Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | ensure access for all to quality healthcare and long-term
2 I, 2. 2 | match the efficiency and quality of market leaders – or close
3 I, 2. 2 | group concerning service quality and accessibility. Innovation
4 I, 2. 2 | costs and improving service quality to increase competitiveness.
5 I, 2. 2 | evolving demand. Product quality and innovation are important
6 I, 2. 2 | initiate increases of service quality resulting in improved competitiveness
7 I, 2. 3 | them adequately and the quality of the health care services
8 I, 2. 4 | involves a combination of quality job opportunities, allowing
9 I, 2. 4 | allowing access for all to high quality care reflecting recent technological
10 I, 2. 5 | match the efficiency and quality of market leaders – or close
11 I, 2. 5 | supportive tasks such as quality and maintenance; job enlargement,
12 I, 2. 5 | improving work organisation and quality of working life for the
13 I, 2. 7 | cut in pollution, higher quality of life and the possibility
14 I, 2. 9 | several effects on water quality and hence on human use and
15 I, 2. 9 | human behaviour and the quality of health care services
16 I, 2. 10. 1 | abiotic stresses and the quality of end products. Bioinformatics
17 I, 2. 10. 3 | services (e.g. air and water quality on-line information) could
18 I, 2. 10. 3 | initiatives to implement quality criteria for websites.~ ~
19 II, 4. 1 | increasing focus on one’s quality of life (life spent in a
20 II, 4. 1 | information in terms of quality of life is provided by the
21 II, 4. 1 | gaps in the quantity and quality of life (i.e. between total
22 II, 4. 1 | goals are to increase the quality and years of healthy life
23 II, 4. 1 | indicators to monitor the quality of life and support active
24 II, 4. 1 | political demands on the quality of life of populations will
25 II, 5. 1. 2 | and well controlled. The quality of control is directly dependent
26 II, 5. 1. 2 | easy to understand, as the quality of care does not depend
27 II, 5. 1. 3 | maintain or improve their quality of life. There are a growing
28 II, 5. 1. 3 | self-management and high quality of care for all long-term
29 II, 5. 1. 3 | maintaining or improving quality of life. Its main purpose
30 II, 5. 2. 1 | of disability and reduced quality of life.~ ~Although EU is
31 II, 5. 2. 1 | causing substantial loss of quality of life, disability, and
32 II, 5. 2. 2 | the usual paucity, weak quality and comparability of data
33 II, 5. 2. 5 | protect health and improve the quality of life in the European
34 II, 5. 3. 2 | and~ ~· Evaluating the quality of cancer care by providing
35 II, 5. 3. 2 | as details on treatment, quality of life, hospitalisation
36 II, 5. 3. 2 | epidemiology and on patients’ quality of life. For all of the
37 II, 5. 3. 3 | assessment of results and quality of care. The Czech Republic
38 II, 5. 3. 7 | improving survival and quality of life for cancer patients.
39 II, 5. 3. 7 | treatment, thus improve the quality of life. The basic approach
40 II, 5. 3. 7 | are often reflected in the quality of care given to individuals.
41 II, 5. 4. 1 | considerable improvement of the quality of life and patients' outcomes
42 II, 5. 4. 2 | the disease, risk factors, quality of care, and population
43 II, 5. 4. 2 | 20 years later.~Tracking quality of care is paramount to
44 II, 5. 4. 2 | of variables entering the quality equation that must be taken
45 II, 5. 4. 2 | Planning, provision and quality audit of health care~->
46 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.3. Quality of care monitoring~ ~The
47 II, 5. 4. 2 | way for the definition of quality of care (QOC) information
48 II, 5. 4. 2 | benchmarking system for quality improvement is still valid
49 II, 5. 4. 2 | existing in Europe, and beyond. Quality of care can be measured
50 II, 5. 4. 2 | indicators.~The OECD basic set of quality indicators undoubtedly reflect
51 II, 5. 4. 2 | National Diabetes Audit and the Quality and Outcomes Framework.~ ~
52 II, 5. 4. 2 | number that can be used for quality control purposes.~ ~
53 II, 5. 4. 3 | reflect a decline in the quality of care, despite the existing
54 II, 5. 4. 4 | joint effort to enhance the quality of data, with the adoption
55 II, 5. 4. 6 | indicate clearly the level of quality of care that must be ensured
56 II, 5. 4. 6 | to other areas: for most quality of care indicators the gold
57 II, 5. 4. 7 | structures, structural quality, processes, measurement
58 II, 5. 4. 7 | indicators (epidemiology, process quality, intermediate and terminal
59 II, 5. 4. 8 | Update Report, Health Care Quality Indicators Project, Health
60 II, 5. 4. 8 | Vincent Declaration for Quality Improvement in Diabetes
61 II, 5. 4. 8 | Selecting Indicators for the quality of Diabetes Care at the
62 II, 5. 5.Int | systems and brings a loss of quality of life for those affected
63 II, 5. 5.Int | Europe in mental health, the quality of care and welfare for
64 II, 5. 5. 1 | reduces significantly the quality of life to an extent comparable
65 II, 5. 5. 1 | common and causes decrease in quality of life and loss of productivity.~ ~
66 II, 5. 5. 1 | European-wide comparability and quality of mental health related
67 II, 5. 5. 1 | disability, health-related quality of life, use of treatment
68 II, 5. 5. 1 | 1999-2003), evaluated the quality of existing data and epidemiological
69 II, 5. 5. 1 | for mental health. High quality and comparable data need
70 II, 5. 5. 1 | conditions on health-related quality of life: a general population
71 II, 5. 5. 2 | and to try to maintain quality of life. Measures must also
72 II, 5. 5. 2 | health strategy guarantees quality and safe access to currently
73 II, 5. 5. 3 | Wrigley et al, 2005). The quality of psychiatric care differs
74 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders. In general, the quality of cause-of-death information
75 II, 5. 5. 3 | statistics, as well as the coding quality, are inconsistent. Schizophrenia
76 II, 5. 5. 3 | is also reflected in the quality of life assessment which
77 II, 5. 5. 3 | deficits, decreasing subjective quality of life, substantial loss
78 II, 5. 5. 3 | them do not meet current quality standards as assessed by
79 II, 5. 5. 3 | rating scale to assess the quality of reporting and of the
80 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders.~The extent and quality of mental health care in
81 II, 5. 5. 3 | health expenditures reflect quality of care. However, insufficient
82 II, 5. 5. 3 | general, as major factors of quality of life.~ ~
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | instrument for assessing the quality of clinical practice guidelines:
84 II, 5. 5. 3 | the largest impact of data quality. By following specific manuals,
85 II, 5. 5. 3 | alone interfere with their quality of life and productivity (
86 II, 5. 5. 3 | well interferons with the quality of life and productivity
87 II, 5. 5. 3 | Practice on the Rights and Quality of Life of People Affected
88 II, 5. 5. 3 | critical to the health and Quality of Life of People affected
89 II, 5. 5. 3 | symptomatic treatment, high quality studies are still scarce.
90 II, 5. 5. 3 | Principles to promote the quality of life of people with MS (
91 II, 5. 5. 3 | Practice on the rights and quality of life of people affected
92 II, 5. 5. 3 | specific towards the rights and quality of life of people affected
93 II, 5. 5. 3 | treatment, access thereto and quality of services for EU citizens
94 II, 5. 5. 3 | Principles to promote the quality of life of people with MS (
95 II, 5. 5. 3 | Union~HRQoL~Health-related quality of life~ICD~International
96 II, 5. 5. 3 | considerably affects the patient’s quality of life and leads to a substantial
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | impact on health-related quality of life in those patients (
98 II, 5. 5. 3 | burden-of-disease, health-related quality of life and patient utilities
99 II, 5. 5. 3 | RM, Gullaksen E (1995): Quality of life and care in Parkinson’
100 II, 5. 5. 3 | review of the health-related quality of life and economic impact
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2002): Factors impacting on quality of life in Parkinson’s disease:
102 II, 5. 5. 3 | Population based mortality and quality of death certification in
103 II, 5. 6. 3 | determinants; disability and quality of life; health care utilization;
104 II, 5. 6. 3 | diseases)~ ~Disability and quality of life~ ~Musculoskeletal
105 II, 5. 6. 3 | associated with the poorest quality of life if compared to other
106 II, 5. 6. 3 | vertebral fracture affects one’s quality of life with limitation
107 II, 5. 6. 3 | long-term impairment of quality of life which worsens with
108 II, 5. 6. 3 | contributes to the impact on quality of life and increased mortality (
109 II, 5. 6. 6 | fractures and their impact on quality of life. Am J Med 103:12S-17S~
110 II, 5. 6. 6 | Musculoskeletal pain and quality of life in patients with
111 II, 5. 6. 6 | J (2000): Health-related quality of life in postmenopausal
112 II, 5. 6. 6 | associated with better or poorer quality of life? J Clin Epidemiol
113 II, 5. 7.Acr | Million of the Population~QOF~Quality and Outcomes Framework~RRT~
114 II, 5. 7. 1 | morbidity, mortality and poor quality of life engendered by CKD
115 II, 5. 7. 4 | ESRD, by the access to and quality of health care and by survival
116 II, 5. 7. 5 | Health Ministry has had a quality improvement program for
117 II, 5. 7. 5 | biochemical, but as of 2009, quality measures will be based on
118 II, 5. 7. 5 | issued a declaration on the quality of care for renal patients.~·
119 II, 5. 7. 5 | electronically reported four quality indicators. Since the beginning
120 II, 5. 7. 5 | the centres about their quality based on these parameters
121 II, 5. 7. 5 | limits.~· In The Netherlands, quality assurance is a vital element
122 II, 5. 7. 5 | responsibility for the provision and quality of health care. At present,
123 II, 5. 7. 5 | present, there is a system of quality control, auditing and certification
124 II, 5. 7. 5 | dialysis centers have a quality certificate. The development
125 II, 5. 7. 5 | chronic renal failure on quality of life, especially in dialysis
126 II, 5. 7. 5 | As for ESRD, reporting on quality of treatment is still not
127 II, 5. 7. 5 | monitors the quantity and quality of RRT care using electronic
128 II, 5. 7. 5 | Healthcare Commission monitors quality improvement in England &
129 II, 5. 7. 5 | the UK registry, while NHS Quality Improvement Scotland (QIS)
130 II, 5. 7. 5 | introduction of CKD into the Quality and Outcomes Framework (
131 II, 5. 7. 5 | with CKD, they get high quality advice and support in modifying
132 II, 5. 7. 5 | Service Framework (NSF) quality requirements which aim to
133 II, 5. 7. 5 | OEDTR) shall take care of quality assurance in ESRD treatment.
134 II, 5. 7. 6 | improvement of survival and quality of life of those patients
135 II, 5. 7. 6 | different aspects on the quality of ESRD care, but also projects
136 II, 5. 7. 6 | in development up to high quality standards.~As already summarized
137 II, 5. 7. 6 | As patient survival and quality of life are higher in transplant
138 II, 5. 7. 7 | al (2005): Health-related quality of life and estimates of
139 II, 5. 7. 7 | Kimmel PL, Patel SS (2006): Quality of life in patients with
140 II, 5. 7. 7 | Williams A, Geary DF (2006): Quality of life in children with
141 II, 5. 8. 3 | effects on the health related quality of life (HRQoL) as shown
142 II, 5. 8. 5 | on improved workplace air quality. If preventive actions are
143 II, 5. 8. 6 | admissions and improve the quality of life should be implemented
144 II, 5. 9.Acr | in Rural Environments~QoL~Quality of Life~SAPALDIA~Air Pollution
145 II, 5. 9. FB | heavily affect the patients’ quality of life and have a considerable
146 II, 5. 9. FB | training in allergology. High quality assessment criteria must
147 II, 5. 9. FB | have a heavy impact on the quality of life of affected people,
148 II, 5. 9. 1 | effects, leading to a reduced quality of life (QoL) of both patients
149 II, 5. 9. 2 | reviewed journals;~- The Quality of life and management of
150 II, 5. 9. 3 | of the access to and the quality of outpatient health care.~ ~
151 II, 5. 9. 3 | year. Allergies impair the quality of life over a long period,
152 II, 5. 9. 3 | improvement of the individual quality of life and long-term reduction
153 II, 5. 9. 5 | training in allergology. High quality assessment criteria must
154 II, 5. 9. 5 | levels.~ ~Research~ ~The Quality of life and management of
155 II, 5. 9. 5 | network, to enhance the quality and relevance of research,
156 II, 5. 9. 5 | include the improvement on the quality of life.~ ~More studies
157 II, 5. 9. 5 | deaths as an indicator of the quality of ambulatory care and adopting
158 II, 5. 9. 5 | deaths as part of the total quality management process.~ ~In
159 II, 5. 9. 6 | productivity but also of quality of life impairment. Asthmatic
160 II, 5. 9. 6 | This is why Health Related Quality of Life (HRQoL) has become
161 II, 5. 9. 6 | Schipper et al, 1990). Quality of life research has demonstrated
162 II, 5. 9. 6 | symptoms and improving the quality of life in asthmatic patients:
163 II, 5. 9. 7 | diseases and their impact on quality of life. Ann Allergy Asthma
164 II, 5. 9. 7 | Clinch J, Olweny CLM (1990): Quality of life studies: definitions
165 II, 5. 9. 7 | In: Spilker B Editors. Quality of Life and Pharmacoeconomics
166 II, 5. 10. 1 | deeply deteriorate one’s quality of life (Mills et al, 2007).
167 II, 5. 10. 2 | Europe.~ ~Data of similar quality and consistency are lacking,
168 II, 5. 10. 6 | increase food choice and the quality of social life of food allergic
169 II, 5. 11. 3 | significant negative impact on the quality of life for children, as
170 II, 5. 11. 3 | included nickel in their quality control programme and are
171 II, 5. 11. 4 | job prospects. Indeed, the quality of life scores for people
172 II, 5. 11. 4 | the adverse effects on the quality of life and the opportunity
173 II, 5. 11. 6 | profoundly influence the quality of life of affected people
174 II, 5. 13 | often cheaper than good quality food. The prevalence of
175 II, 5. 13 | psychological problems and poorer quality of life (intangible costs) (
176 II, 5. 14. 2 | systems for improving the quality of oral health care and
177 II, 5. 14. 2 | the morbidity rates and quality of life of the population.
178 II, 5. 14. 2 | control costs, help assure quality and favourable outcomes,
179 II, 5. 14. 2 | in terms of methodology, quality control, and presentation
180 II, 5. 14. 2 | the production of higher quality information in oral health
181 II, 5. 14. 3 | are predominantly cases of quality dental care, meaning more
182 II, 5. 14. 3 | dental caries on the overall quality of health and wellbeing
183 II, 5. 14. 3 | dimensions of oral health related quality of life. Dissatisfaction
184 II, 5. 14. 5 | changes in life-style and quality of life behaviour in relation
185 II, 5. 14. 5 | health system for a better quality of care. Clearly health
186 II, 5. 14. 5 | and oral health related quality of life.~ ~Oral health systems
187 II, 5. 14. 5 | objectives expressed in terms of quality of life improvements, reduction
188 II, 5. 14. 5 | goals are formulated for quality of care and access to care,
189 II, 5. 14. 5 | older people affecting their quality life (Petersen and Yamamoto,
190 II, 5. 14. 7 | and meeting. The overall quality of life of any individual
191 II, 5. 15. 2 | small subsets and their quality is low in general as the
192 II, 5. 15. 5 | services of the highest quality.~ ~Pressure for change in
193 II, 6. 3. 2 | that it is reliable and quality assured.~ ~For other bacteria
194 II, 6. 3. 3 | infection, improving the quality of life and delaying the
195 II, 6. 3. 7 | discussed here below. The quality and availability of data
196 II, 7.Acr | Safety Enforcement Forum~QALY~Quality Adjusted Life Years~SDR~
197 II, 7. 2. 1 | poisoning (E800-E999)~ ~The quality of the data is subject to
198 II, 7. 2. 1 | ICD). However, important quality and comparability issues
199 II, 7. 2. 1 | of data reliability and quality see the ANAMORT project (htt ~ ~
200 II, 7. 2. 2 | of data reliability and quality of hospital discharge data
201 II, 7. 4 | Years of Life Lost (PYLL), Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALYs),
202 II, 7. 5 | meeting the statistical quality criteria of EUROSTAT for
203 II, 8. 1. 5 | activities, promoting access to quality support and care services,
204 II, 8. 2. 1 | also as a key indicator of quality of life (AAMR, 2002).~ ~
205 II, 8. 2. 1 | Arguably, the health and quality of life of family carers
206 II, 8. 2. 2 | revenue and the impaired quality of life, pain, suffering
207 II, 9. 1 | practices and improving the quality of care.~ ~ ~
208 II, 9. 1. 1 | comparing health status and quality of care (Macfarlane and
209 II, 9. 1. 1 | longer be used for comparing quality of perinatal health services
210 II, 9. 1. 1 | contrasts as a basis for quality assessment. Acta Obstet
211 II, 9. 1. 2 | terms of~· impact on the quality of life of affected children
212 II, 9. 1. 2 | the family~· provision, quality and financial cost of medical,
213 II, 9. 1. 2 | improve the participation and quality of life of affected individuals
214 II, 9. 1. 2 | their families~· provision, quality and financial cost of prenatal
215 II, 9. 1. 2 | information to collect high quality data (both in terms of case
216 II, 9. 1. 2 | Registries~ ~Maintaining high quality data usually requires a
217 II, 9. 1. 2 | of the same anomaly. Data quality can also be influenced by
218 II, 9. 1. 2 | registrations is dependent on the quality of death certification,
219 II, 9. 1. 2 | termination of pregnancy d) the quality of treatment for congenital
220 II, 9. 1. 2 | overall improvement in data quality and increases in risk factors
221 II, 9. 1. 2 | Europe would improve the quality or efficiency of registries:
222 II, 9. 1. 2 | of survival, morbidity, quality of life and participation.
223 II, 9. 1. 2 | anomalies. Variation in the quality of screening services within
224 II, 9. 1. 2 | families in terms of health, quality of life and participation.~ ~
225 II, 9. 3. 1 | complaints, a decrease in quality of life and an increase
226 II, 9. 3. 1 | systems and brings a loss of quality of life for those affected
227 II, 9. 3. 1 | impact on disability and quality of life which result in
228 II, 9. 3. 1 | level. In this way, good quality research and health services
229 II, 9. 3. 1 | maintain and improve the quality of life in women as they
230 II, 9. 3. 2 | of several years.~ ~Data quality for maternal deaths must
231 II, 9. 3. 2 | important for obtaining good quality data. The Confidential Enquiry
232 II, 9. 3. 2 | the early 1990s. Improved quality of maternal mortality statistics
233 II, 9. 3. 2 | testing the feasibility and quality of an indicator based on
234 II, 9. 3. 2 | incorporate aspects of healthcare quality, as assessed by mothers
235 II, 9. 3. 2 | longer be used for comparing quality of perinatal health services
236 II, 9. 3. 2 | contrasts as a basis for quality assessment. Acta Obstet
237 II, 9. 4. 1 | impact of ageing on one’s quality of life and the increased
238 II, 9. 4. 1 | citizens to experience a high quality of life in the years to
239 II, 9. 4. 1 | Commission; accessibility, quality and financial sustainability (
240 II, 9. 4. 3 | mobility influences the quality of life. Men are more likely
241 II, 9. 4. 5 | instruments to improve the quality of care in nursing home
242 II, 9. 4. 5 | by the systematic use of quality indicators for drug use
243 II, 9. 4. 5 | of older workers and the quality of their working lives using
244 II, 9. 4. 5 | on community life and the quality of life of the more vulnerable
245 II, 9. 4. 5 | identified the ensuring of high quality and sustainable healthcare
246 II, 9. 4. 5 | able to continue to provide quality health services. In June
247 II, 9. 4. 5 | wealth;~· a high level of quality of care; and~· financial
248 II, 9. 4. 5 | the questions of access, quality and financial sustainability.
249 II, 9. 4. 5 | broad objectives of access, quality and sustainability as a
250 II, 9. 4. 5 | care for all, with high quality?; how to provide more cost-effective
251 II, 9. 4. 5 | balance between the focus on quality, standards and cost control -
252 II, 9. 4. 5 | and how to develop the quality of work, by providing skill
253 II, 9. 4. 5 | mechanisms.~ ~In the area of quality, the replies reveal that
254 II, 9. 4. 5 | Member States in the area of quality of service delivery regarding
255 II, 9. 4. 5 | be usefule for developing quality assessment tools.~ ~For
256 II, 9. 4. 5 | particular barriers in access, quality and outcomes of care that
257 II, 9. 4. 5 | enjoy a healthier and higher quality of life for a longer time.
258 II, 9. 4. 6 | has economic as well as quality of life related consequences
259 II, 9. 4. 6 | contribution in Europe~· Focus on quality of life initiatives that
260 II, 9. 5. 3 | Heinrich, 2000). While the life quality of all older people may
261 II, 9. 5. 4 | effects of inequity. The life quality of carers, lone parents,
262 III, 10. 1. 1 | e.g. smuggling and low quality cigarettes), availability
263 III, 10. 1. 1 | affects the environment and quality of life of growing children
264 III, 10. 1. 1 | publication bias and low study quality (Gil-González, 2006). Additional
265 III, 10. 1. 3 | Interdisciplinary Working Group on Quality of Care and Outcomes Research.
266 III, 10. 2. 1 | ineffective antidote to the high quality, pro-drinking messages that
267 III, 10. 2. 1 | children because it affects quality of life and social functioning,
268 III, 10. 2. 1 | also have an impact on the quality of life~Strategies for improving
269 III, 10. 2. 1 | objectives expressed in terms of quality of life, reduction of health
270 III, 10. 2. 1 | of health inequalities, quality of care and access to care.
271 III, 10. 2. 1 | as well as improve one’s quality of life. These benefits
272 III, 10. 2. 1 | every second year.~ ~ ~The quality of currently available data
273 III, 10. 2. 1 | often cheaper than good quality food. The prevalence of
274 III, 10. 2. 1 | psychological problems and poorer quality of life (intangible costs) (
275 III, 10. 2. 1 | objectives of improving the quality of diet in a population.
276 III, 10. 2. 1 | facilities for exercise, quality and safety of products).
277 III, 10. 2. 4 | the 2003 study “Towards quality assurance and harmonisation
278 III, 10. 2. 4 | EC-Joint Research. Towards quality assurance and harmonisation
279 III, 10. 2. 5 | dependant of the time and quality of the stimulus (Black 1998).
280 III, 10. 3. 1 | combines information on quality and quantity of life, gives
281 III, 10. 3. 1 | affect people’s health and quality of life, as it interferes
282 III, 10. 3. 1 | night for a sleep of good quality. A Swedish questionnaire
283 III, 10. 3. 1 | information. One key aspect of the quality of reported data is the
284 III, 10. 3. 1 | assessments of a higher quality. By doing this, assessments
285 III, 10. 3. 1 | which endanger health and quality of life.~The implementation
286 III, 10. 3. 1 | WHO) (1987 and 2000). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe. WHO
287 III, 10. 3. 2 | assessments are peer reviewed and quality checked by scientific experts
288 III, 10. 3. 2 | Worldwide, a decline in semen quality has been observed over the
289 III, 10. 3. 2 | that ensure environmental quality or health protection from
290 III, 10. 3. 2 | Organization (WHO) (2000): Air quality guidelines – Second Edition
291 III, 10. 3. 4 | policy domains such as air quality, energy security, employment
292 III, 10. 3. 4 | on agriculture and soil quality rather than human health
293 III, 10. 3. 4 | supply and compromise water quality. Drought in Europe has also
294 III, 10. 3. 4 | forest fires can affect air quality for thousands of kilometres .~ ~
295 III, 10. 4. 1 | Acronyms~ ~AQG~Air Quality Guidelines~CAFÉ~Clean Air
296 III, 10. 4. 1 | respiratory health and life quality improve when air quality
297 III, 10. 4. 1 | quality improve when air quality improves.~ ~In Europe, emissions
298 III, 10. 4. 1 | remain in 2020. Meeting air quality targets will require efforts
299 III, 10. 4. 1 | sectors.~ ~Poor indoor air quality is the source of a number
300 III, 10. 4. 1 | buildings. Other indoor air quality problems arise from construction
301 III, 10. 4. 1 | common pollutants, poor air quality is still associated with
302 III, 10. 4. 1 | growth, legislation on air quality, together with associated
303 III, 10. 4. 1 | of the vehicle fleet, low quality and high sulphur content
304 III, 10. 4. 1 | assessment’ (chapters ‘Air Quality’ and ‘Environment and Health
305 III, 10. 4. 1 | assessments are peer reviewed and quality checked by scientific experts
306 III, 10. 4. 1 | levels exceeding the WHO air quality guideline level (AQG) (20
307 III, 10. 4. 1 | benefits of improved air quality. Dublin, Ireland, and towns
308 III, 10. 4. 1 | considering human health and the quality of life, the most urgent
309 III, 10. 4. 1 | be the improvement of the quality of outdoor and indoor air.~ ~
310 III, 10. 4. 1 | respiratory health and life quality improves when air quality
311 III, 10. 4. 1 | quality improves when air quality improves. This is clearly
312 III, 10. 4. 1 | community behaviour on air quality and childhood asthma was
313 III, 10. 4. 1 | day-care and during travel. The quality of the indoor environment
314 III, 10. 4. 1 | contribution of indoor air quality to respiratory symptoms
315 III, 10. 4. 1 | asthma prevalence. Indoor air quality is therefore, receiving
316 III, 10. 4. 1 | indoor than outdoor air quality. There are several European
317 III, 10. 4. 1 | that regulate outdoor air quality but no European guidelines
318 III, 10. 4. 1 | guidelines for indoor air quality. In the US, the Dept of
319 III, 10. 4. 1 | 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management
320 III, 10. 4. 1 | Commission 2005b).~The air quality directives require EU Member
321 III, 10. 4. 1 | Member States to assess air quality throughout their territory.
322 III, 10. 4. 1 | methods, calibration and quality assessment methods in order
323 III, 10. 4. 1 | to achieve levels of air quality that do not give rise to
324 III, 10. 4. 1 | Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (
325 III, 10. 4. 1 | need to revise current air quality protection legislation was
326 III, 10. 4. 1 | of ambition regarding air quality in the EU up to 2020 (between
327 III, 10. 4. 1 | it clear that meeting air quality targets will require efforts
328 III, 10. 4. 1 | for primary particles.~Air quality protection policy of South-eastern
329 III, 10. 4. 1 | and harmonised their air quality protection legislations
330 III, 10. 4. 1 | strengthened through the use of air quality standards and national emission
331 III, 10. 4. 1 | linking climate and air quality policies.~Most of this action
332 III, 10. 4. 1 | be summarized as:~· Fuel quality standards~· Emission limits
333 III, 10. 4. 1 | Linkage of climate and air quality policies~· Reduced demand
334 III, 10. 4. 1 | polluting activities~· Air quality standards~· National emission
335 III, 10. 4. 1 | involved in the debate on air quality. Whilst specific actions
336 III, 10. 4. 1 | AirBase – the European air quality database. Copenhagen, European
337 III, 10. 4. 1 | Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe.
338 III, 10. 4. 1 | directive on “Ambient air quality and cleaner air for Europe” ({
339 III, 10. 4. 1 | A. (2007) improving air quality: the Clean Air for europe (
340 III, 10. 4. 1 | 2004.~ ~WHO (2005a): Air quality guidelines for particulate
341 III, 10. 4. 1 | 2005.~ ~WHO (2005): WHO air quality guidelines global update
342 III, 10. 4. 2 | food safety by improving quality standards and reinforcing
343 III, 10. 4. 2(27)| Method validation and quality control procedures for pesticide
344 III, 10. 4. 2 | assessment of the safety and quality of all types of foodstuffs
345 III, 10. 4. 2 | assessing the safety and quality of foods. Due to reasons
346 III, 10. 4. 2 | outbreaks would improve the quality of the Community analyses.~·
347 III, 10. 4. 2 | quantification, resulting in improved quality of pesticide residue data.
348 III, 10. 4. 2 | be focused on improving quality standards and reinforcing
349 III, 10. 4. 2 | consistency and technical quality in risk assessment in order
350 III, 10. 4. 2 | improvement of a food’s quality or nutritional value, increased
351 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking water. An effective quality control and water treatment
352 III, 10. 4. 3 | availability of water of good quality for consumption and recreation
353 III, 10. 4. 3 | regions have an impact on the quality of coastal waters which
354 III, 10. 4. 3 | attention when discussing the quality of European drinking- and
355 III, 10. 4. 3 | Health impact of poor quality drinking water~ ~Significant
356 III, 10. 4. 3 | health effects of poor water quality. There is no consolidated
357 III, 10. 4. 3 | including water treatment and quality control. However, in some
358 III, 10. 4. 3 | including water treatment and quality control. In rural areas,
359 III, 10. 4. 3 | to water of high hygienic quality it is necessary to take
360 III, 10. 4. 3 | as of water quantity and quality aspects. In WFD, integration
361 III, 10. 4. 3 | WFD, integration combines quality, ecological and quantity
362 III, 10. 4. 3 | Guidelines for drinking-water quality are the international reference
363 III, 10. 4. 3 | order to maintain water quality and ensure human health.
364 III, 10. 4. 3 | impacts. Reports on water quality must be made publicly available
365 III, 10. 4. 3 | impacts on water supply and on quality. Water flows are not limited
366 III, 10. 4. 3 | sustainable supply of high quality drinking- and recreational
367 III, 10. 4. 3 | December 1975 concerning the quality of bathing water. Available
368 III, 10. 4. 3 | proposal setting environmental quality standards for surface waters
369 III, 10. 4. 3 | Indicators - Bathing water quality (CSI 022) - Assessment DRAFT
370 III, 10. 4. 3 | Managing drinking-water quality from catchment to consumer.
371 III, 10. 4. 3 | Guidelines for drinking-water quality. First addendum to third
372 III, 10. 4. 5 | At present, the general quality of bathing waters, as measured
373 III, 10. 4. 5 | facilities, bathing water quality has improved since the 1990s.
374 III, 10. 4. 5 | classification of 'sufficient' quality comes below 'excellent'
375 III, 10. 4. 5 | sufficient'. Information on water quality will be provided on the
376 III, 10. 4. 5 | bathing beaches to show the quality of recent tests. Under this
377 III, 10. 4. 5 | proposal setting environmental quality standards for surface waters
378 III, 10. 4. 5 | Indicators - Bathing water quality (CSI 022) - Assessment DRAFT
379 III, 10. 4. 5 | affect soil and groundwater quality throughout Europe. The main
380 III, 10. 4. 5 | Environment and health and the quality of life.~ ~Environment data
381 III, 10. 5. 1 | and unhealthy indoor air quality, also influenced by outdoor
382 III, 10. 5. 1 | conditions, such as air quality, traffic, safety, sanitation,
383 III, 10. 5. 1 | For example, there are air quality problems and noise exposure
384 III, 10. 5. 1 | lack of information on the quality of water from these sources,
385 III, 10. 5. 1 | responsible for assessing the quality of the water. An example
386 III, 10. 5. 1 | relevance of the indoor quality and conditions of human
387 III, 10. 5. 1 | sprawl. Still, noise, air quality and adequate housing conditions
388 III, 10. 5. 1 | of the human settlement quality and the related health impacts
389 III, 10. 5. 1 | shows what variation in the quality of living conditions can
390 III, 10. 5. 1 | only little to the overall quality of the human settlement
391 III, 10. 5. 1 | Apte MG (2003): Indoor air quality, ventilation and health
392 III, 10. 5. 1 | of 3 November 1998 on the quality of water intended for human
393 III, 10. 5. 1 | Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality – Report on a Working Group
394 III, 10. 5. 2 | data from the 1st European Quality of Life Survey (Eurofound,
395 III, 10. 5. 2 | as air pollution, water quality, noise exposure and access
396 III, 10. 5. 2 | A recent survey on the quality of life coordinated by the
397 III, 10. 5. 2 | Eurofound (2006): First European Quality of Life Survey: Urban-rural
398 III, 10. 5. 3 | match the efficiency and quality of market leaders – or else
399 III, 10. 5. 3 | supportive tasks such as quality and maintenance; job enlargement,
400 III, 10. 5. 3 | work organisation and the quality of working life for the
401 III, 10. 5. 3 | ENWHP has produced a set of quality criteria for good practice
402 III, 10. 5. 3 | Luxembourg Declaration and on the quality model of the European Foundation
403 III, 10. 5. 3 | European Foundation for Quality Management. The European
404 III, 10. 5. 3 | enhancing intrinsic job quality~- ensuring policy evaluation
405 III, 10. 5. 3 | Commission (2007): Improving quality and productivity at work -
406 III, 10. 6. 1 | Victor, 1988). Poor, low quality social networks are associated
407 III, 10. 6. 1 | Kaplan et al., 1988). The quality of close relations is important:
408 III, 10. 6. 1 | is measured by size and quality, existence and number of
409 III, 10. 6. 1 | school children’s experienced quality of communication with their
410 III, 10. 6. 1 | cohesion -defined as the quality of social networks and the
411 III, 10. 6. 2 | everyone access to high quality care reflecting recent technological
412 IV, 11. 1. 1 | prevention and treatment, and quality of life of citizens are
413 IV, 11. 1. 1 | accessibility, sustainability and quality; whilst the latter encompass
414 IV, 11. 1. 1 | emphasis on access to care, quality of care and responsiveness
415 IV, 11. 1. 2 | methods, and health care quality measurement. Where possible,
416 IV, 11. 1. 2 | use. The First European Quality of Life Survey (2004), coordinated
417 IV, 11. 1. 3 | to adequate if not high quality health care, began finding
418 IV, 11. 1. 3 | effectiveness through improved quality; in many cases through an
419 IV, 11. 1. 3 | efforts to ensure and improve quality of care are currently present
420 IV, 11. 1. 3 | facilitate improvements in the quality of care and the achievement
421 IV, 11. 1. 3 | care and the achievement of quality standards. The focus on
422 IV, 11. 1. 3 | payments to performance and quality all part of the new reform
423 IV, 11. 1. 3 | dignity, prompt attention, quality of basic amenities, access
424 IV, 11. 1. 3 | include: access to care, quality and appropriateness of care,
425 IV, 11. 1. 4 | equitable delivery of high quality health services to their
426 IV, 11. 1. 5 | 11.1.3.3. Quality in health care~ ~After a
427 IV, 11. 1. 5 | effectiveness in the form of quality of care. For instance, evidence
428 IV, 11. 1. 5 | provides some indication of how quality can be measured, identifies
429 IV, 11. 1. 5 | significant variations in quality and shows that improving
430 IV, 11. 1. 5 | and shows that improving quality is very difficult (and that
431 IV, 11. 1. 5 | to differences in the way quality is measured and defined,
432 IV, 11. 1. 5 | evidence available comparing quality of care across countries.
433 IV, 11. 1. 5 | of care across countries. Quality encompasses a multitude
434 IV, 11. 1. 5 | detection. Also integral in quality of care is patient safety,
435 IV, 11. 1. 5 | consensus, on how to define quality of care, is largely due
436 IV, 11. 1. 5 | since the mid-1960s the quality of healthcare has been measured
437 IV, 11. 1. 5 | capacity to provide high quality care. Structural variables
438 IV, 11. 1. 5 | or not provided care. In quality assessment, two types of
439 IV, 11. 1. 5 | made between organizational quality assessment models and clinical
440 IV, 11. 1. 5 | assessment models and clinical quality assessment schemes (Øvretveit,
441 IV, 11. 1. 5 | visitation, clinical audit, quality circles and medical specialty.~ ~
442 IV, 11. 1. 5 | and medical specialty.~ ~Quality indicators are necessary
443 IV, 11. 1. 5 | necessary to guide clinical quality assessment although, because
444 IV, 11. 1. 5 | example, in Sweden, voluntary quality registers were developed
445 IV, 11. 1. 5 | and encourage continuous quality improvements (Rehnqvist,
446 IV, 11. 1. 5 | participate.~ ~Publicizing quality~ ~Some countries have gone
447 IV, 11. 1. 5 | gone further, developing quality indicators and reporting
448 IV, 11. 1. 5 | maintain standards and improve quality (Marshall et al, 2003).
449 IV, 11. 1. 5 | influential~Purchasers contract on quality (including safety) not just
450 IV, 11. 1. 5 | in patients by improving quality instead of cream-skimming~
451 IV, 11. 1. 5 | performance to the public improves quality is mixed. In some countries
452 IV, 11. 1. 5 | launched the Health Care Quality Indicator Project to track
453 IV, 11. 1. 5 | Indicator Project to track quality of healthcare across countries.
454 IV, 11. 1. 5 | develop a set of healthcare quality indicators that can be reliably
455 IV, 11. 1. 5 | European Foundation for Quality Management provides training
456 IV, 11. 1. 5 | and guidance for numerous quality improvement initiatives
457 IV, 11. 1. 5 | of care is a dimension of quality that refers to the extent
458 IV, 11. 1. 5 | care relate to clinical quality assessment schemes such
459 IV, 11. 1. 5 | clinical practice guidelines, quality indicators and information
460 IV, 11. 1. 5 | clinical guidelines on the quality of care is uncertain (Gundersen,
461 IV, 11. 1. 5 | guidelines seek to improve the quality of care, others are designed
462 IV, 11. 1. 5 | successful in improving quality of care. In France, there
463 IV, 11. 1. 5 | could negatively affect the quality of care being delivered (
464 IV, 11. 1. 5 | made to monitor prescribing quality, such as the use of a Medical
465 IV, 11. 1. 5 | Provider payment methods and quality of care~ ~Direct financial
466 IV, 11. 1. 5 | financial incentives to improve quality of service provision are
467 IV, 11. 1. 5 | used in many countries. Quality specifications in a payment
468 IV, 11. 1. 5 | enacted to meet the goal of quality provision. One of the most
469 IV, 11. 1. 5 | ambitious initiatives to promote quality in general practice was
470 IV, 11. 1. 5 | contributing to an overall maximum quality score for each practice
471 IV, 11. 1. 5 | specifications refer to quality measurement mechanisms such
472 IV, 11. 1. 5 | collection systems or internal quality management mechanisms (Shaw,
473 IV, 11. 1. 5 | documentation requirements. Quality indicators related to process
474 IV, 11. 1. 5 | and if they will raise quality only in those already performing
475 IV, 11. 1. 5 | effectiveness of paying for quality in healthcare (Rosenthal
476 IV, 11. 1. 5 | Finally, as paying for quality will entail additional administrative
477 IV, 11. 1. 5 | for improving healthcare quality (Rosenthal et al, 2004;
478 IV, 11. 1. 5 | particularly in relation to quality improvements. Methodological
479 IV, 11. 1. 5 | one survey on perceived quality of health and social care
480 IV, 11. 1. 5 | highest ratings of perceived quality of health and also social
481 IV, 11. 1. 5 | subjective indicators of quality; indeed many argue that
482 IV, 11. 1. 5 | Table 11.2. Perceived quality of public services~ ~Patient
483 IV, 11. 1. 5 | integral to ensuring overall quality, and is only slowly being
484 IV, 11. 1. 5 | encourages all to improve quality and safety; and is supportive
485 IV, 11. 1. 5 | preventable barrier to high quality health care. They have therefore
486 IV, 11. 1. 5 | satisfied they are with the quality of the service given by
487 IV, 11. 1. 5 | indicative of perceived quality of physician care. It is
488 IV, 11. 1. 6 | incorporate elements of quality of care into the measurement
489 IV, 11. 1. 6 | Department of Health, 2005). The quality indicators that have been
490 IV, 11. 1. 6 | myocardial infarction. These quality indicators are combined
491 IV, 11. 1. 6 | the efficiency, equity and quality outcomes of health system
492 IV, 11. 1. 6 | systematically improve the quality of care (Institute of Medicine,
493 IV, 11. 1. 6 | manipulation but may increase quality skimping, whereas tightly
494 IV, 11. 1. 6 | maintaining and improving quality. Thus additional quality
495 IV, 11. 1. 6 | quality. Thus additional quality incentives have been developed
496 IV, 11. 1. 6 | Finally, cost shifting and quality skimping may arise because
497 IV, 11. 1. 6 | a trade-off between the quality of data and the degree to
498 IV, 11. 2 | performance: access to care, quality and responsiveness of care,
499 IV, 11. 2. 1 | DMPs found they improve the quality of care and disease control
500 IV, 11. 3 | resources~ ~Accessible high quality healthcare depends on a
