Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | health determinants, health systems and health policies as well
2 I, 2. 3 | specific challenges to health systems, not least if they are not
3 I, 2. 4 | rates.~ ~While healthcare systems have contributed to significant
4 I, 2. 5 | more complex and productive systems for organising productive
5 I, 2. 5 | base for social protection systems and adequacy and sustainability
6 I, 2. 5 | modernisation of pension systems can promote active ageing
7 I, 2. 6 | different national educational systems.~ ~Figure 2.4. Early school
8 I, 2. 7 | self-sufficient water and energy systems. The city is being designed
9 I, 2. 8 | containable by effective control systems. Debate about long terni
10 I, 2. 8 | both in district heating systems and in individual houses.
11 I, 2. 10. 1 | the healthcare delivery systems. Medicine and public health
12 I, 2. 10. 1 | statistics and surveillance systems do not cover underlying
13 I, 2. 10. 1 | individualisation in healthcare systems. Indicators and statistics
14 I, 2. 10. 1 | profile.~So far healthcare systems, policy makers and industries
15 I, 2. 10. 1 | Moreover, findings from model systems may be transferred into
16 I, 2. 10. 3 | Advanced Grid technologies, systems and services.~- Embedded
17 I, 2. 10. 3 | and services.~- Embedded systems.~- Software and services.~-
18 I, 2. 10. 3 | Semantic-based knowledge and content systems.~ ~Other activities included
19 I, 2. 10. 4 | developments has made possible systems that using bar-codes or
20 I, 2. 10. 4 | Automatic identification systems have a very wide range of
21 I, 2. 10. 4 | introduction of robotic dispensing systems, recording implant serial
22 I, 2. 10. 4 | authentication and traceability systems. All these applications
23 I, 2. 10. 4 | All these applications and systems enable the realisation of
24 I, 2. 10. 4 | electronic prescription systems and robotic dispensing systems
25 I, 2. 10. 4 | systems and robotic dispensing systems will significantly reduce
26 I, 2. 10. 4 | authentication and traceability systems that will make it much more
27 I, 2. 10. 4 | Increasing efficiency~ ~Manual systems and processes in hospitals
28 I, 2. 10. 4 | identification and traceability systems allow automating and hence
29 I, 2. 10. 4 | automatic identification systems in hospitals today is very
30 I, 2. 10. 4 | implement national traceability systems for pharmaceuticals. Again,
31 I, 2. 10. 4 | identification and traceability systems. Open, technology-independent
32 I, 2. 10. 4 | complexity of the myriad of systems required for various local
33 I, 2. 10. 4 | products and for coding systems used within healthcare settings,
34 II, 5. 3. 2 | strengthening health information systems. See: www.tumori.net/eurochip/~ ~
35 II, 5. 3. 3 | from civil registration systems in countries. The data available
36 II, 5. 3. 3 | national vital registration systems, with underlying cause of
37 II, 5. 3. 7 | addressed up front. Health care systems and the pharmaceutical industry
38 II, 5. 3. 8 | ways of reducing the Health Systems expenditures in Europe while
39 II, 5. 4. 1 | and fragmented accounting systems. Thus, data mostly relies
40 II, 5. 4. 2 | harmonised by information systems linking individual clinical
41 II, 5. 4. 2 | underpins many monitoring systems currently existing in Europe,
42 II, 5. 4. 2 | of national reimbursement systems in most countries, mostly
43 II, 5. 4. 4 | countries are using tracking systems that probably lead to incomplete
44 II, 5. 4. 4 | to highlight that health systems in Europe are not optimally
45 II, 5. 4. 6 | results through monitoring systems among clinicians and patients
46 II, 5. 4. 6 | development of their healthcare systems~· November 14th , the current
47 II, 5. 4. 7 | increasing barrier for data systems, has been thoroughly explored
48 II, 5. 4. 8 | Diabetes Care at the health systems level in OECD countries,
49 II, 5. 5.Int | burden on social security systems and brings a loss of quality
50 II, 5. 5. 1 | national health information systems. Also statistics on mortality
51 II, 5. 5. 1 | national routine reporting systems of mental health establishments,
52 II, 5. 5. 1 | determinants of health and health systems.~o The European Review of
53 II, 5. 5. 2 | healthcare, it is likely that new systems need to be introduced to
54 II, 5. 5. 3 | for individuals, health systems and society. For example,
55 II, 5. 5. 3 | international health monitoring systems and health promotion systems
56 II, 5. 5. 3 | systems and health promotion systems are of utmost importance.~ ~
57 II, 5. 5. 3 | international classification systems – the divergent criteria
58 II, 5. 5. 3 | the national healthcare systems. Hence, the broad range
59 II, 5. 5. 3 | European mental health care systems.~ ~Statistics based only
60 II, 5. 5. 3 | in the mental health care systems, the extent of variation
61 II, 5. 5. 3 | national health information systems and deficiencies in international
62 II, 5. 5. 3 | international health information systems.~Not even accurate hospital
63 II, 5. 5. 3 | psychosis. As different health systems provide different structures
64 II, 5. 5. 3 | for the use of registry systems and repeated assessments
65 II, 5. 5. 3 | nation-wide surveys and registry systems. However, the tendency for
66 II, 5. 5. 3 | functional neurological systems (pyramidal, cerebellar,
67 II, 5. 5. 3 | scores over the functional systems combined with their degree
68 II, 5. 5. 3 | economies and health care systems.~NGOs, which are present
69 II, 5. 7. 5 | based clinical renal IT systems. The NHS Healthcare Commission
70 II, 5. 8. 3 | patients related to major organ systems was higher, and a frequency >
71 II, 5. 8. 6 | technologies including telecare systems and stand-alone electronic
72 II, 5. 9. FB | effectiveness of health care systems and professional training
73 II, 5. 9. FB | expenditure for health care systems for then reducing the cost
74 II, 5. 9. 3 | expenditure for health care systems but then reducing the cost
75 II, 5. 9. 4 | bioactivity in various in vitro systems and on selected target cells.
76 II, 5. 9. 5 | expenditures for health care systems, but also reducing the costs
77 II, 5. 9. 5 | effectiveness of health care systems and professional training
78 II, 5. 9. 5 | intervention onto the health care systems.~ ~
79 II, 5. 11. 3 | many current health care systems to cope with such surgical
80 II, 5. 11. 6 | the various health care systems that currently operate within
81 II, 5. 11. 6 | collected within current systems and could, then, progress
82 II, 5. 14. 1 | of reframing regulatory systems to ensure that the health
83 II, 5. 14. 2 | including sample registration systems, surveillance systems, national
84 II, 5. 14. 2 | registration systems, surveillance systems, national survey data, and
85 II, 5. 14. 2 | linked with new information’s systems for surveillance of chronic
86 II, 5. 14. 2 | oral health information’s systems are an integral part of
87 II, 5. 14. 2 | outcome-oriented information’s systems, but neglected the processes.
88 II, 5. 14. 2 | more comprehensive data systems for improving the quality
89 II, 5. 14. 2 | of oral health care and systems is encouraged.~Comparisons
90 II, 5. 14. 3 | Eastern Europe, oral health systems are now in transition. Prior
91 II, 5. 14. 3 | halt. This change in the systems has had a negative impact
92 II, 5. 14. 5 | international health surveillance systems has resulted in a deluge
93 II, 5. 14. 5 | European health information systems is an added challenge, considering
94 II, 5. 14. 5 | integration into national health systems. The indicators will focus
95 II, 5. 14. 5 | quality of life.~ ~Oral health systems play an important role in
96 II, 5. 14. 8 | Oral health information systems - toward measuring progress
97 II, 5. 14. 8 | 2004): Oral healthcare systems in the extended European
98 II, 5. 15. 1 | International classification systems, and, as a consequence,
99 II, 5. 15. 2 | retrieved in most information systems. No survey has ever been
100 II, 5. 15. 3 | establish area-based monitoring systems that would include all rare diseases.
101 II, 5. 15. 4 | adapt their health care systems to the needs of the RD patients’
102 II, 5. 15. 5 | national/regional health care systems.~ ~The scope of European
103 II, 6. 3. 1 | and in the surveillance systems (with a consequential effect
104 II, 6. 3. 1 | of national surveillance systems was the detection of outbreaks
105 II, 6. 3. 1 | most routine surveillance systems are built on the paradigm
106 II, 6. 3. 2 | on effective surveillance systems are immense. The current
107 II, 6. 3. 3 | different surveillance systems operate in these countries
108 II, 6. 3. 4 | the reservoirs are aquatic systems such as cooling towers,
109 II, 6. 3. 4 | maintenance of the various water systems. Guidelines for water plants
110 II, 6. 3. 6 | variations in reporting systems and different degrees of
111 II, 6. 3. 6 | best national surveillance systems miss the majority of cases,
112 II, 6. 3. 6 | to improved surveillance systems (particularly in the new
113 II, 6. 3. 6 | differences between surveillance systems make comparisons between
114 II, 6. 3. 6 | differences in the surveillance systems.~ ~Echinococcosis~ ~Echinococcosis
115 II, 6. 3. 7 | implication for European health systems is to counsel international
116 II, 6. 4. 1 | well-functioning surveillance systems. Surveillance systems provide
117 II, 6. 4. 1 | surveillance systems. Surveillance systems provide information for
118 II, 6. 4. 3 | it will result in health systems being stretched, hospitals
119 II, 6. 4. 4 | surveillance and early warning systems. By working with experts
120 II, 6. 4. 5 | sectors. These surveillance systems must co-operate closely
121 II, 6. 4. 5 | sanctions and reporting systems; f) phase out and replace
122 II, 7. 1 | of prevention for health systems often exceed the costs of
123 II, 7. 2 | private agencies maintain systems that continually or periodically
124 II, 7. 2 | called injury surveillance systems. Several data sources need
125 II, 7. 2. 1 | family of classification systems The ICECI was the basis
126 II, 7. 3. 3 | policies and healthcare systems. The average hospital stay
127 II, 7. 3. 4 | complex and most dangerous systems people have to deal with
128 II, 7. 3. 4 | designed injury surveillance systems is widely advocated as a
129 II, 7. 3. 5 | injuries – surveillance systems for reporting and compiling
130 II, 7. 4 | burden on health and welfare systems, injuries often affect the
131 II, 7. 4 | Injury surveillance systems in the different countries
132 II, 7. 4. 1 | the usage of car restrain systems and bicycle helmets amongst
133 II, 7. 4. 3 | of road safety elaborated systems for the improvement of safety
134 II, 7. 4. 5 | monitoring and reporting systems which identify the nature
135 II, 7. 5 | cost-effective; benefits for health systems often exceed the costs of
136 II, 7. 5 | surveillance and reporting systems as a pre-requisite for targeted
137 II, 7. 5 | within the national data systems on products and services,
138 II, 7. 5 | link existing statistical systems relevant to injury for providing
139 II, 8. 2. 1 | known to formal service systems (www ). It may be inferred
140 II, 8. 2. 1 | disabilities, current service systems and sources of information.
141 II, 8. 2. 1 | Efforts at the level of health systems are also recommended to
142 II, 8. 2. 1 | yet to date there are no systems in place to gather population-based
143 II, 8. 2. 1 | outcomes, determinants and systems related to persons with
144 II, 8. 2. 1 | impact on health service systems in their countries. For
145 II, 8. 2. 2 | strengthened national health-care systems. In May 2006, the World
146 II, 8. 2. 2 | well-monitored national health systems.~ ~To accelerate implementation
147 II, 9 | Additional information systems are needed to capture all
148 II, 9. 1. 1 | international reporting systems on rates of death in the
149 II, 9. 1. 1 | international reporting systems.~ ~Foetal and neonatal mortality
150 II, 9. 1. 1 | for other data collection systems. For example, in Spain and
151 II, 9. 1. 1 | deaths. Some data recording systems impose a lower limit of
152 II, 9. 1. 1 | EURO-PERISTAT. These data systems include EUROSTAT, WHO and
153 II, 9. 1. 1 | 1.1.1. In addition, data systems are undoubtedly better at
154 II, 9. 1. 1 | European health information systems in order to monitor health
155 II, 9. 1. 2 | Additional information systems are needed to capture all
156 II, 9. 1. 2 | organization, resources and systems in place to put changes
157 II, 9. 1. 2 | underlying health information systems across Europe would improve
158 II, 9. 1. 2 | different health information systems using unique patient identifiers.
159 II, 9. 2. 2 | not to overload national systems. It has a specific health
160 II, 9. 2. 2 | voluntary basis from national systems, hence consensus of topics
161 II, 9. 2. 3 | there are no the statistical systems available to provide comparable
162 II, 9. 2. 3 | available data. Recording systems have been developed for
163 II, 9. 2. 6 | establish statistical reporting systems in hospitals and primary
164 II, 9. 3. 1 | across national and Community systems needs to become a priority
165 II, 9. 3. 1 | burden on social security systems and brings a loss of quality
166 II, 9. 3. 1 | beneficial effects on other organ systems. The same goes for calcitonin
167 II, 9. 3. 1 | as in other target organ systems, oestrogen interacts with
168 II, 9. 3. 1 | that affects all organs and systems. The symptoms related to
169 II, 9. 3. 1 | co-operation between health systems. The implementation of this
170 II, 9. 3. 1 | lack of will, but because systems are often not compatible,
171 II, 9. 3. 1 | which need to occur: in systems of research and data collection,
172 II, 9. 3. 2 | across different healthcare systems. Many indicators useful
173 II, 9. 4. 1 | will challenge healthcare systems and the society itself.~ ~
174 II, 9. 4. 3 | European Healthy Aging, 2007). Systems of cooperative care - which
175 II, 9. 4. 5 | elderly. Social protection systems not only provide cash benefits
176 II, 9. 4. 5 | stressed that social protection systems need to be reformed, inter
177 II, 9. 4. 5 | healthcare and long-term care systems in the European Union face
178 II, 9. 4. 5 | financial sustainability of care systems.~ ~These three broad goals
179 II, 9. 4. 5 | stressed that all health systems in the EU are based on the
180 II, 9. 4. 5 | the overall management of systems. Thus, many national replies
181 II, 9. 4. 5 | as a cornerstone of their systems, even in the face of increasing
182 II, 9. 4. 5 | ICT-based products, services and systems for Europe's ageing population.
183 II, 9. 4. 6 | etc..)~· Plan integrated systems across all sectors (health,
184 II, 9. 5. 1 | within the various healthcare systems in Europe stem from both
185 II, 9. 5. 3 | include those to judicial systems, refuge provision, lost
186 II, 9. 5. 3 | implications for healthcare systems, as it is currently estimated
187 II, 9. 5. 4 | discrimination in health systems.~ Reference A6-0250/2005 :
188 III, 10. 2. 1 | BAL particularly in legal systems in which a criminal drinking-driver
189 III, 10. 2. 1 | widely adopted in health care systems,.~ ~For people with more
190 III, 10. 2. 1(10)| consists of two complementary systems, HIV case reporting and
191 III, 10. 2. 1(10)| seroprevalence monitoring. Both systems are likely to be imperfect
192 III, 10. 2. 1 | accessibility of oral health systems but a reduced risk of the
193 III, 10. 2. 1 | including sample registration systems, surveillance systems, national
194 III, 10. 2. 1 | registration systems, surveillance systems, national survey data, and
195 III, 10. 2. 1 | health public and private systems has also be used.~ ~The
196 III, 10. 2. 1 | international surveillance systems on nutritional status, food
197 III, 10. 2. 4 | statistics and surveillance systems do not cover underlying
198 III, 10. 2. 4 | individualisation in health care systems. Indicators and statistics
199 III, 10. 2. 4 | the healthcare delivery systems. Medicine and Public Health
200 III, 10. 2. 4 | field of cancer. Health care systems, policy makers and industries
201 III, 10. 2. 4 | markers of all types and systems biology. These advances
202 III, 10. 2. 4 | and other biomarkers in systems biology and complex diseases
203 III, 10. 2. 4 | monitoring and surveillance systems at present which are designed
204 III, 10. 2. 4 | and to better understand systems biology, epigenomic and
205 III, 10. 2. 4 | of individual pathways in systems biology with onset, severity
206 III, 10. 2. 4 | challenges that our health care systems will face (Collins et al,
207 III, 10. 2. 4 | approaches, the application of systems biology approaches to integrated
208 III, 10. 2. 4 | challenges for all health care systems. Clarifying the general
209 III, 10. 2. 4 | as social epidemiology, systems biology, genetic epidemiology,
210 III, 10. 3. 1 | includes national information systems, guidance documents for
211 III, 10. 3. 1 | respiratory and musculo-skeletal systems and to depression. Many
212 III, 10. 3. 2 | System~RASFF~Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed products~
213 III, 10. 3. 2 | through the EU rapid alert systems. These include the Rapid
214 III, 10. 3. 2 | include the Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed products (
215 III, 10. 3. 2 | requirements for safety management systems, emergency and land-use
216 III, 10. 3. 4 | providing advice on how health systems could be prepared to deal
217 III, 10. 3. 4 | if electricity or heating systems fail.~ ~Floods and storms~ ~
218 III, 10. 3. 4 | the contamination of water systems with dangerous chemicals
219 III, 10. 3. 4 | included heat health-warning systems, health and environmental
220 III, 10. 3. 4 | river banks and canalization systems and the institutional response
221 III, 10. 4. 1 | domestic heating and cooking systems, including wood or coal
222 III, 10. 4. 1 | Maintenance of ventilation systems is clearly important, particularly
223 III, 10. 4. 2 | reforms to their regulatory systems on food safety, often characterised
224 III, 10. 4. 2 | sustainability of our food production systems, the effects of increasing
225 III, 10. 4. 2 | European food legislation systems, including the:~ ~· crisis
226 III, 10. 4. 2 | collection and information systems and gaps in some crucial
227 III, 10. 4. 2 | standards and reinforcing the systems of checks throughout the
228 III, 10. 4. 2 | integration of national control systems; and~· transparent dialogue
229 III, 10. 4. 2 | and Global Early Warning Systems for major animal diseases.~ ~ ~
230 III, 10. 4. 2 | Chromatographic columns and detection systems have been improved; now
231 III, 10. 4. 2 | existing food legislation systems within the EU. This led
232 III, 10. 4. 2 | and reinforcing checking systems throughout the food chain,
233 III, 10. 4. 2 | inventory of~- protected crop systems~- emissions from these systems
234 III, 10. 4. 2 | systems~- emissions from these systems to relevant environmental
235 III, 10. 4. 2 | effectiveness of national control systems for enforcing Community
236 III, 10. 4. 2 | Community and national control systems.~ ~Member States should
237 III, 10. 4. 2 | sustainability of our food production systems, the effects of increasing
238 III, 10. 4. 3 | disasters and distribution systems have to be designed to meet
239 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking water and sanitation systems, in association with breakdowns
240 III, 10. 4. 3 | failures in the water supply systems due to missing or faulty
241 III, 10. 4. 3 | micro-organisms in the distribution systems as well as to leaks of untreated
242 III, 10. 4. 3 | connected to municipal delivery systems including water treatment
243 III, 10. 4. 3 | surveillance and reporting systems rather then differences
244 III, 10. 4. 3 | connected to municipal delivery systems including water treatment
245 III, 10. 4. 3 | drinking water and sanitation systems (see Figure 10.4.3.2).~ ~
246 III, 10. 4. 3 | Legionella from all water systems is impossible, public health
247 III, 10. 4. 3 | Legionella to colonise water systems. Moreover, the presence
248 III, 10. 4. 3 | have national monitoring systems in place.~ ~Waste water
249 III, 10. 4. 3 | maintenance of water delivery systems, both on the supply and
250 III, 10. 4. 4 | through the EU rapid alert systems. These include the Rapid
251 III, 10. 4. 4 | include the Rapid Alert Systems for Food and Feed products (
252 III, 10. 4. 5 | adequate waste management systems in most countries of this
253 III, 10. 5. 1 | water supply and sanitation systems; public transport networks;
254 III, 10. 5. 1 | with inadequate heating systems and poor insulation. Moreover,
255 III, 10. 5. 1 | to sewage and sanitation systems is less common than access
256 III, 10. 5. 1 | more efficient ventilation systems (Smedje and Norbäck, 2000).
257 III, 10. 5. 1 | the limitation of these systems in extreme climate situations,
258 III, 10. 5. 1 | dynamics of social-ecological systems in urban landscapes: Stockholm
259 III, 10. 5. 1 | using modern ventilation systems in buildings In: Indoor
260 III, 10. 5. 1 | 246-256~Hulsmann A. Small systems large problems, a European
261 III, 10. 5. 1 | European inventory of small systems and associated problems.
262 III, 10. 5. 1 | booklets/05_small_water_systems_ver_june2005.pdf, accessed18
263 III, 10. 5. 2 | problem of national health systems in rural and less populated
264 III, 10. 5. 2 | rural settings as urban health systems do not translate well into
265 III, 10. 5. 3 | according to the different systems in the Member States. Mainly
266 III, 10. 5. 3 | States: Insurance based systems where care benefits and
267 III, 10. 5. 3 | private) insurer. In these systems the level of accident reporting
268 III, 10. 5. 3 | the accident. For these systems, the reporting levels are
269 III, 10. 5. 3 | more complex and productive systems for organising productive
270 III, 10. 5. 3 | equipment, the workplace and its systems~- noise reduction through
271 III, 10. 6. 2 | services~ ~While health care systems have contributed to significant
272 III, 10. 6. 2 | lack of access to health systems (htt ~ ~European level~The
273 III, 10. 6. 3 | injuries – surveillance systems for reporting and compiling
274 IV | TREATING DISEASES: HEALTH SYSTEMS, SERVICES AND POLICIES~ ~
275 IV, 11. 1. 1 | 1. Introduction~ ~Health systems contribute to the health
276 IV, 11. 1. 1 | s health system. Health systems are composed of all actors,
277 IV, 11. 1. 1 | financial burden to operate the systems.~ ~Although all actions
278 IV, 11. 1. 1 | the contribution of health systems to the health status of
279 IV, 11. 1. 1 | The objectives of health systems can be further delineated
280 IV, 11. 1. 1 | ranking of countries’ health systems has drawn criticism, mainly
281 IV, 11. 1. 1 | and functions of health systems (in Europe). Given the variance
282 IV, 11. 1. 1 | characterize the health systems is therefore important.
283 IV, 11. 1. 1 | overview of health care systems in Europe, with a focus
284 IV, 11. 1. 1 | and financing of health systems in the European Union.~ ~
285 IV, 11. 1. 1 | with a section on health systems performance with emphasis
286 IV, 11. 1. 1 | European health and social care systems, these fall outside the
287 IV, 11. 1. 1 | As all European health systems face their own challenges
288 IV, 11. 1. 3 | The Performance of Health Systems~ ~The impact of health care (
289 IV, 11. 1. 3 | that high-performing health systems can help in achieving better
290 IV, 11. 1. 3 | driven by the WHO’s health systems framework.~ ~In view of
291 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the performance of health systems as a basis for a continuous
292 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the functions of health systems so as to understand how
293 IV, 11. 1. 3 | bear in mind that health systems can be grouped in many ways:
294 IV, 11. 1. 3 | used to categorize health systems across countries is through
295 IV, 11. 1. 3 | four broad types of health systems can be identified in Europe,
296 IV, 11. 1. 3 | 3) devolved tax funded systems e.g. Sweden and Spain;~4)
297 IV, 11. 1. 3 | centralized tax funded systems e.g. UK and Italy.~This
298 IV, 11. 1. 3 | continuous pressure on health systems worldwide stem from the
299 IV, 11. 1. 3 | pressure on European health systems, the role of the individual
300 IV, 11. 1. 3 | responsiveness of health systems.~ ~
301 IV, 11. 1. 3(2) | used to classify health systems (Semashko, Beveridge and
302 IV, 11. 1. 3(2) | to highlight that health systems are much more complex structures
303 IV, 11. 1. 3(2) | insurance (‘Bismarkian’) systems take require more detailed
304 IV, 11. 1. 3 | between insurance funds in systems with social insurance; c)
305 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the performance of health systems. The concern with measuring
306 IV, 11. 1. 3 | the performance of health systems dates back to the 1800s
307 IV, 11. 1. 3 | yielded a ranking of health systems in 191 countries, most governments
308 IV, 11. 1. 3 | elements of health care systems are conducted in order to
309 IV, 11. 1. 3 | responsiveness of health systems to the population’s needs
310 IV, 11. 1. 3 | measurement tools in modern health systems, and the large number of
311 IV, 11. 1. 3 | possible way. Moreover, many systems of performance assessment,
312 IV, 11. 1. 4 | of publicly-funded health systems. It is, therefore, important
313 IV, 11. 1. 4 | appear limited to health systems funded mainly by social
314 IV, 11. 1. 5 | states with public reporting systems have experienced a faster
315 IV, 11. 1. 5 | without public reporting systems. The evaluation of the Danish
316 IV, 11. 1. 5 | indicators and information systems, patient surveys, clinical
317 IV, 11. 1. 5 | some countries already have systems in place - e.g. the Czech Republic,
318 IV, 11. 1. 5 | guidelines, lack of information systems and limited capacity for
319 IV, 11. 1. 5 | such as data collection systems or internal quality management
320 IV, 11. 1. 5 | best practices, information systems and access to appropriate
321 IV, 11. 1. 5 | few countries have formal systems in place. In the UK, the
322 IV, 11. 1. 5 | complications in payment systems, etc. (Dovey et al, 2002).
323 IV, 11. 1. 5 | Without robust information systems to track medical error occurrences
324 IV, 11. 1. 5 | diminished trust in health systems, medical professionals and
325 IV, 11. 1. 5 | satisfaction with the health systems ranked from 0 (least satisfied)
326 IV, 11. 1. 6 | variations of these payment systems, but the basic principles
327 IV, 11. 1. 6 | incentives. Fee-for-service systems have an incentive to increase
328 IV, 11. 1. 6 | by salary in tax-funded systems, while in social insurance
329 IV, 11. 1. 6 | while in social insurance systems fee-for-service is the most
330 IV, 11. 1. 6 | Most European health systems have in place a hospital
331 IV, 11. 1. 6 | countries having introduced DRG systems, and with different systems
332 IV, 11. 1. 6 | systems, and with different systems of patient classification,
333 IV, 11. 1. 6 | modification of the DRG systems vary across Europe. A review
334 IV, 11. 1. 6 | methodology used to develop DRG systems in 9 European countries (
335 IV, 11. 1. 6 | the DRG hospital financing systems introduced in Europe have
336 IV, 11. 1. 6 | closer to those of tax-funded systems. The lower level of administrative
337 IV, 11. 1. 6 | public health insurance systems. This results from the extensive
338 IV, 11. 1. 6 | statutory health insurance systems, around 3-5% in most countries.
339 IV, 11. 2. 1 | data, strong primary care systems are negatively associated
340 IV, 11. 2. 1 | European countries, those with systems of social health insurance
341 IV, 11. 2. 1 | than those with tax-funded systems. Similar patterns can be
342 IV, 11. 2. 1 | social health insurance systems in Western Europe compared
343 IV, 11. 3. 2 | through reference price systems have been shown, these were
344 IV, 11. 3. 2 | Furthermore, price control systems currently do not provide
345 IV, 11. 3. 2 | both adequate information systems to track the guidelines,
346 IV, 11. 4 | rehabilitation. Even the systems within which health is protected
347 IV, 11. 4 | find their way into health systems through some kind of passive
348 IV, 11. 4 | new technologies in health systems: the Health Technology Assessment.~ ~
349 IV, 11. 4 | policies of given health systems. Technology assessment in
350 IV, 11. 4 | Organisational research~· Systems science~· Occupational and
351 IV, 11. 5. 3 | with the organ, the quality systems and the audit of accidents
352 IV, 11. 5. 4 | organisation of donation systems and current practices that
353 IV, 11. 5. 4 | functioning of transplant systems.~In order to expand the
354 IV, 11. 5. 4 | establishment of adequate transplant systems at national level. This
355 IV, 11. 5. 4 | The different organisation systems in Europe are the result
356 IV, 11. 5. 4 | donation/transplantation systems.~As part of this organisation,
357 IV, 11. 5. 4 | address them. Their health systems are therefore under particular
358 IV, 11. 5. 4 | particular benefits to those systems. It has been accepted that
359 IV, 11. 5. 4 | donor records and quality systems have been identified as
360 IV, 11. 5. 4 | importance of establishing systems for the authorisation of
361 IV, 11. 6. 2 | assessment of health financing systems~ ~Health financing consists
362 IV, 11. 6. 2 | market is unlikely to help systems achieve the goals of health
363 IV, 11. 6. 2 | role in European health systems), cost sharing for services
364 IV, 11. 6. 2 | below).~ ~European health systems are characterized by a high
365 IV, 11. 6. 2 | 2005~ ~European healthcare systems rely on a mix of contribution
366 IV, 11. 6. 2 | predominantly tax-funded systems include Sweden, Finland,
367 IV, 11. 6. 2 | to the overall financing systems in Europe have been seen
368 IV, 11. 6. 2 | taxation among countries with systems predominantly financed through
369 IV, 11. 6. 2 | predominantly tax-funded systems (e.g. Sweden, Finland, Italy
370 IV, 11. 6. 2 | taxation to fund their health systems vary significantly, depending
371 IV, 11. 6. 2 | social health insurance systems, the trend towards greater
372 IV, 11. 6. 2 | across social insurance systems. Contributions can either
373 IV, 11. 6. 2 | extent in all European health systems. The three forms of direct
374 IV, 11. 6. 3 | 1998). Moreover, tax-funded systems are more progressive than
375 IV, 11. 6. 3 | social health insurance systems, the degree of fairness
376 IV, 11. 6. 3 | social health insurance systems in Germany and the Netherlands
377 IV, 11. 6. 3 | effect of tax and benefit systems, there is considerable variation
378 IV, 11. 6. 3 | funding reveal that healthcare systems that are largely privately
379 IV, 11. 6. 4 | social health insurance systems) and may break historical
380 IV, 11. 6. 4 | sustainability) in health systems. Thus, the role of purchasing
381 IV, 11. 6. 4 | with tax-financed health systems (except Cyprus, Ireland
382 IV, 11. 6. 4 | weakest element in most health systems. Recent years have seen
383 IV, 11. 6. 4 | adjustment. However, many health systems continue to allocate resources
384 IV, 11. 6. 4 | more with tax-funded health systems to minimize regional inequity,
385 IV, 11. 6. 4 | social health insurance systems, in particular where there
386 IV, 11. 6. 4 | funds in social insurance systems, such as Germany and the
387 IV, 11. 6. 4 | the Netherlands, and in systems with regional health plans
388 IV, 11. 6. 4 | as the social insurance systems listed above and England (
389 IV, 11. 6. 4 | In some countries with systems funded by social health
390 IV, 11. 6. 4 | social health insurance systems. Not only they clarify the
391 IV, 11. 6. 4 | the tax-funded NHS-style systems. The vaguest definition
392 IV, 11. 6. 4 | social health insurance systems (Gibis et al, 2004). While
393 IV, 11. 6. 4 | private health insurance systems, coverage through many national
394 IV, 11. 6. 4 | national health service-type systems is not based on a defined
395 IV, 11. 6. 4 | healthcare and political systems, with variations in mandates,
396 IV, 11. 6. 4 | In recent years, health systems have moved towards changing
397 IV, 11. 6. 4 | collected on healthcare systems and sources of health data
398 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Editorial: Hospital case payment systems in Europe." Health Care
399 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Chaix-Couturier
400 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen,
401 IV, 11. 6. 5 | social health insurance systems. Social health insurance
402 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Social health insurance systems in Western Europe. R. B.
403 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies: 81-140.~ ~
404 IV, 11. 6. 5 | social health insurance systems. Social health insurance
405 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Social health insurance systems in Western Europe. R. B.
406 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies: 189-206.~ ~
407 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Holland
408 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~HOPE - European
409 IV, 11. 6. 5 | classifying decision-making systems using technology assessment
410 IV, 11. 6. 5 | technologies (fourth hurdle systems)." International Journal
411 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Changing remuneration systems: effects on activity in
412 IV, 11. 6. 5 | contribution of primary care systems to health outcomes within
413 IV, 11. 6. 5 | countries, 1970-1998." Health Systems Research 38(3): 831-865.~ ~
414 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~McDaid D,
415 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies. Copenhagen,
416 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Incentives and Payment Systems in Austria. Report prepared
417 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Mossialos
418 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Mossialos
419 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Mossialos
420 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Musgrove
421 IV, 11. 6. 5 | 2003): "Judging health systems: reflections on WHO's methods."
422 IV, 11. 6. 5 | the European health care systems." Health Policy 56(3): 235-
423 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Purchasing to improve health systems performance. J. Figueras,
424 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Rosenthal
425 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Social health insurance systems in Western Europe. R. B.
426 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies.~ ~Sappington
427 IV, 11. 6. 5 | quality policies in health systems. Copenhagen World Health
428 IV, 11. 6. 5 | 2004): Health and health systems in the new member states
429 IV, 11. 6. 5 | on the Social Protection Systems in the 13 Applicant Countries:
430 IV, 12. 1 | on diseases and health systems based on European-wide common
431 IV, 12. 1 | health service and health systems.~ ~Directorate~General~ ~
432 IV, 12. 2 | Threats, and Dynamic Health Systems and New Technologies.~ ~
433 IV, 12. 2 | BAL particularly in legal systems in which a criminal drinking-driver
434 IV, 12. 2 | widely adopted in health care systems, the population impact on
435 IV, 12. 3 | European cooperation of health systems and patient rights in cross-border
436 IV, 12. 3 | cooperation and educational systems and a green paper on immigration
437 IV, 12. 3 | sustainable and equitable welfare systems. Over time, they should
438 IV, 12. 3 | adequate social protection systems.~ ~ ~
439 IV, 12. 4 | public health and health systems, food safety, eHealth, Innovative
440 IV, 12. 5 | networks, tools and reporting systems for immunisation status
441 IV, 12. 5 | between national health systems by supporting cooperation
442 IV, 12. 5 | determinants and health systems. Several working parties
443 IV, 12. 5 | and on diseases and health systems, based on European-wide
444 IV, 12. 5 | working conditions~Health systems~Prevention, health protection
445 IV, 12. 5 | situation, that information systems for specific sectors were
446 IV, 12. 5 | comprehensive and integrative systems have been developed.~Important
447 IV, 12. 5 | national Health Information Systems are provided with data from
448 IV, 12. 7 | in all Policies~ ~Health systems impact assessment~An ad
449 IV, 12. 7 | of new policies on health systems, as opposed to the impact
450 IV, 12. 10 | implemented early warning systems (e. g. on heat waves) that
451 IV, 12. 10 | children and social warning systems (Frühe Hilfen für Eltern
452 IV, 12. 10 | integrated in European healthcare systems and civil protection authorities.
453 IV, 12. 10 | colour jobs and 7) improving systems for monitoring~National
454 IV, 13. 2. 4 | burden for the healthcare systems and in an even higher benefit
455 IV, 13. 3 | complexity of the health systems and the many involved variables
456 IV, 13. 5 | to national health care systems much more sensitive to their
457 IV, 13. 5 | of well-performing health systems in a context of demographic
458 IV, 13. 5 | Ministerial Conference on Health Systems “Health Systems. Health
459 IV, 13. 5 | on Health Systems “Health Systems. Health and Wealth” held
460 IV, 13. 5 | participation; invest in health systems and foster investment across
461 IV, 13. 5 | accountable; make health systems more responsive; engage
462 IV, 13. 5 | cooperation; ensure that health systems are prepared and able to
463 IV, 13. 6. 2 | Other countries have other systems. This variation cannot easily
464 IV, 13. 6. 3 | 13.6.3 Health Systems and Access for Children~ ~
465 IV, 13. 7. 5 | population, diseases and health systems at European level, in order
466 IV, 13. 7. 5 | feasible health information systems based on individual level
467 IV, 13. 7. 5 | national data protection systems with regard to processing
468 IV, 13. 7. 5 | concerns data protection systems, most Member States have
469 IV, 13. 7. 5 | indeed been shown that opt-in systems seriously complicate the
470 IV, 13. 7. 5 | public health monitoring systems at national, and subsequently
