower in Europe
425 II, 5. 7. 3 | one-, two- and five-year mortality rates in incident RRT patients
426 II, 5. 7. 3 | lower risk of death. The mortality risk reduction in transplant
427 II, 5. 7. 3 | burden on Member States.~ ~Mortality in ESRD patients is still
428 II, 5. 7. 4 | risks (e.g. cardiovascular mortality in the general population) (
429 II, 5. 7. 7 | and cardiovascular disease mortality in middle-aged men and women
430 II, 5. 7. 7 | Chronic kidney disease and mortality risk: a systematic review.
431 II, 5. 8. 1 | the fifth leading cause of mortality in the developed world (Lopez
432 II, 5. 8. 1 | COPD is the main reason for mortality associated with respiratory
433 II, 5. 8. 1 | augmentations in COPD prevalence and mortality are envisaged in the future;
434 II, 5. 8. 2 | Foundation.~- European Detailed Mortality Database of the World Health
435 II, 5. 8. 3 | incidence, prevalence and mortality associated with COPD. It
436 II, 5. 8. 3 | respectively, in females.~ ~Mortality.~ ~Although there are some
437 II, 5. 8. 3 | regarding the accuracy of COPD mortality data, the limited data available
438 II, 5. 8. 3 | available indicate that mortality due to COPD increases with
439 II, 5. 8. 3 | diagnosis, the trends in mortality rates over time provide
440 II, 5. 8. 3 | important information. COPD mortality trends generally track several
441 II, 5. 8. 3 | through 2002 show that COPD mortality increased over that period,
442 II, 5. 8. 3 | over that period, while mortality from other chronic conditions
443 II, 5. 8. 3 | performed an analysis of mortality in COPD patients discharged
444 II, 5. 8. 3 | independent predictor of mortality, hospitalization,and outpatient
445 II, 5. 8. 3 | COPD in Europe (excluding mortality and rehabilitation) was
446 II, 5. 8. 4 | prevalence, morbidity, and mortality. In other words, as a result
447 II, 5. 8. 5 | includes the total figures of mortality, morbidity and costs of
448 II, 5. 8. 6 | effectiveness on symptoms and mortality rate of non invasive mechanical
449 II, 5. 8. 7 | Järvholm B (2004): Increased mortality in COPD among construction
450 II, 5. 8. 7 | Bakke P, Janson C (2007): Mortality in COPD patients discharged
451 II, 5. 8. 7 | Alternative projections of mortality and disability by cause
452 II, 5. 8. 7 | pulmonary function and 40-year mortality: a follow-up in middle-aged
453 II, 5. 8. 7 | disease hospitalizations and mortality: Kaiser Permanente Medical
454 II, 5. 8. 7 | questionnaire is predictive of mortality and health-care utilization
455 II, 5. 9. 2 | Health Working Paper~ ~Mortality due to asthma (J45-J46 ICD9)~
456 II, 5. 9. 3 | socio-economic factors.~ ~Mortality data~ ~Although mortality
457 II, 5. 9. 3 | Mortality data~ ~Although mortality is low, most asthma deaths
458 II, 5. 9. 3 | 000 per year worldwide. EU mortality due to asthma (death defined
459 II, 5. 9. 3 | Netherlands, no decrease in mortality has been observed since
460 II, 5. 11. 3 | women) (Plesko et al, 2000).~Mortality from NMSC is almost always
461 II, 5. 11. 3 | Rosso et al, 1996). NMSC mortality in Europe presents an entirely
462 II, 5. 11. 3 | and Western Europe whereas mortality was higher in men in eastern
463 II, 5. 11. 3 | eastern and southern Europe. Mortality rates have been rising steadily
464 II, 5. 11. 3 | place since the early 1980s. Mortality rates have also leveled
465 II, 5. 11. 3 | Europe both incidence and mortality are still rising (De Vries
466 II, 5. 11. 3 | effect is that melanoma mortality rates in the mid-1990s (
467 II, 5. 11. 4 | concentration due to drowsiness.~ ~Mortality and Morbidity~Chronic suffering
468 II, 5. 11. 4 | Chronic suffering rather than mortality is characteristic for most
469 II, 5. 11. 4 | conditions are associated to a mortality of around 30%.~ ~Profound
470 II, 5. 11. 7 | Smans M (2003): Cancer Mortality Atlas of European Union,
471 II, 5. 11. 7 | trends in incidence and mortality but recent stabilizations
472 II, 5. 11. 7 | 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence Worldwide,
473 II, 5. 12. 1 | 1970s, the highest cirrhosis mortality rates (around 30-40/100,
474 II, 5. 12. 1 | al, 1994). Subsequently, mortality from cirrhosis tended to
475 II, 5. 12. 1 | substantial increase in cirrhosis mortality over the last two decades
476 II, 5. 12. 1 | systematically reviewed mortality from cirrhosis up to 2002,
477 II, 5. 12. 1 | 2007). The patterns in mortality from cirrhosis are largely
478 II, 5. 12. 3 | representations of cirrhosis mortality for men and women since
479 II, 5. 12. 3 | Age-adjusted (world population) mortality rates from cirrhosis per
480 II, 5. 12. 3 | declines in male cirrhosis mortality were observed in Southern
481 II, 5. 12. 3 | the lowest male cirrhosis mortality in 2000-02, together with
482 II, 5. 12. 3 | favourable trends of cirrhosis mortality in European men: Denmark
483 II, 5. 12. 3 | and mainly Hungary, where mortality from cirrhosis rose from
484 II, 5. 12. 3 | over ten-fold difference in mortality from cirrhosis in European
485 II, 5. 12. 3 | showed also extremely high mortality rates from cirrhosis in
486 II, 5. 12. 3 | men (around 75/100,000).~Mortality rates from cirrhosis were
487 II, 5. 12. 3 | extremely high truncated mortality rates from cirrhosis (around
488 II, 5. 12. 3 | Age-adjusted (world population) mortality rates from cirrhosis per
489 II, 5. 12. 3 | regression analysis of cirrhosis mortality rates over the 1970-2002
490 II, 5. 12. 3 | other Nordic countries, mortality from cirrhosis was still
491 II, 5. 12. 3 | age-standardized cirrhosis mortality rates in men from selected
492 II, 5. 12. 3 | age-standardized cirrhosis mortality rates in women from selected
493 II, 5. 12. 3 | This updated analysis of mortality from cirrhosis shows a general
494 II, 5. 12. 3 | extremely high cirrhosis mortality.~Changes in trends over
495 II, 5. 12. 3 | some favourable impact on mortality from the disease in selected
496 II, 5. 12. 3 | these factors on national mortality rates is difficult to quantify
497 II, 5. 12. 4 | factors~ ~The patterns in mortality from cirrhosis are largely
498 II, 5. 12. 4 | see Chapter 6), cirrhosis mortality trends and their variability
499 II, 5. 12. 4 | comparable changes in cirrhosis mortality. Historically, short-term
500 II, 5. 12. 4 | substantial variation in cirrhosis mortality following sudden changes
