Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | Community and Member State level. The adopted approach takes
2 I, 2. 1 | resources at macroeconomic level (Figure 2.1).~ ~ ~ ~The
3 I, 2. 3 | inflows reached an annual level of 2 million. Increased
4 I, 2. 3 | population.~In relation to skill level, Europe attracts less high
5 I, 2. 4 | Europe, indicated by low level of education, occupational
6 I, 2. 4 | occupational class, income level, or other groups such as
7 I, 2. 4 | differences in mortality by level of education in Finland,
8 I, 2. 4 | with a lower educational level, occupational class or income
9 I, 2. 4 | occupational class or income level:~· substantial inequalities
10 I, 2. 4 | self-reported chronic conditions by level of education among people
11 I, 2. 5 | years down to 7%, the lowest level ever achieved since the
12 I, 2. 5 | satisfactory. In relation to skill level, Europe attracts less high
13 I, 2. 5 | experience at an individual level for some workers. The pressure
14 I, 2. 6 | students enrolled in tertiary level education (i.e. ISCED levels
15 I, 2. 6 | men enrolled in ISCED in 5 level programmes in EU Member
16 I, 2. 6 | women enrolled in ISCED level 6 programmes compared to
17 I, 2. 6 | students graduating with ISCED level 5 qualifications in the
18 I, 2. 6 | different at post graduated level. In the EU25 as a whole
19 I, 2. 6 | among graduates at this level, moreover, was more than
20 I, 2. 6 | first stage of tertiary level programmes. While women
21 I, 2. 6 | education programmes at ISCED level 5, outnumbering men by more
22 I, 2. 6 | generally lower than at lower level (European Commission, 2006).~ ~
23 I, 2. 7 | is already on a very high level, ranging from 49% (Slovenia)
24 I, 2. 7 | populations, their educational level and their lifestyles, their
25 I, 2. 9 | Projections suggest that sea level and sea surface temperature
26 I, 2. 10. 1 | will also depend on the level of individualisation in
27 I, 2. 10. 2 | effort at international level for the evaluation and prevention
28 I, 2. 10. 3 | expanded at trans-European level through the e-TEN programme.
29 I, 2. 10. 3 | Health Telematics. The High Level Committee on Health established
30 I, 2. 10. 4 | often at logistic unit level). Retail pharmacies have
31 I, 2. 10. 4 | or tag at the unit-dose level as this is necessary for
32 I, 2. 10. 4 | implementation on a national level due to the complexity of
33 I, 3. 1 | the so-called replacement level of 2.2 children per woman
34 I, 3. 1 | well) below the replacement level; currently, these regions
35 I, 3. 1 | up with a childlessness level of around 10%. This ‘pattern
36 I, 3. 1 | leads to a childlessness level of 15% or over.~ ~More men
37 I, 3. 1 | Cyprus and Greece have a level below 10%. More than 40%
38 I, 3. 2 | inflows reached an annual level of 2 million. Increased
39 I, 3. 3 | currently at the lowest level. However, that will change
40 II, 4. 1 | estimates for 2005 at European level (EU25) per gender: life
41 II, 4. 1 | estimated each year at MS level within EU27.~ ~Table 4.1.
42 II, 4. 1 | Member States in 2005. At MS level, values of life expectancy
43 II, 4. 1 | calculation of HLY at European level (EU25) and for all MS has
44 II, 4. 1 | early 1960s, converged to a level of around two years from
45 II, 4. 2 | or stagnated at very high level), while the one among men
46 II, 4. 2 | tendency. If one compares the level of life expectancy at birth
47 II, 4. 2 | relationship between the level of life expectancy in 1970
48 II, 4. 2 | Relationship between the level of life expectancy at birth
49 II, 4. 2 | Relationship between the level of life expectancy at birth
50 II, 4. 2 | relationship between the level of life expectancy in 1970
51 II, 4. 2 | Relationship between the level of life expectancy at birth
52 II, 4. 2 | Relationship between the level of life expectancy at birth
53 II, 5. 1. 1 | Figure 5.1.1). At individual level, the control of behavioural
54 II, 5. 1. 1 | important at population level selected from WHO HFA database (htt 7)
55 II, 5. 1. 1 | Wallace, 2004). Whilst a low level of education and/or a manual
56 II, 5. 1. 1 | inhalable particles, ground level ozone), damp and changes
57 II, 5. 1. 1 | drivers of CKD at population level. Patients with neoplasias
58 II, 5. 1. 2 | Organizations. At national level, health decision makers
59 II, 5. 1. 4 | and strongly intensify the level of information for the sick.~ ~
60 II, 5. 2. 2 | important at population level were selected: hypertension,
61 II, 5. 2. 3 | by changes in the average level of risk factors, such as
62 II, 5. 2. 3 | poor nutrition and high level of psycho-social stress
63 II, 5. 2. 4 | the fact that there are no level over or under which the
64 II, 5. 2. 4 | factors at a favourable level throughout our life.~ ~Although
65 II, 5. 2. 4 | is well known, national level data are difficult to obtain
66 II, 5. 2. 5 | maintain this favourable level during their life. Therefore,
67 II, 5. 2. 5 | population and individual level, notably by identifying
68 II, 5. 2. 6 | showed that the average level of total plasma cholesterol
69 II, 5. 2. 6 | vegetables, and an adequate level of physical activity can
70 II, 5. 3. 2 | institution. The population level cancer patient data are
71 II, 5. 3. 2 | cancer data at population level;~· cancer registries need
72 II, 5. 3. 6 | i.e those with the lowest level of prognosis (Figures 5.
73 II, 5. 3. 6 | estimates remained at the low level of ~42% for the entire period,
74 II, 5. 3. 7 | effectiveness at population level. Organised screening programmes
75 II, 5. 3. 7 | be addressed at European level. Pap smear test is able
76 II, 5. 3. 7 | is available at national level without further delays due
77 II, 5. 3. 7 | define, mainly at national level and in some countries also
78 II, 5. 3. 7 | countries also at regional level, priorities and main objectives
79 II, 5. 3. 7 | at national and European level. EUROCAN+PLUS aim is to
80 II, 5. 3. 7 | be improved at a national level: identifying necessary actions
81 II, 5. 3. 7 | actions at trans-national level is a European added value
82 II, 5. 4. 1 | diabetes at national and EU level. As for many other chronic
83 II, 5. 4. 2 | information.~On a technical level, computerised medical records
84 II, 5. 4. 2 | a broader international level.~ ~Table 5.4.1. Recommendations
85 II, 5. 4. 2 | standardization.~At the National level, it is worth mentioning
86 II, 5. 4. 2 | while at the regional level the best referenced example
87 II, 5. 4. 2 | we are uncertain on the level of representativeness of
88 II, 5. 4. 2 | series of HES at the European level are still in their initial
89 II, 5. 4. 2 | representativeness at a national level must be carefully ascertained,
90 II, 5. 4. 2 | countries at the national level.~ ~
91 II, 5. 4. 2 | months, with an abnormal level~11~Percent of diabetic subjects
92 II, 5. 4. 2 | and are not reported here.~Level of HbA1c>7.0% is an indicator
93 II, 5. 4. 2 | comparable and applicable at EU level.~Measurement of total cholesterol
94 II, 5. 4. 2 | months.~Total cholesterol level>5 mmol/l is an important
95 II, 5. 4. 2 | months.~LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l is an important
96 II, 5. 4. 2 | months.~HDL cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <
97 II, 5. 4. 2 | 12 months.~Triglycerides level >2.3 mmol/l is an important
98 II, 5. 4. 2 | last 12 months.~An abnormal level of albuminuria and proteinuria
99 II, 5. 4. 2 | blood pressure and age.~Level of blood pressure is measured
100 II, 5. 4. 3 | Spain) and 98% (Finland).~Level of HbA1c>7.0%. According
101 II, 5. 4. 3 | of 87%.~Total cholesterol level>5 mmol/l. In EUCID databases
102 II, 5. 4. 3 | testing.~LDL cholesterol level >2.6 mmol/l. Crude percentages
103 II, 5. 4. 3 | above 65.~HDL cholesterol level <1.0 mmol/l for men and <
104 II, 5. 4. 3 | for Denmark.~Triglycerides level >2.3 mmol/l. In EUCID databases
105 II, 5. 4. 3 | people above 75.~An abnormal level of albuminuria and proteinuria.
106 II, 5. 4. 3 | Finland) and 100% (Cyprus).~Level of blood pressure. The percentage
107 II, 5. 4. 4 | and analysing data at EU level. There are very large discrepancies
108 II, 5. 4. 6 | at broader geographical level. The EU Program of Community
109 II, 5. 4. 6 | surveillance system at continental level. In the field of diabetes,
110 II, 5. 4. 6 | its morbidity” at national level. The set of indicators released
111 II, 5. 4. 6 | which indicate clearly the level of quality of care that
112 II, 5. 4. 6 | benchmark for assessing the level of implementation of national
113 II, 5. 4. 6 | and reporting at national level of comprehensive diabetes
114 II, 5. 4. 6 | determinants at European level, including a coherent and
115 II, 5. 4. 7 | management);~· population (area level); and~· risk-adjusted indicators (
116 II, 5. 4. 7 | locally and at continental level.~Approaches proposed by
117 II, 5. 4. 7 | improve surveillance at local level. As a matter of fact, it
118 II, 5. 4. 8 | Care at the health systems level in OECD countries, OECD
119 II, 5. 5.Int | not yet exist at Community level. Such a strategy would be
120 II, 5. 5.Int | mental illness, and the level of support for their family
121 II, 5. 5.Int | act jointly at European level.~· Strengthening and assisting
122 II, 5. 5. 1 | 2003) and even at community level (Berk et al., 2006) and
123 II, 5. 5. 1 | weighting. Thus, on European level, comparison of relative
124 II, 5. 5. 1 | only.~ ~Table 5.5.1.2. Level of care use (%) among those
125 II, 5. 5. 1 | interviewed presented a high level of psychological distress.
126 II, 5. 5. 1 | the highest also at global level, 70 per 100 000 and Lithuanian
127 II, 5. 5. 1 | Determinants for the European level (2004-6), provided final
128 II, 5. 5. 2 | Wallace, 2004). Whilst a low level of education and/or a manual
129 II, 5. 5. 2 | associations to assess the level of support provided to people
130 II, 5. 5. 2 | Europe and improving the level of care;~· Addressing the
131 II, 5. 5. 3 | conclusions on population level. Several population groups
132 II, 5. 5. 3 | emphasised that the evidence level for reviewed studies is
133 II, 5. 5. 3 | measurement~ ~On national level, limited data are mostly
134 II, 5. 5. 3 | at European/international level (Alexander et al, in press).~ ~
135 II, 5. 5. 3 | Romania~X~ ~At national level data about the general morbidity
136 II, 5. 5. 3 | collection starts from county level; the data are generally
137 II, 5. 5. 3 | weight control, with a higher level for girls (18%) than for
138 II, 5. 5. 3 | weight. Once again, the level increases with age (WHO,
139 II, 5. 5. 3 | national and international level.~Effective prevention is
140 II, 5. 5. 3 | system at European Union level. We must bear in mind that
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | spectrum disorders have a high level of excess mortality due
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | Finland has by far the highest level of antipsychotic prescriptions
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | excellence on a European level in order to enhance research
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia at European level covering aetiology and pathogenesis,
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | function at a mild to moderate level. As they grow older, their
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | Great Britain. At European level, however, the early detection
147 II, 5. 5. 3 | coping at a below average level and 16% were seriously behind (
148 II, 5. 5. 3 | national or multinational level and serve as a basis for
149 II, 5. 5. 3 | latitudinal gradient to level off. Scotland’s rates are
150 II, 5. 5. 3 | indexes adjusting for price level differences in different
151 II, 5. 5. 3 | risk especially at familial level. Major environmental factors,
152 II, 5. 5. 3 | operative at population level, among which vitamin D status
153 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 10) which indicate the level of disability. Further lumping
154 II, 5. 5. 3 | gender, education, disability level) that were directly associated
155 II, 5. 5. 3 | will be used at national level to promote the rights of
156 II, 5. 5. 3 | promote, at European Union level, the employment of people
157 II, 5. 5. 3 | of the Code at national level will help overcome the currently
158 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with MS at country level. The contents of the database
159 II, 5. 5. 3 | International, European and National Level~There are active MS societies
160 II, 5. 5. 3 | parent body at international level, the Multiple Sclerosis
161 II, 5. 5. 3 | to indicate the relative level of disability. Rates stratified
162 II, 5. 6. 3 | are seldom fatal and the level of disability for many is
163 II, 5. 6. 3 | be present when the BMD level in women was 2.5 standard
164 II, 5. 6. 3 | and often not to the same level as prior to the fracture (
165 II, 5. 7. 1 | biomarkers at population level.~ ~Figure 5.7.1. Development
166 II, 5. 7. 4 | drivers of CKD at population level. Patients with neoplasias
167 II, 5. 7. 5 | been accepted at national level.~· The public health policy
168 II, 5. 7. 5 | CKD and ESRD at national level, as the national health
169 II, 5. 7. 5 | needs, assessed at regional level. In 2004 the French Ministry
170 II, 5. 7. 5 | prevalence of CKD at community level has been submitted by the
171 II, 5. 7. 5 | comparable at international level.~ ~
172 II, 5. 7. 6 | specific policies at European level may be of help for improving
173 II, 5. 9. 3 | between asthma (74% of country level and 36% of centre level
174 II, 5. 9. 3 | level and 36% of centre level variation explained), hay
175 II, 5. 9. 5 | Policies~ ~At policy level the most important recommendations
176 II, 5. 9. 5 | the primary health care level in which general practitioners,
177 II, 5. 9. 5 | of patients. The second level is the specialized care
178 II, 5. 9. 5 | in severe cases. At this level there are Pneumology (Respiratory
179 II, 5. 10. 1 | variation in FA lies in the level of exposure to cross-reactive
180 II, 5. 10. 2 | vary greatly, with a high level of redundancy and relatively
181 II, 5. 10. 5 | not likely to increase the level of allergenicity assessed
182 II, 5. 11. 3 | not experience ACD at this level of nickel release, whilst
183 II, 5. 11. 3 | had remained at the same level (T Hasan et al. 2005).~ ~ ~
184 II, 5. 12. 4 | in any case far from the level reached in central and Eastern
185 II, 5. 12. 5 | recommended at population level to avoid cirrhosis.~In subjects
186 II, 5. 12. 6 | mortality at population level. Sudden variations in cirrhosis
187 II, 5. 12. 6 | cirrhosis mortality at national level in various European countries
188 II, 5. 13 | BMI) above the optimum level of 21 kg/m2 is among the
189 II, 5. 13 | high blood cholesterol level, high BMI, low fruit and
190 II, 5. 14. 1 | oral health status, the level of untreated dental caries
191 II, 5. 14. 2 | collection system at the national level: only United Kingdom has
192 II, 5. 14. 3 | For instance, the actual level of dental caries in Portuguese
193 II, 5. 14. 3 | European countries have a high level of untreated diseases. Oral
194 II, 5. 14. 3 | related to socio-economic level, low income being a strong
195 II, 5. 14. 3 | age, race, dental status, level of education and family
196 II, 5. 14. 5 | oral health status, the level of untreated dental caries
197 II, 5. 14. 5 | both at EU and at national level. The strategy is to promote
198 II, 5. 14. 6 | also a commitment at global level to improve oral health worldwide.
199 II, 5. 15. 2 | very much linked to the level of knowledge about its genetic
200 II, 5. 15. 3 | reasons for unavailability, level of reimbursement, population
201 II, 5. 15. 4 | place in Europe either at EU level or at Member States (MS)
202 II, 5. 15. 4 | or at Member States (MS) level.~Regulation No 141/2000
203 II, 5. 15. 4 | products.~ ~At Member State level, several countries have
204 II, 5. 15. 4 | individual and collective level; coordination of policies
205 II, 5. 15. 4 | policies and initiatives at MS level and EU level.~ ~A Community
206 II, 5. 15. 4 | initiatives at MS level and EU level.~ ~A Community action programme
207 II, 5. 15. 4 | the aim of ensuring a high level of health protection in
208 II, 5. 15. 4 | and co-ordination at EU level to encourage continuity
209 II, 5. 15. 5 | diseases for improving the level of empowerment of patients.
210 II, 6. 3. 1 | with the Member States, EU level initiatives can assist in
211 II, 6. 3. 1 | be brought up to the same level, another is that we need ‘
212 II, 6. 3. 1 | Extrapolated to the EU level these country estimates
213 II, 6. 3. 2 | at globally and European level. If the present rapid negative
214 II, 6. 3. 2 | association between the level of use of specific antibiotic
215 II, 6. 3. 3 | surveillance at national level, the currently available
216 II, 6. 3. 4 | institutions to reach an acceptable level of preparedness.~ ~Key areas
217 II, 6. 3. 4 | plans operational at local level;~· inter-sectoral operability
218 II, 6. 3. 4 | operability at national level;~· stepping up prevention
219 II, 6. 3. 6 | safety authorities. At EU level, besides the ECDC, also
220 II, 6. 3. 6 | VTEC infections at the farm level are important in preventing
221 II, 6. 3. 6 | farm and food-processing level to prevent the contamination
222 II, 6. 4. 3 | and encouraged by the good level of European and international
223 II, 6. 4. 5 | b) support, at Community level, educational campaigns directed
224 II, 7. 2. 3 | international databases is the high level of desegregations, i.e.
225 II, 7. 2. 6 | is aggregated at the EU level in a standardised way and
226 II, 7. 3. 1 | of national surveys at EU level anticipate also the incidence
227 II, 7. 3. 2 | injuries and has a high level of international comparability.
228 II, 7. 3. 2 | mortality rate to the same level as in the Netherlands (Figure
229 II, 7. 4. 3 | Community and at national level.~ ~Informative sources on
230 II, 7. 4. 6 | national and Community level. Actions in the field of
231 II, 7. 5 | stakeholders at national level; and~· Disseminate injury
232 II, 7. 5 | information service at national level where stakeholders get answers
233 II, 7. 6 | organizational capacities at national level, e.g. national focal agencies
234 II, 8. 1. 5 | initiatives at EU and national level to identify and remove the
235 II, 8. 2. 1 | also be gathered at country level, for example through a post
236 II, 8. 2. 1 | significantly lower than average level of general intellectual
237 II, 8. 2. 1 | old age.~Efforts at the level of health systems are also
238 II, 8. 2. 1 | At European Community level, all health disparities
239 II, 8. 2. 1 | policy makers at Community level as well as within their
240 II, 8. 2. 2 | problem at personal and family level, as well as at community
241 II, 8. 2. 2 | community and public health level; non-availability of and/
242 II, 8. 2. 2 | carried out at community level and integrated into school
243 II, 8. 2. 3 | rehabilitation at the population level? Hearing impairments in
244 II, 9 | is controversy about the level of risk of congenital anomaly
245 II, 9 | educated only to primary school level have a higher risk of health
246 II, 9 | known at the population level across Europe. Such disabilities
247 II, 9 | and vegetables at national level, and the prevalence of ischaemic
248 II, 9 | with decreasing educational level. People with low levels
249 II, 9 | and small increases in the level of physical fitness, for
250 II, 9 | elderly (Volkert, 2005). The level of physical activity among
251 II, 9. 1. 2 | nationally and at a European level by EUROCAT. The proportion
252 II, 9. 1. 2 | anomaly in that country b) the level of investigation by autopsy
253 II, 9. 1. 2 | is controversy about the level of risk of congenital anomaly
254 II, 9. 1. 2 | anomaly risk at European level, but the evidence to date
255 II, 9. 1. 2 | be understood at social level, in order to create an appropriate
256 II, 9. 1. 2 | acid intake with respect to level of education in the Netherlands.
257 II, 9. 2. 2 | produces reports at the global level, though with data for each
258 II, 9. 2. 2 | invaluable at the national level, but may not be comparable
259 II, 9. 2. 2 | national or sub-national level. Research may also be failing
260 II, 9. 2. 3 | otherwise viewed as a high level of snacking. A recent report
261 II, 9. 2. 4 | educated only to primary school level have a higher risk of health
262 II, 9. 2. 4 | known at the population level across Europe. Such disabilities
263 II, 9. 2. 5 | stakeholders together at EU level to initiate Europe-wide
264 II, 9. 2. 5 | substantially improving the level of health of disadvantaged
265 II, 9. 3. 1 | feelings toward the partner, level of past sexual function,
266 II, 9. 3. 1 | social class, educational level, experience of physical
267 II, 9. 3. 1 | 2006) suggest a repeated level <300 ng/dl (or 10.4 nmol/
268 II, 9. 3. 1 | require ART. When the serum level is > 346 ng/dL (12 nmol/
269 II, 9. 3. 1 | and vegetables at national level, and the prevalence of ischaemic
270 II, 9. 3. 1 | with decreasing educational level. People with low levels
271 II, 9. 3. 1 | finance allocation at State level. There are several strata
272 II, 9. 3. 1 | institutes operating below State level to sign up to implementation,
273 II, 9. 3. 1 | to, right down to local level. In this way, good quality
274 II, 9. 3. 1 | be obtained at European level.~ ~As life expectancy continues
275 II, 9. 3. 2 | Previous work to establish the level of maternal morbidity within
276 II, 9. 3. 2 | perinatal period at European level. Descriptions of healthcare
277 II, 9. 3. 2 | indicators useful at national level cannot be transposed for
278 II, 9. 3. 3 | May 2005) on individual level factors associated with
279 II, 9. 3. 3 | reducing risk (educational level and source of information
280 II, 9. 3. 3 | social class, having a higher level of education and age of
281 II, 9. 4. 4 | and small increases in the level of physical fitness, for
282 II, 9. 4. 4 | elderly (Volkert, 2005). The level of physical activity among
283 II, 9. 4. 5 | social isolation at community level. These policies would have
284 II, 9. 4. 5 | income or wealth;~· a high level of quality of care; and~·
285 II, 9. 4. 5 | differences in education level, and by subsequent income,
286 II, 9. 5. 3 | with decreasing educational level (EP/EIWH, 2007).~ ~ ~Individuals
287 II, 9. 5. 3 | educated only to primary school level have a higher risk of health
288 II, 9. 5. 3 | socio-economic status and educational level as well as gender roles
289 II, 9. 5. 3 | countries reported no moderate level physical activity in the
290 II, 9. 5. 3 | reported daily moderate level physical activity. Investigations
291 II, 9. 5. 4 | policy development at EU level.~ ~Some suggestions to this
292 II, 9. 5. 4 | interest at governmental level in this new field. Examples
293 II, 9. 5. 4 | policy areas seen at EU level. As men tend to present
294 II, 9. 5. 4 | regional, national and European level policy documents could be
295 II, 9. 5. 5 | and at European Commission level. Among the reasons that
296 III, 10. 1 | factors such as poverty and level of education (EEA, 2005).
297 III, 10. 1 | determinants affect the level and sustainability of the
298 III, 10. 1 | from those at individual level to those of societal and
299 III, 10. 1. 1 | balanced with the activity level. (Melzer et al, 2005). Most
300 III, 10. 1. 1 | children with a low activity level (Parsons et al, 1999). Ambler
301 III, 10. 1. 1 | exercise, but also affects the level of engagement in physical
302 III, 10. 1. 1 | use depends on the stress level and the individuals’ resources,
303 III, 10. 2. 1 | with a higher educational level. Women reach their peak
304 III, 10. 2. 1 | are similar and the high level remains constant for a much
305 III, 10. 2. 1 | tobacco control at global level.~ ~EU action focuses on
306 III, 10. 2. 1 | control at EU and Member State level.~Within the Treaties of
307 III, 10. 2. 1 | implemented at (sub)national level. These measures differ as
308 III, 10. 2. 1 | supportive measures at national level. Key examples of these measures
309 III, 10. 2. 1 | implemented at (sub)national level. These measures differ as
310 III, 10. 2. 1 | pure alcohol each year – a level over 2.5 times the rest
311 III, 10. 2. 1 | southern Europe has an average level below 56g, while in the
312 III, 10. 2. 1 | Generally the higher the level of alcohol consumption,
313 III, 10. 2. 1 | blood alcohol concentration level (BAC). Comparison of blood
314 III, 10. 2. 1 | co-morbidity as a function of the level of alcohol use. There is
315 III, 10. 2. 1 | decreases to about 80% of the level of non-drinkers at 20 grams (
316 III, 10. 2. 1 | across the EU.~ ~The high level of harm to young people
317 III, 10. 2. 1 | as well as the individual level. Areas with the most manual
318 III, 10. 2. 1 | a maximum blood-alcohol level (BAL) for driving is a well-established
319 III, 10. 2. 1 | countermeasure. Over the years, the level specified as maximum has
320 III, 10. 2. 1 | lower BALs (including a zero level) for young or novice drivers;
321 III, 10. 2. 1 | driver with a BAL above a low level, for reducing repeat infractions
322 III, 10. 2. 1 | bar-related issues as noise level and customer behaviour.
323 III, 10. 2. 1 | opioid users at national level range roughly between one
324 III, 10. 2. 1 | in all countries and the level of their intensity also
325 III, 10. 2. 1 | but often at a very high level. Figure 10.2.3.7 shows the
326 III, 10. 2. 1 | concern at European Union level since the late eighties,
327 III, 10. 2. 1 | interventions at national level.~ ~Prevention is sometimes
328 III, 10. 2. 1 | programme outlets and the level of provision of injecting
329 III, 10. 2. 1 | both at national and at EU level. This development was strengthened
330 III, 10. 2. 1 | disease itself. At population level, the incidence of dental
331 III, 10. 2. 1 | lifestyle predicts educational level. J Dent Res 2003; 82:~361-
332 III, 10. 2. 1 | expenditure above resting level (Caspersen et al, 1985).
333 III, 10. 2. 1 | but not at the recommended level of regularity while time
334 III, 10. 2. 1 | starting from a slightly lower level but ending at slightly higher
335 III, 10. 2. 1 | levels, from local community level, through governments, to
336 III, 10. 2. 1 | policy and action as local level initiatives have the greatest
337 III, 10. 2. 1 | BMI) above the optimum level of 21 kg/m2 is among the
338 III, 10. 2. 1 | high blood cholesterol level, high BMI, low fruit and
339 III, 10. 2. 1 | monitoring at the national level the nutritional status of
340 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption data at individual level. However, national dietary
341 III, 10. 2. 1 | data obtained a national level can often not be compared
342 III, 10. 2. 1 | harmonising international level dietary data from household
343 III, 10. 2. 1 | urbanisation and educational level of household head. DAFNE
344 III, 10. 2. 1 | availability at the household level. It includes data from 75
345 III, 10. 2. 1 | were collected at European level.~ ~The rationale of the
346 III, 10. 2. 1 | intake at the individual level in as much detail as possible
347 III, 10. 2. 1 | groups categorized per income level, occupational level or educational
348 III, 10. 2. 1 | income level, occupational level or educational attainment
349 III, 10. 2. 1 | or educational attainment level has been noticed (Monteiro
350 III, 10. 2. 1 | syndrome, indicated by a high level of serum insulin, a high
351 III, 10. 2. 1 | serum insulin, a high blood level of low-density lipoprotein
352 III, 10. 2. 1 | lipoprotein cholesterol, a low level of high-density lipoprotein
353 III, 10. 2. 1 | not reach the recommended level of 400 µg per day. The lower
354 III, 10. 2. 1 | recommended daily intake level. While the recommendation
355 III, 10. 2. 1 | µg is still valid at EU level, most countries have their
356 III, 10. 2. 1 | Lifestyle factors such as the level of physical activity, stress,
357 III, 10. 2. 1 | policies at national or local level and encourages a multisectoral
358 III, 10. 2. 1 | community, local or programme level (Ebbeling et al, 2002).
359 III, 10. 2. 1 | project or policy at national level, which deals with the larger
360 III, 10. 2. 1 | or programmes at national level is lacking.~ ~As stressed
361 III, 10. 2. 1 | levels. Firstly, at the macro level to ensure consistent, comparable
362 III, 10. 2. 1 | coherent action at European level and draws attention to the
363 III, 10. 2. 1 | added value at European level and analysing the advantages
364 III, 10. 2. 1 | developed on a European level but at the most on a national
365 III, 10. 2. 1 | at the most on a national level, and even there specific
366 III, 10. 2. 1 | recommended physical activity level or on the basis of habitual
367 III, 10. 2. 1 | habitual low physical activity level. In other words, should
368 III, 10. 2. 1 | higher physical activity level. The last-mentioned approach
369 III, 10. 2. 1 | whilst providing a high level of consumer protection.~ ~
370 III, 10. 2. 2 | showed that the average level of total plasma cholesterol
371 III, 10. 2. 3 | pressure.~ ~Blood pressure level is associated with an increased
372 III, 10. 2. 3 | vegetables, and an adequate level of physical activity can
373 III, 10. 2. 4 | care sector and on a policy level across Europe and globally,
374 III, 10. 2. 4 | population health.~ ~The level of genome-based knowledge
375 III, 10. 2. 4 | will also depend on the level of individualisation in
376 III, 10. 2. 4 | functional genomic unit level, and to better understand
377 III, 10. 2. 4 | information at the microanatomical level by the use of immunohistochemistry
378 III, 10. 2. 4 | available in Europe.~ ~The level of genome-based knowledge
379 III, 10. 2. 4 | obliged to strive for a high level of health protection in
380 III, 10. 2. 4 | care sector and on a policy level across Europe and globally,
381 III, 10. 2. 5 | neuro-toxicity and the high level of proof required for regulation”.
382 III, 10. 3. 1 | A-weighted sound pressure level, where A-weighted means
383 III, 10. 3. 1 | A-weighted average sound pressure level.~LaeqT~Exposure to noise
384 III, 10. 3. 1 | equivalent sound pressure level (measured in dB(A)) over
385 III, 10. 3. 1 | Lden~The Day-Evening Night level is the equivalent sound
386 III, 10. 3. 1 | is the equivalent sound level over 24 hours, increasing
387 III, 10. 3. 1 | States. On an international level Eurostat / OECD have gathered
388 III, 10. 3. 1 | lung cancer risk and the level of radon exposure (Darby
389 III, 10. 3. 1 | led to increased ground level exposure to UVR in recent
390 III, 10. 3. 1 | conjunction with the worrisome level of sun-bed use among adolescents
391 III, 10. 3. 1 | at non-thermal exposure level. In conclusion, no health
392 III, 10. 3. 1 | at a much more detailed level will be facilitated, e.g.
393 III, 10. 3. 1 | sources and 5 dB band of sound level along with its geographical
394 III, 10. 3. 1 | the indoor radon reference level (annual average concentration
395 III, 10. 3. 1 | new guidelines at local level is an area for improvement
396 III, 10. 3. 1 | implemented at pan European level. The complete phasing-out
397 III, 10. 3. 2 | children’s health at global level(WHO, 2006). The child-focused
398 III, 10. 3. 2 | neurotoxicity and the high level of proof required for regulation”.~ ~
399 III, 10. 3. 2 | suggest that a ‘safe’ exposure level currently cannot be established.
400 III, 10. 3. 4 | surface temperature, sea level and heat waves, and with
401 III, 10. 3. 4 | impacts will depend on the level of adaptation by tourists
402 III, 10. 3. 4 | assessment also reported a high level of distress among the community,
403 III, 10. 3. 4 | is closely related to the level of public awareness of health-related
404 III, 10. 4. 1 | WHO air quality guideline level (AQG) (20 μg/m3 ) (1), giving
405 III, 10. 4. 1 | both Community and national level. The cost of action has
406 III, 10. 4. 1 | including the increased level of hygiene in homes and
407 III, 10. 4. 1 | effect at whole population level and a 35 ppb cut-off point
408 III, 10. 4. 1 | for 2020 and setting the level of ambition regarding air
409 III, 10. 4. 2 | attempted to guarantee a high level of food safety by improving
410 III, 10. 4. 2 | aims at ensuring a high level of protection of human life
411 III, 10. 4. 2 | might undermine the high level of consumer protection pursued
412 III, 10. 4. 2 | risk to ensure the high level of health protection deemed
413 III, 10. 4. 2 | concern that an unacceptable level of risk to health exists
414 III, 10. 4. 2 | aggregated and individual food level. This concerns food consumption
415 III, 10. 4. 2 | Commission to increase the level of food safety and restore
416 III, 10. 4. 2 | what believed at political level. Science-based control measures
417 III, 10. 4. 2 | accordance with the high level of consumer protection that
418 III, 10. 4. 2 | necessary to achieve this high level of health protection for
419 III, 10. 4. 2 | body weight (BfR 2006). This level may already be exceeded
420 III, 10. 4. 2 | Stockholm convention. At EU level, legislation was adopted
421 III, 10. 4. 2 | them.~ ~The Maximum Residue Level (MRL) is the maximum specified
422 III, 10. 4. 2 | the 10 years. At European level, national estimates of use
423 III, 10. 4. 2 | with the MRLs set at EU level. Each year since 1996 monitoring
424 III, 10. 4. 2 | formats used at Member States level should be developed in close
425 III, 10. 4. 2 | programme.~ ~At European level, harmonised provisions for
426 III, 10. 4. 2 | determination, which is the lowest level that surveillance laboratories
427 III, 10. 4. 2 | young children and sets the level at 0.01mg/kg, again the
428 III, 10. 4. 2 | available data indicate that the level of intake is below the reference
429 III, 10. 4. 2 | harmonized at Community level, applicable to any product
430 III, 10. 4. 2 | harmonized at Community level, only when the measures
431 III, 10. 4. 2 | harmonized at Community level. The implementation of the
432 III, 10. 4. 2 | globally, rather than at local level alone(EFSA, 2006c).~ ~Fitness
433 III, 10. 4. 2 | research to reliably assess the level of protection for the entire
434 III, 10. 4. 2 | work is, then, shared at EU level as follows, according to
435 III, 10. 4. 2 | peer reviews the DAR at EU level with all MS, applicant(s)
436 III, 10. 4. 2 | order to ensure the highest level of protection of human health,
437 III, 10. 4. 2 | metabolism, intended use and the level of unwanted substances contained
438 III, 10. 4. 2 | obligation to ensure the highest level of consumer protection and
439 III, 10. 4. 2 | food and feed at Community level. Today, national law governing
440 III, 10. 4. 2 | to harmonise at Community level general food law principles (
441 III, 10. 4. 2 | guidelines drawn up at Community level. These guidelines should
442 III, 10. 4. 3 | or countries with medium level of development than in other
443 III, 10. 4. 3 | estimated cancer risk at this level is in the range 1/100-1/
444 III, 10. 4. 3 | SGU, 2007). At European level, it is estimated that as
445 III, 10. 4. 3 | time trends at European level difficult. The available
446 III, 10. 4. 3 | water management at European level. Water flows do not respect
447 III, 10. 4. 3 | region and geology. At local level, the health impact can be
448 III, 10. 4. 3 | local treatment at household level significantly reduce the
449 III, 10. 4. 5 | sufficient to ensure an adequate level of protection for all soil
450 III, 10. 4. 5 | protection of soil at European level.~On the other hand, at national
451 III, 10. 4. 5 | other hand, at national level, most of the countries have
452 III, 10. 4. 5 | industrial structure, the level of implementation of pollution
453 III, 10. 4. 5 | carried out at European level (EEA, 2007a).~ ~A considerable
454 III, 10. 4. 5 | sufficient to ensure an adequate level of protection for all soil
455 III, 10. 4. 5 | management~ ~At national level, inventories or registers
456 III, 10. 4. 5 | at national or regional level. On the other hand, in most
457 III, 10. 4. 5 | policy, program or project level, and help judge the potential
458 III, 10. 4. 5 | on establishing the real level of risk associated with
459 III, 10. 5. 1 | other areas above the floor level. The classroom should be
460 III, 10. 5. 1 | Air pollution at street level in European cities. EEA
461 III, 10. 5. 2 | addition, it indicates a lower level or urbanisation in the EU
462 III, 10. 5. 2 | by the high urbanization level in the Netherlands, which
463 III, 10. 5. 2 | general practice according to level of urbanisation and deprived
464 III, 10. 5. 3 | insurer. In these systems the level of accident reporting is
465 III, 10. 5. 3 | collect these data on European level. In September 2003, the
466 III, 10. 5. 3 | outsourcing at international level.~The direct employment effects
467 III, 10. 5. 3 | national and European policy level. This complicates the implementation
468 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational problem at European level (European Agency for Health &
469 III, 10. 5. 3 | control risks at source level, eliminating or reducing
470 III, 10. 5. 3 | floors are fixed, stable and level and have no bumps, holes
471 III, 10. 6. 1 | personality and educational level have been found to be linked
472 III, 10. 6. 1 | 2005, has collected data on level of belonging to voluntary
473 III, 10. 6. 2 | differences in mortality per level of education in Finland,
474 III, 10. 6. 2 | with a lower educational level, occupational class or income
475 III, 10. 6. 2 | occupational class or income level:~· substantial inequalities
476 III, 10. 6. 2 | self-reported chronic conditions per level of education among people
477 III, 10. 6. 2 | Europe, indicated by low level of education, occupational
478 III, 10. 6. 2 | occupational class, income level, or other groups such as
479 III, 10. 6. 2 | European, national and local level to tackle health inequalities
480 III, 10. 6. 2 | national and community level. Examples presented here
481 III, 10. 6. 2 | organisations (www ~ ~Global level~At this level, the work
482 III, 10. 6. 2 | Global level~At this level, the work of the Commission
483 III, 10. 6. 2 | systems (htt ~ ~European level~The European Health and
484 III, 10. 6. 2 | at improving everyone's level of health closer to that
485 III, 10. 6. 2 | can improve faster. At EU level this involves many policy
486 III, 10. 6. 2 | EUROTHINE’.~ ~National level~Member states should develop
487 III, 10. 6. 2 | and the WHO/EURO.~ ~Local level~Having mentioned activities
488 III, 10. 6. 2 | at European and national level, we would like to conclude
489 III, 10. 6. 2 | and brings together a high level Consortium to apply evidence
490 III, 10. 6. 3 | Europe.~ ~At international level, the Secretary General of
491 IV, 11. 1. 2 | to 2005 to ensure a high level of reliability, though definitional
492 IV, 11. 1. 3 | grouped in many ways: by level of (de)centralization; by
493 IV, 11. 1. 4 | appears to have the highest level of pro-rich inequity in
494 IV, 11. 1. 5 | variables encompass the level, mix, education and training
495 IV, 11. 1. 5 | facilities. At European level, the European Foundation
496 IV, 11. 1. 5 | used to ensure a suitable level of appropriateness of care.
497 IV, 11. 1. 5 | clinical pharmacists at ward level, along with their traditional
498 IV, 11. 1. 5 | surveys shed light on the level of responsiveness within
499 IV, 11. 1. 5 | guidelines. At international level, the World Alliance for
500 IV, 11. 1. 5 | been conducted at European level, although estimates suggest
