Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | the EU is characterized by low and late fertility, as well
2 I, 2. 1 | fertility, as well as by low and late mortality. Most
3 I, 2. 2 | needs is currently quite low in most Member States, the
4 I, 2. 3 | compensate for the effects of low fertility and extended life
5 I, 2. 3 | skilled immigrants and more low skilled immigrants compared
6 I, 2. 3 | their descendents remain low in many Member States. Illegal
7 I, 2. 4 | they live in jobless or low work-intensity households
8 I, 2. 4 | in Europe, indicated by low level of education, occupational
9 I, 2. 5 | qualified labour as well as in low and medium skills in specific
10 I, 2. 5 | skilled immigrants and more low skilled immigrants compared
11 I, 2. 5 | their descendents remain low in many Member States. Illegal
12 I, 2. 5 | employees or those with low training levels; ICT experts
13 I, 2. 10. 4 | hospitals today is very low: it is estimated that less
14 I, 3. 1 | Europe with currently ‘lowest low fertility’ will most likely
15 I, 3. 2 | Eastern EU-Member States have low or negative population growth.
16 I, 3. 2 | natural growth. The ‘lowest low’ fertility rates in these
17 I, 3. 2 | compensate for the effects of low fertility and extended life
18 I, 3. 3 | levels of fertility and low levels of mortality which
19 I, 3. 3 | the increase is relatively low for Sweden, old-age-dependency
20 I, 3. 3 | Currently, the shares are low in Turkey, Ireland, Poland,
21 I, 3. 3 | Slovakia, Cyprus and Malta have low shares, while Greece, Italy,
22 II, 4. 1 | highest EU27 values. These are low convergence countries. The
23 II, 4. 2 | expectancy used to be rather low, the rate of increase has
24 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors (elevated total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol,
25 II, 5. 1. 1 | total and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension,
26 II, 5. 1. 1 | alcohol, free sugar and low consumption of antioxidants
27 II, 5. 1. 1 | fibres, associated with low intake of fruit and vegetables
28 II, 5. 1. 1 | Psychological factors: low self-esteem, feelings of
29 II, 5. 1. 1 | Wallace, 2004). Whilst a low level of education and/or
30 II, 5. 2.Acr | Ischemic Heart Disease~LDL~Low Density Lipoprotein~MRI~
31 II, 5. 2. 2 | factors (elevated total and low density lipoprotein cholesterol,
32 II, 5. 2. 2 | total and LDL cholesterol, low HDL cholesterol, hypertension,
33 II, 5. 2. 3 | margarine, from whole fat to low fat milk, increasing fruit
34 II, 5. 2. 3 | rich in saturated fats but low in antioxidants due to a
35 II, 5. 2. 3 | in antioxidants due to a low intake of fruit and vegetables,
36 II, 5. 2. 4 | alcohol, free sugar and low consumption of fibres, associated
37 II, 5. 2. 5 | are associated with very low CVD risk (Palmieri et al,
38 II, 5. 2. 5 | Daviglus et al, 2007). Low risk individuals live longer
39 II, 5. 2. 5 | longer and are eligible for low medical care expenditures
40 II, 5. 2. 5 | to reduce it and those at low risk to maintain this favourable
41 II, 5. 2. 6 | elucidated in the same years. Low Density Lipoprotein (LDL)
42 II, 5. 2. 6 | patients to 160 mg/dL in very low risk subjects) in the large
43 II, 5. 2. 7 | cardiovascular risk profile (Low Risk) and 10-year stroke
44 II, 5. 3. 2 | registration is relatively low if we consider that registration
45 II, 5. 3. 6 | above 70%. Particularly low breast cancer survival was
46 II, 5. 3. 6 | countries, where it has remained low (data not showed). Even
47 II, 5. 3. 6 | and Wales had particularly low survival (<55%) (Sant et
48 II, 5. 3. 6 | estimates remained at the low level of ~42% for the entire
49 II, 5. 3. 6 | Italy (from 43% to 68%). The low survival in Denmark and
50 II, 5. 3. 6 | the context of relatively low incidence levels, whereas
51 II, 5. 3. 7 | accessibility in countries with low purchasing power. Secondly,
52 II, 5. 4. 1 | of type 2 diabetes. For low and middle-income countries,
53 II, 5. 4. 1 | lack of sanitation, and low cost food constitute a threatening
54 II, 5. 5.Int | Similarly, women living on a low income for an extended period
55 II, 5. 5. 1 | formal health services is low. About one person in four
56 II, 5. 5. 1 | rates were considerably low and very similar among all
57 II, 5. 5. 1 | available. Under-recognition and low accessibility to treatment
58 II, 5. 5. 2 | death rate and those with a low death rate.~ ~EUROSTAT statistics~ ~
59 II, 5. 5. 2(23)| included countries with a low adult mortality rate (Bulgaria,
60 II, 5. 5. 2 | Wallace, 2004). Whilst a low level of education and/or
61 II, 5. 5. 3 | men older than 25 remains low (Hoek and van Hoeken, 2003).
62 II, 5. 5. 3 | Psychological factors: low self-esteem, feelings of
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | United Kingdom has a very low usage of antipsychotics
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | greater in patients given a low dose of haloperidol than
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | Internalized stigma is related to low self-esteem, hopelessness,
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | unemployment rates are fairly low (15%) in adult patients
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | contrast with the fairly low accident rates in people
68 II, 5. 5. 3 | epileptic seizures is extremely low, ranging from 0.02 to 0.
69 II, 5. 5. 3 | northern Africa, an area at low risk for MS, is believed
70 II, 5. 5. 3 | believed to account for the low absolute MS risk in the
71 II, 5. 5. 3 | associated with the disorders is low (Gasser, 2007). Environmental
72 II, 5. 6. 1 | is symptomatic, such as low back pain.~ ~Musculoskeletal
73 II, 5. 6. 1 | 3) spinal disorders e.g. low back pain; (4) regional
74 II, 5. 6. 3 | often the situation with low back pain; or may be chronic
75 II, 5. 6. 3 | of disability for many is low to moderate. Musculoskeletal
76 II, 5. 6. 3 | radiological osteoarthritis from a low to a higher radiological
77 II, 5. 6. 3 | studies.~ ~Osteoporosis and low trauma fractures~ ~Definition~ ~
78 II, 5. 6. 3 | disease characterized by a low bone mass and a microarchitectural
79 II, 5. 6. 3 | score –2.5).~ ~Osteopenia (low bone mass): a BMD value
80 II, 5. 6. 3 | of several risk factors: low body weight, premature menopause,
81 II, 5. 6. 3 | of fracture are falling, low bone mass, i.e. osteoporosis,
82 II, 5. 6. 3 | osteoporosis, and previous low trauma fracture. There are
83 II, 5. 6. 3 | increases when combining low bone density with the presence
84 II, 5. 6. 3 | European Community 1998).~ ~Low Back pain~ ~Definition~ ~
85 II, 5. 6. 3 | Back pain~ ~Definition~ ~Low back pain is a major health
86 II, 5. 6. 3 | one or more episodes of low back pain in their lives.
87 II, 5. 6. 3 | whereas 90% of people with low back pain have no clearly
88 II, 5. 6. 3 | pathophysiologic cause.~ ~Non-specific low back pain is usually classified
89 II, 5. 6. 3 | history~ ~Most episodes of low back pain settle after a
90 II, 5. 6. 3 | exacerbations of chronic low back pain. Many people with
91 II, 5. 6. 3 | Many people with chronic low back pain also have widespread
92 II, 5. 6. 3 | per year; the incidence of low back pain with sciatica
93 II, 5. 6. 3 | is a history of previous low back pain.~ ~Prevalence~ ~
94 II, 5. 6. 3 | risk~ ~The occurrence of low back pain is associated
95 II, 5. 6. 3 | guidelines for prevention in low back pain http ). The costs
96 II, 5. 6. 3 | the impact on health and low frequency of return to work
97 II, 5. 6. 4 | sick leave over 4 days had low back pain, 20% neck and
98 II, 5. 6. 4 | disability pensions. In Norway, low back disorders are the most
99 II, 5. 6. 6 | postmenopausal women with low BMD with or without prevalent
100 II, 5. 7. 7 | Lombardi C, De Santo NG (2006): Low glomerular filtration in
101 II, 5. 8. 3 | prevalence of normal BMI and low FFMI was 15%, and of low
102 II, 5. 8. 3 | low FFMI was 15%, and of low BMI and low FFMI 11%. Low
103 II, 5. 8. 3 | 15%, and of low BMI and low FFMI 11%. Low BMI and low
104 II, 5. 8. 3 | low BMI and low FFMI 11%. Low BMI and low FFMI were significantly
105 II, 5. 8. 3 | low FFMI 11%. Low BMI and low FFMI were significantly
106 II, 5. 9. FB | to ordinary exposure to low doses of allergens, usually
107 II, 5. 9. FB | present no risk and have a low cost.~ ~All exposure to
108 II, 5. 9. 3 | are high in children and low in adults; nevertheless,
109 II, 5. 9. 3 | In fact, countries with a low prevalence of asthma, such
110 II, 5. 9. 3 | Greece, presented also a low prevalence of rhinitis,
111 II, 5. 9. 3 | Although mortality is low, most asthma deaths result
112 II, 5. 9. 3 | defined by ICD-10 J45-J46) is low and Standardized Death Rates (
113 II, 5. 9. 4 | and centres with high and low prevalence of sensitization
114 II, 5. 9. 4 | prevalence of ragweed pollen was low (except in the USA), but
115 II, 5. 9. 4 | Table 5.9.5. High or low prevalence of sensitization
116 II, 5. 9. 4 | Belgium~ South Antwerp~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~–~Low~ Antwerp
117 II, 5. 9. 4 | South Antwerp~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~–~Low~ Antwerp City~
118 II, 5. 9. 4 | Antwerp~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~–~Low~ Antwerp City~High~
119 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~–~Low~ Antwerp City~High~High~–~–~
120 II, 5. 9. 4 | Antwerp City~High~High~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~Low~–~France~ Bordeaux~
121 II, 5. 9. 4 | City~High~High~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~Low~–~France~ Bordeaux~High~–~–~
122 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~High~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~Low~–~France~ Bordeaux~High~–~–~
123 II, 5. 9. 4 | France~ Bordeaux~High~–~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~–~–~ Grenoble~–~–~
124 II, 5. 9. 4 | Bordeaux~High~–~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~–~–~ Grenoble~–~–~High~Low~–~–~
125 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~–~ Grenoble~–~–~High~Low~–~–~High~–~–~–~ Montpellier~
126 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~–~–~ Montpellier~Low~High~–~–~High~Low~High~–~
127 II, 5. 9. 4 | Montpellier~Low~High~–~–~High~Low~High~–~High~–~ Paris~–~–~ ~–~
128 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~ Paris~–~–~ ~–~Low~–~–~–~–~Germany~ Erfurt~
129 II, 5. 9. 4 | Germany~ Erfurt~Low~Low~ND~–~–~High~ND~ND~ND~
130 II, 5. 9. 4 | Germany~ Erfurt~Low~Low~ND~–~–~High~ND~ND~ND~ND~
131 II, 5. 9. 4 | ND~ND~Iceland~ Reykjavik~Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~
132 II, 5. 9. 4 | Iceland~ Reykjavik~Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~
133 II, 5. 9. 4 | Iceland~ Reykjavik~Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~
134 II, 5. 9. 4 | Reykjavik~Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~
135 II, 5. 9. 4 | Reykjavik~Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~
136 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~
137 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~Low~
138 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~
139 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~
140 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~
141 II, 5. 9. 4 | Italy~ Pavia~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~ Turin~
142 II, 5. 9. 4 | Pavia~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~ Turin~Low~–~–~ ~–~
143 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~–~Low~–~–~High~Low~ Turin~Low~–~–~ ~–~High~–~
144 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~–~High~Low~ Turin~Low~–~–~ ~–~High~–~ Verona~Low~
145 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~–~ ~–~High~–~ Verona~Low~Low~–~–~–~–~High~–~High~–~
146 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~ Verona~Low~Low~–~–~–~–~High~–~High~–~Ireland~
147 II, 5. 9. 4 | Ireland~ Dublin~High~–~Low~–~–~Low~–~–~–~–~New Zealand~
148 II, 5. 9. 4 | Ireland~ Dublin~High~–~Low~–~–~Low~–~–~–~–~New Zealand~ Christchurch~
149 II, 5. 9. 4 | Hawkes Bay~High~–~–~–~–~High~Low~–~–~High~ Wellington~High~–~
150 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~High~High~High~–~Low~–~–~High~Norway~ Bergen~
151 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~Norway~ Bergen~Low~–~Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~
152 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~Norway~ Bergen~Low~–~Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~
153 II, 5. 9. 4 | Norway~ Bergen~Low~–~Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~Spain~
154 II, 5. 9. 4 | Bergen~Low~–~Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~Spain~ Albacete~
155 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~Spain~ Albacete~
156 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~Spain~ Albacete~Low~
157 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~High~Low~Low~Low~Low~Spain~ Albacete~Low~Low~
158 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Spain~ Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~
159 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Spain~ Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~
160 II, 5. 9. 4 | Spain~ Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~
161 II, 5. 9. 4 | Spain~ Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~
162 II, 5. 9. 4 | Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~ Barcelona~–~–~
163 II, 5. 9. 4 | Albacete~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~ Barcelona~–~–~
164 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~ Barcelona~–~–~Low~–~–~
165 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~High~Low~–~Low~ Barcelona~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~
166 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Low~ Barcelona~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~High~–~High~–~ Galdakao~
167 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~ Barcelona~–~–~Low~–~–~Low~High~–~High~–~ Galdakao~
168 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~High~–~ Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~
169 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~High~–~ Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~
170 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~ Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~
171 II, 5. 9. 4 | Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~
172 II, 5. 9. 4 | Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~
173 II, 5. 9. 4 | Galdakao~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~
174 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~
175 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~
176 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~
177 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~Low~
178 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~
179 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~
180 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~ Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~Low~
181 II, 5. 9. 4 | Huelva~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~
182 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~
183 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~
184 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~–~–~Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~
185 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~
186 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~ Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Sweden~
187 II, 5. 9. 4 | Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Sweden~ Goteborg~
188 II, 5. 9. 4 | Oviedo~Low~Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Sweden~ Goteborg~
189 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Sweden~ Goteborg~Low~
190 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~–~Low~Low~–~Low~Low~Sweden~ Goteborg~Low~High~–~–~
191 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~Low~Sweden~ Goteborg~Low~High~–~–~Low~High~–~Low~
192 II, 5. 9. 4 | Sweden~ Goteborg~Low~High~–~–~Low~High~–~Low~High~–~ Umea~
193 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~High~–~–~Low~High~–~Low~High~–~ Umea~Low~High~–~
194 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~Low~High~–~ Umea~Low~High~–~High~–~High~–~–~ ~
195 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~High~–~–~ ~ Uppsala~Low~High~–~–~–~High~Low~High~
196 II, 5. 9. 4 | Uppsala~Low~High~–~–~–~High~Low~High~Low~–~Switzerland~
197 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~–~–~–~High~Low~High~Low~–~Switzerland~ Basel~Low~–~
198 II, 5. 9. 4 | Low~–~Switzerland~ Basel~Low~–~High~–~–~High~High~ND~–~
199 II, 5. 9. 4 | Netherlands~ Bergen op Zoom~–~Low~Low~–~–~High~Low~Low~–~–~
200 II, 5. 9. 4 | Netherlands~ Bergen op Zoom~–~Low~Low~–~–~High~Low~Low~–~–~ Geleen~
201 II, 5. 9. 4 | Zoom~–~Low~Low~–~–~High~Low~Low~–~–~ Geleen~High~High~
202 II, 5. 9. 4 | Zoom~–~Low~Low~–~–~High~Low~Low~–~–~ Geleen~High~High~High~
203 II, 5. 9. 4 | High~High~ Groningen~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~Low~–~UK~
204 II, 5. 9. 4 | Groningen~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~Low~–~UK~ Caerphilly~
205 II, 5. 9. 4 | Groningen~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~Low~–~UK~ Caerphilly~High~–~–~ ~–~
206 II, 5. 9. 4 | Groningen~–~–~Low~–~–~–~Low~Low~Low~–~UK~ Caerphilly~High~–~–~ ~–~
207 II, 5. 9. 4 | Caerphilly~High~–~–~ ~–~Low~–~–~High~ Cambridge~–~–~
208 II, 5. 9. 4 | children from local families of low social status. In the German
209 II, 5. 9. 4 | serological assays) presented a low frequency of both sensitization
210 II, 5. 10. 2 | redundancy and relatively low coverage of allergens by
211 II, 5. 10. 4 | clinical setting due to the low awareness of health professionals
212 II, 5. 11. 1 | profession and give it a low priority in research programmes.
213 II, 5. 11. 3 | the chronic exposure to a low concentration of allergenic
214 II, 5. 11. 3 | Portugal and Italy) and low in the Nordic countries (
215 II, 5. 12. 5 | prevalence has remained low in most of Northern and
216 II, 5. 13 | cholesterol level, high BMI, low fruit and vegetable intake
217 II, 5. 14. 1 | indicates that children from low income households have higher
218 II, 5. 14. 3 | children seems to be relatively low and now similar to what
219 II, 5. 14. 3 | indicate that children from low income households have higher
220 II, 5. 14. 3 | people with poor education or low socioeconomic status; ethnic
221 II, 5. 14. 3 | to socio-economic level, low income being a strong predictor
222 II, 5. 14. 3 | deep pockets (> 5 mm) is low (10.21%); this underlines
223 II, 5. 14. 3 | across Europe, especially for low income populations. Poor
224 II, 5. 15. 2 | subsets and their quality is low in general as the studies
225 II, 5. 15. 3 | prevalence is skewed toward very low numbers. Of the 5,000 RD
226 II, 6. 3. 2 | high, medium, as well as low baseline figures (figure
227 II, 6. 3. 2 | a general gradient from low use in Northern Europe to
228 II, 6. 3. 2 | most likely reason for the low levels of resistance to
229 II, 6. 3. 3 | which had been extremely low until then started to rise
230 II, 6. 3. 3 | users (IDU) accounts for a low proportion of total cases,
231 II, 6. 3. 3 | declined steadily to very low levels in 2001–03. In the
232 II, 6. 3. 4 | countries and have reached very low levels in recent years.
233 II, 6. 3. 4 | economies where TB rates are low and disease increasingly
234 II, 6. 3. 4 | drug-resistance among TB cases is low to moderate.~· The Baltic
235 II, 6. 3. 4 | characterised by high TB rates, low migrant TB and high frequency
236 II, 6. 3. 4 | resistance and where HIV is low but steadily increasing
237 II, 6. 3. 4 | HIV and drug resistance low.~ ~ ~In 2005, the 25 EU
238 II, 6. 3. 5 | to 24 year-olds remained low. After 25 years of age,
239 II, 6. 3. 7 | present, these diseases have a low number of cases, are often
240 II, 6. 3. 7 | bacteria. The death rate is low, but increases with advancing
241 II, 7. 6 | Europe is inappropriately low, when taking into consideration
242 II, 8. 2. 1 | to premature delivery and low birth weight, or happen
243 II, 8. 2. 2 | society. A major cause of low vision and blindness is
244 II, 8. 2. 2 | Visual impairment includes low vision as well as blindness.
245 II, 8. 2. 2 | vision as well as blindness. Low vision is defined as visual
246 II, 8. 2. 2 | characterization of vision loss, low vision is replaced by two
247 II, 8. 2. 2 | Prevalence of blindness and low vision~ ~A review and selection,
248 II, 8. 2. 2 | Prevalence of blindness and low vision, by WHO subregion,
249 II, 8. 2. 2 | Prevalence of blindness and low vision, by WHO subregion,
250 II, 9 | the population.~ ~Mothers’ low folic acid status in the
251 II, 9 | direct relation between low birth weight, poor nutrition
252 II, 9 | who smoke frequently have low self esteem, impaired psychological
253 II, 9 | snacks with high fat and low fibre content during the
254 II, 9 | educational level. People with low levels of education are
255 II, 9 | For example, people with low levels of education have
256 II, 9 | people, with an emphasis on low intake of saturated fats
257 II, 9. 1 | throughout Europe: poverty and low social status are associated
258 II, 9. 1 | including pre-term birth, low birth weight and perinatal
259 II, 9. 1. 1 | 2000). Preterm birth and low birth weight are important
260 II, 9. 1. 1 | and on the percentage of low birth weight babies. Other
261 II, 9. 1. 1 | neonatal mortality rates at low gestational ages.~Infant
262 II, 9. 1. 1 | congenital malformations.~ ~Low birth weight and preterm
263 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1.1.3 presents rates of low birth weight in the EU.
264 II, 9. 1. 1 | preterm, with normal or low birth weights and babies
265 II, 9. 1. 1 | Cerebral Palsy in Very Low birth weight Babies~Very
266 II, 9. 1. 1 | birth weight Babies~Very Low birth weight (VLBW) is defined
267 II, 9. 1. 1 | in primiparous women at low risk in Denmark: population
268 II, 9. 1. 1 | multiple births in very low birth weight and infant
269 II, 9. 1. 1 | palsy among infants of very low birthweight (<1500 g) or
270 II, 9. 1. 1 | Palsy in Europe~VLBW~Very Low birth weight~ ~
271 II, 9. 1. 2 | factors may explain this low prevalence.~ ~In many countries,
272 II, 9. 1. 2 | 1). It is associated to low socioeconomic status and
273 II, 9. 1. 2 | the population.~Mothers’ low folic acid status in the
274 II, 9. 2. 3 | Wales have consistently low levels, while Austria and
275 II, 9. 2. 3 | physical fighting, with very low levels of fighting reported
276 II, 9. 2. 3 | incidence rate of syphilis is low and seems to be decreasing
277 II, 9. 2. 3 | many countries have very low reporting rates (or may
278 II, 9. 2. 3 | Overweight in children leads to low self-esteem, depression
279 II, 9. 2. 4 | direct relation between low birth weight, poor nutrition
280 II, 9. 2. 4 | who smoke frequently have low self esteem, impaired psychological
281 II, 9. 2. 4 | snacks with high fat and low fibre content during the
282 II, 9. 2. 7 | Disease and Associations With Low Birthweight. NeoReviews
283 II, 9. 3. 1 | characterized by a very low death rate), the majority
284 II, 9. 3. 1 | Similarly, women living on a low income for an extended period
285 II, 9. 3. 1 | figures for both sexes are low in all age groups (EUROSTAT).
286 II, 9. 3. 1 | of chronic infection is low, but there is a notable
287 II, 9. 3. 1 | incidence rate of syphilis is low and seems to be decreasing.
288 II, 9. 3. 1 | many countries have very low reporting rates. Gonorrhea
289 II, 9. 3. 1 | commonly regarded as being of low risk with regard to malignancy (
290 II, 9. 3. 1 | fractures increase with age. Low bone mass at menopause can
291 II, 9. 3. 1 | loss may be exacerbated by low levels of physical activity
292 II, 9. 3. 1 | poor nutrition, especially low calcium intake. Severe bone
293 II, 9. 3. 1 | educational level. People with low levels of education are
294 II, 9. 3. 1 | For example, people with low levels of education have
295 II, 9. 3. 1 | problems: perspectives from low and middle income countries.
296 II, 9. 3. 2 | in primiparous women at low risk in Denmark: population
297 II, 9. 3. 2 | multiple births in very low birth weight and infant
298 II, 9. 3. 2 | palsy among infants of very low birthweight (<1500 g) or
299 II, 9. 4. 3 | Wrongly considered to be at low risk, post-menopausal women
300 II, 9. 4. 4 | people, with an emphasis on low intake of saturated fats
301 II, 9. 5. 1 | women’s life expectancy is low by historical standards (
302 II, 9. 5. 3 | Individuals of either gender with low levels of education are
303 II, 9. 5. 3 | who smoke frequently have low self esteem, impaired psychological
304 II, 9. 5. 3 | undertake physical activity is low. In 2002, over 40% of adults
305 II, 9. 5. 3 | dissatisfaction with body shape, low self-esteem and lack of
306 II, 9. 5. 6 | A Cross-National View of Low Income Older Women. Income
307 II, 9. 5. 6 | problems: perspectives from low and middle income countries.
308 III, 10. 1 | case of cancer/radon to a low likelihood as in the case
309 III, 10. 1 | multiple chemical exposures at low doses~ ~Note: many stressors,
310 III, 10. 1. 1 | products (e.g. smuggling and low quality cigarettes), availability
311 III, 10. 1. 1 | caloric intake combined with low energy output is a behavioural
312 III, 10. 1. 1 | compared to children with a low activity level (Parsons
313 III, 10. 1. 1 | drinking, psychological stress, low self-esteem, and a family
314 III, 10. 1. 1 | to publication bias and low study quality (Gil-González,
315 III, 10. 2. 1 | Reproductive effects in women: low birth weight~Cervix~Reproductive
316 III, 10. 2. 1 | growth restrictions and low birth weight~- Increased
317 III, 10. 2. 1 | effects of tobacco smoking was low until the late 1980s. These
318 III, 10. 2. 1 | labels such as "light", "low tar", and "mild";~· education,
319 III, 10. 2. 1 | It is undisputed that the low smoking prevalence, and
320 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence, and consequently, the low smoking-attributable mortality
321 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence of snuff use low, despite its availability.
322 III, 10. 2. 1 | shifting its focus towards low income population, youth
323 III, 10. 2. 1 | trans-border sales due to low taxes on alcohol).~ ~Despite
324 III, 10. 2. 1 | This contrasts with the low levels found in France,
325 III, 10. 2. 1 | number of countries, (i.e. as low as zero or 0.2g/l in a number
326 III, 10. 2. 1 | driver with a BAL above a low level, for reducing repeat
327 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2001–2002. Croatia has a low prevalence of HIV among
328 III, 10. 2. 1 | infections have overall remained low during recent years but
329 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence countries and many low prevalence countries has
330 III, 10. 2. 1 | poor living conditions; low education; lack of traditions,
331 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggest that the use of low dose fluoride (250 ppm)
332 III, 10. 2. 1 | inactivity (defined as no or very low levels of activity) (Bull
333 III, 10. 2. 1 | be active) (WHO 2006a). Low physical activity disproportionately
334 III, 10. 2. 1 | cholesterol level, high BMI, low fruit and vegetable intake
335 III, 10. 2. 1 | 1989). For instance, in low income countries, obesity
336 III, 10. 2. 1 | lipoprotein cholesterol, a low level of high-density lipoprotein
337 III, 10. 2. 1 | nutrients. Surveys have revealed low intakes and status in almost
338 III, 10. 2. 1 | Austrian elderly showing low serum concentrations (<5.
339 III, 10. 2. 1 | of the subjects with very low levels (<3 µg/l) in 20%.
340 III, 10. 2. 1 | The ENHR confirmed the low intake in other member countries.~
341 III, 10. 2. 1 | folate deficiency and the low toxicity effects, a higher
342 III, 10. 2. 1 | uptake of vitamin B12 . Low status of cobalamin was
343 III, 10. 2. 1 | exposure to sunlight can be too low to ascertain a sufficient
344 III, 10. 2. 1 | this element are generally low. Proportions of deficient
345 III, 10. 2. 1 | example due to bleeding, low intakes due to small contents
346 III, 10. 2. 1 | small contents in food or low bioavailability or higher
347 III, 10. 2. 1 | by other countries with low status being particularly
348 III, 10. 2. 1 | hospitalized subjects. A low status was also found in
349 III, 10. 2. 1 | vegetarians and especially vegans. Low intakes were observed in
350 III, 10. 2. 1 | pregnant women also had a low supply of this vitamin.
351 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe are generally rather low although not reaching a
352 III, 10. 2. 1 | state. Studies suggest that low selenium status may be associated
353 III, 10. 2. 1 | vegans that avoid or eat very low amounts of animal food products
354 III, 10. 2. 1 | micronutrient supply are low intakes due to dieting or
355 III, 10. 2. 1 | on the basis of habitual low physical activity level.
356 III, 10. 2. 1 | should we adjust FBDG to the low and decreasing physical activity
357 III, 10. 2. 1 | nutritional claims (such as “low fat”, “high fibre” and “
358 III, 10. 2. 2 | patients to 160 mg/dL in very low risk subjects) in the large
359 III, 10. 2. 3 | blood pressure levels as low as 115 mmHg systolic and
360 III, 10. 2. 4 | are monogenic and have a low frequency in European populations.
361 III, 10. 2. 4 | identification of high, moderate and low risk groups; the stratification
362 III, 10. 2. 4 | following a mendelian trait) and low or moderate penetrance (
363 III, 10. 2. 4 | such as high-throughput and low cost sequencing, are already
364 III, 10. 2. 5 | the association between low birth weight or height and
365 III, 10. 2. 5 | Netherlands and UK have linked low birth weight to mental disorders
366 III, 10. 2. 5 | Association of schizophrenia with low maternal body mass index,
367 III, 10. 3. 1 | frequencies.~ELF~Extremely Low Frequency~EMF~Electromagnetic
368 III, 10. 3. 1 | radiation in Europe are low in general, but there are
369 III, 10. 3. 1 | electrical appliances are of low frequency. Mobile telephones
370 III, 10. 3. 1 | frequency (IF) extremely low frequency (ELF), and static (
371 III, 10. 3. 1 | health effects of exposure to low intensity Radio Frequency
372 III, 10. 3. 1 | technologies.~ ~For Extremely Low Frequency magnetic fields (
373 III, 10. 3. 2 | causing long-term exposure to low levels of chemical mixtures.
374 III, 10. 3. 2 | resulting from exposures to low levels of an increasing
375 III, 10. 3. 2 | sensitisation can be as low as 0.05μg/m3 air for previously
376 III, 10. 3. 2 | relevance of these hazards at low concentrations is still
377 III, 10. 3. 2 | multiple chemical exposures at low doses~Source: European Environment
378 III, 10. 3. 2 | effects on mammalians at low concentrations. The most
379 III, 10. 3. 2 | tributyltin oxide is as low as 0.00025 mg/kg bodyweight
380 III, 10. 3. 2 | especially seafood); additional low exposures may come from
381 III, 10. 3. 2 | levels in Europe are very low. There have been recent
382 III, 10. 3. 3 | countries with high, medium and low baseline figures, shows
383 III, 10. 3. 4 | temperatures are periods of very low (cold spells) or high (heatwaves)
384 III, 10. 3. 4 | Northern latitudes, where very low temperatures can be reached
385 III, 10. 3. 4 | minorities and people with low incomes are more vulnerable
386 III, 10. 3. 4 | regulations are not updated. Low water levels in rivers can
387 III, 10. 3. 4 | mortality rates are very low, and mainly arise from drowning
388 III, 10. 4. 1 | age of the vehicle fleet, low quality and high sulphur
389 III, 10. 4. 1 | historically would be considered as low levels of air pollution.
390 III, 10. 4. 2 | important to be able to estimate low and high percentile consumption
391 III, 10. 4. 2 | Trichinellosis and Echinococcosis~Low, but severe consequences~ ~
392 III, 10. 4. 2 | Aeromonas spp.~GR5~ ~ ~Low~Arcobacter spp.~GE~ ~ ~Low?~
393 III, 10. 4. 2 | Low~Arcobacter spp.~GE~ ~ ~Low?~Brucella melitensis /abortus/
394 III, 10. 4. 2 | avium ssp. avium~ ~ ~COPD12~Low~Mycobacterium bovis~ ~Extra
395 III, 10. 4. 2 | with Crohn’s disease~Low~Salmonella (para)typhi~ ~
396 III, 10. 4. 2 | Shigella spp.~Dysentery~HUS~ ~Low~Vibrio cholerae~Cholera~ ~ ~
397 III, 10. 4. 2 | Vibrio cholerae~Cholera~ ~ ~Low~Vibrio – marine species~
398 III, 10. 4. 2 | especially vomiting)~ ~ ~Low~Clostridium botulinum~ ~
399 III, 10. 4. 2 | Clostridium perfringens~GE~ ~ ~Low~Staphylococcus aureus~GE~ ~ ~
400 III, 10. 4. 2 | Staphylococcus aureus~GE~ ~ ~Low~ ~Viruses~ ~ ~ ~ ~Adenovirus~
401 III, 10. 4. 2 | children)~Malabsorption~ ~Low~ ~ ~intussusception~ ~ ~ ~
402 III, 10. 4. 2 | intussusception~ ~ ~ ~Sapovirus~GE~ ~ ~Low~ ~Prions~ ~ ~BSE prion~ ~ ~ ~
403 III, 10. 4. 2 | and echinococcosis, was low in humans, but relevant
404 III, 10. 4. 2 | levels shall be kept as low as can be reasonably achieved
405 III, 10. 4. 2 | ALARA principle, i.e. as low as reasonably achievable,
406 III, 10. 4. 2 | harm and which should be as low as practically possible,
407 III, 10. 4. 2 | essentially obsolete pesticides as low as possible. Therefore,
408 III, 10. 4. 2 | effects on mammalians at low concentrations. The most
409 III, 10. 4. 2 | tributyltin oxide is as low as 0. 00025 mg/kg body weight
410 III, 10. 4. 2 | conduction,~at extremely low~concentrations: tingling~
411 III, 10. 4. 2 | value that would indicate a low concern from a public health
412 III, 10. 4. 2 | that might be considered a low priority for risk management
413 III, 10. 4. 2 | nuclear transfer (SCNT) is low. This is due to incomplete
414 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking-water-related health impacts are low. The access to safe drinking-water
415 III, 10. 4. 3 | diarrhoeal diseases are higher in low income groups or countries
416 III, 10. 4. 3 | the health consequences of low levels of arsenic in drinking
417 III, 10. 4. 4 | products. For instance, low exposures to tin compounds,
418 III, 10. 4. 5 | such as birth defects and low birth weight. Despite some
419 III, 10. 4. 5 | mercury vapour, emitted at low concentration together with
420 III, 10. 4. 5 | such as birth defects and low birth weight. Despite the
421 III, 10. 4. 5 | quantities and many at extremely low concentrations.~ ~Gas emitted
422 III, 10. 4. 5 | vapour being emitted at low concentrations, and a mixture
423 III, 10. 5. 1 | of staircases and doors, low window sills, slippery floor
424 III, 10. 5. 1 | study in west-Europe found low ventilation rate in most
425 III, 10. 5. 1 | to facilitate cleaning. Low emitting building material
426 III, 10. 5. 2 | respectively) also for low self-reported health status.
427 III, 10. 5. 2 | 24~ ~EU countries with low GDP~Estonia, Hungary, Latvia,
428 III, 10. 5. 3 | lack of job control and low social support is also common:
429 III, 10. 5. 3 | One-third of all workers report low social support from colleagues.~
430 III, 10. 5. 3 | employees or those with low training levels; ICT experts
431 III, 10. 6. 1 | and Victor, 1988). Poor, low quality social networks
432 III, 10. 6. 1 | Netherlands and Sweden declared low levels of poor social support;
433 III, 10. 6. 1 | or graffiti (indicating a low community spirit and, in
434 III, 10. 6. 1 | spirit and, in effect, a low social control), and social
435 III, 10. 6. 2 | entire society depending on low education, low occupational
436 III, 10. 6. 2 | depending on low education, low occupational standing and/
437 III, 10. 6. 2 | emotional support is elevated in low status people.~With regard
438 III, 10. 6. 2 | in Europe, indicated by low level of education, occupational
439 III, 10. 6. 2 | Task Force’ is a Norwegian low barrier method to provide
440 III, 10. 6. 3 | that risks are relatively low for each type of contact
441 III, 10. 6. 3 | or graffiti (indicating a low community spirit and, in
442 III, 10. 6. 3 | spirit and, in effect, a low social control), and social
443 IV, 11. 1. 6 | set prices at a level too low for providers to survive (
444 IV, 11. 2. 1 | partly owing to the extremely low service intensity seen in
445 IV, 11. 2. 1 | countries have relatively low proportion of total beds
446 IV, 11. 2. 2 | Health data 2007). Very low levels of funding are seen
447 IV, 11. 4 | such as Diabetes type-2 or low back pain, to alerts on
448 IV, 11. 5. 4 | favourable transplant outcome and low donor risk.~The extent to
449 IV, 11. 6. 2 | expenditure is also relatively low, accounting for less than
450 IV, 11. 6. 2 | access for individuals on low income. Moreover, the negative
451 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Slovenia~- Spain~- UK~ ~Certain low income persons:~- Austria~-
452 IV, 11. 6. 3 | where fewer tax bands and low marginal tax rates will
453 IV, 11. 6. 4 | living alone, welfare status, low birthweight (and rural cost
454 IV, 11. 6. 4 | numbers of uninsured is very low. In CEE countries, while
455 IV, 12. 2 | labels such as "light", "low tar", and "mild";~education,
456 IV, 12. 2 | of countries, and is as low as zero or 0.2g/l in a number
457 IV, 12. 2 | driver with a BAL above a low level, for reducing repeat
458 IV, 12. 10 | Yes~Physical stressors~Low~Regional~ ~Human settlements~
459 IV, 12. 10 | National~--~Public health forum~Low~--~--~Human therapeutic
460 IV, 12. 10 | foodstuff in Germany is low. The results of the annually
461 IV, 12. 10 | AIDS)~ ~Personal hygiene~Low~ ~ ~Safety awareness~High~
462 IV, 12. 10 | communication services, including low and high bandwidth access
463 IV, 12. 10 | public to accuse any case of low and improper quality food,
464 IV, 12. 10 | uninsured citizens with low income in the public hospitals
465 IV, 12. 10 | Genomics and public health~Low~ ~ ~Hypertension~Intermediate~ ~
466 IV, 12. 10 | prevention part~Personal hygiene~low~ ~Campaign for oral hygiene
467 IV, 12. 10 | Strategy~Physical activity~low~ Sports Law~ ~ Framework
468 IV, 12. 10 | Intermediate for public hygiene, low for personal hygiene~Different
469 IV, 12. 10 | places)~ ~Safety awareness~low~ ~ ~Environmental determinants
470 IV, 12. 10 | Strategy~ ~Physical stressors~low~ Different regulations on
471 IV, 12. 10 | Strategy~Human settlements~low~ ~ ~Transportation including
472 IV, 12. 10 | weather events and health~low~ ~ ~Poverty~intermediate~ ~
473 IV, 12. 10 | field~ ~Deprivation factors~ low~ ~Special targets “Equity
474 IV, 12. 10 | Psychosocial health determinants~low~ ~ Special targets “Improving
475 IV, 12. 10 | Strategy~Personal determinants~ low~ ~ ~Obesity~ intermediate~
476 IV, 12. 10 | Physical activity~ Intermediate~ Low VAT for health clubs~ National
477 IV, 12. 10 | conditions~Safety awareness~Low~ ~Home and leisure accidents (
478 IV, 12. 10 | programs for students~Others~ low~ ~ ~Psychosocial health
479 IV, 12. 10 | Psychosocial health determinants~ Low~Decision 374/04/2006 on
480 IV, 12. 10 | illnesses in children~ ~Obesity~ Low~Law about public health
481 IV, 12. 10 | Interactions amongst determinants~ low~Determinants for cardiovascular
482 IV, 12. 10 | inequality~ ~Proportion with a low economic standard among
483 IV, 12. 10 | Percentage of young people with a low economic standard~Domain
484 IV, 12. 10 | monitoring~Physical stressors~Low~ At local level~ ~Human
485 IV, 12. 10 | level~ ~Human settlements~Low~ At local level~ ~Transportation
486 IV, 13.Acr | 1990 to 5% in 2004). Very low levels of funding are seen
487 IV, 13. 2. 2 | of disability for many is low to moderate; generally the
488 IV, 13. 3 | themselves stuck in a cycle of low pay/no pay. Looking at the
489 IV, 13. 4 | market. The main issue is the low level of qualification of
