Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | whole. Therefore, in some cases, the Report may not completely
2 I, 2. 7 | with each other, in some cases forming a single entity.
3 I, 2. 9 | desertification. In many cases, desertification is irreversible,
4 I, 2. 9 | risk of human Leishmania cases further north. The possible
5 I, 2. 10. 4 | traceability around the world. In cases of cross border trading,
6 II, 5. 1. 1 | strategies allow, in some cases, for early detection and
7 II, 5. 1. 1 | been estimated that most cases of this cancer are preventable
8 II, 5. 2. 1 | accounting for 42% of all cases of death in the EU. In the
9 II, 5. 2. 3 | data refer to two separate cases of AMI or one case of AMI
10 II, 5. 2. 5 | account for more than ¾ of IHD cases; these studies have demonstrated
11 II, 5. 3. 1 | the number of new cancer cases per 100,000 population at
12 II, 5. 3. 1 | 3.1. Estimated incident cases and deaths by selected cancer
13 II, 5. 3. 2 | collect data on all new cases of cancer occurring in a
14 II, 5. 3. 2 | survival (following up incident cases for a given time after diagnosis)
15 II, 5. 3. 2 | incidence, number of interval cases, follow-up of cases after
16 II, 5. 3. 2 | interval cases, follow-up of cases after migration or lapsed
17 II, 5. 3. 2 | down-staging of incident cases; reversal of initial prevalent
18 II, 5. 3. 2 | initial prevalent wave of cases after screening introduction;
19 II, 5. 3. 2 | representative samples of registered cases.~ ~· Providing information
20 II, 5. 3. 2 | confidentiality, but in some cases they failed to take account
21 II, 5. 3. 2 | the UK (2000). In other cases registries are prevented
22 II, 5. 3. 4 | been estimated that most cases of this cancer are preventable
23 II, 5. 3. 5 | In 2006, 3,200,000 new cases and 1,700,000 deaths were
24 II, 5. 3. 5 | Hungary for men (599 new cases per 100,000) and in Denmark
25 II, 5. 3. 5 | Denmark for women (414 new cases per 100,000). Maximum mortality
26 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe for men (482 new cases per 100,000, Figure 5.3.
27 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe for women (351 new cases per 100,000, Figure 5.3.
28 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe saw, 160,000 new cases and 118,000 deaths estimated
29 II, 5. 3. 5 | Macedonia for men (37 new cases per 100,000) and in Lithuania
30 II, 5. 3. 5 | Lithuania for women (18 new cases per 100,000); while maximum
31 II, 5. 3. 5 | 154)~In 2006, 413,000 new cases and 207,000 deaths were
32 II, 5. 3. 5 | Hungary for men (106 new cases per 100,000) and Switzerland
33 II, 5. 3. 5 | Switzerland for women (56 new cases per 100,000). Finland had
34 II, 5. 3. 5 | Figures 5.3.10) (65 new cases in men and 41 new cases
35 II, 5. 3. 5 | cases in men and 41 new cases per 100,000 in women). Figures
36 II, 5. 3. 5 | Europe there were 386,000 new cases and 335,000 estimated deaths (
37 II, 5. 3. 5 | performance in men (119 new cases and 110 deaths per 100,000)
38 II, 5. 3. 5 | with minimum rates (29 new cases and 29 deaths per 100,000).
39 II, 5. 3. 5 | that of males (46 vs 41 new cases per 100,000). Eastern Europe
40 II, 5. 3. 5 | for men in 2006 (92 new cases and 85 deaths per 100,000).
41 II, 5. 3. 5 | rates for women (31 new cases and 27 deaths per 100,000
42 II, 5. 3. 5 | an estimated 430,000 new cases and 132,000 deaths in 2006
43 II, 5. 3. 5 | estimated in Belgium (138 new cases per 100,000). Breast cancer
44 II, 5. 3. 5 | estimates were about 60,000 new cases and 30,000 deaths in 2002
45 II, 5. 3. 5 | 185)~In 2006, 346,000 new cases and 87,000 deaths were estimated
46 II, 5. 3. 6 | on 2 699 086 adult cancer cases that were diagnosed in 1995–
47 II, 5. 3. 8 | increasing. The number of new cases is also increasing, because
48 II, 5. 3. 8 | of all cancer prevalent cases in 2002. With cancer prevalence,
49 II, 5. 3. 8 | increase in prevalent cancer cases (i.e. increased needs of
50 II, 5. 4. 2 | still be resolved:~· in most cases population-based denominators
51 II, 5. 4. 2 | prevalence; different portion of cases with less severe diabetes
52 II, 5. 4. 2 | is worth mentioning the cases of Sweden (Gudbjörnsdottir
53 II, 5. 4. 2 | Carinci et al 2006).~In other cases, registers are client-based,
54 II, 5. 4. 2 | denominators, which in many cases lead to reports that are
55 II, 5. 4. 2 | target population. In all cases, they do not provide us
56 II, 5. 4. 2 | EUCID as the number of new cases of diabetes in children
57 II, 5. 4. 2 | the ratio of the number of cases of diabetes present in the
58 II, 5. 4. 2 | ratio of the number of new cases of blindness in one year
59 II, 5. 4. 2 | retinopathy/total number of cases of blindness in the same
60 II, 5. 4. 2 | defined as the number of new cases with dialysis and/or transplantation (
61 II, 5. 4. 2 | defined as the number of all cases with dialysis/transplantation
62 II, 5. 4. 2 | defined as the number of new cases of major amputations (above
63 II, 5. 4. 2 | defined as the number of new cases with stroke (both ischemic
64 II, 5. 4. 2 | defined as the number of new cases with any myocardial infarction
65 II, 5. 4. 3 | Luxembourg) and 60 (Finland) cases per 100,000 per year. The
66 II, 5. 5. 1 | undertreated in as much as 80% of cases of completed suicide. Furthermore,
67 II, 5. 5. 2 | diseases account for most cases of dementia (Kurz, 2002).
68 II, 5. 5. 2 | between 30 and 59. In some cases, population statistics were
69 II, 5. 5. 2 | prevention. Combined in some cases with an advance directive,
70 II, 5. 5. 3 | female; nonetheless, 10% of cases occur in male. Both anorexia
71 II, 5. 5. 3 | to 18; however, several cases appear in childhood as well
72 II, 5. 5. 3 | health and policy. In most cases, actions and programmes
73 II, 5. 5. 3 | Norway. Although in some cases variations like this might
74 II, 5. 5. 3 | treatment among serious cases were not merely a result
75 II, 5. 5. 3 | the need for treatment in cases of severe disorders was
76 II, 5. 5. 3 | of stigma in 428 concrete cases of stigmatization reported
77 II, 5. 5. 3 | countries do not in all cases cover direct and indirect
78 II, 5. 5. 3 | order to reduce chronic cases and financial burden;~·
79 II, 5. 5. 3 | included in DSM-IV to encompass cases where there is marked impairment
80 II, 5. 5. 3 | urban location and whether cases were assessed prospectively
81 II, 5. 5. 3 | Commission, 1993). These cases add up to the so-called
82 II, 5. 5. 3 | only in about one-half of cases (Berg & Shinnar, 1991).
83 II, 5. 5. 3 | Thus, multiple sources of cases must be explored to maximize
84 II, 5. 5. 3 | studies, the proportion of cases with documented etiology
85 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepticus) occurred in 41% of cases (incidence 23.5 per 100,
86 II, 5. 5. 3 | groups. The percentage of cases with documented etiology
87 II, 5. 5. 3 | Population ~Design~No. of cases ~Prevalence ratio (per 1,
88 II, 5. 5. 3 | were reported in 55-60% of cases, generalized seizures in
89 II, 5. 5. 3 | syndromic category in 41-54% of cases from Sweden, Finland and
90 II, 5. 5. 3 | Callenbach et al, 2001). In most cases, SUDEP is triggered by a
91 II, 5. 5. 3 | childhood-onset epilepsy, 64% of cases were in 5-year terminal
92 II, 5. 5. 3 | DMSR) has collected MS cases since 1948 (www ), and has
93 II, 5. 5. 3 | recording information on MS cases from multiple sources, including
94 II, 5. 5. 3 | 88% (Greece) of prevalent cases. The combined proportion
95 II, 5. 5. 3 | distribution of prevalent cases by disease severity and
96 II, 5. 5. 3 | detect benign and/or early cases; (c) the different degree
97 II, 5. 5. 3 | courses and severely disabled cases, subsequently underestimating
98 II, 5. 5. 3 | and is based on prevalent cases. It is often unclear whether
99 II, 5. 5. 3 | Score (EDSS) for prevalent cases (Kurtzke, 1983). Disability
100 II, 5. 5. 3 | syndromes’). Identifying benign cases in the early stages of MS
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | Estimated total number of cases of Parkinson’s disease in
102 II, 5. 5. 3 | Estimated total number of cases of Parkinson’s disease in
103 II, 5. 5. 3 | up to 36% of identified cases in community-based studies.
104 II, 5. 5. 3 | Distribution of Parkinson’s disease cases according to the Hoehn &
105 II, 5. 5. 3 | explain the higher number of cases with mild disability (HYI-II)
106 II, 5. 5. 3 | Distribution of Parkinson’s disease cases according to the Hoehn &
107 II, 5. 5. 3 | the definition of incident cases (symptom onset vs. date
108 II, 5. 5. 3 | clinical ascertainment of cases. Mov Disord 13(3):400-405.~
109 II, 5. 5. 3 | clinico-pathological study of 100 cases. Journal of neurology, neurosurgery,
110 II, 5. 6. 3 | Clinic-based established cases have a far worse prognosis
111 II, 5. 6. 3 | that about two-thirds of cases had mild or moderate disability
112 II, 5. 6. 3 | account for about 10% of cases whereas 90% of people with
113 II, 5. 6. 3 | for more than 1 month. In cases with chronic back pain,
114 II, 5. 6. 3 | reflects that about 50% of cases are associated to a non-specific
115 II, 5. 6. 4 | the consequence in milder cases with varying intensity of
116 II, 5. 7. 3 | min per 1.74 m2 ) of 12.1 cases per million of the age-related
117 II, 5. 7. 3 | corresponding figure was 7.7 cases /year pmarp (<30 ml/min
118 II, 5. 7. 3 | al, 2004). Indeed, 9 new cases of ESRD developed in 1983
119 II, 5. 7. 3 | 1978. By comparison, 16 cases of ESRD had developed in
120 II, 5. 7. 3 | min per 1.74 m2) of 74.7 cases pmarp (Ardissino et al,
121 II, 5. 7. 3 | corresponding figure was 21 cases pmarp (Esbjorner et al,
122 II, 5. 7. 3 | years) in Europe is about 60 cases pmarp (Van der Heijden et
123 II, 5. 9. FB | studied over the years in cases where the mother does not
124 II, 5. 9. 2 | societies, the number of cases and the prevalence of asthma
125 II, 5. 9. 3 | represents about 35% of prevalent cases of the young adult population (
126 II, 5. 9. 4 | significant increase in cases of allergic respiratory
127 II, 5. 9. 4 | higher among females (2.9 cases.1000 person-yrs(-1)) than
128 II, 5. 9. 4 | than among males (1.5 cases.1000 person-yrs(-1)). (Torén
129 II, 5. 9. 4 | determine about 1 in 10 cases of asthma in the working
130 II, 5. 9. 4 | occupational asthma of 250-300 cases per million people per year.~ ~
131 II, 5. 9. 5 | management. Most asthma cases are self-managed by patients
132 II, 5. 9. 5 | clinical monitoring in severe cases. At this level there are
133 II, 5. 10. 3 | except for a very few severe cases of non-responsive adult
134 II, 5. 10. 6 | responsible for the majority of cases. For this purpose, well-designed
135 II, 5. 11. 3 | Prevalence=8% (including mild cases)~Meding B, et al~ ~Swedish
136 II, 5. 11. 3 | skin condition that in most cases develops during in early
137 II, 5. 11. 3 | may be continuous in some cases. Atopic eczema often has
138 II, 5. 11. 3 | make the eczema worse. Many cases of atopic eczema clear or
139 II, 5. 11. 3 | but it is likely that most cases are mild and can be managed
140 II, 5. 11. 3 | atopic eczema, 60% of eczema cases were considered to be very
141 II, 5. 11. 3 | carcinoma (SCC) and over 50 new cases of melanoma per 100,000.
142 II, 5. 11. 3 | Registry registered 38 629 cases of NMSC (19 600 in men and
143 II, 5. 11. 3 | doubling the number of cases every 10-15 years), probably
144 II, 5. 11. 3 | 2000 there were 132 000 cases of melanoma diagnosed world-wide
145 II, 5. 11. 3 | in 2000 there were 35 000 cases of melanoma diagnosed and
146 II, 5. 11. 3 | high-resource countries (104 000 cases and 25 000 deaths) and low-
147 II, 5. 11. 3 | medium-resource countries (28 500 cases and 12 000 deaths) (Ferlay
148 II, 5. 11. 3 | for detecting such early cases varies widely within relatively
149 II, 5. 12. 6 | i.e. comparatively younger) cases, the lack of population-based
150 II, 5. 12. 6 | proportion of cirrhosis cases, liver transplantation is
151 II, 5. 14. 3 | These are predominantly cases of quality dental care,
152 II, 5. 14. 3 | methods emphasized in most cases limitations among population
153 II, 5. 14. 3 | ahead of the moderate (3%), cases. Severe forms were marginal
154 II, 5. 15. 2 | cohorts and observatories of cases started to be established
155 II, 6. 2. 0(2) | sources, only confirmed cases are included where the status
156 II, 6. 2. 0(2) | been used for the other cases.~
157 II, 6. 3. 1 | incidence and number of cases through concerted prevention
158 II, 6. 3. 2 | was present in 15–20% of cases reported by the Baltic Republics (
159 II, 6. 3. 2 | frequent in previously treated cases, and in foreigners, especially
160 II, 6. 3. 3 | Netherlands.~ ~ ~Figure 6.2. HIV cases per million.~Source: ECDC,
161 II, 6. 3. 3 | heterosexual contact: from 2 314 cases in 1996 to 6 386 in 2004.
162 II, 6. 3. 3 | then has risen from 2 615 cases in 2001 to 4 151 in 2004.
163 II, 6. 3. 3 | number of newly diagnosed cases of HIV among injecting drug
164 II, 6. 3. 3 | low proportion of total cases, and has declined since
165 II, 6. 3. 3 | 2001 (from 1 491 to 860 cases in 2004), although data
166 II, 6. 3. 3 | from Estonia). With 171 cases reported in 2005, mother-to-child
167 II, 6. 3. 3 | of the newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection believed
168 II, 6. 3. 3 | trend). In 2005, 203 691 cases of Chlamydia infection were
169 II, 6. 3. 3 | countries, with almost 96% of cases from (in descending order)
170 II, 6. 3. 3 | from levels of up to 200 cases per 100 000 per year in
171 II, 6. 3. 3 | 2005, a total of 27 537 cases were reported by 22 countries.
172 II, 6. 3. 3 | the early 1990s (over 60 cases per 100 000 per year in
173 II, 6. 3. 3 | incidence remained below 10 cases per 100 000 per year, with
174 II, 6. 3. 3 | In 2005, 12 945 syphilis cases were reported by 24 countries.
175 II, 6. 3. 3 | partners.~ ~Almost 180 000 cases of Hepatitis B were reported
176 II, 6. 3. 3 | decreasing trend from 6.6 to 2.6 cases per 100 000 per year over
177 II, 6. 3. 3 | late 1990s. Of the 6 977 cases reported in 2005 by 26 countries,
178 II, 6. 3. 3 | than 29 000 hepatitis C cases were reported by 24 countries.
179 II, 6. 3. 4 | season, although sporadic cases do occur throughout the
180 II, 6. 3. 4 | closer to Europe, with human cases as close as Turkey, but
181 II, 6. 3. 4 | as Turkey, but no human cases in Europe. This virus in
182 II, 6. 3. 4 | Table 6.A1.1 Number of cases of tubercolosis~ ~ ~ ~Figure
183 II, 6. 3. 4 | tubercolosis~ ~ ~ ~Figure 6.A1.1 TB cases per 100,000 selected countries
184 II, 6. 3. 4 | Figure 6.A1.2 Tubercolosis cases by age and gender~ ~ ~ ~
185 II, 6. 3. 4 | A1.4 New culture positive cases (Sweden smear)~ ~ ~Table
186 II, 6. 3. 4 | smear)~ ~ ~Table 6.A1.2 Cases of TB between 1995 and 2004~ ~ ~ ~
187 II, 6. 3. 4 | 2004~ ~ ~ ~Table 6.A1.3 Cases of TB by age groups~ ~ ~ ~ ~
188 II, 6. 3. 4 | drug-resistance among TB cases is low to moderate.~· The
189 II, 6. 3. 4 | where TB rates are moderate, cases of foreign origin rare,
190 II, 6. 3. 4 | Norway reported 59 497 TB cases corresponding to an overall
191 II, 6. 3. 4 | Kingdom) had more than 5 000 cases each, accounting for 62%
192 II, 6. 3. 4 | accounting for 62% of all cases reported. With the EU expansion
193 II, 6. 3. 4 | to female ratio, 1.7:1). Cases aged over 64 accounted for
194 II, 6. 3. 4 | accounted for 22% of the cases overall, while children
195 II, 6. 3. 4 | the majority of notified cases. In people of foreign origin,
196 II, 6. 3. 4 | highest in the elderly. Cases of foreign origin accounted
197 II, 6. 3. 4 | accounted for 30% of all cases reported in the 25 countries (
198 II, 6. 3. 4 | countries (range 0–78%). Most cases of foreign origin were from
199 II, 6. 3. 4 | EU in 2005, 22% of AIDS cases had TB as the initial AIDS-indicator
200 II, 6. 3. 4 | countries. While 15% of TB cases in Portugal were HIV positive,
201 II, 6. 3. 4 | HIV prevalence among TB cases has also increased since
202 II, 6. 3. 4 | immuno-compromised individuals. Sporadic cases and outbreaks occur worldwide.
203 II, 6. 3. 4 | 189 human legionellosis cases were reported by 23 countries.
204 II, 6. 3. 4 | 000 per year. In 2005, 746 cases of travel-associated Legionnaires’
205 II, 6. 3. 4 | had resulted in 8 098 SARS cases in 26 countries, with 774
206 II, 6. 3. 4 | Although sporadic imported cases of SARS also appeared in
207 II, 6. 3. 4 | from the infection. No SARS cases were reported in the world
208 II, 6. 3. 5 | There have been no endemic cases of polio since 1992, only
209 II, 6. 3. 5 | polio since 1992, only a few cases of diphtheria are still
210 II, 6. 3. 5 | quarters of all EU measles cases. The same downward trend
211 II, 6. 3. 5 | at between five and six cases per 100 000 per year, but
212 II, 6. 3. 5 | stable at between one and two cases per 100 000 per year. Good
213 II, 6. 3. 5 | In 2005, a total of 5 494 cases were reported by 26 countries.
214 II, 6. 3. 5 | and the UK. In 2005, 1 145 cases were reported by 25 countries.
215 II, 6. 3. 5 | very high proportion of cases have been reported among
216 II, 6. 3. 5 | 2005, a total of 13 207 cases were reported by 24 countries.
217 II, 6. 3. 5 | European countries, and in some cases quite dramatically. Close
218 II, 6. 3. 5 | the other EU countries, cases are only observed sporadically.
219 II, 6. 3. 5 | 2005, only Latvia reported cases (20) with an incidence of
220 II, 6. 3. 5 | 000 per year in 2000 (nine cases) and for Malta with 0.5
221 II, 6. 3. 5 | 000 per year in 2002 (two cases). In 2005, altogether 137
222 II, 6. 3. 5 | In 2005, altogether 137 cases were reported by 21 countries.
223 II, 6. 3. 5 | reported almost 50% of all cases and the highest incidence
224 II, 6. 3. 5 | decrease in the number of cases in France and in Italy,
225 II, 6. 3. 5 | a significant number of cases have still been observed
226 II, 6. 3. 5 | In 2005, a total of 1 291 cases were reported by 25 countries,
227 II, 6. 3. 5 | countries, with more than 50% of cases (776) from Germany. The
228 II, 6. 3. 5 | since then the number of cases has again been steadily
229 II, 6. 3. 5 | 2005, a total of 52 918 cases were reported by 23 countries.
230 II, 6. 3. 5 | In 2005, a total of 1 498 cases were reported by 22 countries.
231 II, 6. 3. 5 | caused an outbreak of 71 cases with two deaths in an unvaccinated
232 II, 6. 3. 6 | almost no secondary domestic cases seen in recent years. The
233 II, 6. 3. 6 | systems miss the majority of cases, namely those patients who
234 II, 6. 3. 6 | increasing trend from 85 000 cases in 1995, to 180 000–190
235 II, 6. 3. 6 | 2005, more than 200 000 cases were reported, with the
236 II, 6. 3. 6 | the proportion of imported cases varies considerably between
237 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries with 99% domestic cases in Czech Republic, Lithuania
238 II, 6. 3. 6 | 61% and 52% of reported cases were imported.~ ~Salmonellosis~ ~
239 II, 6. 3. 6 | 876 human salmonellosis cases were reported by 27 countries,
240 II, 6. 3. 6 | group 0–4 years (27% of cases), decreasing steadily in
241 II, 6. 3. 6 | high proportion of imported cases (77–87%).~Alternative sources
242 II, 6. 3. 6 | large under-reporting of cases in some of the Member States.~ ~
243 II, 6. 3. 6 | proportion (31%) of all reported cases (n=20 746), was reported
244 II, 6. 3. 6 | between 1995 and 2004 (6 440 cases). In 2005, a total of 1
245 II, 6. 3. 6 | human typhoid/paratyphoid cases were reported by 26 countries.
246 II, 6. 3. 6 | 7 425 human shigellosis cases were reported by 26 countries.
247 II, 6. 3. 6 | representing 10% of all cases. Lithuania (13.43 per 100
248 II, 6. 3. 6 | bloody diarrhoea that in some cases may proceed to a severe
249 II, 6. 3. 6 | In 2005, a total of 5 218 cases were reported by 25 countries.
250 II, 6. 3. 6 | incidence rate of reported cases has been relatively stable,
251 II, 6. 3. 6 | notified a total of 9 564 cases of human yersiniosis with
252 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries reported 1 491 cases in 2005. Denmark (0.85 per
253 II, 6. 3. 6 | More than half the reported cases occurred in individuals
254 II, 6. 3. 6 | In 2005, 96 listeriosis cases were associated with pregnancy.
255 II, 6. 3. 6 | reported by Germany (56 cases), France (37 cases) and
256 II, 6. 3. 6 | Germany (56 cases), France (37 cases) and Denmark (three cases).~ ~
257 II, 6. 3. 6 | cases) and Denmark (three cases).~ ~Brucellosis~ ~Brucellosis
258 II, 6. 3. 6 | products. The number of cases steadily decreased from
259 II, 6. 3. 6 | from 1999 (just under 4 000 cases (0.87 per 100 000)) to 2004 (
260 II, 6. 3. 6 | 100 000)) to 2004 (1 743 cases (0.38 per 100 000)). Twenty-six
261 II, 6. 3. 6 | countries reported 1 429 cases in 2005, with an overall
262 II, 6. 3. 6 | Poland reported the most cases over the 10-year period.
263 II, 6. 3. 6 | In 2005, a total of 152 cases were reported by 22 countries
264 II, 6. 3. 6 | five reported 20 or more cases, with Lithuania reporting
265 II, 6. 3. 6 | The number of imported cases has remained small; a peak
266 II, 6. 3. 6 | remained small; a peak of 40 cases was observed in 1998 but
267 II, 6. 3. 6 | In the last 10 years, 237 cases were reported ( 0.01 per
268 II, 6. 3. 6 | 000 per year). In 2005, 34 cases were reported by 20 countries,
269 II, 6. 3. 6 | available. Almost 210 000 cases have been reported in Europe
270 II, 6. 3. 6 | since then. In 2005, 6 695 cases were reported by 25 countries.
271 II, 6. 3. 6 | 2005, 1 519 toxoplasmosis cases were reported by 14 countries,
272 II, 6. 3. 6 | and animals, the reported cases only reflect a minute proportion
273 II, 6. 3. 6 | minute proportion of all cases, and very few conclusions
274 II, 6. 3. 6 | years. In 2005, some 15 103 cases were reported by 18 countries.
275 II, 6. 3. 6 | scanty. In 2005, almost 8 000 cases were reported by 16 countries,
276 II, 6. 3. 6 | highest incidence rates. Most cases occurred in the age groups
277 II, 6. 3. 6 | The number of reported cases has been steadily decreasing
278 II, 6. 3. 6 | In 2005, altogether 337 cases were reported by 22 countries.
279 II, 6. 3. 6 | rates. The real number of cases is probably considerably
280 II, 6. 3. 6 | relatively stable. In 2005, 153 cases were reported by 25 countries.
281 II, 6. 3. 6 | of increased numbers of cases in the future, particularly
282 II, 6. 3. 6 | reported annual number of cases (30) was in 1999. Since
283 II, 6. 3. 6 | the number of reported cases declined steadily until
284 II, 6. 3. 6 | 2004~In 2005, a total of 21 cases were reported by 18 EU Member
285 II, 6. 3. 6 | States. Slovakia reported 11 cases; however, the criteria for
286 II, 6. 3. 6 | criteria for reporting these cases may have been different
287 II, 6. 3. 6 | the other countries. Six cases reported in France, two
288 II, 6. 3. 6 | up the remainder of the cases reported.~ ~
289 II, 6. 3. 7 | diseases have a low number of cases, are often geographically
290 II, 6. 3. 7 | the EU network, but these cases are almost all imported.
291 II, 6. 3. 7 | prevention and control. Imported cases through travel need to be
292 II, 6. 3. 7 | years the reported number of cases in the EU has been very
293 II, 6. 3. 7 | countries reporting the most cases over the last 10 years and
294 II, 6. 3. 7 | in Sweden. In 2005, 508 cases were reported by 21 countries.
295 II, 6. 3. 7 | has been an increase of cases every third year. The year
296 II, 6. 3. 7 | peaks, with more than 2 500 cases reported by Finland and
297 II, 6. 3. 7 | varying between 0.2 and 0.5 cases per 100 000. In 2005, 958
298 II, 6. 3. 7 | per 100 000. In 2005, 958 cases were reported by 21 countries.
299 II, 6. 3. 7 | ranging from 0.1 to 0.22 cases per 100 000. The lowest
300 II, 6. 3. 7 | 000. The lowest number of cases in recent years (687) was
301 II, 6. 3. 7 | report a high number of cases, partly related to higher
302 II, 6. 3. 7 | departments. In 2005, 900 cases were reported by 24 countries,
303 II, 6. 3. 7 | reported a total of 250 cases throughout the period (though
304 II, 6. 3. 7 | 10-year period). The most cases were reported by Spain (
305 II, 6. 3. 7 | countries reported just 10 cases.~ ~West Nile fever~ ~West
306 II, 6. 3. 7 | affecting five and seven cases respectively. In addition,
307 II, 6. 3. 7 | addition, sporadic imported cases have been reported in several
308 II, 6. 3. 7 | infection of most imported cases is the USA, where an increasing
309 II, 6. 3. 7 | years no more than seven cases per year were reported across
310 II, 6. 3. 7 | across the EU (total 21 cases). In 2005, five cases of
311 II, 6. 3. 7 | 21 cases). In 2005, five cases of rabies were reported
312 II, 6. 3. 7 | large number of imported cases in Europe, malaria surveillance
313 II, 6. 3. 7 | of the imported malaria cases to Europe, mainly through
314 II, 6. 3. 7 | In 2005, 4 306 malaria cases were reported by 26 countries (
315 II, 6. 3. 7 | that the trend of malaria cases in returning travellers
316 II, 6. 3. 7 | those infections for which cases were reported in returning
317 II, 6. 3. 7 | mainly in children. Imported cases of Dengue fever are not
318 II, 6. 3. 7 | reported annually some 120–220 cases, the UK around 200–250 cases,
319 II, 6. 3. 7 | cases, the UK around 200–250 cases, and Belgium and Sweden
320 II, 6. 3. 7 | Belgium and Sweden 25–60 cases. According to available
321 II, 6. 3. 7 | According to available data, no cases of DHF were reported in
322 II, 6. 3. 7 | 15% of the hospitalised cases may die. Individual short
323 II, 6. 3. 7 | a total of five imported cases of Lassa fever in Europe
324 II, 6. 3. 7 | the past five years: two cases in the UK from Sierra Leone (
325 II, 6. 3. 7 | from Sierra Leone, and two cases in Germany in 2000 from
326 II, 6. 3. 7 | d’Ivoire and Nigeria. No cases were reported in 2005.~ ~
327 II, 6. 3. 7 | returning from Zimbabwe. No cases were reported in 2005.~ ~
328 II, 6. 3. 7 | Marburg haemorrhagic fever cases have been reported in Europe
329 II, 6. 3. 7 | a century. Only sporadic cases have been reported in travellers
330 II, 6. 3. 7 | 2001 and 2005, and two cases from Ireland in 1998 and
331 II, 6. 3. 7 | country of the UK and Irish cases).~ ~Plague~ ~In Europe no
332 II, 6. 3. 7 | In Europe no human plague cases have been reported for a
333 II, 6. 3. 7 | characteristics, it is unlikely that cases have been missed. Though
334 II, 6. 3. 7 | years, a growing number of cases have been reported to the
335 II, 6. 4. 3 | early notification of cases;~· outbreak assistance and
336 II, 7. 3. 1 | All medically treated cases”). Also, indicators on health
337 II, 7. 3. 5 | of all medically treated cases (See Table 7.1).~ ~Suicide
338 II, 7. 3. 5 | in the EU27 (24% of all cases, almost 61 000 people a
339 II, 7. 4. 1 | group is estimated as 26000 cases in the EU27. For every death
340 II, 7. 4. 1 | traumatic injury. Another 800 cases are treated at the accident
341 II, 7. 4. 2 | represents about 8 million cases per year in the EU27 (Working
342 II, 8. 1. 1 | weather conditions. In many cases disabilities are associated
343 II, 8. 2. 1 | genetic or congenital in 51% cases, acquired in 19%, genetic
344 II, 8. 2. 1 | acquired in 18%. Among all cases, 9% had SPID as the only
345 II, 8. 2. 1 | towards mild to moderate cases.~ ~Vulnerable groups~ ~Overall,
346 II, 8. 2. 1 | Primary prevention~ ~Some cases of intellectual disability
347 II, 9 | the majority of individual cases of congenital anomaly, the
348 II, 9 | factors. For about 15% of cases, there is an identifiable
349 II, 9 | abnormality. Under 5% of cases can be attributed to a known
350 II, 9 | are needed to capture all cases of congenital rubella syndrome,
351 II, 9 | control weight gain. In many cases it is reported that children
352 II, 9. 1 | care in nearly half of the cases (see chapter 9.3.2).~ ~This
353 II, 9. 1. 1 | excluding post-neonatal CP cases acquired during 1990-1998
354 II, 9. 1. 1 | countries, with fewer mild cases in registers from the Southern
355 II, 9. 1. 1 | and mild cerebral palsy cases, born 1990-1998, in selected
356 II, 9. 1. 2 | Many registers also include cases diagnosed later in infancy
357 II, 9. 1. 2 | proportion of multiply malformed cases where a karyotype has been
358 II, 9. 1. 2 | in Table 9.1.2.1, these cases have been excluded from
359 II, 9. 1. 2 | anomaly, the vast majority of cases of congenital anomaly across
360 II, 9. 1. 2 | increasing proportion of cases, among both older and younger
361 II, 9. 1. 2 | In many countries, most cases of neural tube defects are
362 II, 9. 1. 2 | for nearly two thirds of cases. Geographic variation within
363 II, 9. 1. 2 | The great majority of cases of gastroschisis are prenatally
364 II, 9. 1. 2 | the diagnosis of milder cases. Hypospadias is of particular
365 II, 9. 1. 2 | the majority of individual cases of congenital anomaly, the
366 II, 9. 1. 2 | factors. For about 15% of cases, there is an identifiable
367 II, 9. 1. 2 | abnormality. Under 5% of cases can be attributed to a known
368 II, 9. 1. 2 | are needed to capture all cases of congenital rubella syndrome,
369 II, 9. 1. 2 | treating a sufficient volume of cases. However, information on
370 II, 9. 1. 2 | Comparisons of the proportion of cases prenatally diagnosed, the
371 II, 9. 1. 2 | used and the proportion of cases resulting in termination
372 II, 9. 1. 2 | potential to link registry cases to death notifications in
373 II, 9. 2. 3 | increase in the number of cases in the UK (from 137 in 1996
374 II, 9. 2. 3 | of all reported HIV/AIDS cases are among those under 25
375 II, 9. 2. 3 | and wellbeing, and in many cases their self esteem, but it
376 II, 9. 2. 3 | disturbances. In extreme cases, dieting may also affect
377 II, 9. 2. 4 | control weight gain. In many cases it is reported that children
378 II, 9. 3. 1 | limited because they omit cases of undiagnosed conditions
379 II, 9. 3. 1 | diagnoses can vary. Tackling cases of under reporting and improving
380 II, 9. 3. 1 | also obesity. Although most cases of venous thrombosis are
381 II, 9. 3. 1 | 1988 to 2001. The number of cases of diabetes is expected
382 II, 9. 3. 1 | HIV/AIDS. Although most new cases of HIV/AIDS reported in
383 II, 9. 3. 1 | but 24,184 newly diagnosed cases of HIV were recorded in
384 II, 9. 3. 1 | population. Over a third of cases (36%) were females. For
385 II, 9. 3. 1 | men. Thirteen per cent of cases were young people between
386 II, 9. 3. 1 | increase in the number of cases, ranging from 137 in 1996
387 II, 9. 3. 1 | 1990s, an increase in the cases of gonorrhoea has been observed
388 II, 9. 3. 1 | experienced a 35% increase in male cases and a 32% rise in female
389 II, 9. 3. 1 | and a 32% rise in female cases between 1995-97 (WHO, 2001).
390 II, 9. 3. 1 | development of ED, with 80% of cases believed to have a physical
391 II, 9. 3. 1 | frequently affected (75-80% of cases) than men. The disease has
392 II, 9. 3. 2 | variation in Europe. In many cases, especially for small Countries,,
393 II, 9. 3. 2 | methodology for identifying cases. The EURO-PERISTAT group
394 II, 9. 4. 3 | by 177%, from 150 to 416 cases, between 1995 and 2003,
395 II, 9. 4. 3 | between 1995 and 2003, whilst cases of gonorrhoea rose 249%,
396 III, 10. 2. 1 | of child abuse in 16% of cases.~The risk of drinking and
397 III, 10. 2. 1 | admissions and drinking & driving cases (Ragnarsdottir et al, 2002).~ ~
398 III, 10. 2. 1 | roughly between 1 and 8 cases per 1000 inhabitants aged
399 III, 10. 2. 1 | users ranging from 1.5–5.3 cases 1 000 inhabitants aged 15–
400 III, 10. 2. 1 | roughly between one and six cases per 1 000 population aged
401 III, 10. 2. 1 | of between four and five cases per 1 000 of the population
402 III, 10. 2. 1 | ranging between 0.5 and 6 cases per year for a population
403 III, 10. 2. 1 | much higher estimate of 15 cases per 1000 has been reported.
404 III, 10. 2. 1 | injectors) of between 3 and 4 cases for an adult population
405 III, 10. 2. 1 | predominance of IDUs among the new cases of HIV and AIDS was overrun
406 III, 10. 2. 1 | group. Since data on new HIV cases is incomplete and missing
407 III, 10. 2. 1 | time trends based on AIDS cases (Figure 10.2.1.3.5).~ ~Figure
408 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| mortality, which may miss some cases and misclassify a drug-related
409 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| ill-defined. The extend to which cases are coded correctly might
410 III, 10. 2. 1(14)| countries still include cases due to psychoactive medicines
411 III, 10. 2. 1 | mentioned in 60-90% of all death cases and these could therefore
412 III, 10. 2. 1 | metabolites) are present in most cases of acute drug-related deaths
413 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug in about 40% of all cases. However, both the number
414 III, 10. 2. 1 | buprenorphine, but also in a few cases other substances (codeine,
415 III, 10. 2. 1 | 1993, when substitution cases in the EU were estimated
416 III, 10. 2. 1 | of the adult ( 30 years) cases of type 2 diabetes are due
417 III, 10. 2. 1 | responsible for about 55% of cases of hypertensive disease,
418 III, 10. 2. 1 | hypertensive disease, 35% of cases of both ischemic heart disease
419 III, 10. 2. 1 | and about a quarter of cases of osteoarthritis. The term “
420 III, 10. 2. 4 | paper which covered 14.000 cases and 3000 shared controls
421 III, 10. 2. 4 | Member States as in most cases only a few reference laboratories
422 III, 10. 2. 4 | association study of 14,000 cases of seven common diseases
423 III, 10. 3. 1 | leads to 100 to 1200 extra cases of lung cancer every year.
424 III, 10. 3. 1 | estimation is 800 extra cases. In Sweden (population 9
425 III, 10. 3. 1 | population 9 million), 400-700 cases of lung cancer can be ascribed
426 III, 10. 3. 1 | 2002, more than 21 000 new cases of melanoma were diagnosed
427 III, 10. 3. 1 | US women population (6213 cases, 7390 age-matched controls)
428 III, 10. 3. 2 | sources e.g. in accidental cases, as contamination in products
429 III, 10. 3. 3 | season, although sporadic cases do occur throughout the
430 III, 10. 3. 3 | case fatality and number of cases (incidence) in the population.~ ~
431 III, 10. 3. 3 | incidence and number of cases through concerted prevention
432 III, 10. 3. 4 | was fatal in 10–50% of all cases and may lead to nervous
433 III, 10. 3. 4 | Exceptionally, mortality cases were reported more in rural
434 III, 10. 4. 2 | Nevertheless, the human cases linked to food-borne outbreaks
435 III, 10. 4. 2 | fatality, and number of cases (incidence) in the population.~ ~
436 III, 10. 4. 2 | information on zoonoses cases in humans was acquired from
437 III, 10. 4. 2 | Reported Campylobacter cases in 2005 increased by 7.8%
438 III, 10. 4. 2 | an incidence rate of 51.6 cases per 100,000 people and to
439 III, 10. 4. 2 | and to a total of 197,363 cases. Poultry meat is assumed
440 III, 10. 4. 2 | decrease in the number of human cases when compared to 2004, salmonellosis
441 III, 10. 4. 2 | options to treat the disease cases may be limited.~· Verotoxigenic
442 III, 10. 4. 2 | animals to human disease cases, inhibits a proper assessment
443 III, 10. 4. 2 | geographical distribution of cases and related risk of acquiring
444 III, 10. 4. 2 | No information on human cases of Toxoplasma infections
445 III, 10. 4. 2 | or reporting no positive cases. However, the progress towards
446 III, 10. 4. 2 | there were only few rabies cases reported in humans, the
447 III, 10. 4. 2 | the increased reporting of cases in domestic animals and
448 III, 10. 4. 2 | risk calculated~at 75-130 cases of cancer per~year in the
449 III, 10. 4. 2 | established and in some cases the use of substances is
450 III, 10. 4. 2 | carcinogens, were in most cases related to migration from
451 III, 10. 4. 2 | foods in Sweden. In some cases high levels of acrylamide
452 III, 10. 4. 2 | safe levels and in most cases over 99.9%. The results
453 III, 10. 4. 3 | outbreaks and 34.8% of the cases of illnesses. Viral agents
454 III, 10. 4. 3 | outbreaks (27%) and 60.6% of cases of illness. Four outbreaks
455 III, 10. 4. 3 | caused by protozoa (3.7% of cases of illness), two by chemical
456 III, 10. 4. 3 | chemical contamination (0.1% of cases of illness), and in four
457 III, 10. 4. 3 | of illness), and in four cases an unknown microbial agent
458 III, 10. 4. 3 | implicated (0.8% of the cases of illness). The data must
459 III, 10. 4. 5 | from the site or, in some cases, on exposure modelling;
460 III, 10. 4. 5 | proven effective in some cases in waste management policies.
461 III, 10. 4. 5 | non-informative studies. In the cases in which epidemiological
462 III, 10. 4. 5 | waste and, therefore in most cases, waste must be land filled
463 III, 10. 5. 1 | to be stated that in many cases the environmental determinants
464 III, 10. 5. 1 | indoor environment, in some cases even desired (for example,
465 III, 10. 5. 1 | materials and products. In most cases, these compounds affect
466 III, 10. 5. 1 | resulted in over 16 700 cases of illness) were recorded
467 III, 10. 5. 1 | the sewage system. In both cases, hygiene concerns are predominant
468 III, 10. 5. 2 | from urban centres. In many cases it seems easier to define “
469 III, 10. 5. 2 | conditions and more overweight cases (Verheij et al., 1998).
470 III, 10. 5. 2 | avoidable mortality) and reduced cases of hospitalization (Gulliford
471 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural settings, while in many cases lower rural disease prevalence
472 III, 10. 5. 3 | project, data on recognised cases for 31 items of the European
473 III, 10. 6. 1 | contacted child in 41-86% of the cases in the EU-countries, being
474 III, 10. 6. 1 | week in at least 75% of the cases. Absent contact was rare
475 III, 10. 6. 1 | applying to 1% or less of cases (Kohb et al., 2005).~ ~The
476 III, 10. 6. 1 | gender in more than 50% of cases, the proportion dropping
477 IV, 11. 1. 3 | improved quality; in many cases through an increased role
478 IV, 11. 1. 3 | contain costs and in many cases introduced activity-based
479 IV, 11. 1. 6 | health system, and in some cases in their different roles
480 IV, 11. 1. 6 | to be made about outlier cases (i.e. treatment episodes
481 IV, 11. 2. 1 | disease control and in some cases reduce hospital admission
482 IV, 11. 5. 4 | the past decade.~ ~Even in cases where there have been sustained
483 IV, 11. 6. 3 | and then regressive. In cases where individuals are either
484 IV, 11. 6. 4 | given population. There are cases where the collection and
485 IV, 11. 6. 4 | across the population, in cases where there are multiple
486 IV, 11. 6. 4 | purchasing is paramount. In some cases, the revenue collection
487 IV, 11. 6. 4 | supplements’. However, in most cases, benefit changes occurred
488 IV, 11. 6. 4 | such as the severity of cases and differences in clinical
489 IV, 11. 6. 4 | and Morrow, 1989). In some cases, outcome indicators could
490 IV, 12. 1 | and plant health). In some cases, legislative measures and
491 IV, 12. 2 | confidentiality, but in some cases they failed to take account
492 IV, 12. 2 | admissions and in drink-driving cases. ~ ~There is also evidence
493 IV, 12. 10 | Moreover in a number of cases The Smoke-free Environments
494 IV, 12. 10 | National (and in some cases federal) laws e. g. against
495 IV, 12. 10 | management of the above cases of patients.~Furthermore
496 IV, 12. 10 | radiation~Number of skin cancer cases~Domain of objective 5~ ~
497 IV, 13. 1 | EU Member States in some cases consisting in orders of
498 IV, 13. 5 | approximately 60-70% of dementia cases. The primary risk factor
499 IV, 13. 6. 1 | social care;~· In extreme cases, lifelong societal costs
500 IV, 13. 6. 2 | effective. This may include cases where the parent, or the
