Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 4 | such as migrants, differ in incidence and prevalence rates, treatment
2 I, 2. 4 | reducing the prevalence and incidence of certain diseases; and
3 II, 4. 1 | period indicators (using incidence in place of prevalence),
4 II, 5. 1. 1 | essential in order to reduce the incidence and alter the course of
5 II, 5. 1. 1 | patterns of lung cancer incidence and mortality are influenced
6 II, 5. 1. 1 | Although male lung cancer incidence is decreasing in all European
7 II, 5. 1. 1 | likely to determine an higher incidence of food allergy, because
8 II, 5. 2. 2 | relative contribution of IHD incidence, case-fatality, trends in
9 II, 5. 2. 3 | MONICA Project also show that incidence was falling rapidly in most
10 II, 5. 2. 3 | and one third to reduced incidence. However, it was not possible
11 II, 5. 2. 4 | would more than halve CVD incidence.~CVD has a multifactor aetiology,
12 II, 5. 2. 4 | continuous association with CVD incidence (age, blood pressure, cholesterol,
13 II, 5. 2. 4 | associated with a reduced CVD incidence (Wellman J, 2004).~Due to
14 II, 5. 2. 5 | the decline was due to the incidence decrease and the remaining
15 II, 5. 2. 6 | years a 1% reduction of CVD incidence (Robinson JG et al, 2006).
16 II, 5. 2. 7 | Risk) and 10-year stroke incidence in women and men: findings
17 II, 5. 2. 7 | of Cardiovascular Disease Incidence in Relation to Optimal and
18 II, 5. 2. 7 | year coronary heart disease incidence in women and men: results
19 II, 5. 3. 1 | considered in ICD-X. Cancer incidence has been increasing since
20 II, 5. 3. 1 | particular population are:~ ~- Incidence: the frequency with which
21 II, 5. 3. 1 | given timeframe. Cancer incidence rate is the number of new
22 II, 5. 3. 2 | and robust data on cancer incidence, survival (following up
23 II, 5. 3. 2 | national estimates of cancer incidence from networks of regional
24 II, 5. 3. 2 | indicators: screen-detected incidence as a proportion of general
25 II, 5. 3. 2 | proportion of general population incidence, number of interval cases,
26 II, 5. 3. 2 | cancer control, including incidence, screening and survival;~·
27 II, 5. 3. 2 | publish the volume of “Cancer Incidence in V Continents” and to
28 II, 5. 3. 2 | national estimates of cancer incidence. See: http://www.iarc.fr~ ~
29 II, 5. 3. 3 | outcome indicators (i.e. incidence, mortality, survival) are
30 II, 5. 3. 3 | set of them):~ ~ Cancer incidence estimates in the European
31 II, 5. 3. 3 | Ferlay et al, 2007).~- Cancer incidence estimates trends in men
32 II, 5. 3. 3 | 2008.~ ~Figures on cancer incidence, mortality and 5-year relative
33 II, 5. 3. 3 | ones. For these reasons all incidence, mortality and relative
34 II, 5. 3. 4 | patterns of lung cancer incidence and mortality are influenced
35 II, 5. 3. 4 | Although male lung cancer incidence is decreasing in all European
36 II, 5. 3. 5 | 5.3.4 Mortality and incidence data discussion~ ~All cancers (
37 II, 5. 3. 5 | Ferlay et al, 2007). Maximum incidence rates (Figures 5.3.1) were
38 II, 5. 3. 5 | per 100,000). The highest incidence rates in 2006 were in Western
39 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figures 5.3.2 show that incidence rates are increasing both
40 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
41 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
42 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
43 II, 5. 3. 5 | 172, 174-208) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
44 II, 5. 3. 5 | In 2006 maximum levels of incidence rates (Figures 5.3.5) were
45 II, 5. 3. 5 | 12 deaths per 100,000). Incidence and mortality levels seem
46 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figures 5.3.7). Stomach cancer incidence (Figures 6) and mortality
47 II, 5. 3. 5 | with the exception of male incidence in Eastern Europe). Moreover,
48 II, 5. 3. 5 | macro-areas) both for male incidence and mortality.~ ~Figure
49 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
50 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
51 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
52 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 151) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
53 II, 5. 3. 5 | 5.3.9 show that maximum incidence rates were estimated in
54 II, 5. 3. 5 | Finland had lower male incidence rate compared to other countries
55 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe had maximum levels of incidence estimated rates (in respect
56 II, 5. 3. 5 | 000).~Colorectal cancer incidence rates are increasing rather
57 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
58 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
59 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
60 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 153, 154) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
61 II, 5. 3. 5 | cancer of men, while in women incidence rates are lower.~Figures
62 II, 5. 3. 5 | Sweden had a lower male incidence rate compared to other countries
63 II, 5. 3. 5 | country in which the female incidence estimated rate was higher
64 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe had maximum levels of incidence (Figure 5.3.14a) and mortality (
65 II, 5. 3. 5 | Northern Europe had the maximum incidence (Figure 5.3.14b) and mortality (
66 II, 5. 3. 5 | epidemic in men, although incidence and mortality rates are
67 II, 5. 3. 5 | and 5.3.16a. In contrast, incidence and mortality are increasing
68 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
69 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
70 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
71 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 162) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
72 II, 5. 3. 5 | Ferlay et al, 2007). The high incidence rates in recent years in
73 II, 5. 3. 5 | countries that anticipate incidence detecting early invasive
74 II, 5. 3. 5 | screening effect on the incidence trends is in fact an anticipation
75 II, 5. 3. 5 | fact an anticipation of the incidence in the years following full
76 II, 5. 3. 5 | 17 shows that the maximum incidence rate in 2006 was estimated
77 II, 5. 3. 5 | 100,000). Breast cancer incidence seems to be associated with
78 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 174) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
79 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 174) standardized incidence rates (European standard)~
80 II, 5. 3. 5 | 2003). Cervical cancer incidence rates can be influenced
81 II, 5. 3. 5 | second, the cervical cancer incidence rate in the latter country
82 II, 5. 3. 5 | should be lower than the incidence rate in the former one.~
83 II, 5. 3. 5 | former one.~Cervical cancer incidence seems to be negatively associated
84 II, 5. 3. 5 | declines in cervical cancer incidence and mortality, most clearly
85 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 180) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
86 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 180) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
87 II, 5. 3. 5 | increased early detection (incidence) of positive prostate cancers
88 II, 5. 3. 5 | prognosis.~Prostate cancer incidence seems to be positively associated
89 II, 5. 3. 5 | In fact, the increase of incidence rates in Western, Northern
90 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 185) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
91 II, 5. 3. 5 | ICD9 185) standardized incidence estimated rates (European
92 II, 5. 3. 6 | context of relatively low incidence levels, whereas the European
93 II, 5. 3. 6 | highest survival had high incidence levels (Sant et al, 2003;
94 II, 5. 3. 7 | mortality, and reduce the incidence of the disease when too
95 II, 5. 3. 7 | reduce and monitor cancer incidence with preventive and epidemiological
96 II, 5. 3. 8 | developments~ ~In Europe the incidence rates for most cancer types
97 II, 5. 3. 8 | cancer diagnosis, grows with incidence and with the percentage
98 II, 5. 3. 8 | European directives)~· Reduce incidence: address primary prevention
99 II, 5. 3. 8 | substantial reduction in cancer incidence over the next 10-20 years (
100 II, 5. 3. 9 | Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe
101 II, 5. 4. 1 | a worldwide increase in incidence being consistently reported
102 II, 5. 4. 2 | Epidemiology of diabetes~ ~ ~Annual incidence of Type 1 diabetes by age/
103 II, 5. 4. 2 | complications~ ~ ~Annual incidence of blindness due to diabetic
104 II, 5. 4. 2 | retinopathy/total annual incidence of blindness~4~HIS/HES/SPSN/
105 II, 5. 4. 2 | SPSN/RS Registries~Annual incidence of dialysis and/or transplantation (
106 II, 5. 4. 2 | Records.~Definitions~Annual incidence of diabetes in children (
107 II, 5. 4. 2 | immediate action.~Annual incidence of blindness due to diabetic
108 II, 5. 4. 2 | could provide data.~Annual incidence of dyalisis and/or transplantation
109 II, 5. 4. 2 | creatinine 400 mol/l~9~Annual incidence of amputations above the
110 II, 5. 4. 2 | general population~9~Annual incidence of stroke in diabetic patients /
111 II, 5. 4. 2 | general population~10~Annual incidence of myocardial infarction
112 II, 5. 4. 2 | umol/l (WHO).~The annual incidence of major amputations is
113 II, 5. 4. 2 | comparisons.~The annual incidence of stroke is defined as
114 II, 5. 4. 2 | in one year.~The annual incidence of any myocardial infarction
115 II, 5. 4. 3 | report.~Core indicatorsAnnual incidence of diabetes in children (
116 II, 5. 4. 3 | 0-14 year). Standardised incidence shows a ten-fold variation,
117 II, 5. 4. 3 | Europe, with a much higher incidence in the Nordic countries (
118 II, 5. 4. 3 | A steady increase of the incidence has been observed in almost
119 II, 5. 4. 3 | type 1 and type 2).~Annual incidence of blindness due to diabetic
120 II, 5. 4. 3 | could provide data.~Annual incidence of dyalisis and/or transplantation.
121 II, 5. 4. 3 | median is 1.2%.~The annual incidence of major amputations. This
122 II, 5. 4. 3 | Slovak Republic).~The annual incidence of stroke. In EUCID, a total
123 II, 5. 4. 3 | individual, the higher the incidence.~The annual incidence of
124 II, 5. 4. 3 | the incidence.~The annual incidence of any myocardial infarction.
125 II, 5. 4. 3 | collaborators reported an incidence between 21 (Cyprus) and
126 II, 5. 4. 3 | dependant with a rising incidence above middle age.~ ~
127 II, 5. 4. 4 | proper prevention strategies.~Incidence of T1DM seems to be less
128 II, 5. 4. 4 | the dialysis/transplant incidence of Cyprus), so it is possible
129 II, 5. 4. 8 | Diabetes Register: trends in incidence, prevalence and mortality,
130 II, 5. 4. 8 | Variation and trends in incidence of childhood diabetes in
131 II, 5. 4. 8 | from young and middle-aged incidence cohorts in Sweden. Diabetes
132 II, 5. 5.Int | disease.~ ~The lifetime incidence of severe mental illnesses
133 II, 5. 5.Int | limited, suggest that the incidence and mortality of epilepsy
134 II, 5. 5.Int(19)| 2000): Incidence of dementia and major subtypes
135 II, 5. 5. 1 | Owens et al, 2002). The incidence of non-fatal self-harm is
136 II, 5. 5. 1 | validity of prevalence and incidence data when derived from hospital
137 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders only. HfA includes incidence of mental disorders as total
138 II, 5. 5. 1 | relevant data sources. The incidence and prevalence data are
139 II, 5. 5. 1 | and analysis~ ~Prevalence, incidence, access to treatment and
140 II, 5. 5. 2 | the aim of reducing the incidence of dementia (Cooper, 2002).
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | conclusions about prevalence and incidence. ~ ~Literature reviews~ ~
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | is difficult to measure incidence and prevalence. One method,
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | emphasise the upward trend in incidence of anorexia since the 1950s,
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | information (prevalence and incidence) about the whole risk group (
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | complete prevalence and incidence of eating disorders. Some
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | statements about prevalence and incidence of anorexia and bulimia.
147 II, 5. 5. 3 | performs research on the incidence and prevalence of eating
148 II, 5. 5. 3 | the upward trend in the incidence of anorexia since the 1950s,
149 II, 5. 5. 3 | from 1935 to 1989. Also the incidence rate among 10-14-year-old
150 II, 5. 5. 3 | the 1950s although, the incidence rate for women and men older
151 II, 5. 5. 3 | Hoeken, 2003). Time trends in incidence reveal that bulimia affects
152 II, 5. 5. 3 | 000 females, whereby the incidence rate has remained relatively
153 II, 5. 5. 3 | year-old females) shows an incidence rate of 81,1 per 100.000 (
154 II, 5. 5. 3 | conclusions about changes in incidence, prevalence and progress.
155 II, 5. 5. 3 | information on prevalence, incidence and progress of anorexia
156 II, 5. 5. 3 | Review of the Prevalence and Incidence of Eating Disorders. Published
157 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia.~Prevalence and Incidence~According to a systematic
158 II, 5. 5. 3 | substantial difference between the incidence in male and female populations (
159 II, 5. 5. 3 | urban areas show a higher incidence. The data on fluctuation
160 II, 5. 5. 3 | focusing on the prevalence and incidence of schizophrenia as a single
161 II, 5. 5. 3 | summarize prevalence and incidence rates for mental disorders
162 II, 5. 5. 3 | population.~ ~In most studies incidence rates are based on data
163 II, 5. 5. 3 | important source of variation in incidence and prevalence data (Lange
164 II, 5. 5. 3 | influence the reliability of incidence rates. The renaming of “
165 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia burden.~Prevalence and Incidence~Figure 5.5.3.2.1. Estimated
166 II, 5. 5. 3 | schizophrenia per year; thus the incidence rate is 0.016 to 0.042%
167 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence and in certain incidence figures (gender, migrants,
168 II, 5. 5. 3 | also need to be addressed.~Incidence data are usually estimates
169 II, 5. 5. 3 | cannot be due to higher incidence or prevalence rates in these
170 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease is apt to reduce the incidence of first onset of psychosis
171 II, 5. 5. 3 | gather comparable data on incidence and prevalence rates, risk
172 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2006): Variations in the incidence of schizophrenia: data versus
173 II, 5. 5. 3 | JK (1999): Decline in the incidence of schizophrenia in the
174 II, 5. 5. 3 | approach and that the raise in incidence of autism should be a matter
175 II, 5. 5. 3 | by the epileptic process. Incidence of epilepsy is expected
176 II, 5. 5. 3 | analysis~ ~In Europe, the incidence, prevalence and mortality
177 II, 5. 5. 3 | be evenly distributed.~ ~Incidence of epilepsy and seizures~
178 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy and seizures~Thirteen incidence studies carried out in Europe
179 II, 5. 5. 3 | Table 5.5.3.4.1). The annual incidence of all unprovoked seizures
180 II, 5. 5. 3 | 73 per 100,000, while the incidence of epilepsy ranges from
181 II, 5. 5. 3 | Olafsson et al, 2005). The incidence is higher in children and
182 II, 5. 5. 3 | design.~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.1. Incidence of epilepsy in Europe~ ~
183 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe~ ~Table 5.5.3.4.2. Incidence (per 100,000) of epilepsy
184 II, 5. 5. 3 | Cockerell et al, 1995), the incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked
185 II, 5. 5. 3 | socio-cultural reasons.~In incidence studies, the proportion
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al, 1995) age-specific incidence rates of epilepsy tended
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | decrease with time of the incidence of the disease, mostly in
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | explanations of the decreasing incidence of epilepsy in children,
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | diagnosis.~An increasing incidence of epilepsy in the elderly
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | only few reports on the incidence of epileptic syndromes in
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | Olafsson et al, 2005), the incidence of single unprovoked seizures
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | occurred in 41% of cases (incidence 23.5 per 100,000 per year).
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | In Bordeaux, France, the incidence of the most common syndromes
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | in the elderly. As with incidence, prevalence of epilepsy
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | same as those reported in incidence studies (see above).~ ~Table
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | adults.~In contrast with incidence, the prevalence of epilepsy
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | prospective and retrospective incidence cohorts, the SMR for epilepsy
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | prospective and retrospective incidence cohorts (Jallon, 2004).~
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | post-mortem examination. The incidence of SUDEP ranges from 1 per
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1997) to 3.5 per 1,000 in incidence studies (Nashef et al, 1995).
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | non-surgical patients, while the incidence of SUDEP was 2.5 vs. 6.3
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | European data on the cumulative incidence (Beghi and Cornaggia, 2002)
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | for further studies on the incidence and prevalence of epilepsy
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | published reports, similar incidence, prevalence and mortality
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | countries. However, age-specific incidence rates of epilepsy in the
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | Heijbel J, Bergfors PG (1978): Incidence of epilepsy in children:
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | Erksson S, Bergmark L (1996): Incidence and clinical characterization
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | review and meta-analysis of incidence studies of epilepsy and
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | the French Southwest. I. Incidence of epileptic syndromes.
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | in epilepsy : a study of incidence in a young cohort with epilepsy
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | Gudmundsson G, et al (2005): Incidence of unprovoked seizures and
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | community-based prospective incidence study of epileptic seizures
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | Status Epilepticus (2003): Incidence and short-term prognosis
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | The distribution of MS incidence and prevalence by age, sex,
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | categorisation for prevalence and incidence differs from studies to
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | country, gender, age, and incidence distribution by Country,
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimates)~ ~Table 5.5.3.5.4. Incidence (per 100 000/year) of Multiple
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of prevalence and incidence, with peaks in central areas.
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | central areas. Mean annual incidence rates have increased significantly
220 II, 5. 5. 3 | versus men. A fluctuating incidence pattern was reported for
221 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1988, while the mean annual incidence rate was 2.6 in 1974–88.
222 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1997; and a mean annual incidence rate of 5.2 in 1988–97.~
223 II, 5. 5. 3 | differences in MS prevalence and incidence have persisted over a 30-
224 II, 5. 5. 3 | an estimated mean annual incidence rate of 4.2 (Lauer, personal
225 II, 5. 5. 3 | to prevalence but not to incidence rates, indicating a focal
226 II, 5. 5. 3 | of 32–58 and mean annual incidence rates from 2–4 in the 1990s.
227 II, 5. 5. 3 | survival. Prevalence and incidence rates in the island of Sardinia
228 II, 5. 5. 3 | respectively, with a mean annual incidence of 0.9 for Romania. Prevalence
229 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2006), with a mean annual incidence of 2.4 in Greece. Methodological
230 II, 5. 5. 3 | The total annual mean MS incidence in Europe is estimated to
231 II, 5. 5. 3 | severity and course, and on incidence rates lacks for nearly two
232 II, 5. 5. 3 | variability when comparing incidence and prevalence rates between
233 II, 5. 5. 3 | increase of prevalence and incidence rates where multiple assessments
234 II, 5. 5. 3 | However, for prevalence and incidence rates age-adjusted to the
235 II, 5. 5. 3 | such as prevalence and incidence rates, age at disease onset,
236 II, 5. 5. 3 | found to also have higher MS incidence (WHO, 2004), thus proportional
237 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence on 1 January 1995 and incidence over a 25-year period. Eur
238 II, 5. 5. 3 | Norway: a prevalence and incidence study. Acta Neurol Scand
239 II, 5. 5. 3 | prospective study of the incidence, prevalence and mortality
240 II, 5. 5. 3 | Italy. A reappraisal of incidence and prevalence in Ferrara.
241 II, 5. 5. 3 | 50-year follow-up of the incidence of multiple sclerosis in
242 II, 5. 5. 3 | Epidemiology of multiple sclerosis: incidence and prevalence rates in
243 II, 5. 5. 3 | Brønnum-Hansen H, Hyllested K (1992): Incidence of multiple sclerosis in
244 II, 5. 5. 3 | Increasing prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis: an
245 II, 5. 5. 3 | Urbinelli R, Giroud M (2000): Incidence of multiple sclerosis in
246 II, 5. 5. 3 | al (2001): Prevalence and incidence of multiple sclerosis in
247 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nordman B (1989): Increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in
248 II, 5. 5. 3 | Szczecin: prevalence and incidence 1993-1995. Neurol Neurochir
249 II, 5. 5. 3 | et al (2005): Increasing incidence of multiple sclerosis in
250 II, 5. 5. 3 | Charlton D (1998): High incidence and prevalence of multiple
251 II, 5. 5. 3 | temporal variation in the incidence of multiple sclerosis in
252 II, 5. 5. 3 | Multiple sclerosis in Finland: incidence trends and differences in
253 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nyström L, Forsgren L (2003): Incidence (1988-97): and prevalence (
254 II, 5. 5. 3 | The use of standardized incidence and prevalence rates in
255 II, 5. 5. 3 | selected EUGLOREH countries~Incidence rates for PD in different
256 II, 5. 5. 3 | 6. 1.~ ~Table 5.5.3.6.1. Incidence studies of Parkinson’s disease
257 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease in Europe.~ ~Crude incidence estimates varied from 5/
258 II, 5. 5. 3 | The latter estimate is for incidence in persons aged 65 to 84,
259 II, 5. 5. 3 | Estimated prevalence and incidence rates for PD in the general
260 II, 5. 5. 3 | rates of prevalence and incidence were much higher: 1,280
261 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimated an average annual incidence rate of 326 per 100,000
262 II, 5. 5. 3 | and drawbacks of available incidence studies have been illustrated
263 II, 5. 5. 3 | account for the different incidence rates observed; these methodological
264 II, 5. 5. 3 | usefulness of epidemiological incidence studies.~It is widely believed
265 II, 5. 5. 3 | longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working Group.
266 II, 5. 5. 3 | Eichhorn T, Oertel WH (1994): Incidence, differential diagnosis,
267 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2003): Systematic review of incidence studies of Parkinson’s disease.
268 II, 5. 5. 3 | A (2001): Estimation of incidence and prevalence of Parkinson’
269 II, 5. 5. 3 | R (2005): Prevalence and incidence of Parkinson’s disease in
270 II, 5. 6. 3 | in terms of definitions, incidence and prevalence; determinants;
271 II, 5. 6. 3 | future trends. Estimates of incidence and prevalence for the major
272 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.1. General Incidence and Prevalence Rates~ ~Musculoskeletal
273 II, 5. 6. 3 | progressive joint damage.~ ~Incidence~ ~The incidence of osteoarthritis
274 II, 5. 6. 3 | damage.~ ~Incidence~ ~The incidence of osteoarthritis is problematic
275 II, 5. 6. 3 | criteria. An estimation of the incidence of severe osteoarthritis
276 II, 5. 6. 3 | inter-country variation.~The incidence and rate of progression
277 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.2. Osteoarthritis Incidence in selected European countries~ ~
278 II, 5. 6. 3 | 5.6.5. Risk factors for incidence and progression of osteoarthritis
279 II, 5. 6. 3 | Future changes in the incidence and prevalence of OA are
280 II, 5. 6. 3 | difficult to predict. As incidence and prevalence rise with
281 II, 5. 6. 3 | Musculoskeletal Health).~ ~Incidence~ ~A review of European studies
282 II, 5. 6. 3 | estimates of the annual incidence of RA range from 4–13 per
283 II, 5. 6. 3 | from 1.7 to 4.0) .~ ~The incidence of RA in women appears to
284 II, 5. 6. 3 | women aged 16-74.~ ~The incidence and prevalence of RA generally
285 II, 5. 6. 3 | Table 5.6.6. Prevalence and incidence of rheumatoid arthritis
286 II, 5. 6. 3 | Future changes in the incidence and prevalence of RA are
287 II, 5. 6. 3 | recognized among men.~ ~Incidence~ ~The incidence of osteoporosis
288 II, 5. 6. 3 | among men.~ ~Incidence~ ~The incidence of osteoporosis is best
289 II, 5. 6. 3 | measured indirectly as the incidence of fractures resulting from
290 II, 5. 6. 3 | Western populations the incidence of hip fractures strongly
291 II, 5. 6. 3 | there is a female to male incidence ratio of approximately 2:
292 II, 5. 6. 3 | Course, 2008). The highest incidence rates have been reported
293 II, 5. 6. 3 | There was a tendency for the incidence rate of distal forearm fracture
294 II, 5. 6. 3 | result of osteoporosis. The incidence rates of proximal humeral,
295 II, 5. 6. 3 | age-adjusted and sex-adjusted incidence rates for vertebral deformity
296 II, 5. 6. 3 | have widespread pain.~ ~Incidence~ ~There are not many studies
297 II, 5. 6. 3 | are not many studies of incidence but a large study from the
298 II, 5. 6. 3 | Netherlands reported an incidence of 28.0 episodes / 1000
299 II, 5. 6. 3 | 1000 people per year; the incidence of low back pain with sciatica
300 II, 5. 6. 6 | Osteoporosis Study Group (2002): Incidence of vertebral fractures in
301 II, 5. 6. 6 | Rochester, Minnesota: a study of incidence, prevalence, and mortality.
302 II, 5. 6. 6 | Cirillo PA, Walker AM (1995): Incidence of symptomatic hand, hip,
303 II, 5. 6. 6 | Woolf AD, Wallace WA (2001): Incidence of distal forearm fracture
304 II, 5. 7. 2 | individual patient data on the incidence and prevalence of RRT for
305 II, 5. 7. 2 | epidemiological analysis to calculate incidence, prevalence and patient
306 II, 5. 7. 2 | together with aggregated incidence and prevalence data that
307 II, 5. 7. 2 | the EU.~ ~For this report incidence and prevalence data on RRT
308 II, 5. 7. 3 | description and analysis~ ~Incidence~ ~Children and adolescents~ ~
309 II, 5. 7. 3 | Italkid) have shown an incidence rate of CKD (defined as
310 II, 5. 7. 3 | et al, 1997). In 2005 the incidence rate of RRT for ESRD in
311 II, 5. 7. 3 | Table 5.7.3).~ ~Adults~ ~CKD incidence in adults has been studied
312 II, 5. 7. 3 | individuals 45-64 years old, the incidence rate of 3-5 CKD was 7.8
313 II, 5. 7. 3 | correlation with changes in the incidence of ESRD are mainly based
314 II, 5. 7. 3 | Norway. In the USA, the incidence of ESRD appears to be increasing
315 II, 5. 7. 3 | This contrasts with ESRD incidence rates which are three times
316 II, 5. 7. 3 | diabetes.~ ~In 2005 the incidence rates of RRT for ESRD ranged
317 II, 5. 7. 3 | Just like prevalence, the incidence rate of RRT for ESRD in
318 II, 5. 7. 3 | females (Table 5.7.3). Whereas incidence rates in Canada (160 pmp
319 II, 5. 7. 3 | similar to those in Europe, incidence rates in US whites (286
320 II, 5. 7. 3 | partly due to a higher US incidence rate of diabetic ESRD.~ ~
321 II, 5. 7. 3 | diabetic ESRD.~ ~Table 5.7.3. Incidence of RRT over the 1992-2005
322 II, 5. 7. 3 | failure.~ ~Table 5.7.4. Incidence of RRT over the 1992-2005
323 II, 5. 7. 3 | per country~ ~Table 5.7.5. Incidence of RRT over the 2000-2005
324 II, 5. 7. 3 | on the trends of the CKD incidence rate in children/adolescents
325 II, 5. 7. 3 | the 1992-2005 period the incidence rate of RRT increased by
326 II, 5. 7. 3 | was primarily due to the incidence rate in patients over 65
327 II, 5. 7. 3 | than doubled. Whereas the incidence of RRT for diabetic and
328 II, 5. 7. 3 | became twice as high, the incidence of RRT for ESRD due to glomerulonephritis/
329 II, 5. 7. 3 | differences in absolute incidence rates of RRT for ESRD across
330 II, 5. 7. 3 | a consistent increase in incidence rates in virtually all Member
331 II, 5. 7. 3 | driven by an increase in the incidence rates of RRT for diabetic
332 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2005) After 2002, the incidence rates have tended to stabilize.
333 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2006). The increasing incidence rates together with improvements
334 II, 5. 7. 3 | Socioeconomic variation in incidence~ ~As for prevalence the
335 II, 5. 7. 3 | As for prevalence the incidence rate of RRT was higher in
336 II, 5. 7. 3 | differences in absolute incidence rates of RRT for ESRD across
337 II, 5. 7. 3 | a consistent increase in incidence rates in virtually all Member
338 II, 5. 7. 3 | driven by an increase in the incidence rates of RRT for diabetic
339 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2005) After 2002 the incidence rates have tended to stabilize.
340 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2006). The increasing incidence rates together with improvements
341 II, 5. 7. 4 | international differences in the incidence rates of RRT for diabetic
342 II, 5. 7. 4 | differences in the overall incidence rates of RRT between Member
343 II, 5. 7. 4 | are largely unknown. The incidence of RRT is the outcome of
344 II, 5. 7. 5 | initiative relating the incidence and the course of CKD. The
345 II, 5. 7. 5 | stabilize (or decrease) the incidence of ESRD and (2) to reduce
346 II, 5. 7. 7 | al (2004): Trends in the incidence of treated end-stage renal
347 II, 5. 7. 7 | Shlipak MG (2004): The incidence of end-stage renal disease
348 II, 5. 7. 7 | 2007): Has the rise in the incidence of renal replacement therapy
349 II, 5. 7. 7 | al (2003): Trends in the incidence of renal replacement therapy
350 II, 5. 7. 7 | temporal variation in the incidence of end-stage renal disease
351 II, 5. 8. 3 | This section addresses incidence, prevalence and mortality
352 II, 5. 8. 3 | associated to these disorders.~ ~Incidence~ ~There are limited comparable
353 II, 5. 8. 3 | limited comparable data on the incidence of COPD in the EU, mainly
354 II, 5. 8. 3 | Sweden, a 10-year cumulative incidence rate according to a 9-4%
355 II, 5. 8. 3 | considered: the 7-year cumulative incidence of COPD was 11.0% according
356 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2005) reported cumulative incidence rates of GOLD-defined COPD
357 II, 5. 8. 3 | The 25-year cumulative incidence of moderate and severe COPD
358 II, 5. 8. 3 | malignant tumour.~ ~An increased incidence of a number of co-morbidities
359 II, 5. 8. 3 | Table 5.8.2).~ ~Table 5.8.2. Incidence of comorbidities in COPD
360 II, 5. 8. 4 | The 25-year cumulative incidence of moderate and severe COPD
361 II, 5. 8. 4 | Figure 5.8.3.~ ~Figure 5.8.3. Incidence rates of COPD and smoking
362 II, 5. 8. 4 | individuals. Some increase in the incidence of chronic phlegm was found
363 II, 5. 8. 7 | Bakke P, Gulsvik A (2005): Incidence of GOLD-defined chronic
364 II, 5. 8. 7 | 2005): Ten-year cumulative incidence of COPD and risk factors
365 II, 5. 8. 7 | Seven-year cumulative incidence of COPD in an age-stratified
366 II, 5. 8. 7 | Thirty-year cumulative incidence of chronic bronchitis and
367 II, 5. 9. FB | dramatic increase of the incidence of allergic diseases in
368 II, 5. 9. FB | continuously increasing incidence of allergic diseases across
369 II, 5. 9. FB | significant increase of the incidence of allergic asthma, rhinitis
370 II, 5. 9. FB | breast-feeding reduces the incidence of allergic diseases at
371 II, 5. 9. FB | children, reported a reduced incidence of wheezing at the age of
372 II, 5. 9. FB | were found regarding the incidence of atopy and asthma. As
373 II, 5. 9. FB | hydrolyzed formulas reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis in
374 II, 5. 9. 3 | description and analysis~ ~Incidence and natural history~ ~With
375 II, 5. 9. 3 | aimed at assessing the incidence and remission of asthma
376 II, 5. 9. 3 | 2000. The average annual incidence rate for the 1953 to 2000
377 II, 5. 9. 3 | 56/1000 people per year. Incidence peaked in boys aged less
378 II, 5. 9. 4 | Iceland and Estonia found an incidence higher among females (2.
379 II, 5. 9. 4 | to 25%, equivalent to an incidence of new-onset occupational
380 II, 5. 9. 7 | 7.~ ~De Marco R (2002): Incidence and remission of asthma:
381 II, 5. 9. 7 | prospective study of asthma incidence and its predictors: the
382 II, 5. 9. 7 | Tosca-Segura R, Arn A (2002): Incidence of allergic rhinitis in
383 II, 5. 11. 3 | prevalence=1.7%~Cumulative incidence=2.1%)~Radulescu M, et al~ ~
384 II, 5. 11. 3 | estimates of the prevalence and incidence of contact dermatitis in
385 II, 5. 11. 3 | skinned populations. The incidence of skin cancer has reached
386 II, 5. 11. 3 | studies from Australia, the incidence rate is over 2% for basal
387 II, 5. 11. 3 | probably underestimate the true incidence, especially of NMSC (Table
388 II, 5. 11. 3 | period 1993–1998) that an incidence rate of 88 per 100 000 for
389 II, 5. 11. 3 | both men and women. Its incidence has been rising steadily
390 II, 5. 11. 3 | 1995 (Levi et al, 2001). Incidence rates increased substantially
391 II, 5. 11. 3 | exposure and increasing incidence among the elderly (Wassberg
392 II, 5. 11. 3 | women). During this period, incidence rates of BCC increased by
393 II, 5. 11. 3 | and 65% in women, while incidence rates of SCC increased by
394 II, 5. 11. 3 | countries due to the increasing incidence of NMSC.~ ~Melanoma~Melanoma
395 II, 5. 11. 3 | of skin cancer, and its incidence has been rising steeply
396 II, 5. 11. 3 | et al, 2001). The death incidence ratio is strikingly different
397 II, 5. 11. 3 | Europe, during the 1990s, incidence rates were higher in northern
398 II, 5. 11. 3 | and southern Europe both incidence and mortality are still
399 II, 5. 11. 6 | research into the prevalence, incidence and cost of skin diseases
400 II, 5. 11. 7 | 1953–1997: Rising trends in incidence and mortality but recent
401 II, 5. 11. 7 | GLOBOCAN 2000: Cancer Incidence, Mortality and Prevalence
402 II, 5. 11. 7 | Trends in Skin Cancer Incidence in Vaud: an update, 1976–
403 II, 5. 11. 7 | Boyle P. Trends in the incidence of non-melanoma skin cancer
404 II, 5. 11. 7 | et al (2001): Increasing incidence rates of squamous cell carcinoma
405 II, 5. 12. 5 | Europe, where cirrhosis incidence and mortality has been substantially
406 II, 5. 12. 7 | Margolis HS (2000): The past incidence of hepatitis C virus infection:
407 II, 5. 15. 2 | providing information on incidence and prevalence of RD. The
408 II, 6 | TIME-TRENDS: PREVALENCE, INCIDENCE AND MORTALITY~ ~
409 II, 6. 3. 1 | significant reduction in the incidence and number of cases through
410 II, 6. 3. 1 | the 49 diseases, 21 have incidence levels that are in double
411 II, 6. 3. 1 | diseases with the highest incidence in the EU belong to this
412 II, 6. 3. 1 | diseases with the highest crude incidence rates in the EU (Chlamydia
413 II, 6. 3. 1 | disease’ groups had the lowest incidence rates and also showed decreasing
414 II, 6. 3. 1 | general trends (1995–2005), EU incidence (2005), main age groups
415 II, 6. 3. 1 | on the comparability of incidence data) not to mention inherent
416 II, 6. 3. 1 | in this report, national incidence figures thus often reflect
417 II, 6. 3. 1 | than reflecting the ‘true’ incidence of an infection.~ ~This
418 II, 6. 3. 1(3) | clarity to actual figures for incidence, morbidity, mortality, cost,
419 II, 6. 3. 3 | figures for prevalence or incidence. Properly designed epidemiological
420 II, 6. 3. 3 | contrast to HIV diagnoses, AIDS incidence has been declining since
421 II, 6. 3. 3 | since 1995, when the AIDS incidence reached its peak in Europe.
422 II, 6. 3. 3 | and Norway. The highest incidence rate was reported by Iceland
423 II, 6. 3. 3 | Belgium and Sweden the incidence appeared to decline during
424 II, 6. 3. 3 | 22 countries. The highest incidence rate was observed in the
425 II, 6. 3. 3 | inappropriate. The highest incidence rates were observed in the
426 II, 6. 3. 3 | 24 age group , while the incidence was 4.5 times higher in
427 II, 6. 3. 3 | In the last 10 years, the incidence decreased steadily after
428 II, 6. 3. 3 | Lithuania) where syphilis incidence was very high in the early
429 II, 6. 3. 3 | 1995), a sharp decrease in incidence was observed from 1996 to
430 II, 6. 3. 3 | Slovenia and Poland) syphilis incidence remained below 10 cases
431 II, 6. 3. 3 | 24 countries. The highest incidence rates were still recorded
432 II, 6. 3. 3 | group as the most affected. Incidence was higher in men than in
433 II, 6. 3. 3 | have reported an increasing incidence since the late 1990s. Of
434 II, 6. 3. 3 | 26 countries, the highest incidence rates were reported by Iceland (
435 II, 6. 3. 3 | Latvia (7.37 per 100 000). Incidence was higher in men than women (
436 II, 6. 3. 3 | had any noticeable effect, incidence of acute hepatitis B infection
437 II, 6. 3. 3 | period during 1995–2000, the incidence in Europe has increased
438 II, 6. 3. 3 | 24 countries. The highest incidence rates per 100 000 per year
439 II, 6. 3. 4 | The overall decline in incidence also implies that several
440 II, 6. 3. 4 | legionellosis 1995 - 2004.~ ~The incidence of legionellosis increased
441 II, 6. 3. 4 | the EU. Since 2002, the incidence has remained stable at around
442 II, 6. 3. 4 | 23 countries. The highest incidence of 3.36 per 100 000 per
443 II, 6. 3. 5 | more complex: overall EU incidence seems to be rising slightly,
444 II, 6. 3. 5 | 000) reported the highest incidence rates. Incidence rates were
445 II, 6. 3. 5 | highest incidence rates. Incidence rates were the highest in
446 II, 6. 3. 5 | per 100 000), while the incidence rate in the five to 24 year-olds
447 II, 6. 3. 5 | After 25 years of age, the incidence rates increased with age.~ ~ ~
448 II, 6. 3. 5 | Ireland, that experienced high incidence, show a sustained decrease
449 II, 6. 3. 5 | countries, the reported incidence varied below 2/100 000 per
450 II, 6. 3. 5 | 000) reported the highest incidence rates.~ ~Invasive infection
451 II, 6. 3. 5 | Most countries had a stable incidence rate over the past five
452 II, 6. 3. 5 | Estonia reported the highest incidence rate, with 1.48 per 100
453 II, 6. 3. 5 | years, an overall higher incidence has been observed in the
454 II, 6. 3. 5 | other countries, the general incidence was lower. A slight decrease
455 II, 6. 3. 5 | By contrast, the overall incidence rate in the EU was 4.10
456 II, 6. 3. 5 | been most affected. The incidence in Latvia peaked in 1995 (
457 II, 6. 3. 5 | reported cases (20) with an incidence of 0.87 per 100 000.~ ~Tetanus~ ~
458 II, 6. 3. 5 | between 2001 and 2003. The incidence rates were always below
459 II, 6. 3. 5 | new Member States, tetanus incidence rates were below 0.35 per
460 II, 6. 3. 5 | except for Slovenia where incidence was at 0.45 per 100 000
461 II, 6. 3. 5 | all cases and the highest incidence rates were in Malta (0.25
462 II, 6. 3. 5 | vaccination policy, the incidence of measles in Europe has
463 II, 6. 3. 5 | France and in Italy, but the incidence has decreased greatly in
464 II, 6. 3. 5 | Germany and Italy. The incidence in these countries has fluctuated
465 II, 6. 3. 5 | In the other countries, incidence has fluctuated between one
466 II, 6. 3. 5 | from Germany. The overall incidence in the EU was 0.28 per 100
467 II, 6. 3. 5 | were able to maintain an incidence rate below one per 1 000
468 II, 6. 3. 5 | was a generally decreasing incidence until 2002, but since then
469 II, 6. 3. 5 | countries experienced peaks in incidence over this 10-year period,
470 II, 6. 3. 5 | Iceland, reported the highest incidence rates (77.24 and 28.95 per
471 II, 6. 3. 5 | young adults. The overall incidence in the reporting countries
472 II, 6. 3. 5 | 22 countries. The overall incidence was 0.51 per 100 000 per
473 II, 6. 3. 6 | an increase in reported incidence reflects a genuine increase
474 II, 6. 3. 6 | with infected animals.~The incidence of campylobacteriosis showed
475 II, 6. 3. 6 | reported, with the highest incidence reported by the Czech Republic (
476 II, 6. 3. 6 | After a peak in 1995, the incidence of salmonellosis in Europe
477 II, 6. 3. 6 | a 5% or more increase in incidence since 2004 . This could
478 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries, with the highest incidence reported in the Czech Republic (
479 II, 6. 3. 6 | per 100 000). The highest incidence was reported in the age
480 II, 6. 3. 6 | food hygiene.~ ~The overall incidence rate of typhoid/paratyphoid
481 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000, reported the highest incidence rate, followed by the UK (
482 II, 6. 3. 6 | who have sex with men.~The incidence has been declining over
483 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries. The European incidence rate was 1.82 per 100 000,
484 II, 6. 3. 6 | 100 000, with the highest incidence in children less than five
485 II, 6. 3. 6 | reported the highest national incidence rates. As shigellosis is
486 II, 6. 3. 6 | In the last 10 years, the incidence has more than doubled, rising
487 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) reported the highest incidence. A total of six outbreaks
488 II, 6. 3. 6 | In the last 10 years, the incidence rate of reported cases has
489 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) reporting the highest incidence rates. The overall incidence
490 II, 6. 3. 6 | incidence rates. The overall incidence in the EU was 2.23 per 100
491 II, 6. 3. 6 | years old having the highest incidence (30.4 per 100 000 per year).~ ~
492 II, 6. 3. 6 | the risks.~ ~The annual incidence in Europe decreased between
493 II, 6. 3. 6 | sustained increasing trend. The incidence in 2004 (0.28 per 100 000
494 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) reported the highest incidence rates. More than half the
495 II, 6. 3. 6 | in 2005, with an overall incidence of 0.31 per 100 000. Portugal (
496 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) reported the highest incidence rates.~ ~Botulism~ ~Botulism
497 II, 6. 3. 6 | Lithuania reporting the highest incidence (0.15 per 100 000).~ ~Cholera~ ~
498 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000 per year. The highest incidence was seen in children under
499 II, 6. 3. 6 | 1996, following the highest incidence observed in 1995 (1.68 per
500 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000) reporting the highest incidence. As toxoplasmosis is a very
