Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | demand of health implies higher and higher investments,
2 I, 2. 1 | health implies higher and higher investments, it is very
3 I, 2. 1 | four main channels: (i) higher productivity; (ii) higher
4 I, 2. 1 | higher productivity; (ii) higher labour supply;(iii) improved
5 I, 2. 2 | as long as they meet the higher requirements of this age
6 I, 2. 3 | abortion rates are much higher for foreign than for European
7 I, 2. 3 | and Northern Africa had higher fertility rates than non-immigrants.
8 I, 2. 4 | policies have contributed to higher growth and more jobs. Still,
9 I, 2. 4 | premature mortality are higher among those with lower levels
10 I, 2. 4 | proportionally faster in the higher socio-economic groups than
11 I, 2. 4 | faster mortality declines in higher socio-economic groups were
12 I, 2. 4 | socio-economic groups, the higher socio-economic groups tended
13 I, 2. 4 | Apparently, people with higher levels of education have
14 I, 2. 4 | of morbidity are usually higher among those with a lower
15 I, 2. 4 | chronic diseases have a higher prevalence in the lower
16 I, 2. 4 | incomes will in turn lead to higher poverty rates.~ ~While healthcare
17 I, 2. 5 | people aged less than 25 much higher than for those 25 or more
18 I, 2. 5 | incomes will in turn lead to higher poverty rates. The 15th
19 I, 2. 5 | muscular-skeletal disorders. Higher skilled workers face the
20 I, 2. 5 | work-health problems are far higher in small businesses. SMEs
21 I, 2. 7 | a huge cut in pollution, higher quality of life and the
22 I, 2. 8 | Lignite~ ~As for coal; higher pollutant emissions and
23 I, 2. 9 | the century, which is also higher than projected global warming (
24 I, 2. 9 | species northwards and to higher altitudes, changes in life-cycle
25 I, 2. 9 | encephalitis are moving into higher altitudes and latitudes.
26 I, 2. 10. 4 | identification technologies is higher with other healthcare supply
27 I, 3. 1 | these regions have slightly higher fertility rates than elsewhere
28 I, 3. 1 | what it currently is. As higher educated women have their
29 I, 3. 1 | the number of women with higher education explains about
30 I, 3. 1 | most likely have (somewhat) higher fertility in the future.~ ~
31 I, 3. 1 | general, the percentages are higher in later birth cohorts;
32 I, 3. 1 | More recent cohorts show higher levels, but women from these
33 I, 3. 1 | Trussell, 1984; Prioux, 1993). Higher educated women are much
34 I, 3. 1 | does not always imply that higher educated women opt voluntarily
35 I, 3. 1 | in becoming pregnant at higher ages. However, there is
36 I, 3. 1 | there is evidence that higher educated women conceive
37 I, 3. 1 | rates outside marriage are higher than the birth rates outside
38 I, 3. 1. 0(2) | period TFR would become higher than the cohort rate.~
39 I, 3. 2 | growth at the moment (i.e. a higher number of deaths than births)
40 I, 3. 3 | lower fertility than to higher mortality. The pyramid for
41 II, 4. 1 | The figures are somewhat higher in the EU15 than in the
42 II, 4. 1 | continued to converge towards higher values. These are high convergence
43 II, 4. 1 | LE in Japan is four years higher than in both EU27 and USA.
44 II, 4. 1 | LE at birth is one year higher in the EU27 compared to
45 II, 4. 1 | have more experience and higher expectations of these indicators.
46 II, 4. 2 | decline in mortality at higher ages had a larger effect
47 II, 4. 2 | elderly ages, at slightly higher ages than in the 1980s.
48 II, 4. 2 | for men in the 1990s was higher than in the 1980s and in
49 II, 4. 2 | for women in the 1980s was higher than for men. Also after
50 II, 4. 2 | rate of increase has been higher than in countries where
51 II, 4. 2 | expectancy in 1970 is one year higher, the average annual increase
52 II, 5. 1. 1 | nephrotoxic drugs are at higher risk for CKD. Currently,
53 II, 5. 1. 1 | is likely to determine an higher incidence of food allergy,
54 II, 5. 2. 1 | cancers combined with a higher percentage of women (54%
55 II, 5. 2. 1 | Allender et al, 2008) and a higher mortality in the lower socio-economic
56 II, 5. 2. 2 | and mortality rates are higher compared to those of the
57 II, 5. 2. 2 | because mortality rates are higher compared to those of Mediterranean
58 II, 5. 2. 3 | years, IHD mortality is higher in men than in women but
59 II, 5. 2. 3 | 15%. Mortality rates are higher in men than in women and
60 II, 5. 2. 3 | there almost eight times higher (in men 72 deaths per 100.
61 II, 5. 2. 3 | the MONICA data, this was higher in populations in Northern,
62 II, 5. 2. 3 | Warsaw it was three times higher than it was in Catalonia,
63 II, 5. 2. 3 | while it was four times higher in women. The results of
64 II, 5. 2. 3 | heart disease (CHD) was higher in many populations in Southern,
65 II, 5. 2. 3 | mortality rates are much higher for men than for women;
66 II, 5. 2. 3 | 2008). Stroke mortality is higher in men than in women in
67 II, 5. 2. 3 | there almost seven times higher. In women it varies from
68 II, 5. 2. 3 | there almost eight times higher. As shown in table 5.2.5,
69 II, 5. 2. 3 | and recurrent events) is higher in populations in Northern
70 II, 5. 2. 3 | Lithuania is three times higher than it is in Italy. A comparison
71 II, 5. 2. 3 | greater in countries with higher rates. The decline would
72 II, 5. 2. 4 | with age and that it is higher in women than in men. These
73 II, 5. 2. 4 | increases with age and is higher among elderly women.~Table
74 II, 5. 2. 4 | men, smoking is generally higher in Southern, Baltic and
75 II, 5. 2. 4 | In women, it is generally higher in Northern Europe and Southern
76 II, 5. 2. 6 | countries, is about 2 times higher than the risk associated
77 II, 5. 3. 2 | and oral cancer rates are higher in ethnic minorities;~-
78 II, 5. 3. 2 | individuals and families at higher risk of developing cancer.
79 II, 5. 3. 5 | Eastern Europe maintains higher levels (in respect with
80 II, 5. 3. 5 | Czech Republic and Slovakia had higher mortality rates than the
81 II, 5. 3. 5 | incidence estimated rate was higher than that of males (46 vs
82 II, 5. 3. 6 | 5-year relative survival higher then 40% for men and 55%
83 II, 5. 3. 6 | year relative survival was higher in women than in men in
84 II, 5. 3. 6 | lower in Poland (48%) and higher in Sweden (70%) (Figure
85 II, 5. 3. 6 | these countries is still higher than in Eastern European
86 II, 5. 3. 6 | European mean: 76%) cancer was higher in Nordic countries (except
87 II, 5. 3. 6 | in 2000–02 was generally higher in Northern European countries
88 II, 5. 4. 3 | gradient in Europe, with a much higher incidence in the Nordic
89 II, 5. 4. 3 | older the population, the higher the percentage.~Smoking.
90 II, 5. 4. 3 | older the individual, the higher the incidence.~The annual
91 II, 5. 5.Int | minority groups are at a higher risk for victimisation by
92 II, 5. 5.Int | preliminary evidence showed higher proportions of depression
93 II, 5. 5.Int | late-life depression. The higher risk of depression in older
94 II, 5. 5.Int | of depression includes a higher burden on social security
95 II, 5. 5.Int | that the rates of AD were higher among women of lower education,
96 II, 5. 5. 1 | to place an individual at higher risk of suicide including
97 II, 5. 5. 1 | States, suicide rates are higher for people over 65 than
98 II, 5. 5. 1 | ESEMED countries, a burden higher than that attributable,
99 II, 5. 5. 1 | Lifetime suicide attempts were higher among those with a generalised
100 II, 5. 5. 1 | distress. This percentage was higher in women (20%) than in men (
101 II, 5. 5. 1 | Slovakia.~3) those with a higher prevalence of psychological
102 II, 5. 5. 1 | Mortality rates for suicide are higher in EU27 for both men and
103 II, 5. 5. 2 | were not available for the higher age groups. This was the
104 II, 5. 5. 2 | could be seen as leading to higher costs for health care and
105 II, 5. 5. 2 | faced with the prospect of higher costs for healthcare, it
106 II, 5. 5. 3 | and weight control, with a higher level for girls (18%) than
107 II, 5. 5. 3 | born in urban areas show a higher incidence. The data on fluctuation
108 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sweden evaluated that the higher mortality rate (23.0% vs.
109 II, 5. 5. 3 | which cannot be due to higher incidence or prevalence
110 II, 5. 5. 3 | 506 is more than 100 fold higher than the value reported
111 II, 5. 5. 3 | YLD), the portion is even higher – i.e. more than two fifths.
112 II, 5. 5. 3 | with schizophrenia have a higher prevalence of HIV infections
113 II, 5. 5. 3 | nicotine addicts is three times higher (88%; Punnoose and Belgamwar
114 II, 5. 5. 3 | for Europe 2001 were much higher, namely 36% to 45%. This
115 II, 5. 5. 3 | antipsychotics in Finland is 50% higher than in Sweden, whereas
116 II, 5. 5. 3 | contradictory; some findings suggest higher rates compared to many other
117 II, 5. 5. 3 | Suvisaari et al, 1999), but even higher estimates cannot account
118 II, 5. 5. 3 | ASD exist. ~ ~Although a higher mortality risk has been
119 II, 5. 5. 3 | communities having an estimate higher than those previously reported
120 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005). The incidence is higher in children and in the elderly (
121 II, 5. 5. 3 | has been reported to be higher in men than in women, although
122 II, 5. 5. 3 | during different periods. The higher SMRs reported by the French
123 II, 5. 5. 3 | appear to be substantially higher than that of the general
124 II, 5. 5. 3 | in children, and by the higher proportion of neurodeficits
125 II, 5. 5. 3 | epilepsy are reported to be at higher risk of suicide than the
126 II, 5. 5. 3 | Suicide rates may be even higher (SMR 87.5; 95% CI 35-180)
127 II, 5. 5. 3 | underemployment rates are generally higher in patients with epilepsy
128 II, 5. 5. 3 | countries (RESt-1 Group, 2000). Higher seizure frequency is associated
129 II, 5. 5. 3 | frequency is associated with higher rates of unemployment (Smeets
130 II, 5. 5. 3 | and across regions. The higher prevalence rates of MS reported
131 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence rate of 136, which was higher than that in the city’s
132 II, 5. 5. 3 | Sardinia were significantly higher than the national mean rates
133 II, 5. 5. 3 | 100 000. Mean rates are higher in northern countries, maybe
134 II, 5. 5. 3 | Norway, where prevalence was higher in the population aged 50–
135 II, 5. 5. 3 | out. Mean rates tend to be higher in countries where the degree
136 II, 5. 5. 3 | disease investigation is also higher, with better accuracy in
137 II, 5. 5. 3 | of those countries with higher life expectancy are found
138 II, 5. 5. 3 | expectancy are found to also have higher MS incidence (WHO, 2004),
139 II, 5. 5. 3 | and incidence were much higher: 1,280 to 1,500/100,000
140 II, 5. 5. 3 | conflicting evidence of a higher prevalence for men: some
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | advanced stages of PD cause higher healthcare expenditures
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | similar in most studies. Higher probabilities of participation
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | studies may explain the higher number of cases with mild
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | found to be about five times higher in advanced stages of PD
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders are generally higher in the old Member States
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | longitudinal study: two-fold higher incidence in men. ILSA Working
147 II, 5. 6. 3 | 1992). The prevalence is higher in women, and increases
148 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoarthritis from a low to a higher radiological score, with
149 II, 5. 6. 3 | studies the prevalence is higher in women than men (the ratio
150 II, 5. 6. 3 | the working population and higher between 25 and 64 years
151 II, 5. 7. 1 | complications which is 2-4 times higher than that of the coeval
152 II, 5. 7. 1 | with ESRD have a 100 times higher risk (Baigent et al, 2000).
153 II, 5. 7. 1 | Kidney damage~with normal or higher GFR*~>90~585.1~1-5 T if
154 II, 5. 7. 3 | rates which are three times higher in the United States compared
155 II, 5. 7. 3 | to a nephrologist and had higher prevalence of obesity and
156 II, 5. 7. 3 | increased with age and was higher in males than in females (
157 II, 5. 7. 3 | This is partly due to a higher US incidence rate of diabetic
158 II, 5. 7. 3 | incidence rate of RRT was higher in socially deprived areas
159 II, 5. 7. 3 | CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in medical databases in
160 II, 5. 7. 3 | females than in males. The higher prevalence on CKD in females,
161 II, 5. 7. 3 | i.e. the stages showing a higher risk for CV complications
162 II, 5. 7. 3 | females (Figure 5.7.3), while higher figures are reported in
163 II, 5. 7. 3 | females (Germany, Italy) or higher in females (Belgium (Van
164 II, 5. 7. 3 | age and was more than 50% higher in males compared to females (
165 II, 5. 7. 3 | transplant recipients was much higher: 32% and 56%, respectively (
166 II, 5. 7. 3 | CKD was 1.3 to 1.5 times higher in medical databases in
167 II, 5. 7. 3 | females than in males. The higher prevalence on CKD in females,
168 II, 5. 7. 4 | nephrotoxic drugs are at higher risk for CKD.~ ~There are
169 II, 5. 7. 4 | the prevalence of RRT was higher in socially deprived areas
170 II, 5. 7. 5 | hepatitis (HBC and HBB) are at higher risk for CKD. When the risk
171 II, 5. 7. 6 | and quality of life are higher in transplant recipients
172 II, 5. 8. 3 | This was significantly higher in smokers (18.8%).~ ~A
173 II, 5. 8. 3 | prevalence of COPD at stage I or higher was estimated at 26.1%,
174 II, 5. 8. 3 | gender, and at stage II or higher at 10.7%. A doctor diagnosis
175 II, 5. 8. 3 | major organ systems was higher, and a frequency > 1% within
176 II, 5. 8. 3 | or COPD proved to be at higher risk of depression (OR 3.
177 II, 5. 8. 3 | cost of treatment) were higher for COPD than for asthma (
178 II, 5. 8. 4 | infections, will result in higher COPD prevalence, morbidity,
179 II, 5. 8. 6 | 6. Future developments~ ~Higher standards of COPD care and
180 II, 5. 9. FB | of allergy. Significant higher prevalence of atopy and
181 II, 5. 9. FB | partially explained by the higher physicians’ awareness of
182 II, 5. 9. 3 | where asthma prevalence was higher than 30%, allergic rhinitis
183 II, 5. 9. 3 | prevalence also resulted to be higher than 15%. In Italy, the
184 II, 5. 9. 3 | cost of treatment) was higher for COPD than for asthma.~ ~
185 II, 5. 9. 4 | Estonia found an incidence higher among females (2.9 cases.
186 II, 5. 9. 4 | 3, P=0.017). Risks were higher for asthma defined by bronchial
187 II, 5. 9. 4 | grass sensitization was higher than that for any other
188 II, 5. 9. 4 | europea and P. judaica is higher in Southern Europe than
189 II, 5. 9. 4 | sensitization to the silver birch is higher in Northern Europe than
190 II, 5. 9. 4 | atopy) was 32.3%, with a higher prevalence in males (35.
191 II, 5. 9. 4 | or seasons. Substantial higher levels of specific elements
192 II, 5. 9. 4 | combination were significantly higher than to Ova or PM alone.
193 II, 5. 10. 1 | hypersensitivity (FHS) is much higher than the prevalence of clinically
194 II, 5. 10. 3 | as 1:200 ( and probably higher) in Europe and the Western
195 II, 5. 11. 3 | subtypes; this figure is higher than for that for diseases
196 II, 5. 11. 3 | Williams et al, 1994a) with higher rates in socio-economically
197 II, 5. 11. 3 | prevalence and region, with higher rates in the South East
198 II, 5. 11. 3 | correlates with the much higher prevalence of body piercing
199 II, 5. 11. 3 | allergic to piercing is higher depending on the number
200 II, 5. 11. 3 | sensitized require substantially higher concentrations than 0.5
201 II, 5. 11. 3 | for ear piercing with an higher corrosion resistance and
202 II, 5. 11. 3 | melanoma. The rates are higher in men and women in Southern
203 II, 5. 11. 3 | 1990s, incidence rates were higher in northern and Western
204 II, 5. 11. 3 | Europe whereas mortality was higher in men in eastern and southern
205 II, 5. 11. 3 | mid-1990s (1993–1997) are higher in Nordic countries and
206 II, 5. 14. 1 | low income households have higher caries rates and more unmet
207 II, 5. 14. 1 | treatment needs than their higher income counterparts. A concern
208 II, 5. 14. 2 | improve the production of higher quality information in oral
209 II, 5. 14. 3 | low income households have higher caries rates and more unmet
210 II, 5. 14. 3 | treatment needs than their higher income counterparts.~ ~Despite
211 II, 5. 14. 3 | adults might have similar or higher levels of new caries formation
212 II, 5. 14. 3 | Dental erosion showed a higher than average prevalence
213 II, 6. 3. 2 | use in Northern Europe to higher use in Southern Europe;
214 II, 6. 3. 3 | target the populations at a higher risk. These are the high-incidence
215 II, 6. 3. 3 | vulnerable populations at higher risk of infection and therefore
216 II, 6. 3. 3 | incidence was 4.5 times higher in men than in women.~ ~
217 II, 6. 3. 3 | affected. Incidence was higher in men than in women (male
218 II, 6. 3. 3 | 100 000). Incidence was higher in men than women (male
219 II, 6. 3. 4 | out of 23 countries was higher than during the 2003–04
220 II, 6. 3. 4 | proportion of B viruses was higher than in the rest of Europe.
221 II, 6. 3. 4 | and usually with a much higher disease and death rate than
222 II, 6. 3. 4 | itself. In countries with higher overall rates, the proportion
223 II, 6. 3. 5 | last 10 years, an overall higher incidence has been observed
224 II, 6. 3. 6 | is probably considerably higher than those reported given
225 II, 6. 3. 6 | the EU. The risk remains higher in imported and wild animal
226 II, 6. 3. 7 | Finland and 330 from Sweden. Higher than usual incidences were
227 II, 6. 3. 7 | cases, partly related to higher incidence in its overseas
228 II, 7. 1 | one area which should rank higher on the political agenda
229 II, 7. 1 | investments and accordingly higher savings in healthcare and
230 II, 7. 3. 2 | Lithuania is over five times higher than in the Netherlands,
231 II, 7. 4. 1 | share of fatal injuries is higher in very young ages (Figure
232 II, 7. 4. 2 | advanced age account for a higher than average hospitalisation
233 II, 7. 6 | socio-economically disadvantaged people higher on the political agenda.~
234 II, 8. 2. 1 | health status. For example, higher rates of obesity, mental
235 II, 8. 2. 1 | to poverty and rates are higher in deprived and urban areas (
236 II, 9 | al, 2006). Studies report higher rates of antepartum, intrapartum
237 II, 9 | pregnancies also carry a much higher fetal and neonatal mortality
238 II, 9 | risk is mostly due to the higher preterm birth rate in multiple
239 II, 9 | and morbidity rates are higher among socially disadvantaged
240 II, 9 | promoted.~ ~Some women are at higher risk of delivering babies
241 II, 9 | are both associated with higher congenital anomaly risk (
242 II, 9 | is also associated with a higher risk (Waller, 2007; EUROCAT,
243 II, 9 | primary school level have a higher risk of health problems
244 II, 9 | alcohol-related problems. Higher levels of alcohol-related
245 II, 9 | therapy (Beral, 2003), and higher body mass index (BMI) in
246 II, 9 | increase for those with higher levels of education. For
247 II, 9 | likely to be exposed to higher levels of indoor air pollution
248 II, 9. 1. 1 | This median rate was much higher (4.4/1 000) among countries
249 II, 9. 1. 1 | acceded in 2007, however, was higher at 6.9 per 1 000 births.~ ~F ~ ~
250 II, 9. 1. 1 | all these groups are at a higher risk of having longer-term
251 II, 9. 1. 1 | moderately preterm births, have higher mortality and are more likely
252 II, 9. 1. 1 | developing CP is 60 to 100 times higher in VLBW babies/very preterm
253 II, 9. 1. 2 | the British Isles was not higher than in many continental
254 II, 9. 1. 2 | European countries have higher rates, for example Germany,
255 II, 9. 1. 2 | and two areas report a higher prevalence – Sicily at 3.
256 II, 9. 1. 2 | al, 2006). Studies report higher rates of antepartum, intrapartum
257 II, 9. 1. 2 | pregnancies also carry a much higher fetal and neonatal mortality
258 II, 9. 1. 2 | risk is mostly due to the higher preterm birth rate in multiple
259 II, 9. 1. 2 | and morbidity rates are higher among socially disadvantaged
260 II, 9. 1. 2 | promoted.~ ~Some women are at higher risk of delivering babies
261 II, 9. 1. 2 | are both associated with higher congenital anomaly risk (
262 II, 9. 1. 2 | is also associated with a higher risk (Waller, 2007; EUROCAT,
263 II, 9. 1. 2 | ethnic groups may experience higher risks due to deprivation,
264 II, 9. 2. 1 | among 15-year-old girls are higher in Latvia (over 42%) and
265 II, 9. 2. 3 | a month was found to be higher among boys and girls, and
266 II, 9. 2. 3 | body size is consistently higher among girls than boys. The
267 II, 9. 2. 4 | primary school level have a higher risk of health problems
268 II, 9. 2. 4 | alcohol-related problems. Higher levels of alcohol-related
269 II, 9. 2. 6 | permanent nature. This is a higher priority than the analysis
270 II, 9. 2. 6 | for children needs to move higher up the European and political
271 II, 9. 3. 1 | the overall rate is much higher in men (White & Holmes,
272 II, 9. 3. 1 | obesity.~ ~Despite these higher levels of morbidity and
273 II, 9. 3. 1 | transport accidents is 2.4 times higher than that of females (Niederlaender,
274 II, 9. 3. 1 | 18-24 yrs) have a much higher accident incidence rate
275 II, 9. 3. 1 | preliminary evidence showed higher proportions of depression
276 II, 9. 3. 1 | of depression includes a higher burden on social security
277 II, 9. 3. 1 | Suicide rates are generally higher among men than among women,
278 II, 9. 3. 1 | of suicide attempts are higher among women (EIWH, 2006).
279 II, 9. 3. 1 | indicated that women also have a higher rate of repeated attacks
280 II, 9. 3. 1 | and Slovenia are 2-3 times higher than the EU27 average (WHO
281 II, 9. 3. 1 | with diabetes may have a higher coronary heart diseases (
282 II, 9. 3. 1 | pressure and a significantly higher mean systolic blood pressure
283 II, 9. 3. 1 | pancreas. It also leads to a higher risk of developing hypertension,
284 II, 9. 3. 1 | respectively 4.5. and 4.4. times higher in men than women. Up to
285 II, 9. 3. 1 | age, with incidence rates higher in Scandinavia than in other
286 II, 9. 3. 1 | age. Incidence rates are higher amongst women in Scandinavia
287 II, 9. 3. 1 | men falling, men have a higher mortality as a result of
288 II, 9. 3. 1 | therapy (Beral, 2003), and higher body mass index (BMI) in
289 II, 9. 3. 1 | increase for those with higher levels of education. For
290 II, 9. 3. 2 | data show the same or even higher maternal mortality ratios
291 II, 9. 3. 2 | maternal conditions, the higher multiple birth rates caused
292 II, 9. 3. 2 | example, some countries have higher rates of obstetrical interventions,
293 II, 9. 3. 2 | increasing trend towards higher rates of caesarean section
294 II, 9. 3. 2 | meaning, because some of the higher mortality countries may
295 II, 9. 3. 2 | preterm babies have a much higher rate of disabling impairments
296 II, 9. 3. 2 | multiple births – which have higher mortality and morbidity –
297 II, 9. 3. 2 | childbirth and thus generating higher levels of parental anxiety,
298 II, 9. 3. 3 | first intercourse is much higher among women compared to
299 II, 9. 3. 3 | from 5.1 to 5.5 .~ ~Besides higher prevalence of multiple partners,
300 II, 9. 3. 3 | rural areas, with a moderately higher proportion in Central and
301 II, 9. 3. 3 | surveys in Finland notice a higher prevalence of multiple partners
302 II, 9. 3. 3 | recent sexual intercourse is higher for men than for women~ ~
303 II, 9. 3. 3 | relationship, being in a higher social class, having a higher
304 II, 9. 3. 3 | higher social class, having a higher level of education and age
305 II, 9. 3. 3 | age is an indicator of a higher probability of risky behaviours
306 II, 9. 4. 3 | harm are approximately 26% higher in Europeans over 65 than
307 II, 9. 4. 3 | countries, the suicide rate is higher in those over 75. More appropriate
308 II, 9. 4. 3 | late-life depression. The higher risk of depression in older
309 II, 9. 4. 3 | therefore, is probably higher than previously believed (
310 II, 9. 4. 3 | glucose tolerance, is notably higher in older women than in older
311 II, 9. 4. 3 | Wales and Scotland, show higher rates in the least deprived
312 II, 9. 4. 3 | age, show evidence of a higher prevalence of TB in older
313 II, 9. 4. 3 | highlighted, with general higher prevalence in males. In
314 II, 9. 4. 3 | that the rates of AD were higher among women of lower education,
315 II, 9. 4. 4 | likely to be exposed to higher levels of indoor air pollution
316 II, 9. 4. 5 | older people have a 30-65% higher risk of almost all chronic
317 II, 9. 4. 5 | sicker’. Risk of mortality is higher for most chronic conditions
318 II, 9. 4. 5 | People of all ages with higher education levels tend to
319 II, 9. 4. 5 | to enjoy a healthier and higher quality of life for a longer
320 II, 9. 5. 1 | women’s life expectancy is higher. As the proportion of women
321 II, 9. 5. 1 | lifetime, women are at a higher risk for experiencing age-related
322 II, 9. 5. 1 | more important for men. Higher rates of accidents (traffic
323 II, 9. 5. 3 | increase for those with higher levels of education.. The
324 II, 9. 5. 3 | primary school level have a higher risk of health problems
325 II, 9. 5. 3 | women; women may be at a higher risk due to lower body weight
326 II, 9. 5. 3 | therapy (Beral, 2003), and higher body mass index (BMI) in
327 II, 9. 5. 3 | daily smokers were slightly higher in the ten Accession Countries
328 II, 9. 5. 3 | 2007) with correspondingly higher levels of smoking related
329 II, 9. 5. 3 | quit smoking. They smoke a higher number of cigarettes per
330 II, 9. 5. 3 | Müller, 2000). Due to the higher life expectancy of women
331 II, 9. 5. 3 | providing unpaid care was higher in deprived areas and areas
332 II, 9. 5. 3 | deprived areas and areas with higher levels of poor health. Carers
333 II, 9. 5. 3 | and retirement explain the higher inactivity rates observed
334 II, 9. 5. 3 | domestic work is generally higher for women than for men:
335 II, 9. 5. 3 | general, men tend to spend a higher proportion of time on gardening,
336 III, 10. 1 | Potentially sensitive groups at higher risk for damage or disease
337 III, 10. 1 | environments are exposed to higher concentrations of pollutants.
338 III, 10. 1. 1 | active children consume a higher percentage of energy as
339 III, 10. 1. 1 | marital satisfaction is higher and rates of depression
340 III, 10. 1. 1 | are lower in families with higher levels of alcohol consumption.
341 III, 10. 2. 1 | There are countries with higher and lower prevalence of
342 III, 10. 2. 1 | percentage of smokers is now higher among women than among men,
343 III, 10. 2. 1 | behavior and mainly a habit of higher socio-economic groups;~·
344 III, 10. 2. 1 | socioeconomic groups or higher among higher socioeconomic
345 III, 10. 2. 1 | socioeconomic groups or higher among higher socioeconomic groups. Among
346 III, 10. 2. 1 | first adopted by women from higher socioeconomic groups;~·
347 III, 10. 2. 1 | especially those with a higher educational level. Women
348 III, 10. 2. 1 | 33% in Spain, being much higher than in Finland (17%) and
349 III, 10. 2. 1 | and Sweden (11%). A much higher proportion of all men (31%)
350 III, 10. 2. 1 | into account. Generally the higher the level of alcohol consumption,
351 III, 10. 2. 1 | in lower consuming than higher consuming countries partially
352 III, 10. 2. 1 | occasion binge drinking. Higher prices also delay intentions
353 III, 10. 2. 1 | sensitive to price, with higher alcohol taxes or prices
354 III, 10. 2. 1 | the full benefits of a higher drinking age are only realized
355 III, 10. 2. 1 | passengers they are still often higher than the legal limit for
356 III, 10. 2. 1 | young adults, with usually higher prevalence among males than
357 III, 10. 2. 1 | is Estonia, where a much higher estimate of 15 cases per
358 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug users is 6-20 times higher for males and 10-50 times
359 III, 10. 2. 1 | for males and 10-50 times higher for females, than that of
360 III, 10. 2. 1(13)| high; this could produce higher estimations than in other
361 III, 10. 2. 1 | exposure to fluorides imply higher risk of dental caries. Moreover,
362 III, 10. 2. 1 | plaque and gingivitis is much higher in boys than girls.~ ~Improved
363 III, 10. 2. 1 | lesser effect on caries than higher dose toothpaste. The effects
364 III, 10. 2. 1 | i.e., toothpaste with a higher concentration of fluoride,
365 III, 10. 2. 1 | toothpaste increased with higher initial levels of decayed,
366 III, 10. 2. 1 | filled permanent teeth, higher fluoride concentration and
367 III, 10. 2. 1 | high, but the profits are higher for the manufacturers that
368 III, 10. 2. 1 | level but ending at slightly higher levels. Since the mid-90s,
369 III, 10. 2. 1 | shifting from groups with higher socioeconomic status to
370 III, 10. 2. 1 | people of lower rather than higher socioeconomic status.~ ~
371 III, 10. 2. 1 | low toxicity effects, a higher intake might however be
372 III, 10. 2. 1 | are a further risk group. Higher homocysteine blood levels
373 III, 10. 2. 1 | sufficient although the higher D-A-CH recommendations are
374 III, 10. 2. 1 | or low bioavailability or higher needs as during growth or
375 III, 10. 2. 1 | the elderly, depression, a higher incidence of infections,
376 III, 10. 2. 1 | structure of the diet towards a higher energy density diet with
377 III, 10. 2. 1 | lactating women also have higher needs. While many of them
378 III, 10. 2. 1 | generally satisfying, a higher consumption of fruits, vegetables
379 III, 10. 2. 1 | mineral and vitamins or with higher demand for antioxidants (
380 III, 10. 2. 1 | basis of a recommended and higher physical activity level.
381 III, 10. 2. 3 | countries and about 2 times higher than the risk associated
382 III, 10. 2. 5 | evidenced that adolescents with higher avoidant attachment showed
383 III, 10. 2. 5 | family satisfaction was higher in the intervention group,
384 III, 10. 3. 1 | frequent among people of higher socio-economic status and
385 III, 10. 3. 1 | transmitters transmit EMF of higher frequency. The European
386 III, 10. 3. 1 | at lower frequencies and higher frequencies. Proper evaluation
387 III, 10. 3. 1 | may also experience a much higher cumulative exposure than
388 III, 10. 3. 1 | integrated assessments of a higher quality. By doing this,
389 III, 10. 3. 2 | in benefits 2 to 50 times higher than the costs.~ ~ ~Emissions
390 III, 10. 3. 2 | of 5% or more per year, higher in countries with the highest
391 III, 10. 3. 2 | were then about five times higher than the present levels.~ ~
392 III, 10. 3. 2 | magnitude though slightly higher, while concentration in
393 III, 10. 3. 2 | the Faroe islands where higher by factor 2-3. (Kalanzki,
394 III, 10. 3. 2 | flame retardants and the higher consumption of fish and
395 III, 10. 3. 4 | female mortality was 15–20% higher in all age groups, in Italy
396 III, 10. 3. 4 | matter and heat-waves with higher intensity and duration increased
397 III, 10. 3. 4 | developments~ ~Since the observed higher frequency of heatwaves is
398 III, 10. 4. 1 | in an order of magnitude higher than those for other air
399 III, 10. 4. 1 | and lower lung function at higher air pollution levels.~ ~
400 III, 10. 4. 1 | many air pollutants were higher than in Western Europe.
401 III, 10. 4. 1 | one or more pollutants are higher than the limit value, Member
402 III, 10. 4. 1 | of an order of magnitude higher than that of the other pollutants (
403 III, 10. 4. 2 | this food category is of higher risk for consumers.~· Salmonella,
404 III, 10. 4. 2 | practically possible, even if higher levels would still be safe.
405 III, 10. 4. 3 | diarrhoeal diseases are higher in low income groups or
406 III, 10. 4. 3 | 1/100 which is 100 times higher than for any other water
407 III, 10. 4. 5 | 2006/7/EC) introduces a higher health standard than the
408 III, 10. 4. 5 | share of imports was even higher, growing from 21%-35%. In
409 III, 10. 5. 1 | rate is up to four timer higher and also that their exposure
410 III, 10. 5. 1 | exposure to certain CDs is higher.~ ~Conclusion~ ~In brief,
411 III, 10. 5. 1 | with regular users showing higher survival rates and better
412 III, 10. 5. 2 | working age population) are higher in rural areas, with implications
413 III, 10. 5. 2 | urban and rural areas is higher in Southern countries of
414 III, 10. 5. 2 | this already indicates a higher demand for health and care
415 III, 10. 5. 2 | agriculture is usually not higher than 20% (Eurofound, 2006).
416 III, 10. 5. 2 | Mortality rates were about 22% higher in cities than in most rural areas.
417 III, 10. 5. 2 | mortality rates are considerably higher for rural settings (16.4
418 III, 10. 5. 2 | male children is one year higher (66.4 years) in urban settings
419 III, 10. 5. 2 | more health problems, a higher prevalence of chronic conditions
420 III, 10. 5. 2 | 100.000 citizens is much higher than in urban settings (
421 III, 10. 5. 2 | mortality was also significantly higher in villages and rural settings,
422 III, 10. 5. 2 | boys the prevalence was higher in urban (14.2%) than in
423 III, 10. 5. 2 | The authors conclude that higher stress and less stable social
424 III, 10. 5. 3 | the percentage is 3-fold higher in electricity supply. Maximum
425 III, 10. 5. 3 | spell. In general, slightly higher figures are reported by
426 III, 10. 5. 3 | work-health problems are far higher in small businesses. SMEs
427 III, 10. 5. 3 | transport and health were at higher risk, whereas young workers,
428 III, 10. 6. 1 | the EU-countries, being higher in the Mediterranean countries (
429 III, 10. 6. 2 | socially patterned with higher risks in lower status people.~ ~
430 III, 10. 6. 2 | strong social gradient.~The higher exposure of vulnerability
431 III, 10. 6. 2 | premature mortality are higher among those with lower levels
432 III, 10. 6. 2 | proportionally faster in the higher socio-economic groups than
433 III, 10. 6. 2 | faster mortality declines in higher socio-economic groups were
434 III, 10. 6. 2 | socio-economic groups, the higher socio-economic groups were
435 III, 10. 6. 2 | Apparently, people with higher levels of education have
436 III, 10. 6. 2 | of morbidity are usually higher among those with a lower
437 III, 10. 6. 2 | chronic diseases have a higher prevalence in the lower
438 III, 10. 6. 2 | incomes will in turn lead to higher poverty rates.~ ~Accessibility
439 III, 10. 6. 3 | sexual incident. Somewhat higher percentages were recorded
440 III, 10. 6. 3 | the Netherlands reported higher than average rates (4% and
441 IV, 11. 1. 4 | public system may allow higher income groups with private
442 IV, 11. 1. 4 | population groups, such as higher income earners, which is
443 IV, 11. 1. 4 | disproportionately in favour of higher income and wealthier individuals
444 IV, 11. 1. 5 | than for mammography, with higher levels (greater than 70%
445 IV, 11. 1. 5 | the EU15 countries having higher scores than the new Member
446 IV, 11. 1. 5 | to be associated with a higher likelihood of perceiving
447 IV, 11. 1. 6 | Ireland~Fee-for-service if higher income, patient capitation
448 IV, 11. 1. 6 | Netherlands~Fee-for-service if higher patient income,~capitation
449 IV, 11. 1. 6 | reclassify patients into a higher paying DRG (Busse et al,
450 IV, 11. 1. 6 | not to treat patients with higher expected costs than the
451 IV, 11. 1. 6 | treatment episodes with much higher or lower resource use than
452 IV, 11. 1. 6 | anticipated implementation, higher than expected costs, and
453 IV, 11. 1. 6 | countries generally have higher administrative costs (i.e.
454 IV, 11. 1. 6 | is associated with much higher levels of administrative
455 IV, 11. 2. 1 | appear to have significantly higher users of outpatient care
456 IV, 11. 2. 1 | health insurance tend to have higher levels of utilization than
457 IV, 11. 3. 1 | density over time has been higher in those countries that
458 IV, 11. 3. 2 | for pharmacists such as higher margins or additional payments
459 IV, 11. 5. 6 | Transplantation in general has higher measurable quality indicators
460 IV, 11. 6. 2 | groups and is associated with higher transactions costs and weaker
461 IV, 11. 6. 2 | expenditure is in most countries higher than 50% and there is no
462 IV, 11. 6. 2 | progressive if tax rates are higher for those with higher incomes
463 IV, 11. 6. 2 | are higher for those with higher incomes and are proportional
464 IV, 11. 6. 2 | individuals additional or higher quality services than offered
465 IV, 11. 6. 2 | PHI constitutes a much higher proportion of private expenditure
466 IV, 11. 6. 2 | regressive (i.e. benefits higher income earners disproportionately),
467 IV, 11. 6. 2 | contributions should be highlighted. Higher income earners are benefiting
468 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Finland, France, Ireland (higher income or Category II patients),
469 IV, 11. 6. 3 | Payments are progressive if higher income groups pay disproportionately
470 IV, 11. 6. 3 | redistribute income from higher to the lower income groups
471 IV, 11. 6. 3 | 1980 (this may result from higher value-added taxes on luxury
472 IV, 11. 6. 3 | indirect taxes (32%) than higher income households (11.3%) (
473 IV, 11. 6. 3 | of employees, there is a higher degree of risk pooling across
474 IV, 11. 6. 3 | of services to favour the higher income groups.~ ~While studies
475 IV, 12. 2 | occasion binge drinking. Higher prices also delay intentions
476 IV, 12. 2 | sensitive to price, with higher alcohol taxes or prices
477 IV, 12. 2 | the full benefits of a higher drinking age are only realized
478 IV, 12. 2 | passengers they are still often higher than the legal limit for
479 IV, 13. 1 | countries characterised by higher health-achievements. In
480 IV, 13. 2. 2 | the share generally being higher in lower-income countries,
481 IV, 13. 2. 2 | physical environment is much higher in low-income countries
482 IV, 13. 2. 2 | neuropsychiatric conditions is even higher – more than two fifths.
483 IV, 13. 2. 3 | Potentially sensitive groups at higher risk for damage or disease
484 IV, 13. 2. 3 | environments are exposed to higher concentrations of pollutants.
485 IV, 13. 2. 3 | who are exploited are at a higher risk of injuries due to
486 IV, 13. 2. 4 | healthcare systems and in an even higher benefit for the population
487 IV, 13. 3 | vulnerable groups facing an even higher risk.~ ~A number of indicators
488 IV, 13. 3 | vulnerable groups facing an even higher risk.~ ~ ~
489 IV, 13. 5 | degenerative illnesses and are at a higher risk of suffering from multiple
490 IV, 13. 5 | that disability rates are higher among the elderly, population
491 IV, 13. 5 | terms of regular employment, higher income levels and, consequently,
492 IV, 13. 7. 2 | and production facilities; higher productivity, increased
493 IV, 13. 7. 2 | exports, ultimately leading to higher levels of growth and employment.
494 IV, 13. 7. 2 | company are three times higher on the other side of the
495 IV, 13. 7. 2 | high-tech products is noticeably higher in the US (26.8%) than in
