Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | in the health and social work sector. Moreover, the performance
2 I, 2. 3 | contributing to irregular work remains high. Almost in
3 I, 2. 4 | settings (at home, school, work). Also important are the
4 I, 2. 5 | ageing~ ~ ~The nature of work is changing rapidly. Today’
5 I, 2. 5 | rapidly. Today’s world of work is unrecognisable from the
6 I, 2. 5 | trends include changing work patterns (new technology,
7 I, 2. 5 | labour such as temporary work and fixed-term contracts. 2
8 I, 2. 5 | rewarding and satisfying work and a better life. For others
9 I, 2. 5 | managed. For example, in many work areas, job demands have
10 I, 2. 5 | including an intensification of work and requirements on workers
11 I, 2. 5 | for Safety and Health at Work, 2002).~Detecting a pattern
12 I, 2. 5 | for organising productive work.~ ~Growth of the service
13 I, 2. 5 | education; health and social work; community and personal
14 I, 2. 5 | of stress and violence at work. The necessity to carry
15 I, 2. 5 | professions such as health-care work and teaching and there has
16 I, 2. 5 | Agency Changing World of Work Report, several significant
17 I, 2. 5 | significant new developments in work organisation have emerged,
18 I, 2. 5 | with the aim of improving work organisation and quality
19 I, 2. 5 | entitled “High performance work place practices and job
20 I, 2. 5 | reveals that high performance work practices do indeed have
21 I, 2. 5 | have a positive effect on work satisfaction (EUROFOUND,
22 I, 2. 5. 0(2) | for Safety and Health at Work. Research on the changing
23 I, 2. 5. 0(2) | on the changing world of work — Implications on occupational
24 I, 2. 5 | hand, and more flexible work retirement schemes on the
25 I, 2. 5 | number of older people in work to 50% (the Stockholm target)
26 I, 2. 5 | of older people were in work in the accession countries
27 I, 2. 5 | have improved incentives to work but still more people need
28 I, 2. 5 | still more people need to work. Furthermore, they should
29 I, 2. 5 | strengthening incentives to work longer, provided that labour
30 I, 2. 5 | opportunities. Many women work in the caring services where
31 I, 2. 5 | factors. More women than men work in jobs where the demands
32 I, 2. 5 | individual control over the work.~ ~A third trend is immigration
33 I, 2. 5 | necessary papers to live and work in the host country and
34 I, 2. 5 | difficulty in obtaining visas and work permits and are concentrated
35 I, 2. 5 | contributing to irregular work remains high. Almost in
36 I, 2. 5 | this issue.~ ~New forms of work. Modern organisations are
37 I, 2. 5 | organisations operate and work together with others has
38 I, 2. 5 | now more instability in work contracts and job descriptions.
39 I, 2. 5 | possibilities for people to work self-employed from home (
40 I, 2. 5 | for Safety and Health at Work, 2006).~Both case studies
41 I, 2. 5 | of information-intensive work and the learning process
42 I, 2. 5 | Perceived lack of control over work is a well-documented factor
43 I, 2. 5 | safety issues.~ ~Increasing work pace and workload. In the
44 I, 2. 5 | weakened immune system. Work intensity is increasing
45 I, 2. 5 | Europe with more weekend work, irregular and less predictable
46 I, 2. 5 | hours (involuntary part-time work) and excessively long hours (
47 I, 2. 5 | involuntary overtime). Greater work intensity and time unpredictability
48 I, 2. 5 | employees’ autonomy over their work. These “new” risk factors
49 I, 2. 5 | promoting informed choices. Work on the methodology for comparative
50 I, 2. 5 | the future. The world of work has radically altered in
51 I, 2. 7 | monographic exhibition of the work of Renzo Piano, organised
52 I, 2. 7 | ago it was announced that work would soon begin on one
53 I, 2. 7 | urban settlements. Research work mostly focuses on large
54 I, 2. 7 | megacities, while little work is invested in identifying
55 I, 2. 10. 1 | public health aspects in its work programme, while public
56 I, 2. 10. 3 | of capital and labour and work processes and products,
57 I, 2. 10. 3(6) | patterns in the world of work. International Labour Conference,
58 I, 2. 10. 3 | Consumer Protection's policy work. Information on these can
59 I, 2. 10. 4 | all stakeholders need to work to commonly agreed standards
60 I, 2. 11 | Research, 40, 135-155.~CEN/ISO Work on Nanotechnology, s. htt s/~
61 I, 2. 11 | for Safety and Health at Work (2002): Research on the
62 I, 2. 11 | on the changing world of work — Implications on occupational
63 I, 2. 11 | for Safety and Health at Work (2006). Research on New
64 I, 2. 11 | patterns in the world of work. International Labour Conference,
65 I, 2. 11 | The changing world of work’, Agency conference proceedings.
66 II, 4. 1 | which may be available for work and hence is crucial for
67 II, 4. 1 | scientific community should work on second generation summary
68 II, 5. 1. 2 | with many aspects of life, work, family life, leisure pursuits
69 II, 5. 1. 2 | nurses have to understand and work taking into account all
70 II, 5. 1. 4 | specific disease.~ ~· At work: information about what
71 II, 5. 1. 4 | to deal with it while at work.~ ~· During leisure time:
72 II, 5. 4. 2 | will require considerable work in the future.~Nevertheless,
73 II, 5. 4. 6 | on diabetes to the future work of the European Commission.~·
74 II, 5. 4. 6 | action;~· Continuing the work on the development of a
75 II, 5. 4. 6 | drinks;~· Building on the work of the EU Platform for Action
76 II, 5. 4. 7 | regular basis”. BIRO exploits work autonomously undertaken
77 II, 5. 5.Int | health as part of its policy work (e.g. on key competences
78 II, 5. 5. 1 | access to treatment and work days lost in mood and anxiety
79 II, 5. 5. 1 | some somatic disease as Work Days Lost (WDL).~ ~About
80 II, 5. 5. 2 | geographical location etc. This work, which will be carried out
81 II, 5. 5. 2(24)| Work package 4 of the EuroCoDe
82 II, 5. 5. 2 | have the right to live and work in other member states of
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | health sector, coordinate work across ministries; and~·
84 II, 5. 5. 3 | influence the political work at national and international
85 II, 5. 5. 3 | incapability to participate in the work life. Therefore, schizophrenia
86 II, 5. 5. 3 | previous year began its work.~The central aim of the
87 II, 5. 5. 3 | The project sets out the work being developed towards
88 II, 5. 5. 3 | practitioners; awareness-raising work with related areas including
89 II, 5. 5. 3 | on Equal Treatment in the Work Place~ ~Council Directive
90 II, 5. 5. 3 | people by adapting premises, work schedules or job descriptions
91 II, 5. 5. 3 | MS are forced to give up work due to lack of support.~
92 II, 5. 5. 3 | on equal treatment in the work place is an important basis
93 II, 5. 5. 3 | rest periods, the necessary work adaptations and a social
94 II, 5. 5. 3 | developments~ ~There is much work to be carried out in order
95 II, 5. 5. 3 | PD patients were still at work compared to 81.5% of the
96 II, 5. 5. 3 | people handling pesticides at work having a more than threefold
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | differential diagnosis, work capacity, mortality and
98 II, 5. 6. 1 | health problems limiting work and leading to early retirement
99 II, 5. 6. 3 | health problems limiting work in developed countries,
100 II, 5. 6. 3 | impact is a consequence of work loss, and of social and
101 II, 5. 6. 3 | play a role such as heavy work, lifting, bending, twisting,
102 II, 5. 6. 3 | Psychosocial aspects of health and work combined with economic aspects
103 II, 5. 6. 3 | aspects have an impact on work loss attributed to back
104 II, 5. 6. 3 | economic consequences of work loss and social support.~ ~
105 II, 5. 6. 3 | recurrence.~ ~Most return to work within 1 week with 90% returning
106 II, 5. 6. 3 | the person is to return to work. After 6 months off work,
107 II, 5. 6. 3 | work. After 6 months off work, less than 50% will return
108 II, 5. 6. 3 | than 50% will return to work and after 2 years absence,
109 II, 5. 6. 3 | pain is indirect due to work loss and disablement reflecting
110 II, 5. 6. 3 | low frequency of return to work probably reflects that about
111 II, 5. 6. 4 | are indirect related to work disability and social care,
112 II, 5. 6. 4 | conditions (Woolf, 2008). The work disability and use of health
113 II, 5. 6. 4 | illustrated here below.~ ~Work disability~ ~In addition
114 II, 5. 6. 4 | limitations in everyday life, work disability is a major consequence
115 II, 5. 6. 4 | permanent or temporary loss of work ability. Permanent disability
116 II, 5. 8. 3 | inpatient care and 28.4 for lost work days (European respiratory
117 II, 5. 8. 3 | 2003). In EU15, 41 300 lost work days per 100 000 population
118 II, 5. 8. 3 | and Eastern Europe lost work days due to COPD are 4300.
119 II, 5. 9. FB | medication and missed school or work days. Allergic rhinitis
120 II, 5. 9. 3 | responsible for significant work impairment and more than
121 II, 5. 9. 3 | society is represented by lost work days (indirect costs amounting
122 II, 5. 9. 4 | farming and agricultural work, painting, cleaning work
123 II, 5. 9. 4 | work, painting, cleaning work and plastic manufacturing.
124 II, 5. 11. 3 | severe, and might affect work ability (C Lidén et al,
125 II, 5. 13 | pressures can mean that both work and leisure hours offer
126 II, 5. 14. 3 | 13 295 dental hygienists work in 1998 the European Union
127 II, 5. 14. 5 | projects and cross-sectoral work both at EU and at national
128 II, 5. 15. 4 | encourage continuity of work and trans-national co-operation.
129 II, 6. 3. 2 | surveillance of AMR should work on three levels:~· following
130 II, 6. 3. 3 | thus, ECDC has started work to provide guidance on this
131 II, 6. 3. 3 | anti-retroviral therapy (HAART). More work is needed to improve accessibility
132 II, 6. 3. 4 | to three years of intense work is required by all Member
133 II, 6. 3. 4 | Key areas where further work is especially needed are:~ ~·
134 II, 6. 4. 1 | the Council and started work in 1999. The Communicable
135 II, 6. 4. 4 | risk assessment, as well as work on laboratory issues and
136 II, 6. 4. 4 | matrix organisation to cover work on several groups of diseases.~ ~
137 II, 7.Acr | Statistics on Accidents at Work~EU~European Union~EuroSafe~
138 II, 7. 1 | settings such as the home, work place and road, and by activities,
139 II, 7. 1 | injuries such as roads, work places, homes, sport facilities,
140 II, 7. 2. 4 | Statistics on Accidents at Work)~ ~European Statistics on
141 II, 7. 2. 4 | Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) are gathered on the
142 II, 7. 2. 4 | data refers to accidents at work resulting in more than 3
143 II, 7. 2. 4 | than 3 days’ absence from work (serious accidents) and
144 II, 7. 2. 4 | declarations of accidents at work, either to the public (Social
145 II, 7. 2. 4 | insurance for accidents at work, or to another relevant
146 II, 7. 2. 4 | system. For accidents at work data is available for all ‘
147 II, 7. 3. 4 | Transport / Traffic~· Work place~· Home, leisure and
148 II, 7. 3. 4 | Distinguished by sector, work place accidents account
149 II, 7. 3. 4 | strong vertical sectors of work place and road safety with
150 II, 7. 3. 4 | group and injury severity~ ~Work place~ ~According to data
151 II, 7. 3. 4 | the WHO, more than 6 000 work place fatalities are recorded
152 II, 7. 3. 4 | Also the rate of non-fatal work place accidents shows a
153 II, 7. 3. 4 | accidents~ ~Half of all work place fatalities occur in
154 II, 7. 3. 4 | transport sector (18% of all work place fatalities) which
155 II, 7. 3. 4 | for a close cooperation of work place and traffic safety
156 II, 7. 3. 4 | Figure 7.11. Fatalities at work by economic activity, EU15~ ~
157 II, 7. 3. 4 | socio-demography and circumstances of work place accidents can be found
158 II, 7. 3. 4 | statistics on accidents at work (ESAW) and the WHO Health
159 II, 7. 3. 4 | harmonised data on accidents at work of EU15 was collected. The
160 II, 7. 3. 4 | Figure 7.12. Non-fatal work place accidents by severity,
161 II, 7. 3. 4 | the severity of non-fatal work place accidents in terms
162 II, 7. 3. 4 | Figure 7.12. Non-fatal work place accidents by severity,
163 II, 7. 3. 4 | are neither traffic nor work place accidents.~ ~Calculated
164 II, 7. 4 | road traffic injuries and, work place injuries). In other
165 II, 7. 4. 7 | in institutions and at work). It undermines the social
166 II, 7. 5 | programmes for fire prevention, work safety, traffic safety,
167 II, 7. 5 | search for measures that work.~(ht ~ ~Support for policy
168 II, 7. 6 | pronounced in road traffic and work place and less favourable
169 II, 7. 7 | Number of accidents at work by severity. EU15, 3 year
170 II, 8. 1. 2 | health problem or disability, work limitations (regarding the
171 II, 8. 1. 2 | limitations (regarding the kind of work or the amount of work, and
172 II, 8. 1. 2 | of work or the amount of work, and mobility problems),
173 II, 8. 1. 2 | assistance needed or provided to work. The results refer to persons
174 II, 8. 1. 3 | in the kind or amount of work they can do, while about
175 II, 8. 1. 3 | the mobility to and from work. Since these problems may
176 II, 8. 1. 3 | restrictions related to work are experienced by 10% of
177 II, 8. 1. 3 | occurrence of restrictions in work ability due to LSHPD increases
178 II, 8. 1. 3 | restrictions related to work, 42% indicated limb, neck
179 II, 8. 1. 3 | reported no restrictions in work activities. Considerable
180 II, 8. 1. 3 | restrictions with regard to work were reported by 60% of
181 II, 8. 1. 3 | appears with respect to work activities. This difference
182 II, 8. 1. 3 | counterpart, to be involved in work.~Differences among countries
183 II, 8. 1. 3 | restrictions in the ability to work and 75% for persons that
184 II, 8. 1. 3 | limitations in the ability to work: provision of support ranges
185 II, 8. 1. 3 | with regard to the kind of work (40%), amount of work (17%),
186 II, 8. 1. 3 | of work (40%), amount of work (17%), general support and
187 II, 8. 1. 3 | in transfer to and from work more important than help
188 II, 8. 1. 3 | than help in the kind of work, while those with limitations
189 II, 8. 1. 3 | with the kind and amount of work more important than that
190 II, 8. 2. 1 | communication, self care, education, work, leisure time and health.~
191 II, 8. 2. 1 | health professionals who work with persons with intellectual
192 II, 8. 2. 1 | health professionals to work effectively with persons
193 II, 9 | wellbeing, and ultimately work and lifestyle opportunities.
194 II, 9 | general, therapies that work in secondary prevention
195 II, 9 | secondary prevention will work in primary prevention as
196 II, 9 | pressures can mean that both work and leisure hours offer
197 II, 9. 1. 1 | but require additional work before they can be operationalised
198 II, 9. 1. 2 | Scandanavian Journal of Work & Environmental Health,
199 II, 9. 2. 2 | has sponsored important work on standardising questions
200 II, 9. 2. 2 | Surveys, as well as the work through EUROSTAT in standardising
201 II, 9. 2. 2 | almost the whole of this work is still focused on the
202 II, 9. 2. 2 | public health and statistical work.~ ~ ~
203 II, 9. 2. 3 | environment including sport and work (Lerner et al 1976). Adolescents
204 II, 9. 2. 4 | wellbeing, and ultimately work and lifestyle opportunities.
205 II, 9. 2. 5 | Commission’s 2005 Public Health Work Plan, defined within the
206 II, 9. 2. 5 | related to under-age drinking; work on obesity and prevention;
207 II, 9. 2. 5 | the Commission's future work to protect the interests
208 II, 9. 2. 7 | for Safety and Health at Work: Young People. Data in Website.
209 II, 9. 3. 1 | is hard to find research work focused on men and their
210 II, 9. 3. 1 | predominantly taken from work produced by the European
211 II, 9. 3. 1 | than 3 days’ absence from work (amounting to around 146
212 II, 9. 3. 1 | for Health and Safety at Work, 2007). Injuries per 100
213 II, 9. 3. 1 | number of physician visits, work absence and medication use.
214 II, 9. 3. 1 | difficulties, inability to work and disability. Its prevalence
215 II, 9. 3. 1 | general, therapies that work in secondary prevention
216 II, 9. 3. 1 | secondary prevention will work in primary prevention as
217 II, 9. 3. 1 | pressures can mean that both work and leisure hours offer
218 II, 9. 3. 1 | understanding of effects, much work remains to be done in terms
219 II, 9. 3. 1 | for Health and Safety at Work (2007): ht p (Article online,
220 II, 9. 3. 2 | Morbidity~ ~Previous work to establish the level of
221 II, 9. 4. 3 | it difficult for them to work until a later age. This
222 II, 9. 4. 5 | between personal resources and work demand. It is also important
223 II, 9. 4. 5 | stress-free transition from work to retirement (European
224 II, 9. 4. 5 | opportunities for voluntary work by older volunteers could
225 II, 9. 4. 5 | to develop the quality of work, by providing skill development
226 II, 9. 5. 1 | men to fight in wars or to work in hazardous industries.
227 II, 9. 5. 1 | with whom they live and work.~ ~A reduction has been
228 II, 9. 5. 1 | social norms about women’s work outside of the home in European
229 II, 9. 5. 1 | responsibilities at home and at work (Lorber, 2005). For what
230 II, 9. 5. 1 | debilitated by unshared domestic work, especially when combined
231 II, 9. 5. 2 | predominantly taken from work produced by the World Health
232 II, 9. 5. 2 | academic articles report work done on a smaller regional
233 II, 9. 5. 2 | be victims too, and more work is needed to explain the
234 II, 9. 5. 2 | 2004). ECHI build on the work and activities of previous
235 II, 9. 5. 3 | with less advantageous work conditions, lower education
236 II, 9. 5. 3 | Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2004). Unshared domestic
237 II, 9. 5. 3 | 2004). Unshared domestic work can be exhausting and debilitating,
238 II, 9. 5. 3 | can be damaged when the work is given little recognition
239 II, 9. 5. 3 | rules if taking time out of work to care for sick, older
240 II, 9. 5. 3 | pressures can mean that both work and leisure hours offer
241 II, 9. 5. 3 | no physical activity at work.~ ~Table 9.5.8. Days of
242 II, 9. 5. 3 | and organised around paid work.~ ~A study conducted in
243 II, 9. 5. 3 | of hours spent in gainful work/study and domestic work
244 II, 9. 5. 3 | work/study and domestic work is generally higher for
245 II, 9. 5. 3 | Spain and Hungary. Women work the longest hours in Lithuania
246 II, 9. 5. 3 | time than men on domestic work, while the reverse is true
247 II, 9. 5. 3 | reverse is true for gainful work and study.~ ~In the Member
248 II, 9. 5. 4 | policy and planning. Much work remains to be done in others.
249 II, 9. 5. 6 | for Safety and Health at Work (2003): Gender issues in
250 III, 10. 1 | mothers use pesticides, work in sprayed fields, or work
251 III, 10. 1 | work in sprayed fields, or work near spraying operations.~ ~
252 III, 10. 2. 1 | 9% at home and 20.6% at work. At the follow up, ten years
253 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence of passive smoking at work decreased by 10.9% (Ja ~ ~
254 III, 10. 2. 1 | total ban on smoking in work and public places, including
255 III, 10. 2. 1 | places that include all work places, health and educational
256 III, 10. 2. 1 | net increases in police work, emergency room admissions
257 III, 10. 2. 1 | starts an adult life with work and family). However, the
258 III, 10. 2. 1 | brisk walking or cycling to work, school or shopping, swimming,
259 III, 10. 2. 1 | at home, at school, at work and so on – often discourages
260 III, 10. 2. 1 | and environment sectors to work together to achieve healthier
261 III, 10. 2. 1 | spirit of the platform is to work under the leadership of
262 III, 10. 2. 1 | health, sport, leisure, work or education sectors. It
263 III, 10. 2. 1 | infections and decreased work performance. Causes for
264 III, 10. 2. 1 | reduced physical activity at work and during leisure time.~ ~
265 III, 10. 2. 1 | as more mothers go out to work and spend less time on food
266 III, 10. 2. 1 | spirit of the platform is to work under the leadership of
267 III, 10. 2. 1 | preparation of the proposal, this work has been entrusted to an
268 III, 10. 2. 1 | based on existing premier work~Option 3 – Supporting initiatives.
269 III, 10. 2. 1 | family planning centres, work place programmes or supermarkets (
270 III, 10. 2. 4 | rare diseases; further legislative work may be needed as more knowledge
271 III, 10. 2. 4 | is no longer possible to work with “simple” messages which
272 III, 10. 3. 1 | instead of the building. This work is inconvenient and often
273 III, 10. 3. 1 | are common reasons why the work is never carried out. With
274 III, 10. 3. 1 | workers exposed to radon at work places.~ ~UV radiation~ ~
275 III, 10. 3. 1 | and poor performance at work or school. In spite of the
276 III, 10. 3. 1 | table 10.3.1.1). Physical work load is reported differently
277 III, 10. 3. 1 | forced body positions, heavy work and repetitive movements.
278 III, 10. 3. 1 | women. With respect to the work tasks standing or walking,
279 III, 10. 3. 1 | physical risk factors at work in the EU 25, by economic
280 III, 10. 3. 1 | sources (including radon) in work places, laid down in Title
281 III, 10. 3. 2 | exceeded. Important policy work on mercury has been performed
282 III, 10. 3. 2 | Statistical and Analytical Work to Develop Appropriate Environmental
283 III, 10. 4. 1 | restricted activity; days off work (PM,O3 )~o Days with symptoms (
284 III, 10. 4. 2 | in all of the Authority’s work. For example, EFSA undertakes
285 III, 10. 4. 2 | risk communication. Its work is undertaken in response
286 III, 10. 4. 2 | influenza and Bluetongue. EFSA’s work also includes the development,
287 III, 10. 4. 2(34)| Member State will have to work towards reducing the number
288 III, 10. 4. 2 | to a 2000 baseline and to work towards the elimination
289 III, 10. 4. 2 | programme have been adopted to work towards a common strategy
290 III, 10. 4. 2 | importance to carry out further work to develop a methodology
291 III, 10. 4. 2 | it undertakes scientific work on its own initiative. This
292 III, 10. 4. 2 | the EU legislation).~ ~The work is, then, shared at EU level
293 III, 10. 4. 2 | Panel started a rolling work programme to revise existing
294 III, 10. 4. 2 | that were prioritised for work on CRA (dose-addition) are:
295 III, 10. 5. 1 | Although the school is the work environment for teachers
296 III, 10. 5. 1 | Public Health Programme work plan 2005 identified the
297 III, 10. 5. 1 | international group has started work on the development of a
298 III, 10. 5. 1 | classroom noise, Scand J Work Environ Health. 2007 Aug.~ ~
299 III, 10. 5. 2 | the urban-rural dynamics work towards the reduction of
300 III, 10. 5. 2 | emergency/minor casualty work ~• difficulties associated
301 III, 10. 5. 2 | absence and out-of-hours work.~ ~The BMA therefore suggests
302 III, 10. 5. 3 | Introduction~ ~In modern societies, work is the source of most individual,
303 III, 10. 5. 3 | community wealth. The world of work therefore is particularly
304 III, 10. 5. 3 | widely recognised is how work itself can make people ill,
305 III, 10. 5. 3 | changes in the world of work, regional health and safety
306 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvement of health at work requires a holistic approach,
307 III, 10. 5. 3 | which is focused mainly on work accidents and occupational
308 III, 10. 5. 3 | the burden of diseases on work is provided followed by
309 III, 10. 5. 3 | presenting the impact of work on health. Furthermore,
310 III, 10. 5. 3 | report Hearts and Minds at Work in Europe (Bödeker and Klindworth
311 III, 10. 5. 3 | health problems caused by work are reported. All information
312 III, 10. 5. 3 | Data on accidents at work are available from the Eurostat
313 III, 10. 5. 3 | covers all accidents at work which involve absence of
314 III, 10. 5. 3 | fatal accidents occurring at work. The data collection was
315 III, 10. 5. 3 | Statistics on Accidents at Work”. Eurostat receives the
316 III, 10. 5. 3 | of data on accidents at work. These data are based on
317 III, 10. 5. 3 | countries. Data on accidents at work can be stratified according
318 III, 10. 5. 3 | and non fatal accidents at work.~The Eurostat Online Database
319 III, 10. 5. 3 | being caused by a factor at work. Since the recognition practices
320 III, 10. 5. 3 | dealing with self-reported work related problems are the
321 III, 10. 5. 3 | caused or made worse by work. However, given the rapid
322 III, 10. 5. 3 | changes of the world of work, these sources are rather
323 III, 10. 5. 3 | diseases to the world of work~ ~This chapter presents
324 III, 10. 5. 3 | the impact of diseases on work. This relationship is usually
325 III, 10. 5. 3 | exclusively on the impact of work on diseases. However, private
326 III, 10. 5. 3 | disease related absence from work, early retirement and costs
327 III, 10. 5. 3 | presented.~ ~Absence from work~According to the fourth
328 III, 10. 5. 3 | workers are absent from work due to health problems at
329 III, 10. 5. 3 | engaged in health & social work.~ ~Table 10.5.3.1. Absence
330 III, 10. 5. 3 | Table 10.5.3.1. Absence from work in last 12 month due to
331 III, 10. 5. 3 | are caused by absence from work due to diseases and by reduced
332 III, 10. 5. 3 | alcohol, drugs).~ ~Impact of work on mortality, morbidity
333 III, 10. 5. 3 | this chapter, the impact of work on disease is highlighted
334 III, 10. 5. 3 | occupational diseases and work accidents. This is then
335 III, 10. 5. 3 | Council (Walters, 2007).~ ~Work Accidents.~ ~European Statistics
336 III, 10. 5. 3 | Statistics on Accidents at Work (ESAW) refer to accidents
337 III, 10. 5. 3 | ESAW) refer to accidents at work resulting in more than 3
338 III, 10. 5. 3 | than 3 days’ absence from work (serious accidents) (Table
339 III, 10. 5. 3 | Table 10.5.3.5. Incidence of work accidents EU 15~ ~In 2004,
340 III, 10. 5. 3 | approximately 4 million serious work accidents were reported
341 III, 10. 5. 3 | reduction of accidents at work took place compared to 1998
342 III, 10. 5. 3 | increasing index figures.~Work accidents occur very differently
343 III, 10. 5. 3 | the rate of accidents at work increased.~ ~Table 10.5.
344 III, 10. 5. 3 | of serious accidents at work per 100 thousand persons
345 III, 10. 5. 3 | incidence rate of accidents at work in EU15 by economic activity (
346 III, 10. 5. 3 | workers)~ ~Perception of the work impact on health~ ~According
347 III, 10. 5. 3 | of women perceive their work affects their health. Furthermore,
348 III, 10. 5. 3 | at risk because of their work (table 10.5.3.8). This perceived
349 III, 10. 5. 3 | This perceived impact of work on health differs remarkably
350 III, 10. 5. 3 | their health affected by work, this applies to less than
351 III, 10. 5. 3 | safety at risk because of his work.~When asked how their health
352 III, 10. 5. 3 | engaged in health & social work report more often headache
353 III, 10. 5. 3 | a health impact of their work.~ ~Table 10.5.3.8. Perceived
354 III, 10. 5. 3 | 3.8. Perceived impact of work on health per country~ ~
355 III, 10. 5. 3 | 3.9. Perceived impact of work on health per symptoms.~ ~
356 III, 10. 5. 3 | by structural elements of work economies. Figure 10.5.3.
357 III, 10. 5. 3 | inactive.~ ~Figure 10.5.3.1. Work status of people aged 15
358 III, 10. 5. 3 | striking result the perceived work intensity has increased
359 III, 10. 5. 3 | deadlines”. This perceived work intensity has increased,
360 III, 10. 5. 3 | importance of organisational work load factors.~ ~Work organisational
361 III, 10. 5. 3 | organisational work load factors.~ ~Work organisational risk factors~
362 III, 10. 5. 3 | Other stressing factors at work include fear of loosing
363 III, 10. 5. 3 | changes in the world of work; regional health and safety
364 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvement of health at work requires a holistic approach,
365 III, 10. 5. 3 | autonomy and control at work (Karasek & Theorell, 1990)
366 III, 10. 5. 3 | good health remain in the work force, while those who have
367 III, 10. 5. 3 | proportion reported having to work ‘at very high speed’ - more
368 III, 10. 5. 3 | tasks.~ ~Table 10.5.3.11. Work organisational risks factors
369 III, 10. 5. 3 | organisational risks factors at work per gender~ ~A lack of job
370 III, 10. 5. 3 | proportions report no control over work methods or pace. One-third
371 III, 10. 5. 3 | particularly male workers. Shift work affects 17% of the workforce
372 III, 10. 5. 3 | methods and rate of the work. Furthermore, there is a
373 III, 10. 5. 3 | relationship between shift work and the perceived difficulty
374 III, 10. 5. 3 | difficulty of balancing work and other commitments.~More
375 III, 10. 5. 3 | is not well paid for the work he does and almost two-thirds
376 III, 10. 5. 3 | repetitive tasks and monotonous work, especially in manufacturing
377 III, 10. 5. 3 | communication.~ ~Table 10.5.3.12. Work organisational risks factors
378 III, 10. 5. 3 | organisational risks factors at work per economic sector~ ~Workers
379 III, 10. 5. 3 | managers who most often work ten hours a day. Shift work
380 III, 10. 5. 3 | work ten hours a day. Shift work is most common among employees
381 III, 10. 5. 3 | bullying and harassment.~ ~High work intensity, indicated by
382 III, 10. 5. 3 | while monotonous tasks and work shifts are more widespread
383 III, 10. 5. 3 | highest rates for shift work were found in Slovenia (
384 III, 10. 5. 3 | women.~With respect to the work tasks standing or walking,
385 III, 10. 5. 3 | moving heavy loads.~Physical work load is reported differently
386 III, 10. 5. 3 | forced body positions, heavy work and repetitive movements.
387 III, 10. 5. 3 | Physical risks factors at work per gender.~ ~Table 10.5.
388 III, 10. 5. 3 | Physical risks factors at work per economic sector.~ ~The
389 III, 10. 5. 3 | The changing world of work~The nature of work is changing
390 III, 10. 5. 3 | world of work~The nature of work is changing rapidly. Today’
391 III, 10. 5. 3 | rapidly. Today’s world of work is unrecognisable from the
392 III, 10. 5. 3 | trends include changing work patterns (new technology,
393 III, 10. 5. 3 | labour such as temporary work and fixed-term contracts (
394 III, 10. 5. 3 | rewarding and satisfying work and a better life. For others
395 III, 10. 5. 3 | managed. For example, in many work areas, job demands have
396 III, 10. 5. 3 | including an intensification of work and requirements on workers
397 III, 10. 5. 3 | for organising productive work.~ ~Information and communication
398 III, 10. 5. 3 | of capital and labour and work processes and products and
399 III, 10. 5. 3 | of information-intensive work and the learning process
400 III, 10. 5. 3 | education; health and social work; community and personal
401 III, 10. 5. 3 | of stress and violence at work. The necessity to carry
402 III, 10. 5. 3 | professions such as health-care work and teaching and there has
403 III, 10. 5. 3 | community, thus more staff work away from a fixed workplace (
404 III, 10. 5. 3 | Agency Changing World of Work report, several significant
405 III, 10. 5. 3 | significant new developments in work organisation have emerged,
406 III, 10. 5. 3 | with the aim of improving work organisation and the quality
407 III, 10. 5. 3 | reveals that high performance work practices do indeed have
408 III, 10. 5. 3 | have a positive effect on work satisfaction. Key factors
409 III, 10. 5. 3 | opportunities. Many women work in the caring services where
410 III, 10. 5. 3 | factors. More women than men work in jobs where demands are
411 III, 10. 5. 3 | individual control over the work.~A third trend is immigration
412 III, 10. 5. 3 | necessary papers to live and work in the host country and
413 III, 10. 5. 3 | difficulty in obtaining visas and work permits and are concentrated
414 III, 10. 5. 3 | workers.~ ~New forms of work~Modern organisations are
415 III, 10. 5. 3 | organisations operate and work together with others has
416 III, 10. 5. 3 | now more instability in work contracts and job descriptions.
417 III, 10. 5. 3 | possibilities for people to work self-employed from their
418 III, 10. 5. 3 | Perceived lack of control over work is a well-documented factor
419 III, 10. 5. 3 | safety issues.~ ~Increasing work pace and workload~Work intensity
420 III, 10. 5. 3 | Increasing work pace and workload~Work intensity is increasing
421 III, 10. 5. 3 | Europe with more weekend work, irregular and less predictable
422 III, 10. 5. 3 | hours (involuntary part-time work) and excessively long hours (
423 III, 10. 5. 3 | involuntary overtime). Greater work intensity and time unpredictability
424 III, 10. 5. 3 | employees’ autonomy over their work. These “new” risk factors
425 III, 10. 5. 3 | the future~The world of work has radically altered in
426 III, 10. 5. 3 | understood that returning to work after sickness absence can
427 III, 10. 5. 3 | individual returning to work is influenced by factors
428 III, 10. 5. 3 | are most effective when work health and public health
429 III, 10. 5. 3 | together for creating healthy work and work environments.~ ~
430 III, 10. 5. 3 | creating healthy work and work environments.~ ~Promoting
431 III, 10. 5. 3 | diseases and returning to work~ ~Concerns about workplace
432 III, 10. 5. 3 | However, the full impact of work accidents and occupational
433 III, 10. 5. 3 | the conditions under which work is carried out and is therefore
434 III, 10. 5. 3 | accidents and diseases caused by work and there is not yet a systematic
435 III, 10. 5. 3 | been focused on reducing work accidents and occupational
436 III, 10. 5. 3 | sustainable. In this broader view, work is an important setting
437 III, 10. 5. 3 | well-being of people at work. This can be achieved through
438 III, 10. 5. 3 | combination of improving the work organisation and the working
439 III, 10. 5. 3 | and reducing the impact of work related ill health in the
440 III, 10. 5. 3 | Legislation~ ~Health and Safety at work has been one of the main
441 III, 10. 5. 3 | on health and safety at work (Dir ), laying down a series
442 III, 10. 5. 3 | to the changing world of work and its more flexible nature (
443 III, 10. 5. 3 | employment such as temporary work, teleworking etc.), and
444 III, 10. 5. 3 | Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2007). Almost 24% of the
445 III, 10. 5. 3 | 655/EEC: suitability of work equipment~- 89/656/EEC:
446 III, 10. 5. 3 | safety requirements for work with display screen equipment~-
447 III, 10. 5. 3 | Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2005).~Employers are required
448 III, 10. 5. 3 | to noise~- the choice of work equipment emitting the least
449 III, 10. 5. 3 | maintenance programs for work equipment, the workplace
450 III, 10. 5. 3 | of the exposure through work scheduling~ ~The main relevant
451 III, 10. 5. 3 | the safety and health at work of pregnant workers and
452 III, 10. 5. 3 | related to noise exposure at work, setting a new daily exposure
453 III, 10. 5. 3 | manufacturing through to office work resulting in more than 3
454 III, 10. 5. 3 | than 3 days absence from work (European Agency for Health &
455 III, 10. 5. 3 | Agency for Health & Safety at Work, 2000,2001).~ ~Requirements
456 III, 10. 5. 3 | of Health and Safety at Work Directives 89/391 (Framework),
457 III, 10. 5. 3 | 654 (Workplaces), 89/655 (Work Equipment), 89/656 (Personal
458 III, 10. 5. 3 | Commission found out that EU work safety legislation has greatly
459 III, 10. 5. 3 | adequate legislation on work safety. In Austria, France,
460 III, 10. 5. 3 | rate of fatal accidents at work in the EU15 fell by 17%,
461 III, 10. 5. 3 | are highly effective. UK’s work safety policy is mainly
462 III, 10. 5. 3 | fatalities and major injuries at work by 10% till 2010. However,
463 III, 10. 5. 3 | The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974.~ ~
464 III, 10. 5. 3 | simple facts:~- the world of work affects health and is itself
465 III, 10. 5. 3 | changes in the world of work~- regional health and safety
466 III, 10. 5. 3 | aimed at ensuring decent work.~- promoting the collaboration
467 III, 10. 5. 3 | improvement of health at work requires a holistic approach,
468 III, 10. 5. 3 | 2007): Hearts and minds at work in Europe. A European work-related
469 III, 10. 5. 3 | and health of workers at work. Brussels. Available at: htt ML~
470 III, 10. 5. 3 | the Health and Safety at Work Directives 89/391 (Framework),
471 III, 10. 5. 3 | 654 (Work-places), 89/655 (Work Equipment), 89/656 (Personal
472 III, 10. 5. 3 | quality and productivity at work - Community strategy 2007-
473 III, 10. 5. 3 | on health and safety at work. Communication from the
474 III, 10. 5. 3 | for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA) (2002): Research
475 III, 10. 5. 3 | for Safety and Health at Work (OSHA) (2003): Research
476 III, 10. 5. 3 | on the changing world of work — Implications on occupational
477 III, 10. 5. 3 | EUROSTAT (2000): Work and Health in the EU. A
478 III, 10. 5. 3 | patterns in the world of work. International Labour Conference,
479 III, 10. 5. 3 | Theorell, T. (1990). Healthy Work: Stress, Productivity, and
480 III, 10. 5. 3 | and health: the role of work and employment. In Siegrist
481 III, 10. 5. 3 | statistics of injuries At Work~EWCS~European Working Condition
482 III, 10. 5. 3 | HSWA~Health and Safety at Work etc Act 1974~ILO~International
483 III, 10. 6. 1 | enhance health, further work is needed to deepen our
484 III, 10. 6. 1 | dose of interventions that work, as well as the characteristics
485 III, 10. 6. 2 | settings (at home, school, work). Also important are the
486 III, 10. 6. 2 | level~At this level, the work of the Commission on Social
487 III, 10. 6. 2 | guiding principles for the work made within the various
488 III, 10. 6. 2 | policy developments.~ ~ Work: ‘Environment Task Force’
489 III, 10. 6. 2 | generations. Participants work on a daily basis and carry
490 III, 10. 6. 2 | network based on shared work experience.~· Education:
491 III, 10. 6. 3 | in institutions and at work) and undermines social and
492 IV, 11. 1. 3 | attention since Thomas McKeown’s work in the 1970s (McKeown, 1979).
493 IV, 11. 1. 6 | performance, but further work should provide some insight
494 IV, 11. 1. 6 | fee-for-service for private work.~100% by salary for public
495 IV, 11. 1. 6 | fee-for-service for private work)~Pediatricians – same as
496 IV, 11. 1. 6 | fee-for-service for additional private work)~*Information as communicated
497 IV, 11. 4 | policy world and base their work processes on methods and
498 IV, 11. 4 | and methodologies that can work trans-nationally. See www. eu
499 IV, 11. 4 | sustainable network for HTA. This work involved HTA agencies, Ministries
500 IV, 11. 5. 4 | activities in this field. The work of the Council of Europe,
