Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 1. 1| other respiratory diseases; diabetes; obesity and other conditions
2 II, 5. 1. 1| cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, dyslipidemia and obesity).
3 II, 5. 1. 1| cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and smoking are crucial
4 II, 5. 1. 1| hypercholesterol, obesity, diabetes and smoking habit. Differences
5 II, 5. 1. 1| radiation in sunlight.~ ~ ~Diabetes~ The major risk factor for
6 II, 5. 1. 1| major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes is excess body weight, particularly
7 II, 5. 1. 1| factors for developing type 2 diabetes:~ ~· obese or with high
8 II, 5. 1. 1| high cholesterol;~· type 2 diabetes runs in the family;~· Asian,
9 II, 5. 1. 1| experienced gestational diabetes, (diabetes during pregnancy
10 II, 5. 1. 1| experienced gestational diabetes, (diabetes during pregnancy only,)
11 II, 5. 1. 1| and~· old age.~ Type 1 diabetes genetic susceptibility in
12 II, 5. 1. 1| possible for this type of diabetes. A number of other causes
13 II, 5. 1. 1| number of other causes of diabetes exist. Maturity onset diabetes
14 II, 5. 1. 1| diabetes exist. Maturity onset diabetes of the young, or MODY ‘s
15 II, 5. 1. 1| are monogenetic forms of diabetes, with different patterns
16 II, 5. 1. 1| increased insulin resistance and diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis can
17 II, 5. 1. 1| eventually may also present diabetes. Cystic fibrosis can be
18 II, 5. 1. 1| fibrosis can be complicated by diabetes. These forms are not dealt
19 II, 5. 1. 1| Disease~Hypertension and diabetes, obesity and perhaps non-traditional
20 II, 5. 1. 1| risk for CKD. Currently, diabetes mellitus is the most common
21 II, 5. 1. 1| consumption, stress, and diabetes mellitus. The focus of recent
22 II, 5. 1. 1| obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes. It has been shown a long
23 II, 5. 1. 1| these conditions (especially diabetes) worsen periodontal status
24 II, 5. 2. 2| cholesterol, high blood pressure, diabetes, obesity). CVD is a multifactorial
25 II, 5. 2. 2| cholesterol, hypertension, diabetes and smoking are crucial
26 II, 5. 2. 2| hypercholesterol, obesity, diabetes and smoking habit. Due to
27 II, 5. 2. 4| obesity, smoking habit, diabetes and hyperlipidemia. These
28 II, 5. 2. 4| associated with CVD include diabetes mellitus, excessive alcohol
29 II, 5. 2. 4| hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, overweight, alcohol use,
30 II, 5. 2. 5| pressure, cholesterol and diabetes considered simultaneously,
31 II, 5. 2. 5| Sections 5.1. or 5.2.; for diabetes mellitus see Section 3.1.
32 II, 5. 2. 6| Kannel WB (1985). Lipids, diabetes, and coronary heart disease:
33 II, 5. 4 | 5.4. Diabetes~
34 II, 5. 4.Acr| Through Regional Outcomes in Diabetes~EUCID~European Core Indicators
35 II, 5. 4.Acr| European Core Indicators for Diabetes Mellitus~FEND~Federation
36 II, 5. 4.Acr| Federation of European Nurses in Diabetes~HIS~Health Interview Surveys~
37 II, 5. 4.Acr| Surveys~IDF~International Diabetes Federation~RS~Reimbursement
38 II, 5. 4.Acr| Surveillance Network~T1DM~Type 1 diabetes mellitus~T2DM~Type 2 diabetes
39 II, 5. 4.Acr| diabetes mellitus~T2DM~Type 2 diabetes mellitus~ ~ ~
40 II, 5. 4. 1| 5.4.1 Introduction~Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease,
41 II, 5. 4. 1| mortality.~Diagnosis of diabetes according to the WHO is
42 II, 5. 4. 1| Two major subgroups of diabetes mellitus are currently recognised,
43 II, 5. 4. 1| diabetic population:~ ~·Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) or Immune
44 II, 5. 4. 1| last 30 years.~ ~·Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) or non-insulin
45 II, 5. 4. 1| In the past, this form of diabetes was considered to occur
46 II, 5. 4. 1| nine out of ten people with diabetes have type 2 diabetes and
47 II, 5. 4. 1| with diabetes have type 2 diabetes and over 80% of these people
48 II, 5. 4. 1| estimates of prevalence of diabetes are scarce and not accurate.~
49 II, 5. 4. 1| some 67 million people have diabetes, followed by Europe with
50 II, 5. 4. 1| highest number of people with diabetes with a current figure of
51 II, 5. 4. 1| alarming. According to WHO, diabetes prevalence in the European
52 II, 5. 4. 1| prevalence rates above 10%. Diabetes mellitus has been recognised
53 II, 5. 4. 1| Figure 5.4.1. The Growing Diabetes Epidemic~ ~(WHO Report,
54 II, 5. 4. 1| increased prevalence of type 2 diabetes. For low and middle-income
55 II, 5. 4. 1| In the developed world, diabetes is most common among the
56 II, 5. 4. 1| indicators of the development of diabetes. Among the potential factors,
57 II, 5. 4. 1| those affected to develop diabetes in one year. For IGT, the
58 II, 5. 4. 1| Another important aspect in diabetes is the one involving costs.
59 II, 5. 4. 1| costs of people with type 2 diabetes in 8 EU countries: Belgium,
60 II, 5. 4. 1| per patient with type 2 diabetes were estimated at €2,834
61 II, 5. 4. 1| The health care costs of diabetes as a percentage of the total
62 II, 5. 4. 1| during the natural history of diabetes is 'U' or 'J' shaped with
63 II, 5. 4. 1| complications. Indirect costs by diabetes due to loss of productivity
64 II, 5. 4. 1| information on overall costs of diabetes is not collected continuously;
65 II, 5. 4. 1| observed in both forms of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to
66 II, 5. 4. 1| forms of diabetes. Type 2 diabetes tends to be associated with
67 II, 5. 4. 1| hyperglycaemia in type 1 diabetes represents also a well known
68 II, 5. 4. 1| complications.~Main complications of diabetes are as follows:~Feet: blood
69 II, 5. 4. 1| blood flow, people with diabetes may develop foot ulcers.
70 II, 5. 4. 1| more than 30% of men with diabetes report erectile dysfunction/
71 II, 5. 4. 1| increases substantially with diabetes duration and age;~Pregnancy:
72 II, 5. 4. 1| women with uncontrolled diabetes are at an increased risk
73 II, 5. 4. 1| myocardial infarction or stroke. ~Diabetes is recognised as a top policy
74 II, 5. 4. 1| diagnosis and treatment of diabetes at national and EU level.
75 II, 5. 4. 2| common tools to monitor diabetes policy on a large scale,
76 II, 5. 4. 2| from EU countries joined diabetes experts under the aegis
77 II, 5. 4. 2| Region of the International Diabetes Federation (IDF), European
78 II, 5. 4. 2| is paramount to prevent diabetes complications, but it is
79 II, 5. 4. 2| is so large and diverse. Diabetes itself is a multifactorial
80 II, 5. 4. 2| Yet, the organization of diabetes information would represent
81 II, 5. 4. 2| available. Some of the best diabetes registers in Europe have
82 II, 5. 4. 2| management programs and/or diabetes registers only cover those
83 II, 5. 4. 2| sources are not available;~· diabetes status is heterogeneously
84 II, 5. 4. 2| increasing awareness of diabetes and to the diffusion of
85 II, 5. 4. 2| of cases with less severe diabetes are more likely to be recorded
86 II, 5. 4. 2| Vincent Declaration 1989:~ ~Diabetes mellitus is a major and
87 II, 5. 4. 2| formal recognition to the diabetes problem and deploy resources
88 II, 5. 4. 2| identification and treatment of diabetes and particularly its complications -
89 II, 5. 4. 2| Management of their own diabetes and education for it~->
90 II, 5. 4. 2| construction of population-based diabetes registers represents an
91 II, 5. 4. 2| without the presence of a diabetes diagnosis field validated
92 II, 5. 4. 2| 5.4.2.2. IDF Diabetes Atlas~ ~The International
93 II, 5. 4. 2| Atlas~ ~The International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has published
94 II, 5. 4. 2| published regularly the Diabetes Atlas, containing estimates
95 II, 5. 4. 2| estimates of the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance.
96 II, 5. 4. 2| indicators (of which several for diabetes) takes place on a regular
97 II, 5. 4. 2| basis through the National Diabetes Audit and the Quality and
98 II, 5. 4. 2| Indicator Name~Processes of diabetes care~Annual HbA1c testing~
99 II, 5. 4. 2| disease in persons with diabetes~Cardiovascular mortality
100 II, 5. 4. 2| mortality in patients with diabetes~ ~ ~ ~
101 II, 5. 4. 2| items. Among these items, diabetes prevalence and diabetes
102 II, 5. 4. 2| diabetes prevalence and diabetes management have been included (
103 II, 5. 4. 2| identified with a diagnosis of diabetes mellitus.~The establishment
104 II, 5. 4. 2| territories. An admission for diabetes, unless linked to the occurrence
105 II, 5. 4. 2| increase information content on diabetes through linkage with other
106 II, 5. 4. 2| flag that would identify diabetes as a specific condition
107 II, 5. 4. 2| different pathologies (e.g. diabetes mellitus). National annual
108 II, 5. 4. 2| different information on diabetes.~Registers may become the
109 II, 5. 4. 2| harmonised, and complete diabetes sources. The case of Tayside,
110 II, 5. 4. 2| provides a good example of diabetes information system through
111 II, 5. 4. 2| well as economic burden of diabetes necessitates the development
112 II, 5. 4. 2| a surveillance system on diabetes and its complications of
113 II, 5. 4. 2| sources~ ~I Risk factors of diabetes~ ~ ~% of the general population
114 II, 5. 4. 2| Registry~II Epidemiology of diabetes~ ~ ~Annual incidence of
115 II, 5. 4. 2| Annual incidence of Type 1 diabetes by age/100,000 population
116 II, 5. 4. 2| HIS Registry~Prevalence of diabetes mellitus/1000 population ~
117 II, 5. 4. 2| therapy in patients with diabetes/1,000,000 general population~
118 II, 5. 4. 2| therapy) in patients with diabetes /1,000,000 general population~
119 II, 5. 4. 2| primary or any cause of death diabetes mellitus/100,000 general
120 II, 5. 4. 2| Registry~Acronyms:~ICD 9: Diabetes mellitus 250; ICD 10: Diabetes
121 II, 5. 4. 2| Diabetes mellitus 250; ICD 10: Diabetes mellitus E10–14; HES: Health
122 II, 5. 4. 2| Definitions~Annual incidence of diabetes in children (0-14 year),
123 II, 5. 4. 2| the number of new cases of diabetes in children in one year
124 II, 5. 4. 2| children.~Prevalence of diabetes, defined by EUCID as the
125 II, 5. 4. 2| of the number of cases of diabetes present in the population
126 II, 5. 4. 2| using the definition of diabetes provided by WHO/ADA criteria (
127 II, 5. 4. 2| primary or any cause of death diabetes mellitus/100,000 general
128 II, 5. 4. 2| condition, mortality data in diabetes are not very reliable. This
129 II, 5. 4. 2| because, with the exception of diabetes coma, most diabetic patients
130 II, 5. 4. 2| complications, which lead to record diabetes not as a primary cause,
131 II, 5. 4. 2| data~II Epidemiology of diabetes~ ~Prevalence of subjects
132 II, 5. 4. 2| m2~13~Age at diagnosis of diabetes mellitus by 10 year age
133 II, 5. 4. 2| of clinical management in diabetes, parameters include blood
134 II, 5. 4. 2| international comparisons in diabetes.~Proliferative retinopathy
135 II, 5. 4. 3| human and economic burden of diabetes and its complications, remain
136 II, 5. 4. 3| Here we will present EU diabetes data mainly referring to
137 II, 5. 4. 3| indicatorsAnnual incidence of diabetes in children (0-14 year).
138 II, 5. 4. 3| population was diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 and type 2).~Annual
139 II, 5. 4. 3| deaths are attributable to diabetes across Europe.~ ~Secondary
140 II, 5. 4. 3| of clinical management in diabetes, parameters include blood
141 II, 5. 4. 3| 574 (Spain) per 100,000 diabetes patients, with a median
142 II, 5. 4. 4| a unique common message: diabetes is an increasingly threatening
143 II, 5. 4. 4| Regardless of the type of diabetes, the data may become more
144 II, 5. 4. 4| evidence that the rise of diabetes is increasingly affecting
145 II, 5. 4. 4| directly link this problem to diabetes (in the absence of validated
146 II, 5. 4. 4| citizens per year due to diabetes.~As far as secondary indicators
147 II, 5. 4. 4| least as high as that of diabetes. 10% of these subjects will
148 II, 5. 4. 4| these subjects will develop diabetes in one year. Clinical management
149 II, 5. 4. 4| and outcome indicators in diabetes seem to highlight that health
150 II, 5. 4. 4| towards a tight control of diabetes.~ ~
151 II, 5. 4. 5| major risk factor for Type 2 diabetes is excess body weight or
152 II, 5. 4. 5| factors for developing type 2 diabetes are:~- high blood pressure
153 II, 5. 4. 5| high cholesterol;~- type 2 diabetes familiarity;~- Asian, Afro-Caribbean
154 II, 5. 4. 5| experience of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy
155 II, 5. 4. 5| of gestational diabetes (diabetes during pregnancy only) and~-
156 II, 5. 4. 5| are also other causes of diabetes. Maturity onset diabetes
157 II, 5. 4. 5| diabetes. Maturity onset diabetes of the young, or MODY ‘s
158 II, 5. 4. 5| are monogenetic forms of diabetes, with different patterns
159 II, 5. 4. 5| increased insulin resistance and diabetes. Chronic pancreatitis can
160 II, 5. 4. 5| may eventually also have diabetes.~
161 II, 5. 4. 6| for screening undiagnosed diabetes has probably become somewhat
162 II, 5. 4. 6| of previously undiagnosed diabetes mellitus and impaired glucose
163 II, 5. 4. 6| issues,.~Close monitoring of diabetes mellitus and its complications
164 II, 5. 4. 6| continental level. In the field of diabetes, the “European Diabetes
165 II, 5. 4. 6| diabetes, the “European Diabetes Indicator Project” (EUDIP)
166 II, 5. 4. 6| indicators for monitoring diabetes and its morbidity” at national
167 II, 5. 4. 6| European Core Indicators in Diabetes” (EUCID) project was started
168 II, 5. 4. 6| make the national facts of Diabetes Mellitus and its risk factors
169 II, 5. 4. 6| Primary prevention~For Type 1 diabetes, genetic susceptibility
170 II, 5. 4. 6| possible for this type of diabetes.~The burden of diabetes
171 II, 5. 4. 6| diabetes.~The burden of diabetes may be effectively reduced
172 II, 5. 4. 6| dither prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising and has now become
173 II, 5. 4. 6| issue. We can curtail the diabetes and obesity epidemic only
174 II, 5. 4. 6| before entering a clear diabetes status.~ ~
175 II, 5. 4. 6| secondary prevention of diabetes, but this poses the challenge
176 II, 5. 4. 6| risk state in the case of diabetes obesity should also include
177 II, 5. 4. 6| should be guaranteed. Type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease
178 II, 5. 4. 6| included.~Regular management of diabetes, and in particular integrated
179 II, 5. 4. 6| tool for the reduction of diabetes complications. A fundamental
180 II, 5. 4. 6| had established national diabetes plans and/or guidelines.
181 II, 5. 4. 6| services for people living with diabetes across Europe. Clinical
182 II, 5. 4. 6| applies particularly well to diabetes is patient empowerment.
183 II, 5. 4. 6| theoretical knowledge of diabetes with the right attitude
184 II, 5. 4. 6| advise on:~· how to accept diabetes;~· how to deal with self-control
185 II, 5. 4. 6| and care for people with diabetes and its goals should be
186 II, 5. 4. 6| dealt within the National Diabetes Plans, where existing, with
187 II, 5. 4. 6| standardisation of national diabetes plans would be highly beneficial.~ ~
188 II, 5. 4. 6| EU initiatives against diabetes~The establishment of a diabetes
189 II, 5. 4. 6| diabetes~The establishment of a diabetes strategy at EU-level would:~
190 II, 5. 4. 6| coordinated European strategy for diabetes;~· the Otocec Declaration (
191 II, 5. 4. 6| representatives of 35 EU and national diabetes associations, recommended
192 II, 5. 4. 6| Council Recommendation for diabetes prevention, diagnosis and
193 II, 5. 4. 6| Government of Austria made Type 2 diabetes a key health priority during
194 II, 5. 4. 6| make care and prevention of diabetes a priority and develop a
195 II, 5. 4. 6| on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, organized in Vienna in
196 II, 5. 4. 6| Council in June 2006 as Diabetes EU policy;~· the International
197 II, 5. 4. 6| policy;~· the International Diabetes Federation – European Region (
198 II, 5. 4. 6| Federation of European Nurses in Diabetes (FEND) presented the paper “
199 II, 5. 4. 6| FEND) presented the paper “Diabetes: EU Policy Recommendations”
200 II, 5. 4. 6| Recommendations” providing input on diabetes to the future work of the
201 II, 5. 4. 6| and prevention of type 2 diabetes at the Employment, Social
202 II, 5. 4. 6| national level of comprehensive diabetes epidemiological and economic
203 II, 5. 4. 6| appropriate, addressing diabetes and/or its determinants,
204 II, 5. 4. 6| most at risk of developing diabetes as well as the population
205 II, 5. 4. 6| preventing the development of diabetes complications;~· Adoption
206 II, 5. 4. 6| approach to people with diabetes including an emphasis on
207 II, 5. 4. 6| development of comprehensive diabetes training for healthcare
208 II, 5. 4. 6| Commission:~ ~· Identifying diabetes as a public health challenge
209 II, 5. 4. 6| and supporting European diabetes research in basic and clinical
210 II, 5. 4. 6| strengthening the comparability of diabetes epidemiological evidence
211 II, 5. 4. 6| surveillance and reporting of diabetes mortality, morbidity and
212 II, 5. 4. 6| healthy lifestyles, national diabetes plans and prevention measures,
213 II, 5. 4. 6| implementation of national diabetes prevention programmes and
214 II, 5. 4. 6| determinants and risk factors of diabetes into account across EU policies.~·
215 II, 5. 4. 6| United Nations Resolution on Diabetes recognised the disease as
216 II, 5. 4. 6| diagnosis and treatment of diabetes in line with sustainable
217 II, 5. 4. 6| the current IDF World Diabetes Day, has been declared as
218 II, 5. 4. 7| tangible political actions. Diabetes is a complex health problem,
219 II, 5. 4. 7| diagnosis, treatment and care. Diabetes, like other chronic diseases,
220 II, 5. 4. 7| obtaining more reliable diabetes information is not only
221 II, 5. 4. 7| Commission. In the field of diabetes, two stream of projects
222 II, 5. 4. 7| collaboration among regional diabetes registers. The goal of the
223 II, 5. 4. 7| information exchange in diabetes care, for monitoring, updating
224 II, 5. 4. 7| delivered directly by regional diabetes registers, based upon fully
225 II, 5. 4. 7| through Regional Outcomes in Diabetes” (EUBIROD), started on 1st
226 II, 5. 4. 7| clinical characteristics (diabetes status, risk factors e.g.
227 II, 5. 4. 7| clinical measurements, diabetes complications);~· health
228 II, 5. 4. 7| complete information on diabetes without a significant investment
229 II, 5. 4. 8| and follow-up system in diabetes mellitus, Diabet Med. 1995
230 II, 5. 4. 8| client server application for diabetes management, Diabetes, Nutrition &
231 II, 5. 4. 8| for diabetes management, Diabetes, Nutrition & Metabolism,
232 II, 5. 4. 8| of the Tayside Regional Diabetes Network, Technology Integration
233 II, 5. 4. 8| care: the Tayside Regional Diabetes Network: a brief description,
234 II, 5. 4. 8| Network: a brief description, Diabetes Nutrition and Metabolism
235 II, 5. 4. 8| Massi Benedetti M (2005), Diabetes registers and prevention
236 II, 5. 4. 8| use of health information, Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice,
237 II, 5. 4. 8| steering group of the National Diabetes Register. The Danish National
238 II, 5. 4. 8| Register. The Danish National Diabetes Register: trends in incidence,
239 II, 5. 4. 8| and prevention of type 2 diabetes, 2733rd Employment, Social
240 II, 5. 4. 8| CE (2003): European Union diabetes indicators. European Journal
241 II, 5. 4. 8| association between obesity and diabetes? Diabet Med. Eprint Aug
242 II, 5. 4. 8| Immigrants and type 2 diabetes. Occurrence, treatment and
243 II, 5. 4. 8| IDF European Region (2006):Diabetes: the Policy puzzle. Towards
244 II, 5. 4. 8| http://www.idf.org/EU_diabetes_report_2005]~(report online,
245 II, 5. 4. 8| in incidence of childhood diabetes in Europe. Lancet 11;355
246 II, 5. 4. 8| Establishment of monitoring diabetes mellitus and its morbidity
247 II, 5. 4. 8| of the Swedish National Diabetes Register (2003), The National
248 II, 5. 4. 8| Register (2003), The National Diabetes Register in Sweden: an implementation
249 II, 5. 4. 8| for Quality Improvement in Diabetes Care.Diabetes Care. 2003
250 II, 5. 4. 8| Improvement in Diabetes Care.Diabetes Care. 2003 Apr;26(4):1270-
251 II, 5. 4. 8| Indicators for the quality of Diabetes Care at the health systems
252 II, 5. 4. 8| Papers NO. 15~IDF (2006), Diabetes Atlas Third Edition.~IDF
253 II, 5. 4. 8| European Region (2008): Diabetes. The Policy puzzle: is Europe
254 II, 5. 4. 8| Revealing the cost of Type II diabetes in Europe. Diabetologia,
255 II, 5. 4. 8| years after diagnosis of diabetes: estimates from young and
256 II, 5. 4. 8| incidence cohorts in Sweden. Diabetes Res Clin Pract, 2000; 50(
257 II, 5. 4. 8| 1998): Global burden of diabetes, 1995-2025: prevalence,
258 II, 5. 4. 8| estimates, and projections. Diabetes Care, 21(9):1414-31~Massi
259 II, 5. 4. 8| Federici M (2006), The Umbria Diabetes Register, Diab Res Clin
260 II, 5. 4. 8| MacDonald TM. (1997), The diabetes audit and research in Tayside
261 II, 5. 4. 8| record linkage to create a diabetes register. DARTS/MEMO Collaboration.
262 II, 5. 4. 8| diseases: the example of diabetes. The EURODIAB Subarea C
263 II, 5. 4. 8| patient record system for diabetes, Stud Health Technol Inform.
264 II, 5. 4. 8| causes of trends in male diabetes prevalence, undiagnosed
265 II, 5. 4. 8| prevalence, undiagnosed diabetes, and the socioeconomic status
266 II, 5. 4. 8| at Risk (TRIGR). Pediatr Diabetes 8(3):117-37~Waug A (2007):
267 II, 5. 4. 8| 2007): Screening for type 2 diabetes: literature review and economic
268 II, 5. 4. 8| 2002), Fact sheet no 236. Diabetes: the cost of diabetes. Revised
269 II, 5. 4. 8| 236. Diabetes: the cost of diabetes. Revised September 2002.~
270 II, 5. 4. 8| Definition and diagnosis of diabetes mellitus and intermediate
271 II, 5. 4. 8| http://www.who.int/entity/diabetes/publications/Definition%
272 II, 5. 4. 8| 2004): Global prevalence of diabetes: estimates for the year
273 II, 5. 4. 8| and projections for 2030. Diabetes Care. ;27(5):1047-53~ ~ ~
274 II, 5. 5. 1| example, to heart diseases and diabetes.~ ~Figure 5.5.1.1. Relative
275 II, 5. 5. 3| high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, menstrual dysfunction,
276 II, 5. 5. 3| cardiovascular diseases, overweight, diabetes, dental problems, and polydipsia
277 II, 5. 5. 3| of available data is on diabetes and the metabolic syndrome.
278 II, 5. 5. 3| metabolic syndrome. The diabetes prevalence is shown to be
279 II, 5. 5. 3| an increased frequency of diabetes which may suggest a common
280 II, 5. 5. 3| Bushe C, Citrome L (2005): Diabetes and schizophrenia 2005:
281 II, 5. 5. 3| cardio-vascular diseases, diabetes and cancer.~In ASD, several
282 II, 5. 7. 1| Sarnak et al., 2003; American Diabetes Association, 2006), but
283 II, 5. 7. 1| diseases such as hypertension, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases
284 II, 5. 7. 3| adjustment for age, gender, and diabetes. Age and GFR at the beginning
285 II, 5. 7. 3| prevalence of obesity and diabetes.~ ~In 2005 the incidence
286 II, 5. 7. 4| factors~ ~Hypertension and diabetes (Levin 2001), obesity (Ejerblad
287 II, 5. 7. 4| Diez Roux et al, 2002) and diabetes (Loucks et al, 2007; Seligman
288 II, 5. 7. 4| of the UK.~ ~Currently, diabetes mellitus is the most common
289 II, 5. 7. 5| cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus.~· Since April
290 II, 5. 7. 5| QOF, with a further 9 for diabetes directly related to kidney
291 II, 5. 7. 7| 7.7. References~American Diabetes Association (ADA) (2006):
292 II, 5. 7. 7| medical care in diabetes-2006. Diabetes Care 2006;29:S1-S85.~Annual
293 II, 5. 7. 7| Health, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney
294 II, 5. 7. 7| insecurity is associated with diabetes mellitus: results from the
295 II, 5. 8. 3| status (total SGRQ > 60) and diabetes have a negative effect on
296 II, 5. 8. 3| diseases, depression, up to diabetes, cerebral stroke, malignant
297 II, 5. 8. 3| et al, 2005). These were diabetes, hypertension, obesity,
298 II, 5. 11. 3| Metabolic diseases (e.g. diabetes, hyperlipidemias, porphyrias,
299 II, 5. 13 | cardiovascular disease and diabetes, orthopaedic problems and
300 II, 5. 14. 1| disorder, pre-term birth, and diabetes (Bourgeois and Baehni, 2003).~ ~
301 II, 5. 14. 3| co-factor in the progression of diabetes, some cardiovascular diseases
302 II, 5. 14. 4| diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases,
303 II, 5. 14. 4| consumption, stress, and diabetes mellitus. The focus of recent
304 II, 5. 14. 4| obstructive pulmonary disease and diabetes. It has already been shown
305 II, 5. 14. 4| these conditions (especially diabetes) worsen the periodontal
306 II, 5. 14. 5| see Chapter 8 ; and for diabetes mellitus see Chapter 5.4.~
307 II, 6. 3. 4| conditions of all ages, such as diabetes or heart disease). There
308 II, 8. 1. 3| problems, 24% indicated diabetes, chest, heart, and stomach
309 II, 8. 1. 3| 30% of those affected by diabetes, chest, heart and stomach
310 II, 8. 2. 1| reduce the risks of obesity, diabetes and related conditions in
311 II, 8. 2. 3| such as hypothyroidism, diabetes, and possibly hyperlipidemia,
312 II, 9 | chronic disease status. Diabetes and epilepsy are both associated
313 II, 9 | the case of epilepsy and diabetes, appropriate clinical care
314 II, 9 | prevalence of obesity and diabetes are of concern in relation
315 II, 9 | dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking,
316 II, 9 | dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity,
317 II, 9. 1. 1| such as hypertension and diabetes. This life-course approach
318 II, 9. 1. 2| chronic disease status. Diabetes and epilepsy are both associated
319 II, 9. 1. 2| the case of epilepsy and diabetes, appropriate clinical care
320 II, 9. 1. 2| prevalence of obesity and diabetes are of concern in relation
321 II, 9. 1. 2| women with Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes in England, Wales, and Northern
322 II, 9. 2. 1| problems such as obesity, diabetes, high blood pressure and
323 II, 9. 2. 1| morbidity such as overweight, diabetes and asthma in children play
324 II, 9. 2. 3| an increase in type two diabetes(see also Chapter 5).~ ~Excess
325 II, 9. 2. 3| of non-insulin-dependent diabetes, hypertension and sleep
326 II, 9. 2. 3| cerebro-vascular disease, diabetes, certain types of cancer,
327 II, 9. 2. 3| children in the EU have type 2 diabetes, more than 400 000 have
328 II, 9. 2. 5| tuberculosis,AIDS, arthritis, diabetes, asthma, psychiatry, anaesthetics
329 II, 9. 3. 1| such as hypertension and diabetes mellitus, which contribute
330 II, 9. 3. 1| over the next five years.~ ~Diabetes~ ~For both men and women,
331 II, 9. 3. 1| proportion of people with diabetes increases with age, but
332 II, 9. 3. 1| with abdominal obesity. Diabetes mellitus is a principal
333 II, 9. 3. 1| estimated to be living with diabetes. The average prevalence
334 II, 9. 3. 1| prevalence of people with diabetes under medical treatment
335 II, 9. 3. 1| The number of cases of diabetes is expected to increase
336 II, 9. 3. 1| growing prevalence of Type 2 diabetes. Obesity-associated adult
337 II, 9. 3. 1| Obesity-associated adult onset diabetes is seen to be occurring
338 II, 9. 3. 1| lowest prevalence rates of diabetes (3.7%) and the lowest healthcare
339 II, 9. 3. 1| and the lowest healthcare diabetes costs (2.5% of total healthcare
340 II, 9. 3. 1| national plan for improved diabetes care focusing on a multidisciplinary
341 II, 9. 3. 1| Europe, 2005). Women with diabetes may have a higher coronary
342 II, 9. 3. 1| mortality than men with diabetes. Of subjects receiving medical
343 II, 9. 3. 1| reducing the incidence of diabetes. However, for socioeconomic,
344 II, 9. 3. 1| hypertension, hyperlipidaemia and diabetes as a result of the metabolic
345 II, 9. 3. 1| grounding, with for example diabetes, neurological problems,
346 II, 9. 3. 1| dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, cigarette smoking,
347 II, 9. 3. 1| dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, smoking, obesity,
348 II, 9. 3. 1| FEND/IDF Europe (2005): Diabetes - The Policy Puzzle: Towards
349 II, 9. 3. 1| IDF Atlas~International Diabetes Federation Atlas~IDUs~Injecting
350 II, 9. 4. 3| suffer from osteoporosis, diabetes, hypertension, incontinence
351 II, 9. 4. 3| Bhalla et al, 2004).~ ~Diabetes~ ~For both men and women,
352 II, 9. 4. 3| proportion of people with diabetes increases with age; in the
353 II, 9. 4. 3| 60-69 years of age group diabetes affects between 10-20% of
354 II, 9. 4. 3| highest number of people with diabetes (International Diabetes
355 II, 9. 4. 3| diabetes (International Diabetes Federation, 2003). Long-term
356 II, 9. 4. 3| double and reach 51% by 2050. Diabetes affects less than 10% of
357 II, 9. 4. 3| olds, the prevalence of diabetes stands at about one quarter
358 II, 9. 4. 3| wide variation in the total diabetes prevalence in the older
359 II, 9. 4. 7| on behalf of the European Diabetes Epidemiology Group (2003):
360 II, 9. 4. 7| the current definition for diabetes relevant to mortality risk
361 II, 9. 4. 7| non-cardiovascular disease?Diabetes Care 2003;26:688-696.~ ~
362 II, 9. 4. 7| 31–37.~ ~International Diabetes Federation (2003): World
363 II, 9. 4. 7| Federation (2003): World Diabetes Day. United Nations Resolution
364 II, 9. 5. 4| cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and mental health. Despite
365 II, 9. 5. 6| Eurostat/European Commission~ ~Diabetes Prevention Program Research
366 II, 9. 5. 6| the Incidence of Type 2 Diabetes with Lifestyle Intervention
367 III, 10. 1 | health problems such as diabetes, respiratory disease or
368 III, 10. 1 | pentachlorophenol~dioxins~Diabetes, obesity~food, e.g. high
369 III, 10. 2. 1| healing~- Risk factor for diabetes and aggravation of its symptoms~-
370 III, 10. 2. 1| pressure, increased risk for diabetes, musculoskeletal injuries,
371 III, 10. 2. 1| disease, stroke, cancers, diabetes and mental illness (CED,
372 III, 10. 2. 1| disease, stroke, cancers, diabetes and mental illness (CED,
373 III, 10. 2. 1| coronary heart disease, type 2 diabetes, colon and breast cancer
374 III, 10. 2. 1| diseases, such as type II diabetes and hypertension in adolescents,
375 III, 10. 2. 1| cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes) have already been dealt
376 III, 10. 2. 1| cardiovascular disease and diabetes, orthopaedic problems and
377 III, 10. 2. 1| if they have gestational diabetes or a pre-pregnancy metabolic
378 III, 10. 2. 1| 30 years) cases of type 2 diabetes are due to excess body weight;
379 III, 10. 2. 1| cardiovascular disease, diabetes and osteoporosis. There
380 III, 10. 2. 4| knowledge in certain fields like diabetes type 2 (Hoffmann et al,
381 III, 10. 2. 4| knowledge in certain fields like diabetes type 2 (Hoffmann et al,
382 III, 10. 2. 4| linkage scan for type 2 diabetes supports the existence of
383 III, 10. 2. 4| chromosome 1p36.13 and a type 2 diabetes locus on chromosome 16p12.
384 III, 10. 2. 5| high blood pressure, type 2 diabetes, and cardio-vascular death (
385 III, 10. 2. 5| dysfunction, gestational diabetes or even maternal smoking.
386 III, 10. 2. 5| who later develop type 2 diabetes or its risk factors. Diabetologia
387 III, 10. 3. 2| pentachlorophenol~dioxins~Diabetes, obesity~food, e.g. high
388 III, 10. 3. 4| endocrine gland disorders, diabetes and malnutrition. In particular,
389 III, 10. 4. 2| Enteroviruses~GE~Neurologic symptoms~Diabetes~Medium~Hepatitis A virus~
390 IV, 11. 1. 5| including: cardiac care, diabetes, mental health, patient
391 IV, 11. 2. 1| categories, most commonly diabetes, cardiovascular disease
392 IV, 11. 4 | specific diseases, such as Diabetes type-2 or low back pain,
393 IV, 11. 5. 4| history of hypertension and diabetes.~ ~Public awareness and
394 IV, 11. 6. 2| specific diseases (e.g. diabetes, epilepsy, transplantation,
395 IV, 11. 6. 4| relative burden of illness: diabetes, hypertension, TB, AIDS (
396 IV, 11. 6. 5| guidelines in the treatment of diabetes mellitus in general practice."
397 IV, 12. 2 | cancer registration. ~ ~Diabetes~ ~Long term complications,
398 IV, 12. 2 | diagnosis onwards. For type 2 diabetes primary intervention (prevention
399 IV, 12. 2 | screening for undiagnosed diabetes has probably become somewhat
400 IV, 12. 2 | obesity and hence type 2 diabetes investigated patients with
401 IV, 12. 2 | dither prevalence of type 2 diabetes is rising and has become
402 IV, 12. 2 | curtail the “diabesity” (diabetes & obesity) epidemic only
403 IV, 12. 2 | the 25 (IDF Europe/FEND Diabetes Policy Puzzle, 2005) EU
404 IV, 12. 2 | had established national diabetes plans and/or guidelines.
405 IV, 12. 2 | services for people living with diabetes across Europe. In the process
406 IV, 12. 2 | of learning to live with diabetes, the person with diabetes
407 IV, 12. 2 | diabetes, the person with diabetes should be assisted to learn
408 IV, 12. 2 | assisted to learn to live with diabetes. Behaviour is based upon
409 IV, 12. 2 | establishment of a strategy on diabetes at EU-level would:~- Create
410 IV, 12. 2 | coordinated European strategy for diabetes;~- the Otocec Declaration (
411 IV, 12. 2 | Declaration (2004) European Diabetes week, Nov 2004 was signed
412 IV, 12. 2 | representatives of 35 EU and national diabetes associations;~- Austria
413 IV, 12. 2 | associations;~- Austria made Type 2 diabetes a key healt h priority during
414 IV, 12. 2 | make care and prevention of diabetes a priority and to develop
415 IV, 12. 2 | on Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes, organized in Vienna in
416 IV, 12. 2 | June 2006 in the form of Diabetes EU policy;~- the International
417 IV, 12. 2 | policy;~- the International Diabetes Federation – European Region (
418 IV, 12. 2 | Federation of European Nurses in Diabetes (FEND) presented the paper “
419 IV, 12. 2 | FEND) presented the paper “Diabetes: EU Policy Recommendations”
420 IV, 12. 2 | critical public health issues, diabetes. ~- the United Nations signed
421 IV, 12. 2 | signed the Resolution on Diabetes, recognised its global threat
422 IV, 12. 2 | the current IDF World Diabetes Day, was declared a United
423 IV, 12. 10 | National action platform Diabetes mellitus (Nationales Aktionsforum
424 IV, 12. 10 | Nationales Aktionsforum Diabetes Mellitus, NAFDM, www e,
425 IV, 12. 10 | targets e. g. prevention of diabetes onset by healthy life style
426 IV, 12. 10 | prevention of obesity or diabetes mellitus (see above).~National
427 IV, 12. 10 | chronic diseases including diabetes, htt l~ obesity http l~
428 IV, 12. 10 | Cholesterol, Cancer, AIDS, Diabetes mellitus, Sun radiation.~ ~
429 IV, 12. 10 | cardiovascular diseases, asthma, diabetes, health of youth, aids…see: htt ~ ~
430 IV, 13. 2. 3| health problems such as diabetes, respiratory disease, or
431 IV, 13. 2. 3| Depression, lung cancer, diabetes, alcohol-dependency~ ~ ~ ~ ~
432 IV, 13. 2. 3| cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus and the relevant
433 IV, 13. 5 | rapid spread of obesity and diabetes may also potentially reduce
434 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| development~developmental~diabetes~diabetics~diagnoses~diagnosis~
