Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 4. 1 | reducing the consumption of alcohol, drugs and tobacco and reducing
2 II, 4. 2 | larger than that on women. Alcohol related mortality (cause
3 II, 5. 1. 1| factors, such as smoking, alcohol use, obesity, excessive
4 II, 5. 1. 1| smoking habit and excessive alcohol consumption have a major
5 II, 5. 1. 1| trans-unsaturated fats, salt, alcohol, free sugar and low consumption
6 II, 5. 1. 1| lifestyle factors (diet, alcohol, ecc) that modify endogenous
7 II, 5. 1. 1| Certain factors, such as alcohol intake and cigarette smoking,
8 II, 5. 1. 1| overweight and limiting alcohol intake, may also contribute
9 II, 5. 1. 1| HBV and HCV) infection and alcohol drinking.~Dermatological
10 II, 5. 1. 1| tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and
11 II, 5. 2. 2| smoking habit and excessive alcohol consumption have a major
12 II, 5. 2. 3| smoking habit and excessive alcohol consumption. Thus, overall
13 II, 5. 2. 4| trans-unsaturated fats, salt, alcohol, free sugar and low consumption
14 II, 5. 2. 4| diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol consumption and psychosocial
15 II, 5. 2. 4| Interestingly, moderate alcohol intake (20-30 g/day in men
16 II, 5. 2. 4| hyperlipidemia, diabetes, overweight, alcohol use, physical activity,
17 II, 5. 2. 6| such as physical activity, alcohol, water, environment), strengthening
18 II, 5. 3. 4| e.g. unbalanced diet and alcohol) that modify endogenous
19 II, 5. 3. 7| smoking, avoidance of harmful alcohol use, diet improvement and
20 II, 5. 5.Int| drugs and the harm caused by alcohol. Initiatives under the Community’
21 II, 5. 5. 1| Kessler et al 1996) and alcohol misuse (Sullivan et al,
22 II, 5. 5. 1| prevalence and impact of alcohol problems in major depression:
23 II, 5. 5. 2| Certain factors, such as alcohol intake and cigarette smoking,
24 II, 5. 5. 2| overweight and limiting alcohol intake, may also contribute
25 II, 5. 5. 3| depression in third place, alcohol use disorders sixth rank,
26 II, 5. 5. 3| 7% of YLDs, followed by alcohol use disorder accounting
27 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenia are addicted to alcohol, nicotine or cannabis (Regier
28 II, 5. 5. 3| nicotine) or the liver (due to alcohol consumption). The underlying
29 II, 5. 5. 3| of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results
30 II, 5. 5. 3| psychiatric illness and alcohol abuse. Psychiatric comorbidity,
31 II, 5. 5. 3| to 64, organic psychoses, alcohol dependence and hysteria
32 II, 5. 5. 3| patients aged 65 or more alcohol dependence was the most
33 II, 5. 5. 3| of cigarette smoking and alcohol use in 144 PD patients and
34 II, 5. 5. 3| lowest risk in heavy smokers. Alcohol intake, however, was not
35 II, 5. 6. 3| fractures, smoking, heavy alcohol consumption, inactivity,
36 II, 5. 6. 5| physical exercise, avoidance of alcohol excess, of tobacco smoking,
37 II, 5. 10. 5| making distillates or ethyl alcohol of a agricultural origin
38 II, 5. 10. 5| making distillates or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin for
39 II, 5. 10. 5| making distillates or ethyl alcohol of agricultural origin for
40 II, 5. 12. 1| HBV and HCV) infection and alcohol drinking: the control of
41 II, 5. 12. 1| drinking: the control of alcohol drinking is the most immediate
42 II, 5. 12. 2| Cancer Institute, 2005).~Alcohol consumption data (litres
43 II, 5. 12. 4| see also Chapter 6) and alcohol drinking (Corrao and Aricò,
44 II, 5. 12. 4| changes in the patterns of alcohol consumption in several countries.
45 II, 5. 12. 4| most countries, changes in alcohol consumption were followed
46 II, 5. 12. 4| following sudden changes in alcohol consumption have been described
47 II, 5. 12. 4| World War II, when both alcohol consumption and cirrhosis
48 II, 5. 12. 4| with the extremely high alcohol consumption in these countries
49 II, 5. 12. 4| followed the decline of alcohol consumption observed thereafter (
50 II, 5. 12. 4| hepatitis and the quantity of alcohol consumption, but also to
51 II, 5. 12. 4| meal) and to the type of alcohol consumed. In these countries,
52 II, 5. 12. 4| substantial proportion of alcohol derives from fruit (plums,
53 II, 5. 12. 4| on potential changes in alcohol consumption in those centres
54 II, 5. 12. 4| mainly due to recent rises in alcohol consumption in these populations (
55 II, 5. 12. 4| there is no doubt that total alcohol consumption is a major determinant
56 II, 5. 12. 5| transmission (see Chapter 6) and of alcohol drinking.~ ~Thus, control
57 II, 5. 12. 5| drinking.~ ~Thus, control of alcohol drinking is the most immediate
58 II, 5. 12. 5| what concerns prevention of alcohol drinking .~Universal vaccination
59 II, 5. 12. 5| reduction or avoidance of alcohol drinking.~Control of alcohol
60 II, 5. 12. 5| alcohol drinking.~Control of alcohol drinking is also the key
61 II, 5. 12. 5| decades.~Since the rise of alcohol drinking in those countries
62 II, 5. 12. 5| policies to rise the price of alcohol should be adopted, together
63 II, 5. 12. 6| European countries, changes in alcohol drinking appear to well
64 II, 5. 12. 6| follow rapid changes in alcohol consumption in periods of
65 II, 5. 12. 7| age-period-cohort analysis and changing alcohol consumption. Int J Epidemiol
66 II, 5. 12. 7| hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol consumption on the risk
67 II, 5. 12. 7| La Vecchia C (2001): Alcohol in the Mediterranean diet:
68 II, 5. 12. 7| Ramstedt M (2001): Per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis
69 II, 5. 12. 7| 2006a): Health topics. Alcohol drinking. Available at: htt ~ ~
70 II, 5. 14. 4| tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption, stress, and
71 II, 5. 14. 5| the control of excessive alcohol consumption see Chapter
72 II, 7. 4. 6| depression, schizophrenia, alcohol and other drug use, and
73 II, 8. 2. 1| are Down syndrome, fetal alcohol syndrome, and fragile X
74 II, 8. 2. 1| help early in life. Fetal alcohol syndrome is a highly common
75 II, 8. 2. 1| damaging effects of drinking alcohol during pregnancy and should
76 II, 9 | of Pregnancy~ ~Drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Prenatal
77 II, 9 | pregnancy. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can be associated with a
78 II, 9 | numbers. Trends regarding alcohol drinking among young women
79 II, 9 | factors such as smoking, alcohol, poor nutrition and other
80 II, 9 | in Cyprus (1993 data).~ ~Alcohol. Despite Europeans being
81 II, 9 | world’s highest consumers of alcohol, most national and cross-cultural
82 II, 9 | difference. The consumption of alcohol in society is related to
83 II, 9 | different cultural beliefs about alcohol itself, expectancies regarding
84 II, 9 | beliefs and expectancies about alcohol experience significantly
85 II, 9 | Regular consumption of alcohol is increasing in young people,
86 II, 9 | also be influential. ~ ~Alcohol. The Charter establishing
87 II, 9 | establishing the European Alcohol and Health Forum notes that
88 II, 9 | of harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption and that alcohol
89 II, 9 | alcohol consumption and that alcohol contributes to about 25%
90 II, 9 | death as a result of excess alcohol consumption (Britton & McKee,
91 II, 9 | Britton & McKee, 2000). Alcohol exacerbates financial difficulties,
92 II, 9 | may include regular use of alcohol (especially if combined
93 II, 9 | the reduction of harmful alcohol consumption among older
94 II, 9 | including those in later life.~ ~Alcohol. Many chronic diseases which
95 II, 9 | Disease’ Report states that alcohol use is the leading cause
96 II, 9. 1. 2| of Pregnancy~ ~Drinking alcohol during pregnancy. Prenatal
97 II, 9. 1. 2| pregnancy. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can be associated with a
98 II, 9. 1. 2| numbers. Trends regarding alcohol drinking among young women
99 II, 9. 1. 2| factors such as smoking, alcohol, poor nutrition and other
100 II, 9. 1. 2| the population, such as alcohol, recreational drugs, smoking
101 II, 9. 2. 1| more often than girls), alcohol consumption, tobacco use,
102 II, 9. 2. 2| School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD):
103 II, 9. 2. 2| young people with regard to alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs.
104 II, 9. 2. 2| nutrition, physical exercise, alcohol consumption patterns, sexual
105 II, 9. 2. 2| health outcome. Food and alcohol consumption are examples.
106 II, 9. 2. 3| behaviour as well as of alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug
107 II, 9. 2. 4| in Cyprus (1993 data).~ ~Alcohol. Despite Europeans being
108 II, 9. 2. 4| world’s highest consumers of alcohol, most national and cross-cultural
109 II, 9. 2. 4| difference. The consumption of alcohol in society is related to
110 II, 9. 2. 4| different cultural beliefs about alcohol itself, expectancies regarding
111 II, 9. 2. 4| beliefs and expectancies about alcohol experience significantly
112 II, 9. 2. 4| Regular consumption of alcohol is increasing in young people,
113 II, 9. 3. 1| accidents, violence, suicide and alcohol, the overall rate is much
114 II, 9. 3. 1| addiction to smoking and alcohol, and overweight and obesity.~ ~
115 II, 9. 3. 1| tobacco use and moderation in alcohol intake are obvious. A decade
116 II, 9. 3. 1| habits, such as smoking or alcohol, greatly affect the decline
117 II, 9. 3. 1| also be influential. ~ ~Alcohol. The Charter establishing
118 II, 9. 3. 1| establishing the European Alcohol and Health Forum notes that
119 II, 9. 3. 1| of harmful and hazardous alcohol consumption and that alcohol
120 II, 9. 3. 1| alcohol consumption and that alcohol contributes to about 25%
121 II, 9. 3. 1| death as a result of excess alcohol consumption (Britton & McKee,
122 II, 9. 3. 1| Britton & McKee, 2000). Alcohol exacerbates financial difficulties,
123 II, 9. 3. 1| may include regular use of alcohol (especially if combined
124 II, 9. 3. 1| 2000): The relation between alcohol and cardiovascular disease
125 II, 9. 3. 1| 2002~ ~WHO/GENACIS (2005): Alcohol, gender and drinking problems:
126 II, 9. 3. 3| health determinants such as alcohol consumption, drugs and substance
127 II, 9. 3. 3| perception of risk may be alcohol consumption prior to having
128 II, 9. 3. 3| behaviours (especially drug and alcohol use), school and community
129 II, 9. 3. 3| The relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual
130 II, 9. 4. 4| the reduction of harmful alcohol consumption among older
131 II, 9. 4. 4| including those in later life.~ ~Alcohol. Many chronic diseases which
132 II, 9. 4. 4| Disease’ Report states that alcohol use is the leading cause
133 II, 9. 4. 5| topics, such as nutrition, alcohol and the achievement of the
134 II, 9. 5. 3| the law (FIDH, 2006).~ ~ ~Alcohol misuse~ ~Alcohol related
135 II, 9. 5. 3| 2006).~ ~ ~Alcohol misuse~ ~Alcohol related problems represent
136 II, 9. 5. 3| metabolisms as related to alcohol dehydrogenase activity.
137 II, 9. 5. 3| to cultural beliefs about alcohol, expectancies regarding
138 II, 9. 5. 3| regarding the effects of alcohol and social norms regarding
139 II, 9. 5. 3| detract from the fact that alcohol exacerbates financial difficulties,
140 II, 9. 5. 3| mortality associated with alcohol (European Commission, 2002).~ ~
141 II, 9. 5. 3| report lifetime experience of alcohol misuse or dependence. Some
142 II, 9. 5. 3| million Europeans experience alcohol problems at some time in
143 II, 9. 5. 3| Europe either suffering from alcohol problems or afflicted by
144 II, 9. 5. 3| between domestic violence and alcohol. High proportions of perpetrators
145 II, 9. 5. 3| or under the influence of alcohol at the time of the assault.
146 II, 9. 5. 3| also under the influence of alcohol at the time of the assault (
147 II, 9. 5. 3| mortality associated with alcohol (European Commission, 2002).
148 II, 9. 5. 3| needed on the contribution of alcohol to divorce, family break-up,
149 II, 9. 5. 3| may include regular use of alcohol (especially if combined
150 II, 9. 5. 3| number of girls who drink alcohol weekly rises sharply between
151 II, 9. 5. 4| the association between alcohol use and violence, is the
152 II, 9. 5. 4| caused by harmful use of alcohol (WHA58.26[53]) of 2005,
153 II, 9. 5. 4| consequences associated to harmful alcohol use, and requests Member
154 II, 9. 5. 4| diseases, health determinants (alcohol, smoking, obesity) and major
155 II, 9. 5. 6| Global Status Report: Alcohol and Young People. World
156 II, 9. 5. 6| Global Status Report: Alcohol and Young People. World
157 II, 9. 5. 6| 151.~ ~WHO/GENACIS (2005): Alcohol, gender and drinking problems:
158 II, 9. 5. 6| Interpersonal violence and alcohol policy briefing. Undated.~
159 II, 9. 5. 6| Intimate partner violence and alcohol Fact Sheet.~Available at:~htt f (
160 II, 9. 5. 7| project)~GENACIS~Gender, Alcohol and Culture: An International
161 III, 10. 1. 1| lifestyle determinants: alcohol consumption and psychosocial
162 III, 10. 1. 1| 2004) (Figure 10.1.2). Alcohol consumption is linked to
163 III, 10. 1. 1| dependency are other reasons for alcohol consumption; social networks
164 III, 10. 1. 1| lifestyle changes. Concerning alcohol consumption, core relationships
165 III, 10. 1. 1| 1984). On the other hand, alcohol consumption impacts on psychosocial
166 III, 10. 1. 1| psychosocial factors of alcohol consumption include early
167 III, 10. 1. 1| expectations about the effects of alcohol consumption, heavy social
168 III, 10. 1. 1| and a family history of alcohol dependence. Reinforcing
169 III, 10. 1. 1| drinks as well as the cost of alcohol are examples of enabling
170 III, 10. 1. 1| factors and barriers of alcohol use (Green and Potvin, 2004).~ ~
171 III, 10. 1. 1| The evidence linking male alcohol consumption to intimate
172 III, 10. 1. 1| psychosocial consequences of alcohol consumption include interpersonal
173 III, 10. 1. 1| Pohorecky, 1991; Thakker, 1998). Alcohol consumption is also important
174 III, 10. 1. 1| and family life influence alcohol consumption. It has been
175 III, 10. 1. 1| It has been reported that alcohol plays an adaptive role in
176 III, 10. 1. 1| families with higher levels of alcohol consumption. These associations
177 III, 10. 1. 1| predominant predictor of alcohol consumption (Kuntsche and
178 III, 10. 1. 1| an individual engaging in alcohol use depends on the stress
179 III, 10. 1. 1| contributor to continuation of alcohol misuse and to relapse in
180 III, 10. 1. 1| to relapse in recovering alcohol misusers. Again, heavy drinking
181 III, 10. 1. 1| both increase and decrease alcohol consumption depending on
182 III, 10. 1. 1| the association between alcohol consumption and stress is
183 III, 10. 1. 1| are affected and affect alcohol consumption~ ~ ~ ~ ~For
184 III, 10. 1. 1| concerns interventions on alcohol consumption, it is critically
185 III, 10. 1. 1| influential in reducing alcohol consumption in British men.
186 III, 10. 1. 1| perception of risk may be alcohol consumption prior to having
187 III, 10. 1. 3| limit revisited. Recent Dev Alcohol 5:373-402.~Beaglehole R (
188 III, 10. 1. 3| Barry KL (2004): Role of alcohol in late-life suicide. Alcohol
189 III, 10. 1. 3| alcohol in late-life suicide. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28(5) Suppl:
190 III, 10. 1. 3| The role of stress in alcohol use, alcoholism treatment,
191 III, 10. 1. 3| treatment, and relapse. Alcohol Res Health 23(4):263-271.~
192 III, 10. 1. 3| Issues in the linkage of alcohol and domestic violence services.
193 III, 10. 1. 3| violence services. Recent Dev Alcohol 13:387-405.~Dahlgren, G. &
194 III, 10. 1. 3| Rehm J (2003): Harmful alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health
195 III, 10. 1. 3| 2003): Harmful alcohol use. Alcohol Res Health 27(1):52-62.~
196 III, 10. 1. 3| critical review. Recent Dev Alcohol 7:147-164.~Jebb SA, Moore
197 III, 10. 1. 3| Jordan MD (2006): Adolescent alcohol and cannabis use in relation
198 III, 10. 1. 3| multilevel analyses. Drug Alcohol Depend 84(2):167-174.~Kuntsche
199 III, 10. 1. 3| risk factors predicting alcohol use in adolescence. Subst
200 III, 10. 1. 3| 1990): The relation between alcohol problems and the anxiety
201 III, 10. 1. 3| treatment of social phobia and alcohol abuse. Bull Menninger Clin
202 III, 10. 1. 3| GG (1993): Adolescents, alcohol and aggression. J Stud Alcohol
203 III, 10. 1. 3| alcohol and aggression. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 11:53-61.~Miller NS,
204 III, 10. 1. 3| associated with drug and alcohol addiction. Cleve Clin J
205 III, 10. 1. 3| associated with drug and alcohol dependence. J Addict Dis
206 III, 10. 1. 3| SP, Chermack ST (1993): Alcohol, drugs and human physical
207 III, 10. 1. 3| physical aggression. J Stud Alcohol Suppl 11:78-88.~Thakker
208 III, 10. 1. 3| health risks and benefits of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin
209 III, 10. 1. 3| of alcohol consumption. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 22(7):285S-298S.~
210 III, 10. 1. 3| The relationship between alcohol use and risk-taking sexual
211 III, 10. 1. 3| between life-events and alcohol use in the general population.
212 III, 10. 1. 3| the general population. Alcohol Alcohol 41(4):455-463.~Velleman
213 III, 10. 1. 3| general population. Alcohol Alcohol 41(4):455-463.~Velleman
214 III, 10. 1. 3| relationship between parental alcohol problems and family disharmony
215 III, 10. 1. 3| disharmony in the genesis of alcohol and other problems. I: The
216 III, 10. 1. 3| intergenerational effects of alcohol problems. Int J Addict 27(
217 III, 10. 1. 3| relationship between parental alcohol problems and family disharmony
218 III, 10. 1. 3| disharmony in the genesis of alcohol and other problems. II:
219 III, 10. 2. 1| than AIDS, car accidents, alcohol, homicides, illegal drugs,
220 III, 10. 2. 1| present and future. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2006; 25: 59-71~ ~
221 III, 10. 2. 1| 10.2.1.2. Alcohol~ ~
222 III, 10. 2. 1| Acronyms~ ~APN~Alcohol Policy Network~BAC~Blood
223 III, 10. 2. 1| Policy Network~BAC~Blood Alcohol Concentration~CHD~Coronary
224 III, 10. 2. 1| the influence of drugs, alcohol and medicine~ECAS~European
225 III, 10. 2. 1| ECAS~European Comparative Alcohol Study~ELSA~Enforcement of
226 III, 10. 2. 1| advertising and marketing of Alcohol~ESPAD~European Schools Project
227 III, 10. 2. 1| European Schools Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs~FAO~Food
228 III, 10. 2. 1| Statistical Division~FASD~Foetal Alcohol Syndrome~GBD~Global Burden
229 III, 10. 2. 1| 2.1.2.1. Introduction~ ~Alcohol can affect almost every
230 III, 10. 2. 1| with increasing levels of alcohol consumption. Alcohol is
231 III, 10. 2. 1| of alcohol consumption. Alcohol is a health determinant,
232 III, 10. 2. 1| States to manage~harmful alcohol use.~ ~Alcohol-related harm
233 III, 10. 2. 1| societal levels, in which alcohol plays a causal role. Alcohol-related
234 III, 10. 2. 1| includes the “harmful use of alcohol”, a category in the ICD-10
235 III, 10. 2. 1| risk of harm or hazardous alcohol consumption, as it is associated,
236 III, 10. 2. 1| adults. The harm done by alcohol has a larger disporptionate
237 III, 10. 2. 1| disporptionate effect on young men. Alcohol consumption is associated
238 III, 10. 2. 1| provided by the members of the Alcohol Policy Network (APN), co-financed
239 III, 10. 2. 1| European Comparative Alcohol Study (ECAS) reports (2001-
240 III, 10. 2. 1| Global Status Report on Alcohol~· Global Status Report on
241 III, 10. 2. 1| Global Status Report on Alcohol Policies~· WHO-EURO Health
242 III, 10. 2. 1| All Database~· WHO-EURO Alcohol Control Database~· WHO Global
243 III, 10. 2. 1| Control Database~· WHO Global Alcohol Database~ ~International
244 III, 10. 2. 1| European Schools Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD;
245 III, 10. 2. 1| International Handbook of Alcohol Problems and Dependence~ ~ ~
246 III, 10. 2. 1| description and analysis~Alcohol consumption and patterns
247 III, 10. 2. 1| average 11 litres of pure alcohol each year – a level over
248 III, 10. 2. 1| sales due to low taxes on alcohol).~ ~Despite the present
249 III, 10. 2. 1| 2.1. Trends in recorded alcohol consumption in population
250 III, 10. 2. 1| population aged 16+) do not drink alcohol at all, and some 58 million
251 III, 10. 2. 1| on average more than 20g alcohol per day and men who consume
252 III, 10. 2. 1| citizens aged 15+ consumed alcohol at least once during the
253 III, 10. 2. 1| months, and 65% had consumed alcohol during the previous 30 days.
254 III, 10. 2. 1| five or more drinks (50g alcohol) on one occasion at least
255 III, 10. 2. 1| citizens aged 15+ who had drunk alcohol at least once during the
256 III, 10. 2. 1| had 5 or more drinks (50g alcohol) on one occasion when they
257 III, 10. 2. 1| occasion when they consumed alcohol. Of the past month drinkers,
258 III, 10. 2. 1| drink 3-4 drinks (30-40g alcohol) on one occasion and a further
259 III, 10. 2. 1| 34% 5 or more drinks (50g alcohol). The proportion of EU15
260 III, 10. 2. 1| of EU15 adults reported alcohol consumption within the past
261 III, 10. 2. 1| five or more drinks (50g alcohol) on an occasion increased
262 III, 10. 2. 1| year-old students have drunk alcohol at some point in their life,
263 III, 10. 2. 1| School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD)
264 III, 10. 2. 1| that the average amount of alcohol drunk by 15-16 year olds
265 III, 10. 2. 1| drinking occasion was 60g of alcohol. No EU15 country outside
266 III, 10. 2. 1| reaches over 80g of pure alcohol. Last occasion drinking
267 III, 10. 2. 1| which averaged 38g of pure alcohol. The highest levels of both
268 III, 10. 2. 1| period.~ ~Acute harm from alcohol~ ~A substantial proportion
269 III, 10. 2. 1| violent crimes relating to alcohol, the proportion varying
270 III, 10. 2. 1| is a relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk
271 III, 10. 2. 1| relationship between greater alcohol use and criminal and domestic
272 III, 10. 2. 1| other drugs in addition to alcohol are taken into account.
273 III, 10. 2. 1| the higher the level of alcohol consumption, the more serious
274 III, 10. 2. 1| reviews have suggested that alcohol is a cause of child abuse
275 III, 10. 2. 1| with both the amount of alcohol consumed and the frequency
276 III, 10. 2. 1| occasions, as well as blood alcohol concentration levels. A
277 III, 10. 2. 1| departure from a zero blood alcohol concentration level (BAC).
278 III, 10. 2. 1| BAC). Comparison of blood alcohol concentrations (BACs) of
279 III, 10. 2. 1| relationship between the use of alcohol, largely in the short term,
280 III, 10. 2. 1| People who usually drink alcohol at lower levels, but who
281 III, 10. 2. 1| drinking large quantities of alcohol, are at particular risk.
282 III, 10. 2. 1| are at particular risk. Alcohol increases the risk of attendance
283 III, 10. 2. 1| can be alcohol-related. Alcohol alters the treatment course
284 III, 10. 2. 1| direct relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk
285 III, 10. 2. 1| has been estimated that alcohol is related to:~- 2,000 homicides (
286 III, 10. 2. 1| families adversely affected by alcohol.~ ~Table 10.2.1.2.2. Change
287 III, 10. 2. 1| litre increase in per capita alcohol consumption~ ~As can be
288 III, 10. 2. 1| between a 1 litre increase in alcohol consumption and death rates
289 III, 10. 2. 1| countries.~ ~Chronic harm from alcohol~ ~Alcohol is a toxic substance
290 III, 10. 2. 1| Chronic harm from alcohol~ ~Alcohol is a toxic substance that
291 III, 10. 2. 1| more different disorders. Alcohol consumption can result in
292 III, 10. 2. 1| in addiction. The risk of alcohol dependence increases with
293 III, 10. 2. 1| with both the volume of alcohol consumption and a pattern
294 III, 10. 2. 1| with increasing levels of alcohol consumption, with no evidence
295 III, 10. 2. 1| women. The total amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime
296 III, 10. 2. 1| consumed over a lifetime alcohol intake increases the risk
297 III, 10. 2. 1| linear relationship between alcohol consumption and symptoms
298 III, 10. 2. 1| function of the level of alcohol use. There is a straight
299 III, 10. 2. 1| relationship between the amount of alcohol consumed over a lifetime
300 III, 10. 2. 1| Long term exposure to alcohol increases the risk of liver
301 III, 10. 2. 1| pancreatitis. The reduction in alcohol consumption, which took
302 III, 10. 2. 1| 2).~ ~Figure 10.2.1.2.2. Alcohol consumption and cirrhosis
303 III, 10. 2. 1| rates in southern Europe~ ~Alcohol is a carcinogen; long term
304 III, 10. 2. 1| 20 grams (two drinks) of alcohol per day, with most of the
305 III, 10. 2. 1| with ageing and ill health. Alcohol raises blood pressure and
306 III, 10. 2. 1| J-shaped relationship between alcohol consumption and the risk
307 III, 10. 2. 1| pre-existing heart disease.~ ~Alcohol shows reproductive toxicity.
308 III, 10. 2. 1| toxicity. Prenatal exposure to alcohol can be associated to a distinctive
309 III, 10. 2. 1| in children with Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FASD), children
310 III, 10. 2. 1| exposed to lower levels of alcohol can also exhibit similar
311 III, 10. 2. 1| year in the European Union, alcohol causes:~- 45,000 deaths
312 III, 10. 2. 1| up all the harm done by alcohol means that 7.4% of all ill-health
313 III, 10. 2. 1| European Union is due to alcohol, placing alcohol as the
314 III, 10. 2. 1| due to alcohol, placing alcohol as the third most important
315 III, 10. 2. 1| Union~ ~Economic costs of alcohol consumption~ ~The burden
316 III, 10. 2. 1| burden of ill-health due to alcohol is disproportionally shouldered
317 III, 10. 2. 1| nearly 1 in 3 in the EU10. Alcohol is responsible for a slightly
318 III, 10. 2. 1| of deaths attributable to alcohol in EU per age group (year
319 III, 10. 2. 1| health gap are linked to alcohol. For males dying between
320 III, 10. 2. 1| 2008). Whereas in the EU15, alcohol is responsible for 29% of
321 III, 10. 2. 1| The estimates suggest that alcohol is responsible for a difference
322 III, 10. 2. 1| Anderson and Baumberg 2006).~ ~Alcohol is a cause of health inequalities
323 III, 10. 2. 1| For example, in Sweden, alcohol is the 2nd most important
324 III, 10. 2. 1| inequalities are strongly linked to alcohol, including external causes (
325 III, 10. 2. 1| southern Europe). The role of alcohol in these inequalities may
326 III, 10. 2. 1| directly attributable to alcohol than areas with the least,
327 III, 10. 2. 1| 5. The tangible cost of alcohol in Europe per cost element (
328 III, 10. 2. 1| social harms that result from alcohol consumption. They are implemented
329 III, 10. 2. 1| They are implemented by alcohol policies, which include
330 III, 10. 2. 1| the central purpose of alcohol policies is to serve the
331 III, 10. 2. 1| treat problem drinkers.~ ~Alcohol is a major economic commodity
332 III, 10. 2. 1| the centre of the global alcohol industry, acting as both
333 III, 10. 2. 1| recall that the trade in alcohol in the whole European Union
334 III, 10. 2. 1| reduce the harm done by alcohol (Anderson and Baumberg 2006).~ ~
335 III, 10. 2. 1| Maintaining the relative price of alcohol~ ~When other factors are
336 III, 10. 2. 1| constant, the more affordable alcohol is, the more it is consumed;
337 III, 10. 2. 1| impact of an increase in alcohol price is stronger in the
338 III, 10. 2. 1| effects - taking into account alcohol’s dependence producing properties -
339 III, 10. 2. 1| Policies that increase alcohol prices have been shown to
340 III, 10. 2. 1| sensitive to price, with higher alcohol taxes or prices leading
341 III, 10. 2. 1| the revenues from tax on alcohol depend on the total amount
342 III, 10. 2. 1| depend on the total amount of alcohol drunk in a country, evidence
343 III, 10. 2. 1| unsurprisingly the average alcohol tax rates, which relate
344 III, 10. 2. 1| closely to the income from alcohol taxes.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.2.
345 III, 10. 2. 1| taxes.~ ~Figure 10.2.1.2.6. Alcohol consumption and alcohol
346 III, 10. 2. 1| Alcohol consumption and alcohol tax revenue~ ~Managing the
347 III, 10. 2. 1| revenue~ ~Managing the sale of alcohol~ ~The smaller the number
348 III, 10. 2. 1| difficulty in obtaining alcohol, a situation that is likely
349 III, 10. 2. 1| that is likely to deter alcohol use and problems (Anderson
350 III, 10. 2. 1| either hours or days of alcohol sale can redistribute the
351 III, 10. 2. 1| the times in which many alcohol related accidents and violent
352 III, 10. 2. 1| violent events related to alcohol take place, this occurs
353 III, 10. 2. 1| Saturday opening of government alcohol stores was re-instituted,
354 III, 10. 2. 1| there was a 3.6% increase in alcohol sales (Norstrom and Skog
355 III, 10. 2. 1| countries legally restrict alcohol sales to minors. There is
356 III, 10. 2. 1| or not there are bans on alcohol advertisements in a jurisdiction
357 III, 10. 2. 1| specify the extent to which alcohol advertising in certain categories
358 III, 10. 2. 1| prohibition of advertising of alcohol products on television and
359 III, 10. 2. 1| examples of regulations on alcohol marketing in some countries.
360 III, 10. 2. 1| Setting and controlling blood alcohol levels.~ ~Establishing a
361 III, 10. 2. 1| an increase in passenger alcohol consumption is often found
362 III, 10. 2. 1| and persuasion to reduce alcohol related harm might seem
363 III, 10. 2. 1| supporting drinking, and in which alcohol is readily available. Many
364 III, 10. 2. 1| which aimed at reducing alcohol related harm and found that
365 III, 10. 2. 1| effective intervention to reduce alcohol related harm; although there
366 III, 10. 2. 1| increased knowledge about alcohol and in improved attitudes,
367 III, 10. 2. 1| impact of these guidelines on alcohol related harm (Anderson and
368 III, 10. 2. 1| failed to deter increases in alcohol consumption. The exception
369 III, 10. 2. 1| customer’s estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or number
370 III, 10. 2. 1| prohibiting the sale of alcohol to intoxicated customers.~ ~
371 III, 10. 2. 1| reducing drinking and driving, alcohol related traffic fatalities
372 III, 10. 2. 1| for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption reduce alcohol
373 III, 10. 2. 1| alcohol consumption reduce alcohol consumption, alcohol related
374 III, 10. 2. 1| reduce alcohol consumption, alcohol related problems and alcohol-related
375 III, 10. 2. 1| with hazardous and harmful alcohol use in the absence of severe
376 III, 10. 2. 1| people with more severe alcohol dependence and related problems,
377 III, 10. 2. 1| maximum permitted blood alcohol content, 2001~http ~ ~Council
378 III, 10. 2. 1| Recommendation on the drinking of alcohol by young people, in particular
379 III, 10. 2. 1| Commission Communication on EU alcohol strategy, 2006~http ~ ~European
380 III, 10. 2. 1| strategy, 2006~http ~ ~European alcohol and health forum, 2007~http ~ ~
381 III, 10. 2. 1| Project~http ~ ~EUROCARE – Alcohol Policy Network in the Context
382 III, 10. 2. 1| advertising and marketing of Alcohol~http ~ ~Research projects
383 III, 10. 2. 1| Research projects on alcohol:~ ~Genomics, mechanism and
384 III, 10. 2. 1| under influence of drugs, alcohol and medicine~http ~ ~DG
385 III, 10. 2. 1| DG SANCO pages on Alcohol~http ~ ~
386 III, 10. 2. 1| Anderson P, Baumberg B (2006): Alcohol in Europe: A Public Health
387 III, 10. 2. 1| Commission. London: Institute of Alcohol Studies. Available at:~htt ~ ~
388 III, 10. 2. 1| Commercial Communications and Alcohol. Utrecht: National Foundation
389 III, 10. 2. 1| National Foundation for Alcohol Prevention.~ ~Babor TF,
390 III, 10. 2. 1| Room R and Rossow I (2003): Alcohol: No Ordinary Commodity.
391 III, 10. 2. 1| 2007). Attitudes towards Alcohol. Available at:~htt f. Accessed
392 III, 10. 2. 1| to prevent and/or reduce alcohol use by young people under
393 III, 10. 2. 1| people under 18 years old Alcohol and schools: Review of effectiveness
394 III, 10. 2. 1| Giesbrecht N (2003): Alcohol, tobacco and local control.
395 III, 10. 2. 1| trials. Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs 20 25-40.~ ~Kristenson
396 III, 10. 2. 1| trials of treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction,
397 III, 10. 2. 1| Effectiveness of brief alcohol interventions in primary
398 III, 10. 2. 1| Rehm J (2005): Volume of Alcohol Consumption, Patterns of
399 III, 10. 2. 1| Region - Implications for Alcohol Policy. 10th meeting of
400 III, 10. 2. 1| national counterparts for alcohol policy in the WHO European
401 III, 10. 2. 1| School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs~HBSC~Health
402 III, 10. 2. 1| played a role in deaths are alcohol, benzodiazepines, other
403 III, 10. 2. 1| modifying the availability of alcohol and tobacco, the settings
404 III, 10. 2. 1| problems are also using alcohol and tobacco and sometimes
405 III, 10. 2. 1| School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD) (
406 III, 10. 2. 1| factors – e.g. diet, smoking, alcohol, stress improvements – is
407 III, 10. 2. 1| tobacco use and excessive alcohol consumption. Such behaviours
408 III, 10. 2. 1| factors – e.g. diet, smoking, alcohol, stress improvements – is
409 III, 10. 2. 1| as tobacco use, excessive alcohol consumption and poor dietary
410 III, 10. 2. 1| physical activity, stress, smoking and alcohol consumption also affect
411 III, 10. 2. 1| fish (Welch et al, 2002), alcohol (Sieri et al, 2002), added
412 III, 10. 2. 1| performed for tobacco and alcohol; pricing policies for food
413 III, 10. 2. 1| smoking, physical activity and alcohol consumption).~· It is recommended
414 III, 10. 2. 1| reduce the consumption of alcohol).~· Strengthen nutrition
415 III, 10. 2. 1| Slimani N (2002): Patterns of alcohol consumption in 10 European
416 III, 10. 2. 4| polymorphisms with smoking and alcohol on the risk of cardiovascular
417 III, 10. 5. 2| social pathologies such as alcohol and drug dependence being
418 III, 10. 5. 3| indirect costs for addictions (alcohol, drugs).~ ~Impact of work
419 III, 10. 6. 2| Reduced use of tobacco and alcohol, a society free from illicit
420 III, 10. 6. 2| Another goal is to reduce alcohol and drug abuse and improve
421 III, 10. 6. 3| behaviours, including the use of alcohol;~· Influencing close personal
422 IV, 11. 2. 2| public health campaigns on alcohol abuse and smoking. It is
423 IV, 12. 2 | and health, the European Alcohol and Health Forum, the e-Health
424 IV, 12. 2 | emerging technologies, alcohol and mental health.~ ~Regular
425 IV, 12. 2 | and physical activity and alcohol) or the environment (carcinogenic
426 IV, 12. 2 | on tobacco control.~ ~2. Alcohol~ ~Risk reduction strategies
427 IV, 12. 2 | social harms that result from alcohol consumption. They are implemented
428 IV, 12. 2 | They are implemented by alcohol policies, which include
429 IV, 12. 2 | health the central purpose of alcohol policies is to serve the
430 IV, 12. 2 | treat problem drinkers.~ ~Alcohol is a major economic commodity
431 IV, 12. 2 | the centre of the global alcohol industry, acting as both
432 IV, 12. 2 | recall that the trade in alcohol in the whole European Union
433 IV, 12. 2 | reduce the harm done by alcohol. ~ ~Maintaining the relative
434 IV, 12. 2 | Maintaining the relative price of alcohol~ ~When other factors are
435 IV, 12. 2 | constant, the more affordable alcohol is, the more it is consumed;
436 IV, 12. 2 | impact of an increase in alcohol price is stronger in the
437 IV, 12. 2 | effects, taking into account alcohol’s dependence producing properties
438 IV, 12. 2 | Policies that increase alcohol prices have been shown to
439 IV, 12. 2 | sensitive to price, with higher alcohol taxes or prices leading
440 IV, 12. 2 | the revenues from tax on alcohol depends on the total amount
441 IV, 12. 2 | depends on the total amount of alcohol drunk in a country, the
442 IV, 12. 2 | unsurprisingly the average alcohol tax rates, which relate
443 IV, 12. 2 | closely to the income from alcohol taxes.~ ~Managing the sale
444 IV, 12. 2 | Managing the sale of alcohol~ ~The smaller the number
445 IV, 12. 2 | difficulty in obtaining alcohol, a situation that is likely
446 IV, 12. 2 | that is likely to deter alcohol use and problems. A number
447 IV, 12. 2 | either hours or days of alcohol sale can redistribute the
448 IV, 12. 2 | the times at which many alcohol related crashes and violent
449 IV, 12. 2 | violent events related to alcohol take place, it does so at
450 IV, 12. 2 | Saturday opening of government alcohol stores was re-instituted,
451 IV, 12. 2 | there was a 3.6% increase in alcohol sales.~ ~Almost all countries
452 IV, 12. 2 | countries legally restrict alcohol sales to minors. There is
453 IV, 12. 2 | or not there are bans on alcohol advertisements in a jurisdiction
454 IV, 12. 2 | specify the extent to which alcohol advertising in certain categories
455 IV, 12. 2 | prohibition of advertising of alcohol products on television and
456 IV, 12. 2 | examples of regulations on alcohol marketing in some countries.
457 IV, 12. 2 | Setting and controlling blood alcohol levels.~ ~Establishing a
458 IV, 12. 2 | an increase in passenger alcohol consumption is often found
459 IV, 12. 2 | and persuasion to reduce alcohol related harm might seem
460 IV, 12. 2 | supporting drinking, and in which alcohol is readily available. Many
461 IV, 12. 2 | education which aimed to reduce alcohol related harm, and found
462 IV, 12. 2 | effective intervention to reduce alcohol related harm; although there
463 IV, 12. 2 | increased knowledge about alcohol and in improved attitudes,
464 IV, 12. 2 | impact of these guidelines on alcohol related harm . The United
465 IV, 12. 2 | failed to deter increases in alcohol consumption. The exception
466 IV, 12. 2 | customer’s estimated blood alcohol concentration (BAC) or number
467 IV, 12. 2 | laws prohibiting sale of alcohol to intoxicated customers. ~ ~
468 IV, 12. 2 | reducing drinking and driving, alcohol related traffic fatalities
469 IV, 12. 2 | for hazardous and harmful alcohol consumption reduce alcohol
470 IV, 12. 2 | alcohol consumption reduce alcohol consumption, as well as
471 IV, 12. 2 | demonstrating reductions in alcohol related problems and alcohol-related
472 IV, 12. 2 | with hazardous and harmful alcohol use in the absence of severe
473 IV, 12. 2 | people with more severe alcohol dependence and related problems,
474 IV, 12. 2 | or setting. ~ ~Relevant alcohol policy documents~ ~· Television
475 IV, 12. 2 | maximum permitted blood alcohol content, 2001~http Council
476 IV, 12. 2 | Recommendation on the drinking of alcohol by young people, in particular
477 IV, 12. 2 | Commission Communication on EU alcohol strategy, 2006~http European
478 IV, 12. 2 | strategy, 2006~http European alcohol and health forum, 2007~http ~ ~
479 IV, 12. 2 | Project~http EUROCARE – Alcohol Policy Network in the Context
480 IV, 12. 2 | advertising and marketing of Alcohol~http ~ ~Research projects
481 IV, 12. 2 | Research projects on alcohol~· Genomics, mechanism and
482 IV, 12. 2 | under influence of drugs, alcohol and medicine~http DG SANCO
483 IV, 12. 2 | medicine~http DG SANCO pages on Alcohol~http ~ ~For more information
484 IV, 12. 5 | determinants such as tobacco, alcohol, illegal drugs and pharmaceuticals
485 IV, 12. 10 | High ~National/Regional~Yes~Alcohol consumption~High ~National/
486 IV, 12. 10 | prohibition of sale af tobacco and alcohol to people under the age
487 IV, 12. 10 | smoking and stopping~http df~Alcohol consumption~ ~ high~Act
488 IV, 12. 10 | prohibition of sale af tobacco and alcohol to people under the age
489 IV, 12. 10 | order to prevent hazardous alcohol consumption amongst young
490 IV, 12. 10 | Research Centre/DKFZ)~ ~Alcohol consumption~High priority,
491 IV, 12. 10 | requirements aimed at prevention of alcohol abuse among young people:
492 IV, 12. 10 | Prohibition of selling alcohol to underage and youth drinking
493 IV, 12. 10 | underage and youth drinking alcohol in public (§ 9 Law for protection
494 IV, 12. 10 | are forbidden to drink any alcohol (Prohibition for novice
495 IV, 12. 10 | taxes). In general, blood alcohol concentration limits on
496 IV, 12. 10 | infringement of the regulations). Alcohol advertising is banned in
497 IV, 12. 10 | exist.~National level of alcohol consumption as well as drinking
498 IV, 12. 10 | Health Education (see www. .~ Alcohol prevention is one of the
499 IV, 12. 10 | no’” to drugs including alcohol~Project “HaLT – Hart am
500 IV, 12. 10 | preventing heavy or risky alcohol consumption amongst children
