Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | most relevant diseases and disorders as well as health determinants
2 I, 2. 5 | because of muscular-skeletal disorders. Higher skilled workers
3 II, 5. 1. 1 | diseases; mental disease and disorders; neurodegenerative and non
4 II, 5. 1. 1 | Non-communicable diseases, disorders and disabilities represent
5 II, 5. 1. 1 | Neuropsychiatric diseases and disorders~ ~· Mood/anxiety disorders
6 II, 5. 1. 1 | disorders~ ~· Mood/anxiety disorders and suicide~The following
7 II, 5. 1. 1 | and other diagnosed mental disorders); social isolation; physical
8 II, 5. 1. 1 | means of suicide.~ ~· Eating disorders~Social pressure to be thin,
9 II, 5. 1. 1 | contribute to fall ill. Eating disorders are not only influenced
10 II, 5. 1. 1 | In other words, eating disorders are caused by an environment
11 II, 5. 1. 1 | Other nervous system disorders~Exposure in utero or during
12 II, 5. 1. 1 | in humans.~Developmental disorders~Various effects on development
13 II, 5. 5 | Mental and brain diseases and disorders~ ~
14 II, 5. 5.Acr | the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders~GP~General Practitioners~
15 II, 5. 5.Int | through to complex psychiatric disorders. Depression and depression-related
16 II, 5. 5.Int | illness. People with mental disorders may face stigma, discrimination
17 II, 5. 5.Int | factors for some common mental disorders. Women are at much greater
18 II, 5. 5.Int | due to neuropsychiatric disorders. The most common forms of
19 II, 5. 5.Int | health in the EU are anxiety disorders and depression. Projections
20 II, 5. 5.Int | attributable to mental and brain disorders will rise to 15%13. By 2020,
21 II, 5. 5.Int | bipolar and other psychotic disorders is over 1%, corresponding
22 II, 5. 5.Int | burden worldwide.~ ~Eating disorders: It is likely that eating
23 II, 5. 5.Int | It is likely that eating disorders are caused by a combination
24 II, 5. 5.Int | a family history of mood disorders such as depression may be
25 II, 5. 5.Int | especially affected. Eating disorders are often associated with
26 II, 5. 5.Int | reliability of data on eating disorders, particularly as research
27 II, 5. 5.Int(18)| 2004): Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western
28 II, 5. 5.Int | treatment of psychiatric disorders and earlier detection and
29 II, 5. 5.Int | for depression, bipolar disorders, schizophrenia and other
30 II, 5. 5. 1 | Depression, mood/anxiety disorders and suicides~ ~
31 II, 5. 5. 1 | 1.1. Introduction~ ~Mood disorders. Mood disorders, especially
32 II, 5. 5. 1 | Introduction~ ~Mood disorders. Mood disorders, especially unipolar depression
33 II, 5. 5. 1 | co-morbid with other mental disorders such as anxiety disorders (
34 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders such as anxiety disorders (Kessler et al 1996) and
35 II, 5. 5. 1 | Most the costs for mood disorders are indirect and include
36 II, 5. 5. 1 | third of those with mood disorders have had a contact with
37 II, 5. 5. 1 | stigma associated with mental disorders (Thornicroft 2008), health
38 II, 5. 5. 1 | Lecrubier, 2008).~ ~Anxiety disorders. There are four types of
39 II, 5. 5. 1 | are four types of anxiety disorders: Obsessive-compulsive disorders,
40 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders: Obsessive-compulsive disorders, phobic anxiety disorders,
41 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders, phobic anxiety disorders, other anxiety disorders (
42 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders, other anxiety disorders (e.g. panic disorder and
43 II, 5. 5. 1 | stress including adjustment disorders. Anxiety disorders are often
44 II, 5. 5. 1 | adjustment disorders. Anxiety disorders are often co-morbid with
45 II, 5. 5. 1 | co-morbid with other anxiety disorders or mood disorders (Kessler,
46 II, 5. 5. 1 | anxiety disorders or mood disorders (Kessler, 2007). Anxiety
47 II, 5. 5. 1 | Kessler, 2007). Anxiety disorders are common; a WHO survey
48 II, 5. 5. 1 | adolescence, but some anxiety disorders have a later onset in adulthood (
49 II, 5. 5. 1 | Kessler et al., 2007). Anxiety disorders are often chronic, even
50 II, 5. 5. 1 | increase the risk of anxiety disorders (Fryers, 2007).~ ~Anxiety
51 II, 5. 5. 1 | Fryers, 2007).~ ~Anxiety disorders cause substantial impairment
52 II, 5. 5. 1 | association with mood and anxiety disorders is robust. Psychological
53 II, 5. 5. 1 | are associated with mental disorders, especially with mood disorders
54 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders, especially with mood disorders but also with substance
55 II, 5. 5. 1 | et al., 2008).~ ~Mental disorders are estimated to be undertreated
56 II, 5. 5. 1 | relevant for mood and anxiety disorders and suicides are presented
57 II, 5. 5. 1 | 5.1.~ ~Mood and anxiety disorders. There are no specific data
58 II, 5. 5. 1 | addressing mood or anxiety disorders only. HfA includes incidence
59 II, 5. 5. 1 | includes incidence of mental disorders as total per 100 000 population
60 II, 5. 5. 1 | for newly diagnosed mental disorders. These data have been obtained
61 II, 5. 5. 1 | from mental and behavioural disorders, number of psychiatric care
62 II, 5. 5. 1 | concerning mood and anxiety disorders cannot be derived from this
63 II, 5. 5. 1 | in Chapter 5.5.1. Mental Disorders. The ESEMeD output include
64 II, 5. 5. 1 | data on mood and anxiety disorders, substance use disorders
65 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders, substance use disorders and suicidal ideations and
66 II, 5. 5. 1 | in Chapter 5.5.1. Mental Disorders. Two Eurobarometer surveys
67 II, 5. 5. 1 | stigma attached to mental disorders. The Eurobarometer data
68 II, 5. 5. 1 | most severe mental health disorders such as psychotic disorders.~ ~·
69 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders such as psychotic disorders.~ ~· Other population surveys~ ~
70 II, 5. 5. 1 | surveys~ ~Mood and anxiety disorders.~ESEMeD and the Eurobarometers
71 II, 5. 5. 1 | detail in Chapter 5.5.1. Mood Disorders.~ ~ ~
72 II, 5. 5. 1 | lost in mood and anxiety disorders~ ~The ESEMeD study is based
73 II, 5. 5. 1 | for mood and anxiety disorders as the total in the six
74 II, 5. 5. 1 | prevalence of mood and anxiety disorders in the six ESEMeD countries~ ~
75 II, 5. 5. 1 | Study.~ ~Anxiety and mood disorders were associated to considerable
76 II, 5. 5. 1 | burden of some mental health disorders and no disorder and some
77 II, 5. 5. 1 | from mood and/or anxiety disorders had had suicidal thoughts.
78 II, 5. 5. 1 | in some mood and anxiety disorders in the six ESEMeD countries~ ~
79 II, 5. 5. 1 | relevant for mood and anxiety disorders and suicides. These themes
80 II, 5. 5. 1 | Programmes concerning mental/mood disorders and suicide~ ~The first
81 II, 5. 5. 1 | action for mood and anxiety disorders and suicides. Thus, several
82 II, 5. 5. 1 | prevention of mood and anxiety disorders and suicides (European Commission,
83 II, 5. 5. 1 | Depression and Stress Related Disorders in Europe (2001-3) targeted
84 II, 5. 5. 1 | and suicide and related disorders.~· Ensuring relevant information
85 II, 5. 5. 1 | relevance to mental/mood disorders and suicide~ ~Several initiatives
86 II, 5. 5. 1 | discrimination of people with mental disorders, the social inclusion of
87 II, 5. 5. 1 | and prevention of mental disorders.~ ~It is evident that better
88 II, 5. 5. 1 | collected on mental health disorders through the use of surveys
89 II, 5. 5. 1 | 2004a). Prevalence of mental disorders in Europe: results from
90 II, 5. 5. 1 | the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr
91 II, 5. 5. 1 | the Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) project. Acta Psychiatr
92 II, 5. 5. 1 | the Epidemiology of Mentl Disorders (ESEMeD). J Clin Psychiatry
93 II, 5. 5. 1 | study. Journal of Affective Disorders, epub online.~ ~International
94 II, 5. 5. 1 | distributions of mental disorders in the World Health Organization'
95 II, 5. 5. 1 | undertreatment of anxiety and mood disorders: results from 3 European
96 II, 5. 5. 1 | specific mental and physical disorders across the world: Result
97 II, 5. 5. 2 | describe various kinds of brain disorders which all involve the progressive
98 II, 5. 5. 2 | difficulties in swallowing.~ ~These disorders affect the people’s ability
99 II, 5. 5. 2(25)| disease and the prevention of disorders of the cognitive functions
100 II, 5. 5. 2 | disease and the prevention of disorders of the cognitive functions
101 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.5.3.1. Eating Disorders~ ~
102 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1. Introduction~ ~Eating disorders are a serious and complex
103 II, 5. 5. 3 | that stated : “[…] eating disorders are now seen in developing
104 II, 5. 5. 3 | contribution in the rise of eating disorders is the exposure to Western
105 II, 5. 5. 3 | characteristics” (WHO, 2003).~Eating disorders such as anorexia and bulimia
106 II, 5. 5. 3 | National Centre for Eating Disorders, 2008). Eating disorders
107 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disorders, 2008). Eating disorders are more common in adolescents
108 II, 5. 5. 3 | Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSMR-IV)
109 II, 5. 5. 3 | methods for measuring eating disorders~ ~Qualitative studies with
110 II, 5. 5. 3 | and incidence of eating disorders. Some national data are
111 II, 5. 5. 3 | press) deals with eating disorders and therefore collected
112 II, 5. 5. 3 | which inform about eating disorders are limited to the rate
113 II, 5. 5. 3 | about prevalence of eating disorders. However, some data are
114 II, 5. 5. 3 | specialized Center for Eating Disorders in Vilnius (www.valgymosutrikimai.
115 II, 5. 5. 3 | research in the field of eating disorders. For example, the NIVEL
116 II, 5. 5. 3 | and prevalence of eating disorders in the practice of general
117 II, 5. 5. 3 | in patients with eating disorders, territorial diversity and
118 II, 5. 5. 3 | metabolic diseases and mental disorders are collected. The data
119 II, 5. 5. 3 | adolescents at risk of eating disorders (Austrian Council Presidency,
120 II, 5. 5. 3 | diagnostic, personality disorders, biomarkers, substance abuse
121 II, 5. 5. 3 | population groups~ ~Eating disorders are rare in population and
122 II, 5. 5. 3 | contribute to fall ill. Eating disorders are not only influenced
123 II, 5. 5. 3 | In other words, eating disorders are caused by an environment
124 II, 5. 5. 3 | websites promoting eating disorders. Generally, pro-eating disorder
125 II, 5. 5. 3 | to the fact that eating disorders are an increasing problem
126 II, 5. 5. 3 | and do not focus on eating disorders. National and international
127 II, 5. 5. 3 | update data regarding eating disorders. Routinely analysed data
128 II, 5. 5. 3 | reducing the number of eating disorders and therefore needs to be
129 II, 5. 5. 3 | adolescents about: what are eating disorders, how to prevent and medicate
130 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders Inc, 2005).~In the future,
131 II, 5. 5. 3 | Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders Inc. (2005): Eating disorders
132 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disorders Inc. (2005): Eating disorders prevention: parents are
133 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2007): Outcomes of Eating Disorders: A Systematic review of
134 II, 5. 5. 3 | International Journal of Eating Disorders 40:4 293-309.~De Henauw
135 II, 5. 5. 3 | biospychosocial Model of Eating Disorders?. International Journal
136 II, 5. 5. 3 | International Journal of Eating Disorders, Vol. 18, No. 4, 351-357.~
137 II, 5. 5. 3 | and Incidence of Eating Disorders. Published online in Wiley
138 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1583.~NEDA (National Eating Disorders Association) (2004): What
139 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2004): What Causes Eating Disorders? Available at: htt f (article
140 II, 5. 5. 3 | National Centre for Eating Disorders (2008). Available at: htt / (
141 II, 5. 5. 3 | Organization (WHO) (2003): Eating disorders. National Library for Health
142 II, 5. 5. 3 | Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition~ECED~European
143 II, 5. 5. 3 | European Council on Eating Disorders~EDE-Q~Eating Disorder Examination
144 II, 5. 5. 3 | 5.3.2. Schizophrenia and disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum~ ~
145 II, 5. 5. 3 | instance disorganized thinking. Disorders of the schizophrenia spectrum
146 II, 5. 5. 3 | with schizophrenia spectrum disorders have a high level of excess
147 II, 5. 5. 3 | due to treatable physical disorders. There is a huge gap between
148 II, 5. 5. 3 | Compared to other psychiatric disorders the greatest amount of expenditures
149 II, 5. 5. 3 | incidence rates for mental disorders as a whole. The calculated
150 II, 5. 5. 3 | registries for psychiatric disorders in most of the European
151 II, 5. 5. 3 | diagnostic groups of psychiatric disorders. In general, the quality
152 II, 5. 5. 3 | mainly caused by co-morbid disorders and suicide (Saha et al,
153 II, 5. 5. 3 | applied also to treat other disorders, and limited data are available
154 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence of psychotic disorders in EUGLOREH Countries.~The
155 II, 5. 5. 3 | Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) where the value
156 II, 5. 5. 3 | percentage of co-morbid addictive disorders should all be addressed
157 II, 5. 5. 3 | Europe are neuropsychiatric disorders (depression in third place,
158 II, 5. 5. 3 | third place, alcohol use disorders sixth rank, self inflicted
159 II, 5. 5. 3 | on Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) (Demyttenaere et
160 II, 5. 5. 3 | most severe psychiatric disorders.~The extent and quality
161 II, 5. 5. 3 | health budgets to mental disorders: Although mental disorders
162 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders: Although mental disorders represent 20% of the disease
163 II, 5. 5. 3 | on Epidemiology of Mental Disorders (ESEMeD) providing information
164 II, 5. 5. 3 | treatment in cases of severe disorders was not met, many people
165 II, 5. 5. 3 | people with subthreshold disorders were treated. A Nordic study
166 II, 5. 5. 3 | people afflicted by mental disorders: More than 60% abandon from
167 II, 5. 5. 3 | evaluated the costs of brain disorders in Europe by an analysis
168 II, 5. 5. 3 | this analysis are psychotic disorders represented mainly by schizophrenia.
169 II, 5. 5. 3 | hospital stays due to mental disorders were about 2.5 times as
170 II, 5. 5. 3 | 3.3.6). Since psychotic disorders account for the highest
171 II, 5. 5. 3 | evaluation of costs for brain disorders was performed by the European
172 II, 5. 5. 3 | people affected by mental disorders carry an enormous amount
173 II, 5. 5. 3 | fight the stigma of mental disorders. Such programmes are, however,
174 II, 5. 5. 3 | Report “Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions
175 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005) mentions 7 groups of disorders for which effective prevention
176 II, 5. 5. 3 | be designed. One of these disorders is schizophrenia. But when
177 II, 5. 5. 3 | Olesen J (2005): Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe.
178 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005):Cost of psychotic disorders in Europe. Eur J Neurol
179 II, 5. 5. 3 | for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization
180 II, 5. 5. 3 | Prevention of psychotic disorders”. Die Psychiatrie 4:172-
181 II, 5. 5. 3 | Comorbidity of mental disorders with alcohol and other drug
182 II, 5. 5. 3 | epidemiology of affective disorders and schizophrenia World
183 II, 5. 5. 3 | for treatment of mental disorders in the World Health Organization
184 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2005a): Prevention of Mental Disorders: Effective Interventions
185 II, 5. 5. 3 | Introduction~ ~Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) is a lifelong neuro-developmental
186 II, 5. 5. 3 | several closely-related disorders exist; they share the same
187 II, 5. 5. 3 | or natural history. These disorders mentioned above are now
188 II, 5. 5. 3 | known as Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASDs).~ASDs include the
189 II, 5. 5. 3 | have related but distinct disorders:~· Asperger’s Syndrome is
190 II, 5. 5. 3 | sources~ ~Autism Spectrum Disorders seem to be on the increase
191 II, 5. 5. 3 | public health burden of these disorders is now a considerable one.~
192 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) from 4 per 10,000
193 II, 5. 5. 3 | detection and diagnosis of the disorders, particularly in the United
194 II, 5. 5. 3 | Epidemiology of autistic disorders and other pervasive developmental
195 II, 5. 5. 3 | pervasive developmental disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry
196 II, 5. 5. 3 | Disease for Autism Spectrum Disorders in Spain in 2003. Journal
197 II, 5. 5. 3 | of Autism and Development Disorders, 10.~ ~ ~
198 II, 5. 5. 3 | Acronyms~ ~ASD~Autism Spectrum Disorders~CDD~Childhood disintegrative
199 II, 5. 5. 3 | ascertainment. Cerebrovascular disorders are the most common etiological
200 II, 5. 5. 3 | against neurodevelopmental disorders can be likely explanations
201 II, 5. 5. 3 | stroke and degenerative CNS disorders) and to an increased ascertainment
202 II, 5. 5. 3 | compared. Several somatic disorders were significantly more
203 II, 5. 5. 3 | tumors, cerebrovascular disorders and Alzheimer’s disease
204 II, 5. 5. 3 | as an outcome for mental disorders. A meta-analysis. Br J Psychiatry
205 II, 5. 5. 3 | 1990): Survey of seizure disorders in the French Southwest.
206 II, 5. 5. 3 | compared to other neurological disorders. Furthermore, comorbidity
207 II, 5. 5. 3 | common neurodegenerative disorders (von Campenhausen et al,
208 II, 5. 5. 3 | degeneration (CBD). These disorders, coined as “atypical parkinsonism”,
209 II, 5. 5. 3 | disturbances (psychiatric disorders (depression, hallucinations,
210 II, 5. 5. 3 | calculate the burden of brain disorders estimated the number of
211 II, 5. 5. 3 | Especially psychiatric disorders such as depression have
212 II, 5. 5. 3 | estimated the costs of brain disorders in the different European
213 II, 5. 5. 3 | that the costs for brain disorders are generally higher in
214 II, 5. 5. 3 | been associated with the disorders is low (Gasser, 2007). Environmental
215 II, 5. 5. 3 | focus on other more common disorders, such as Alzheimer’s dementia.~
216 II, 5. 5. 3 | also awareness of brain disorders in Europe (htt ). Among
217 II, 5. 5. 3 | economic evaluation of brain disorders in Europe (Andlin-Sobocki
218 II, 5. 5. 3 | prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders including PD will increase
219 II, 5. 5. 3 | Olesen J (2005): Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe.
220 II, 5. 6. 1 | fragility fractures; (3) spinal disorders e.g. low back pain; (4)
221 II, 5. 6. 1 | regional and widespread pain disorders; (5) musculoskeletal injuries
222 II, 5. 6. 1 | congenital and developmental disorders. Problems and conditions
223 II, 5. 6. 4 | second only to respiratory disorders (Stansfeld, 1995). Musculoskeletal
224 II, 5. 6. 4 | Musculoskeletal injuries and disorders cause more than half of
225 II, 5. 6. 4 | pain, 20% neck and shoulder disorders whereas only 3% had rheumatoid
226 II, 5. 6. 4 | musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders by diagnosis and gender.
227 II, 5. 6. 4 | pensions, along with mental disorders and cardiovascular disorders.
228 II, 5. 6. 4 | disorders and cardiovascular disorders. The relative importance
229 II, 5. 6. 4 | mental and musculoskeletal disorders are 2-4 times more frequent
230 II, 5. 6. 4 | frequent than cardiovascular disorders as causes for disability
231 II, 5. 6. 4 | pensions. In Norway, low back disorders are the most common reason (
232 II, 5. 6. 4 | musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders by diagnosis and gender.
233 II, 5. 6. 6 | importance of musculoskeletal disorders as a cause of chronic health
234 II, 5. 6. 6 | disablement due to rheumatic disorders in a British population:
235 II, 5. 6. 6 | selected musculoskeletal disorders in the United States. Arthritis
236 II, 5. 6. 6 | burden of musculoskeletal disorders in the community: the comparative
237 II, 5. 7. 7 | prevalence, associated disorders, and awareness. Kidney Int
238 II, 5. 8. 3 | burden associated to these disorders.~ ~Incidence~ ~There are
239 II, 5. 8. 3 | digestive ulcer, articular disorders, cataract, migraine, skin
240 II, 5. 8. 4 | become more frequent. These disorders will be better managed through
241 II, 5. 9. FB | expressions of allergic disorders include allergic rhinitis
242 II, 5. 9. FB | the aetiology of allergic disorders. A deeper knowledge of the
243 II, 5. 9. 1 | epidemiology of allergic disorders has recently gained great
244 II, 5. 9. 3 | reductions in all three disorders, 16 recorded increases,
245 II, 5. 9. 3 | registered decreases in all three disorders, 20 showed increases, and
246 II, 5. 9. 3 | showed increases in all three disorders more often than showing
247 II, 5. 9. 3 | progressively aware that allergic disorders represent a major and increasing
248 II, 5. 9. 4 | Italian Study of Respiratory Disorders in Childhood and Environment,
249 II, 5. 9. 5 | the aetiology of allergic disorders. A better implementation
250 II, 5. 10. 7 | admissions for systemic allergic disorders in England: analysis of
251 II, 5. 11. 1 | other more serious medical disorders. The high prevalence of
252 II, 5. 11. 1 | other more serious medical disorders (Ryan et al, 1991).~Unlike
253 II, 5. 11. 3 | holds true for some skin disorders. Metabolic diseases (e.g.
254 II, 5. 11. 3 | skin.~Systemic autoimmune disorders – collagen vascular diseases,
255 II, 5. 11. 3 | and of autoimmune bullous disorders (pemphigus and pemphigoid
256 II, 5. 11. 3 | severe autoimmune blistering disorders such as pemphigus (resulting
257 II, 5. 11. 4 | scabies are intensely itchy disorders, leading to loss of sleep
258 II, 5. 11. 4 | more traditional “medical” disorders such as angina and hypertension.~ ~
259 II, 5. 11. 5 | asthma, neurodevelopmental disorders and birth defects, water-
260 II, 5. 13 | orthopaedic problems and mental disorders. A high BMI in adolescence
261 II, 5. 14. 3 | burden of these diseases and disorders, falling disproportionately
262 II, 5. 15.Acr | National Organization of Rare Disorders~OD~Orphan Drugs~RD~Rare Diseases~ ~
263 II, 5. 15. 2 | human genes and genetic disorders. It consists of full-text
264 II, 5. 15. 2 | National Organization of Rare Disorders (NORD database, 2007). The
265 II, 5. 15. 3 | rare diseases are mendelian genetic disorders and all mendelian genetic
266 II, 5. 15. 3 | and all mendelian genetic disorders are rare as the causal mutations
267 II, 5. 15. 3 | concerns mendelian genetic disorders, the MIM catalogue lists
268 II, 5. 15. 4 | Fibrosis, Rare bleeding disorders, Alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency,
269 II, 7. 4. 6 | other drug use, and anxiety disorders;~· biological factors or
270 II, 8. 2. 1 | of obesity, mental health disorders, and lower rates of cardiovascular
271 II, 8. 2. 1 | Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Version IV, 1994) provides
272 II, 8. 2. 1 | are at risk for infectious disorders that may be harmful to a
273 II, 8. 2. 1 | family histories of metabolic disorders. Most conditions, however,
274 II, 8. 2. 1 | Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. 4th Edition, Washington
275 II, 8. 2. 1 | for assessing psychiatric disorders in adults with intellectual
276 II, 8. 2. 1 | neurological and substance use disorders WHO Geneva~World Health
277 II, 8. 2. 2 | outcomes of childhood visual disorders. Ophtalmic Epidemiology
278 II, 9. 1. 1 | is a group of permanent disorders of movement and/or posture
279 II, 9. 1. 2 | figures). Many rare genetic disorders are diagnosed later in childhood
280 II, 9. 2. 1 | obesity/overweight, eating disorders, teenage pregnancy and childbearing
281 II, 9. 2. 3 | gall bladder and endocrine disorders (WHO/HSBC 2004). Malta and
282 II, 9. 2. 3 | or universally.~ ~Eating disorders. Male and female adolescents
283 II, 9. 2. 3 | causal factor in eating disorders. Weight control methods
284 II, 9. 2. 3 | disability on children. Mood disorders such as depression are known
285 II, 9. 3. 1 | psychiatric and neurological disorders.~ ~The European Commission (
286 II, 9. 3. 1 | through to complex psychiatric disorders.~ ~Depression. Apart from
287 II, 9. 3. 1 | embolism, heart failure, rhythm disorders, alcoholic cardio-myopathy
288 II, 9. 3. 1 | as a result of congenital disorders, with a rapid rise between
289 II, 9. 3. 1 | presence of haemostatic disorders, immobilization, and probably
290 II, 9. 3. 1 | transrectal ultrasounds.~ ~Other disorders~ ~In part because they live
291 II, 9. 3. 1 | conditions as musculoskeletal disorders, arthritis and fibromyalgia.
292 II, 9. 3. 1 | life-threatening. Each of these disorders is characterised by a long
293 II, 9. 3. 1 | women.~ ~Musculoskeletal Disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders
294 II, 9. 3. 1 | Disorders. Musculoskeletal disorders affect an increasing proportion
295 II, 9. 3. 1 | 2004); Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western
296 II, 9. 3. 1 | depression. Journal of Affective Disorders, 71(1-3):1-9.~ ~NIH Consensus
297 II, 9. 3. 2 | sepsis and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy, ranges from
298 II, 9. 4. 3 | psychiatric and neurological disorders.~ ~ ~Mental health problems
299 II, 9. 4. 3 | complex neuro-psychiatric disorders represent four of the six
300 II, 9. 5. 3 | the prevalence of mental disorders across the life-cycle ~Source:
301 II, 9. 5. 3 | Males > > Females~Conduct disorders~Males > > Females~Learning
302 II, 9. 5. 3 | self-harm~Females > Males~Eating disorders~Females > > Males~Substance
303 II, 9. 5. 3 | treatment of psychological disorders. Doctors are more likely
304 II, 9. 5. 3 | three or more co-morbid disorders; this occurs mainly with
305 III, 10. 1 | Developmental (foetal and childhood) disorders~lead~mercury~smoking and
306 III, 10. 1 | disruptors~Nervous system disorders~lead~PCBs~methyl mercury~
307 III, 10. 1. 1 | development of psychiatric disorders (social phobia, social anxiety)
308 III, 10. 1. 3 | problems and the anxiety disorders. Am J Psychiatry 147(6):
309 III, 10. 2. 1 | to more than 60 different disorders and diseases with short
310 III, 10. 2. 1 | of mental and behavioural disorders, which refers to a condition
311 III, 10. 2. 1 | childhood mental and behavioural disorders to be more prevalent among
312 III, 10. 2. 1 | of 60 or more different disorders. Alcohol consumption can
313 III, 10. 2. 1 | in the risk of depressive disorders, while there is evidence
314 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatments for alcohol use disorders. Addiction, 97, 265-277.~ ~
315 III, 10. 2. 1 | orthopaedic problems and mental disorders. A high BMI in adolescence
316 III, 10. 2. 1 | to dieting or nutritional disorders such as anorexia nervosa.
317 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 28(Suppl. 1):S71.~ ~Kapantais
318 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 24:1111–1118.~ ~Novakova
319 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26:1610-1616.~ ~Savva SC,
320 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity and Related Metabolic Disorders 26:1036-1045.~ ~Savva SC,
321 III, 10. 2. 4 | so-called common complex genetic disorders, often named multifactorial
322 III, 10. 2. 4 | collecting data on rare genetic disorders (see Chapter 7 on Rare Diseases).
323 III, 10. 2. 4 | Moreover, common complex disorders require the integration
324 III, 10. 2. 4 | the cause of single-gene disorders, which affect millions of
325 III, 10. 2. 4 | allergies, cancer, psychiatric disorders or infectious diseases.
326 III, 10. 2. 5 | low birth weight to mental disorders like schizophrenia (Wahlbeck
327 III, 10. 2. 5 | susceptibility to mental disorders. Foetal malnutrition can
328 III, 10. 2. 5 | psychological symptoms and disorders in childhood (Madigan et
329 III, 10. 3. 2 | neurodevelopmental and endocrine disorders, but the list of potential
330 III, 10. 3. 2 | cancer, neurodevelopmental disorders and endocrine disruption.
331 III, 10. 3. 2 | substances and neurodevelopment disorders (see also chapters on air
332 III, 10. 3. 2 | chemicals and human diseases/disorders. The associations are of
333 III, 10. 3. 2 | Developmental (foetal and childhood) disorders~lead~mercury~smoking and
334 III, 10. 3. 2 | disruptors~Nervous system disorders~lead~PCBs~methyl mercury~
335 III, 10. 3. 4 | may lead to nervous system disorders in 20–30% of people. Deaths
336 III, 10. 3. 4 | mental and nervous system disorders, blood and metabolic or
337 III, 10. 3. 4 | metabolic or endocrine gland disorders, diabetes and malnutrition.
338 III, 10. 3. 4 | supply, post-traumatic stress disorders and poisoning caused by
339 III, 10. 3. 4 | of post-traumatic stress disorders in high-income countries
340 III, 10. 4. 1 | of studies found allergic disorders (including asthma) to be
341 III, 10. 4. 2 | clenbuterol: heart rhythm~disorders, neurological~effects; hormonal
342 III, 10. 5. 3 | CVD) as well as for mental disorders - both diseases being of
343 III, 10. 5. 3 | not surprising that mental disorders and mental health problems
344 III, 10. 5. 3 | burden associated to mental disorders is immense. The total annual
345 III, 10. 5. 3 | retirement. Amongst mental disorders, the indirect costs of mood
346 III, 10. 5. 3 | the indirect costs of mood disorders (depression and bipolar
347 III, 10. 5. 3 | depression and bipolar disorders) was the highest (€ 77 billion),
348 III, 10. 5. 3 | scores on musculoskeletal disorders. Employees in the education
349 III, 10. 5. 3 | injuries:~Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) comprise the most
350 III, 10. 5. 3 | Olesen J (2005): Costs of disorders of the brain in Europe.
351 III, 10. 5. 3 | Organisation~MSDs~Musculoskeletal disorders~OSH~Occupational Health
352 IV, 11. 2. 2 | prevalence of mental health disorders.~ ~
353 IV, 11. 5. 4 | congenital and inherited disorders, history of malignancy or
354 IV, 12. 10 | web-site focusing on eating disorders (www e) and three Federal
355 IV, 12. 10 | prevention and therapy of eating disorders (see www. – “Research association
356 IV, 12. 10 | Research association eating disorders” as example).~ ~Physical activity~
357 IV, 12. 10 | of mental and affective disorders for infant and adult residents
358 IV, 12. 10 | Association Against Nutrition Disorders (email: anasa2007@mail.gr)
359 IV, 12. 10 | citizens with nutrition disorders (through special events
360 IV, 12. 10 | target “Reducing health disorders from violence and accidents”
361 IV, 13. 2. 2 | compared to other neurological disorders. Furthermore, comorbidity
362 IV, 13. 2. 2 | Europe are neuropsychiatric disorders (depression in third place,
363 IV, 13. 2. 2 | third place, alcohol use disorders sixth rank, self inflicted
364 IV, 13. 7. 3 | such as certain metabolic disorders and cancers in infants,
365 IV, 13. 9 | Olesen J (2005): Cost of disorders of the brain in Europe.
