Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | physical and socio-economic factors through a number of exposure
2 -, 1 | technical, political and social factors. Cross-country comparisons
3 -, 1 | and analysis; (iv) Risk factors; (v) Control tools and policies; (
4 I, 2. 1 | analysis of the underlying factors which deeply influence the
5 I, 2. 2 | innovation are important factors to avoid the decline of
6 I, 2. 3 | persisting push and pull factors related to globalisation
7 I, 2. 4 | combination of (interlinked) factors: a rise in economic insecurity
8 I, 2. 4 | drinking and other risk factors for premature mortality.
9 I, 2. 4 | e.g. by: addressing risk factors through health promotion;
10 I, 2. 5 | satisfaction (EUROFOUND, 2005). Key factors for workers’ well-being
11 I, 2. 5 | violence and psychosocial risk factors. More women than men work
12 I, 2. 5 | their work. These “new” risk factors are associated with psychological
13 I, 2. 8 | population vulnerability. Such factors are likely to significantly
14 I, 2. 10. 1 | insight into the biological factors which drive disease mechanisms,
15 I, 2. 10. 1 | environmental, social and lifestyles factors, genetic determinants will
16 I, 2. 10. 1 | cover underlying biological factors of diseases such as genomic
17 I, 2. 10. 3 | in the health sector, the factors promoting or inhibiting
18 I, 3. 2 | persisting push and pull factors related to globalisation
19 II, 5. 1. 1 | diseases and their risk factors~ ~Main non-communicable
20 II, 5. 1. 1 | control of behavioural risk factors, such as smoking, alcohol
21 II, 5. 1. 1 | environmental and occupational risk factors have been identified; thus
22 II, 5. 1. 1 | Table 5.1.1. Risk factors for non-communicable diseases~
23 II, 5. 1. 1 | physical inactivity) and risk factors (elevated total and low
24 II, 5. 1. 1 | that several predisposing factors simultaneously affect its
25 II, 5. 1. 1 | IHD. Among all CVD risk factors, age remains the most important
26 II, 5. 1. 1 | physical inactivity. Other risk factors are: air pollution (carbon
27 II, 5. 1. 1 | noise; stress.~ ~The risk factors identified as the most important
28 II, 5. 1. 1 | appropriate diets and associated factors. Non-starchy vegetables,
29 II, 5. 1. 1 | abdominal fatness, and the factors that lead to greater adult
30 II, 5. 1. 1 | hormone related, and the factors that modify the risk of
31 II, 5. 1. 1 | postmenopausally are not the same. Risk factors for breast cancer in women
32 II, 5. 1. 1 | reproductive life and lifestyle factors (diet, alcohol, ecc) that
33 II, 5. 1. 1 | convincing. The evidence that the factors that lead to greater adult
34 II, 5. 1. 1 | history. Other certain risk factors are an high fat diet and
35 II, 5. 1. 1 | history, while possible risk factors are androgens and race (
36 II, 5. 1. 1 | gallbladder cancer.~ ~Other risk factors are: air pollution (inhalable
37 II, 5. 1. 1 | the disease. Further risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes:~ ~·
38 II, 5. 1. 1 | one or many environmental factors will lead to the immune-mediated
39 II, 5. 1. 1 | critically important risk factors influencing personal health
40 II, 5. 1. 1 | only influenced by social factors, but rather anorexia and
41 II, 5. 1. 1 | including psychological factors, interpersonal factors,
42 II, 5. 1. 1 | psychological factors, interpersonal factors, social factors as well
43 II, 5. 1. 1 | interpersonal factors, social factors as well as biological factors.
44 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors as well as biological factors. In other words, eating
45 II, 5. 1. 1 | or bulimic:~Psychological factors: low self-esteem, feelings
46 II, 5. 1. 1 | loneliness.~Interpersonal factors: trouble with family and
47 II, 5. 1. 1 | or sexual abuse.~Social Factors: cultural pressure that
48 II, 5. 1. 1 | perfect body”.~Biochemical factors: chemicals in the brain
49 II, 5. 1. 1 | genetic and environmental risk factors for Autism is still unresolved.~ ~·
50 II, 5. 1. 1 | Dementia~A number of risk factors and possible protective
51 II, 5. 1. 1 | and possible protective factors have emerged. Some, such
52 II, 5. 1. 1 | likely that a combination of factors may be beneficial such as
53 II, 5. 1. 1 | mental stimulation. Certain factors, such as alcohol intake
54 II, 5. 1. 1 | disentangle other social factors which are associated with
55 II, 5. 1. 1 | certain possible protective factors, such as healthy eating,
56 II, 5. 1. 1 | in which environmental factors are hypothesised to interact
57 II, 5. 1. 1 | cigarette smoking, occupational factors and indoor-outdoor pollution
58 II, 5. 1. 1 | are well recognized risk factors. Cigarette smoking is a
59 II, 5. 1. 1 | were the two major risk factors, in a multivariate analysis
60 II, 5. 1. 1 | perhaps non-traditional risk factors like anemia, hyperphosphatemia,
61 II, 5. 1. 1 | shows that important risk factors for periodontal disease
62 II, 5. 1. 2 | human and institutional factors. In order to globally encompass
63 II, 5. 1. 2 | depend only on two or three factors but rather a sort of strange
64 II, 5. 1. 2 | alchemy of many different factors.~ ~
65 II, 5. 2. 2 | and WHO MONICA for risk factors distribution.~Following
66 II, 5. 2. 2 | changes in environmental risk factors (Kuulasmaa et al, 2000)
67 II, 5. 2. 2 | trends in classical risk factors and advancements in coronary
68 II, 5. 2. 2 | 5.2.2.3 Risk factors~CVD clinically manifests
69 II, 5. 2. 2 | physical inactivity) and risk factors (elevated total and low
70 II, 5. 2. 2 | that several predisposing factors simultaneously affect its
71 II, 5. 2. 2 | IHD. Among all CVD risk factors, age remains the most important
72 II, 5. 2. 2 | Last available data on risk factors were taken from WHO HFA
73 II, 5. 2. 2 | 2007). The risk factors identified as the most important
74 II, 5. 2. 3 | difficult due to various factors, such as different hospital
75 II, 5. 2. 3 | the average level of risk factors, such as serum cholesterol
76 II, 5. 2. 3 | and the management of risk factors.~Comparable data on morbidity
77 II, 5. 2. 3 | difficult due to various factors such as different hospital
78 II, 5. 2. 3 | age distribution and risk factors.~In addition, the recent
79 II, 5. 2. 3 | difficult due to various factors such as multiple hospital
80 II, 5. 2. 3 | prevalence of some environmental factors (intake of dietary salt
81 II, 5. 2. 3 | levels of traditional risk factors, such as diet rich in saturated
82 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~
83 II, 5. 2. 4 | 5.2.4.1. Risk factors in primary prevention~CVD
84 II, 5. 2. 4 | which means that several factors simultaneously affect its
85 II, 5. 2. 4 | and hyperlipidemia. These factors, with the obvious exception
86 II, 5. 2. 4 | habit.~Some of these risk factors are linked to a continuous
87 II, 5. 2. 4 | disease does not develop: risk factors thresholds are arbitrary
88 II, 5. 2. 4 | is to keep levels of risk factors at a favourable level throughout
89 II, 5. 2. 4 | Although the role of risk factors is well known, national
90 II, 5. 2. 4 | mentioned most important risk factors for the prediction of CVD.
91 II, 5. 2. 4 | different age ranges.~ ~Other factors associated with CVD include
92 II, 5. 2. 4 | changes in classic risk factors explained only a part of
93 II, 5. 2. 4 | differences in ‘classical risk factors’ such as smoking, hypertension,
94 II, 5. 2. 4 | recommendations on management of risk factors are still not properly followed,
95 II, 5. 2. 4 | describe the management of risk factors in hospitalized patients
96 II, 5. 2. 5 | reductions in major risk factors, mainly smoking, whereas
97 II, 5. 2. 5 | trends, treatments and risk factors in order to improve public
98 II, 5. 2. 5 | emphasized that known risk factors account for more than ¾
99 II, 5. 2. 5 | one or more previous risk factors (Greenland et al, 2003),
100 II, 5. 2. 5 | optimal levels of known risk factors are associated with very
101 II, 5. 2. 5 | commonly believed that risk factors increase with age, but severe
102 II, 5. 2. 5 | is that individual risk factors (such as hypertension and
103 II, 5. 2. 5 | nutritional control of these risk factors (Poli A et al, 2008; Sacks
104 II, 5. 2. 5 | prevention approaches of CVD risk factors related to the lifestyles
105 II, 5. 2. 5 | policy and environmental factors contributing to CVD and
106 II, 5. 2. 5 | decline comes from risk factors reduction.~ ~
107 II, 5. 2. 6 | disease indicators. All these factors may have an influence in
108 II, 5. 2. 6 | as the reduction of risk factors or through more expensive
109 II, 5. 2. 6 | important to remember that risk factors such as smoking habit, cholesterol,
110 II, 5. 2. 6 | aetiology of CVD. These factors are largely modifiable through
111 II, 5. 2. 6 | decline comes from risk factors reduction.~One of the first
112 II, 5. 2. 7 | Trends in coronary risk factors in the WHO MONICA Project.
113 II, 5. 2. 7 | Wilson PW (2003): Major risk factors as antecedents of fatal
114 II, 5. 2. 7 | Optimal and Borderline Risk Factors. Arch Intern Med. 167:573-
115 II, 5. 2. 7 | changes in classical risk factors to trends in coronary event
116 II, 5. 2. 7 | other cardiovascular risk factors explain trends in Stroke
117 II, 5. 2. 7 | potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial
118 II, 5. 3. 1 | importance of cancer risk factors and also due to increased
119 II, 5. 3. 2 | environmental and social factors on cancer risk and outcomes,
120 II, 5. 3. 4 | 5.3.3 Risk factors~ ~The majority of cancers
121 II, 5. 3. 4 | below we have the major risk factors for the cancer sites included
122 II, 5. 3. 4 | appropriate diets and associated factors. Non-starchy vegetables,
123 II, 5. 3. 4 | abdominal fatness, and the factors that lead to greater adult
124 II, 5. 3. 4 | hormone related, and the factors that modify the risk of
125 II, 5. 3. 4 | post-menopausally are not the same. Risk factors for breast cancer in women
126 II, 5. 3. 4 | reproductive life and lifestyle factors ( e.g. unbalanced diet and
127 II, 5. 3. 4 | convincing. The evidence that the factors that lead to greater adult
128 II, 5. 3. 4 | history. Other certain risk factors are a diet rich of fat and
129 II, 5. 3. 4 | history, while possible risk factors are linked to androgens
130 II, 5. 3. 7 | approaches of cancer risk factors related to lifestyles or
131 II, 5. 3. 7 | least partly attributable to factors that are in need of intervention,
132 II, 5. 3. 7 | primary prevention of risk factors to early diagnosis, adequate
133 II, 5. 3. 7 | four basic cancer control factors: prevention, early detection,
134 II, 5. 3. 8 | still exposed to cancer risk factors. Moreover, cancer patients
135 II, 5. 4. 1 | and fatigue. Environmental factors combined with a genetic
136 II, 5. 4. 1 | social and environmental factors leads to the increased prevalence
137 II, 5. 4. 1 | highly significant risk factors that can be usefully targeted
138 II, 5. 4. 1 | diabetes. Among the potential factors, impaired glucose tolerance (
139 II, 5. 4. 2 | prevalence of the disease, risk factors, quality of care, and population
140 II, 5. 4. 2 | data~Data sources~ ~I Risk factors of diabetes~ ~ ~% of the
141 II, 5. 4. 2 | or diet only~2~III Risk factors for complications~ ~Percent
142 II, 5. 4. 2 | concentrate on the most relevant factors.~Impaired glucose tolerance
143 II, 5. 4. 3 | hypotheses on possible risk factors for T1DM, some of which
144 II, 5. 4. 3 | concentrate on the most relevant factors.~Impaired glucose tolerance.
145 II, 5. 4. 5 | 5.4.5. Risk factors~ ~The major risk factor
146 II, 5. 4. 5 | the disease.~Further risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes
147 II, 5. 4. 6 | Diabetes Mellitus and its risk factors available throughout the
148 II, 5. 4. 6 | one or many environmental factors will lead to the immune-mediated
149 II, 5. 4. 6 | lifestyle intervention. Risk factors are well known and must
150 II, 5. 4. 6 | 2.4. and for other risk factors see Chapter 10.~To prevent
151 II, 5. 4. 6 | important to monitor other risk factors regularly in order to capture
152 II, 5. 4. 6 | the above mentioned risk factors. This is one case in which
153 II, 5. 4. 6 | disease share many risk factors, as for example high waist
154 II, 5. 4. 6 | enough as also the other factors should be included.~Regular
155 II, 5. 4. 6 | as data on the underlying factors;~· Development and implementation
156 II, 5. 4. 6 | health determinants and risk factors of diabetes into account
157 II, 5. 4. 7 | characteristics (diabetes status, risk factors e.g. obesity, lifestyle,
158 II, 5. 5.Int | are gender-specific risk factors for some common mental disorders.
159 II, 5. 5.Int | be reduced by addressing factors that have an impact on mental
160 II, 5. 5.Int | depression in older people, risk factors, detection and treatment
161 II, 5. 5.Int | environmental and social factors. An individual with a family
162 II, 5. 5.Int(17)| Burden of Disease and Risk Factors [on-line publications available
163 II, 5. 5. 1 | life-long. Predisposing factors are both congenital and
164 II, 5. 5. 1 | commit suicide. Several factors interact to place an individual
165 II, 5. 5. 1 | et al., 2006) and genetic factors (Currier et Mann, 2008).~ ~
166 II, 5. 5. 1 | covered: prevalence, risk factors, disability, health-related
167 II, 5. 5. 1 | Investigators (2006). Risk factors for suicidality in Europe:
168 II, 5. 5. 2 | where there may be other factors affecting prevalence.~ ~
169 II, 5. 5. 2 | 5.5.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A tremendous amount of
170 II, 5. 5. 2 | out in order to identify factors which might cause or protect
171 II, 5. 5. 2 | dementia). A number of risk factors and possible protective
172 II, 5. 5. 2 | and possible protective factors have emerged from such research.
173 II, 5. 5. 2 | likely that a combination of factors may be beneficial such as
174 II, 5. 5. 2 | mental stimulation. Certain factors, such as alcohol intake
175 II, 5. 5. 2 | disentangle other social factors which are associated with
176 II, 5. 5. 2 | certain possible protective factors, such as healthy eating,
177 II, 5. 5. 2 | descriptive review of risk factors for dementia based on meta-analyses
178 II, 5. 5. 2 | psycho-social interventions, risk factors and risk reduction/prevention
179 II, 5. 5. 2 | include reducing exposure to factors which might cause dementia
180 II, 5. 5. 2 | Certain possible risk factors such as age, gender or genetic
181 II, 5. 5. 2 | reduce exposure to risk factors which can be influenced
182 II, 5. 5. 2 | the non-modifiable risk factors. Useful primary prevention
183 II, 5. 5. 2 | which could also cover factors which have a buffering effect,
184 II, 5. 5. 2 | to reduce vascular risk factors and public campaigns to
185 II, 5. 5. 2 | investigate other possible factors which might put people at
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1.4. Risk factors and vulnerable population
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorder depends on risk factors as well as on individual
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | critically important risk factors influencing personal health
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | only influenced by social factors; actually anorexia and bulimia
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | including psychological factors, interpersonal factors,
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychological factors, interpersonal factors, social factors as well
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | interpersonal factors, social factors as well as biological factors.
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | factors as well as biological factors. In other words, eating
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2004):~· Psychological factors: low self-esteem, feelings
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | loneliness;~· Interpersonal factors: trouble with family and
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | or sexual abuse;~· Social Factors: cultural pressure that
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | body”; and~· Biological factors: chemicals in the brain
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | for Europe points out main factors to guarantee a successful
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | data are not yet available. Factors that may influence the prevalence,
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | the disease and how these factors can be operationalised,
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | Thus, mortality increasing factors such as lifestyle issues –
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | deinstitutionalization and other factors (Healy et al, 2006).~Currently
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia.~All these factors underline the need of evaluating
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | moderating risk/resilience factors of psychosis. As different
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | Lysaker et al, 2007) – factors associated with a chronic
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | and prevalence rates, risk factors etc is most desirable (Wölwer
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | substance misuse), emerging risk factors like migration;~· to increase
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | life in general, as major factors of quality of life.~ ~
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevalence of and risk factors for medication nonadherence
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | genetic and environmental risk factors for ASD. The study of risk
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | for ASD. The study of risk factors has contributed to the prevention
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | found to be potential risk factors. Most risk factors have
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | risk factors. Most risk factors have been identified in
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | direct comparison of risk factors very difficult. Considering
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | identifying unique and strong risk factors for ASD.~A systematic review
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | country. Other important factors were whether the study was
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | The impact of these known factors on prevalence estimates
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | of Surveillance on Risk Factors for Autism and Cerebral
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | France and Denmark. Risk factors found in more than one of
220 II, 5. 5. 3 | populations as well as risk factors found to be associated in
221 II, 5. 5. 3 | for including the unique factors in the guide is that the
222 II, 5. 5. 3 | to country. Among other factors, this depends on the number
223 II, 5. 5. 3 | of Surveillance on Risk Factors for Autism and Cerebral
224 II, 5. 5. 3 | absence of precipitating factors. Unprovoked seizures include
225 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of environmental risk factors to be evenly distributed.~ ~
226 II, 5. 5. 3 | of the most common risk factors in the two sexes and the
227 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence of the etiological factors in the local environment,
228 II, 5. 5. 3 | most common etiological factors (14-21%) followed by trauma (
229 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2004). The main etiological factors are virtually the same as
230 II, 5. 5. 3 | stressors and iatrogenic factors may thus explain the increased
231 II, 5. 5. 3 | al, 2007). Psychosocial factors also tend to affect employment.
232 II, 5. 5. 3 | activities. However, psychosocial factors and stigma have also been
233 II, 5. 5. 3 | Farahmand BY, et al (2002): Risk factors for suicide in epilepsy:
234 II, 5. 5. 3 | the role of environmental factors and their interaction with
235 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution, biological factors, i.e., differences in environmental
236 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.5.4. Risk factors~ ~MS is a complex multifactorial
237 II, 5. 5. 3 | in which environmental factors supposedly interact with
238 II, 5. 5. 3 | level. Major environmental factors, directly or indirectly
239 II, 5. 5. 3 | mononucleosis, and lifestyle factors also acting early in life,
240 II, 5. 5. 3 | importance of environmental factors and their practical relevance
241 II, 5. 5. 3 | major environmental risk factors, studies of disease should
242 II, 5. 5. 3 | situation focused on identifying factors that differentiated the
243 II, 5. 5. 3 | can address these other factors in a way that promotes the
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with MS;~o identifying factors that enable employed people
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | the impact of a variety of factors that influence a person’
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | environmental and genetic factors. Acta Neurol Scand 91(Suppl
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | GC (2008). Environmental factors and multiple sclerosis.
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1444-1452.~Larocca et al. Factors associated with unemployment
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.6.4. Risk factors~ ~The cause of the neurodegenerative
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | Aston, 2000).~Lifestyle factors such as smoking cigarettes
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | risk of PD.~Some dietary factors such as animal product intake,
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | Swanson PD (1999): Dietary factors in Parkinson’s disease:
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nutritional and occupational factors influencing the risk of
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | Steering Committee (2002): Factors impacting on quality of
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | Stebbins GT (1993): Risk factors for nursing home placement
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | CC (2004): Multiple risk factors for Parkinson’s disease.
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | Occupational and environmental risk factors for Parkinson’s disease.
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | life environmental risk factors in Parkinson disease: what
259 II, 5. 6. 1 | osteoarthritis. Changes in lifestyle factors such as obesity and lack
260 II, 5. 6. 3 | the epidemiology of risk factors, such as obesity, may result
261 II, 5. 6. 3 | Women~ ~Determinants, risk factors and population at risk~ ~
262 II, 5. 6. 3 | knee OA. Other mechanical factors and intensive activity are
263 II, 5. 6. 3 | intensive activity are risk factors for the development of OA
264 II, 5. 6. 3 | al, 1996).~ ~These risk factors are summarised in table
265 II, 5. 6. 3 | 6.5.~ ~Table 5.6.5. Risk factors for incidence and progression
266 II, 5. 6. 3 | Global burden and risk factors 2006) .~ ~Economic impact
267 II, 5. 6. 3 | clear.~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population at risk~ ~
268 II, 5. 6. 3 | and obesity are also risk factors for RA (Symmons and Harrison,
269 II, 5. 6. 3 | have one of several risk factors: low body weight, premature
270 II, 5. 6. 3 | 2000)~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population at risk~ ~
271 II, 5. 6. 3 | fracture. There are risk factors that identify those more
272 II, 5. 6. 3 | some semi-independent risk factors for fracture such as bone
273 II, 5. 6. 3 | co-morbidity are also risk factors for poor outcome of fracture (
274 II, 5. 6. 3 | 1995).~ ~Table 5.6.8. Risk Factors for Falling in the Elderly~ ~
275 II, 5. 6. 3 | Elderly~ ~Table 5.6.9. Risk factors for bone loss, development
276 II, 5. 6. 3 | the presence of other risk factors for fracture. In particular,
277 II, 5. 6. 3 | density combined with risk factors that are at least partly
278 II, 5. 6. 3 | interaction of different risk factors has not yet been established.
279 II, 5. 6. 3 | population and changes in risk factors (Report on osteoporosis
280 II, 5. 6. 3 | 2003).~ ~Determinants, risk factors and the population at risk~ ~
281 II, 5. 6. 3 | abdominal muscles. Psychological factors associated to the occurrence
282 II, 5. 6. 3 | behaviour. Occupational factors clearly play a role such
283 II, 5. 6. 4 | osteoarthritis. Changes in lifestyle factors such as obesity and lack
284 II, 5. 6. 6 | D, Vogt TM (1995): Risk factors for hip fracture in white
285 II, 5. 6. 6 | fracture and the effect of risk factors on screening strategies.
286 II, 5. 6. 6 | of radiographic and other factors affecting the outcome. Ann
287 II, 5. 6. 6 | Burden of Disease and Risk Factors ISBN-10: 0-8213-6262-3.
288 II, 5. 6. 6 | the literature. I. Risk factors for the development of inflammatory
289 II, 5. 7. 1 | Independent from other risk factors, patients with stage 4-5
290 II, 5. 7. 4 | 5.7.4. Risk factors~ ~Hypertension and diabetes (
291 II, 5. 7. 4 | perhaps non-traditional risk factors such as anaemia, hyperphosphatemia,
292 II, 5. 7. 4 | 2006). Since these risk factors are also the main drivers
293 II, 5. 7. 4 | likely that socioeconomic factors are also linked to CKD.
294 II, 5. 7. 4 | complex interplay of many factors that have effects in different
295 II, 5. 7. 4 | developing ESRD will, among other factors, be affected by the age
296 II, 5. 7. 5 | with cardiovascular risk factors or with cardiovascular disease (
297 II, 5. 7. 5 | complications due to modifiable factors is high, for example when
298 II, 5. 7. 5 | modifying the lifestyle factors which exacerbate the effects
299 II, 5. 7. 7 | Identification of patients and risk factors in chronic kidney disease --
300 II, 5. 7. 7 | disease -- evaluating risk factors and therapeutic strategies.
301 II, 5. 8. 1 | tobacco smoking, occupational factors and air pollution) causes
302 II, 5. 8. 3 | likely to be due to other factors in addition to smoking.~ ~
303 II, 5. 8. 4 | 5.8.4. Risk factors~ ~Active and passive tobacco
304 II, 5. 8. 4 | tobacco smoking are major risk factors for COPD. Occupational factors
305 II, 5. 8. 4 | factors for COPD. Occupational factors and indoor-outdoor pollution
306 II, 5. 8. 4 | other well recognized risk factors.~ ~Among 1711 middle-aged
307 II, 5. 8. 4 | associated with ageing, and some factors allowing people to survive
308 II, 5. 8. 5 | spirometry. Most relevant risk factors have been identified and
309 II, 5. 8. 6 | the influence of genetic factors, exacerbations, comorbidities,
310 II, 5. 8. 7 | incidence of COPD and risk factors for incident disease in
311 II, 5. 8. 7 | burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis
312 II, 5. 8. 7 | Global burden of COPD: risk factors, prevalence, and future
313 II, 5. 9. FB | allergic diseases can be risk factors for further allergic reactions
314 II, 5. 9. FB | FB.5. Risk and protective factors~ ~The development of allergies
315 II, 5. 9. FB | accounted to environmental factors, since it is very unlikely
316 II, 5. 9. FB | that genetic/hereditary factors could change in such a short
317 II, 5. 9. FB | The evaluation of risk factors and determinants is a necessary
318 II, 5. 9. FB | deeper knowledge of risk factors in the aetiology of allergic
319 II, 5. 9. 1 | exposure to environmental risk factors and to the so-called western
320 II, 5. 9. 3 | environmental and socio-economic factors.~ ~Mortality data~ ~Although
321 II, 5. 9. 3 | socio-economic costs, different factors must be considered, such
322 II, 5. 9. 4 | 5.9.4. Risk factors~ ~Data show a significant
323 II, 5. 9. 4 | genetic and environmental factors. Different hypothesis have
324 II, 5. 9. 4 | the sex ratio, but other factors such as those enhancing
325 II, 5. 9. 4 | environmental and occupational factors may determine and aggravate
326 II, 5. 9. 4 | lifestyle and environmental factors. The main determinants considered
327 II, 5. 9. 4 | be related to different factors, such as type of allergen,
328 II, 5. 9. 4 | is also likely that other factors may be important determinants
329 II, 5. 9. 4 | familiar and environmental factors among 1450 children aged
330 II, 5. 9. 4 | familial and environmental factors, providing further support
331 II, 5. 9. 4 | importance of environmental factors and lifestyle in the development
332 II, 5. 9. 4 | information on lifestyle factors such as diet, and look for
333 II, 5. 9. 4 | DNA damage, susceptibility factors, and DNA modifications due
334 II, 5. 9. 5 | about the places where risk factors conditions are progressively
335 II, 5. 9. 5 | and other environmental factors. The main determinants considered
336 II, 5. 9. 5 | deeper knowledge of risk factors in the aetiology of allergic
337 II, 5. 9. 5 | are all critical success factors for the implementation of
338 II, 5. 9. 5 | needed to investigate which factors influence the development
339 II, 5. 9. 7 | familial and environmental factors - a population-based study.
340 II, 5. 9. 7 | Wichmann HE (2001): Indoor Factors and Genetics in Asthma (
341 II, 5. 9. 7 | of knowledge about risk factors and preventive factors for
342 II, 5. 9. 7 | risk factors and preventive factors for atopy in Europe. Allergy
343 II, 5. 10. 1 | interactions between environmental factors (exposure) and personal
344 II, 5. 10. 1 | susceptibility (genetic factors). The type and severity
345 II, 5. 10. 1 | individual or other modifying factors.~ ~There are more than 80
346 II, 5. 10. 2 | and to identify the risk factors associated with the international
347 II, 5. 10. 2 | although the impact of these factors on both self-perceived and
348 II, 5. 10. 3 | allergens and other background factors (EFSA, 2004).~Although very
349 II, 5. 11. 3 | skin susceptible to trigger factors - including irritants and
350 II, 5. 11. 3 | likely that environmental factors associated to urbanization
351 II, 5. 11. 3 | of external and internal factors. However, the term dermatitis
352 II, 5. 11. 3 | caused by a combination of factors such as excessive and abnormal
353 II, 5. 11. 5 | intended at reducing allergic factors before or around birth (
354 II, 5. 12. 3 | However, the impact of these factors on national mortality rates
355 II, 5. 12. 4 | 5.12.4. Risk factors~ ~The patterns in mortality
356 II, 5. 13 | global disease burden risk factors closely related to diet
357 II, 5. 13 | Europe, 2005).~ ~Lifestyle factors, including eating habits
358 II, 5. 13 | strongly associated with risk factors for cardiovascular disease
359 II, 5. 14. 1 | assessed and whose risk factors are still to be identified.
360 II, 5. 14. 1 | basis of sociodemographic factors.~ ~
361 II, 5. 14. 2 | chronic disease and risk factors (Petersen et al, 2005).
362 II, 5. 14. 2 | its determinants and risk factors on the morbidity rates and
363 II, 5. 14. 3 | several risky lifestyle factors. Only adults aged 65-74
364 II, 5. 14. 4 | 5.14.4. Risk factors~ ~The caries decline observed
365 II, 5. 14. 4 | must address dietary risk factors associated with oral disease.
366 II, 5. 14. 4 | shows that important risk factors for periodontal disease
367 II, 5. 14. 5 | basis of sociodemographic factors. A concern among public
368 II, 5. 14. 7 | health services is limited by factors such as the availability
369 II, 6. 3. 1 | in-depth analysis of risk factors, determinants, or burden
370 II, 6. 3. 2 | public health concern.~ ~Risk factors~ ~A key factor in the development
371 II, 6. 3. 2 | requires the collection of risk factors and the involvement of clinicians,
372 II, 6. 3. 3 | other countries.~ ~Risk factors~ ~In 2005, 28 044 HIV diagnoses
373 II, 6. 3. 4 | EU27 by one half.~ ~Risk factors~ ~Recent demographic, political
374 II, 6. 3. 6 | chicken) or water. Other risk factors include outdoor swimming
375 II, 6. 3. 7 | outbreaks, monitor risk factors and standardise laboratory
376 II, 6. 4. 1 | identify disease trends, risk factors, and the need for interventions.
377 II, 7. 1 | information on these external factors. Detailed injury data make
378 II, 7. 2 | measure trends and identify factors related to injury. These
379 II, 7. 3. 3 | yet, both are important factors in reduced productivity.
380 II, 7. 3. 5 | with a complex array of factors such as:~ ~· mental illness~·
381 II, 7. 3. 5 | abuse disorder. Some risk factors vary with age, gender and
382 II, 7. 3. 5 | gender and ethnic group. Risk factors may change over time, while
383 II, 7. 3. 5 | change over time, while some factors frequently occur in combination.~ ~
384 II, 7. 3. 5 | combination.~ ~Identified risk factors also vary in their degree
385 II, 7. 3. 5 | the background and risk factors of suicide attempts and
386 II, 7. 4 | injuries. Both are important factors in reduced productivity.
387 II, 7. 4. 2 | well as the individual risk factors (e.g. training of muscular
388 II, 7. 4. 6 | with a complex array of factors that interact with each
389 II, 7. 4. 6 | include:~ ~· psychiatric factors such as major depression,
390 II, 7. 4. 6 | disorders;~· biological factors or genetic traits (family
391 II, 7. 4. 6 | a job);~· psychological factors such as interpersonal conflict,
392 II, 7. 4. 6 | social and environmental factors, including availability
393 II, 7. 4. 6 | economic hardship.~ ~Some risk factors vary with age, gender, sexual
394 II, 7. 4. 6 | sufficiently strong protective factors may reduce the risk of suicide.
395 II, 7. 4. 6 | risk of suicide. Protective factors are related to emotional
396 II, 7. 4. 6 | effective in reducing risk factors and enhancing protective
397 II, 7. 4. 6 | and enhancing protective factors. For adult patients who
398 II, 7. 4. 6 | interactions of various risk factors and protective factors,
399 II, 7. 4. 6 | risk factors and protective factors, it has been suggested that
400 II, 7. 4. 6 | addressing different risk factors at different levels will
401 II, 7. 4. 7 | cultural and environmental factors. Understanding how these
402 II, 7. 4. 7 | Understanding how these factors are related to violence
403 II, 7. 4. 7 | Addressing individual risk factors and taking steps to modify
404 II, 7. 4. 7 | cultural, social and economic factors that contribute to violence
405 II, 7. 5 | collect data, analyse risk factors and to inform stakeholders
406 II, 7. 7 | What are the main risk factors for falls among older people
407 II, 8. 1. 1 | conditions and contextual factors such as the environment
408 II, 8. 2. 1 | 8.2.1.4. Risk factors~ ~Causes of intellectual
409 II, 8. 2. 1 | intellectual disability~A number of factors causing intellectual disability
410 II, 8. 2. 1 | that multiple and complex factors associated with access to
411 II, 8. 2. 1 | reflect a combination of factors including, for example,
412 II, 8. 2. 1 | et al 2005) are among the factors likely to contribute to
413 II, 8. 2. 1 | for example – and other factors such as severity of intellectual
414 II, 8. 2. 2 | vision. However, various factors are responsible for refractive
415 II, 9 | considerations apply also to risk factors particularly relevant for
416 II, 9 | Table 9.1a. Main risk factors for newborns and perinatal
417 II, 9 | with social and health care factors, including lack on antenatal
418 II, 9 | outcomes are linked to social factors (Kaminski et al, 2000; Kramer
419 II, 9 | environmental and genetic factors. For about 15% of cases,
420 II, 9 | importance of environmental factors as causes, and these are
421 II, 9 | often many coexisting risk factors such as smoking, alcohol,
422 II, 9 | nutrition and other risk factors associated with deprivation.~ ~
423 II, 9 | Table 9.1b. Main risk factors for children and adolescents~
424 II, 9 | family environment. Three factors in particular are well-known
425 II, 9 | health problems. Several risk factors have been identified for
426 II, 9 | papilloma virus (HPV). Risk factors for STIs can include multiple
427 II, 9 | Table 9.1c. Main risk factors for adults~ ~Major modifiable
428 II, 9 | Major modifiable risk factors for atherosclerotic CHD
429 II, 9 | treating the classic risk factors, such as dyslipidemia, hypertension,
430 II, 9 | of stroke. The main risk factors for stroke are not gender
431 II, 9 | conflict between partners. Risk factors for breast cancer in women
432 II, 9 | Table 9.1d. Main risk factors for the elderly~ ~The natural
433 II, 9 | largely determined by external factors relating to adult life style.
434 II, 9 | decline caused by external factors can be reversible at any
435 II, 9 | countries (WHO, 1999).~ ~Social factors. Social factors, which the
436 II, 9 | Social factors. Social factors, which the individual can
437 II, 9 | Healthy Ageing, 2007).~ ~Risk factors for falls are muscle weakness,
438 II, 9 | with the number of risk factors. Visual performance, medical
439 II, 9 | mobility become significant factors with age. These difficulties
440 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight are important risk factors for morbidity in infancy
441 II, 9. 1. 1 | characteristics and risk factors; and health services. Core
442 II, 9. 1. 1 | Population characteristics/Risk factors~C: Multiple birth rate by
443 II, 9. 1. 1 | characteristics and risk factors~ ~In order to monitor perinatal
444 II, 9. 1. 1 | childbearing women and the risk factors associated with poor outcomes.
445 II, 9. 1. 1 | S (2004): Institutional factors in cesarean delivery rates:
446 II, 9. 1. 2 | regarding environmental risk factors, this places a great importance
447 II, 9. 1. 2 | in the prevalence of risk factors affecting total prevalence,
448 II, 9. 1. 2 | influenced by health service factors (e.g. the proportion of
449 II, 9. 1. 2 | performed ) and registry factors (e.g. specificity of coding
450 II, 9. 1. 2 | or more of the following factors: a) the risk of pregnancies
451 II, 9. 1. 2 | quality and increases in risk factors may represent other possible
452 II, 9. 1. 2 | cultural and organisational factors, and differences in TOPFA
453 II, 9. 1. 2 | Italy. Diet and/or genetic factors may explain this low prevalence.~ ~
454 II, 9. 1. 2 | 9.1.2.4. Risk factors~ ~For main risk factors
455 II, 9. 1. 2 | factors~ ~For main risk factors see Table 9.1a.~ ~Table
456 II, 9. 1. 2 | Table 9.1a. Main risk factors for newborns and perinatal
457 II, 9. 1. 2 | with social and health care factors, including lack on antenatal
458 II, 9. 1. 2 | outcomes are linked to social factors (Kaminski et al, 2000; Kramer
459 II, 9. 1. 2 | environmental and genetic factors. For about 15% of cases,
460 II, 9. 1. 2 | importance of environmental factors as causes, and these are
461 II, 9. 1. 2 | often many coexisting risk factors such as smoking, alcohol,
462 II, 9. 1. 2 | nutrition and other risk factors associated with deprivation.~ ~
463 II, 9. 1. 2 | number of environmental risk factors for congenital anomaly such
464 II, 9. 1. 2 | due to genetic or cultural factors. Measures to alleviate family
465 II, 9. 1. 2 | help to reduce known risk factors.~ ~The potential to prevent
466 II, 9. 1. 2 | reducing environmental risk factors for congenital anomalies,
467 II, 9. 1. 2 | public health agenda.~ ~Risk factors for congenital anomalies
468 II, 9. 1. 2 | and obesity, are also risk factors for congenital anomalies.
469 II, 9. 1. 2 | needed, as reduction of risk factors needs to start very early
470 II, 9. 1. 2 | Review of Environmental Risk Factors for Congenital Anomalies",
471 II, 9. 2. 1 | sustain good habits, are key factors for healthy development
472 II, 9. 2. 2 | comprehensive account of factors influencing the health of
473 II, 9. 2. 2 | exacerbated by socio-economic factors.~ ~Cultural variation: Context
474 II, 9. 2. 3 | socio-economic or educational factors, where an individual may
475 II, 9. 2. 4 | 9.2.4. Risk factors~ ~A number of first-level
476 II, 9. 2. 4 | number of first-level risk factors have been identified for
477 II, 9. 2. 4 | peer pressures – all risk factors of locally varying significance
478 II, 9. 2. 4 | Table 9.1b. Main risk factors for children and adolescents~ ~
479 II, 9. 2. 4 | family environment. Three factors in particular are well-known
480 II, 9. 2. 4 | health problems. Several risk factors have been identified for
481 II, 9. 2. 4 | papilloma virus (HPV). Risk factors for STIs can include multiple
482 II, 9. 2. 5 | the social and economic factors that influence health and
483 II, 9. 2. 5 | addresses the environmental risk factors that most affect the health
484 II, 9. 3. 1 | effect of socio-economic factors within a country (White &
485 II, 9. 3. 1 | worldwide. Understanding of the factors that influence age at menopause
486 II, 9. 3. 1 | Familial or hereditary factors appear to be the most predictive.
487 II, 9. 3. 1 | depression in older people, risk factors, detection, treatment and
488 II, 9. 3. 1 | prevalence of other risk factors such as obesity, stress
489 II, 9. 3. 1 | thromboembolism. Modifiable risk factors for venous thrombo-embolism
490 II, 9. 3. 1 | is only one of the many factors that affect sexual function.
491 II, 9. 3. 1 | affect sexual function. Other factors include the presence of
492 II, 9. 3. 1 | employment, personality factors and negative attitudes towards
493 II, 9. 3. 1 | is only one of many risk factors that contribute to the risk
494 II, 9. 3. 1 | in origin, with organic factors and psychogenic factors
495 II, 9. 3. 1 | factors and psychogenic factors likely to contribute to
496 II, 9. 3. 1 | condition. However, organic factors are the most common reasons
497 II, 9. 3. 1 | specific gender-related factors contribute to the increased
498 II, 9. 3. 1 | would appear to be risk factors. It has been argued that
499 II, 9. 3. 1 | 9.3.1.4. Risk factors~ ~The main risk factors
500 II, 9. 3. 1 | factors~ ~The main risk factors for adults are summarized
