Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 10. 2 | molecular diagnostic, imaging, drug discovery and drug delivery
2 I, 2. 10. 2 | imaging, drug discovery and drug delivery and therapy, for
3 I, 2. 10. 2 | also used in biomedicine as drug carriers;~- Ceramic nanoparticles:
4 I, 2. 10. 2 | surface that can act as a drug vehicle;~- Liposomes: lipid-based
5 I, 2. 10. 2 | cosmetic industries for drug delivery;~- Emulsions: oil-water
6 I, 2. 10. 4 | than 30% of all adverse drug events are preventable and
7 I, 2. 10. 4 | each day due to adverse drug errors9. Around 10% of admissions
8 I, 2. 10. 4 | 9% of prescriptions12.~ ~Drug counterfeiting~ ~In Europe,
9 I, 2. 10. 4 | predicts that counterfeit drug sales will reach US$ 75
10 I, 2. 10. 4 | 30% cost reduction in the drug supply chain20.~ ~Current
11 II, 5. 2. 4 | through healthy lifestyle and drug treatment for individuals
12 II, 5. 3. 7 | access new innovative cancer drug treatments and the importance
13 II, 5. 3. 7 | authorization is obtained, the drug is available at national
14 II, 5. 3. 7 | regarding a new cancer drug is done quickly to facilitate,
15 II, 5. 3. 7 | must jointly plan for new drug introductions with a perspective
16 II, 5. 3. 7 | entire life cycle of any new drug, including the premium period
17 II, 5. 3. 7 | rapidly increasing when the drug is also used in the adjuvant
18 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.8. National drug sales~ ~Some studies have
19 II, 5. 4. 2 | studies have utilised national drug sales to estimate prevalence
20 II, 5. 4. 2 | mellitus). National annual drug sales are recorded in most
21 II, 5. 4. 8 | 1993): Utilization of drug sales data for the epidemiology
22 II, 5. 5. 3 | self-induced vomiting, drug abuse and excessive exercise
23 II, 5. 5. 3 | dieting, physical activity, drug abuse (laxatives, diuretics,
24 II, 5. 5. 3 | Despite improvements in drug therapy and in mental health
25 II, 5. 5. 3 | next highest use of this drug class (Knapp et al, 2007).
26 II, 5. 5. 3 | practice of focusing on drug therapy and neglecting psychosocial
27 II, 5. 5. 3 | does not have a therapeutic drug policy or an essential drug
28 II, 5. 5. 3 | drug policy or an essential drug list. One fifth of countries
29 II, 5. 5. 3 | dominated by hospitalization; drug costs represented only 7%
30 II, 5. 5. 3 | and further improvement of drug therapy;~· ensure the delivery
31 II, 5. 5. 3 | disorders with alcohol and other drug abuse. Results from the
32 II, 5. 5. 3 | Barraclough, 1997). Antipsychotic drug intake was associated with
33 II, 5. 5. 3 | 2001): The dynamics of drug treatment in epilepsy: an
34 II, 5. 5. 3 | Acronyms~ ~AED~Antiepileptic Drug~CFR~Case Fatality Ratio~
35 II, 5. 5. 3 | inpatient care, outpatient care, drug costs and tests], non-medical
36 II, 5. 5. 3 | cost, and within these, drug costs dominate with €2.5
37 II, 5. 5. 3 | records. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 10(6):549-554.~Vanacore
38 II, 5. 8. 3 | hospitalisations and 31% to drug consumption (Detournay et
39 II, 5. 9. FB | conjunctivitis, food and drug hypersensitivities. Allergens
40 II, 5. 9. 3 | to specialist visits). Drug costs make up 37% of the
41 II, 5. 10. 2 | Unspecified adverse effect of drug, medicament and biological
42 II, 5. 11. 1 | e.g. caused by a severe drug reaction) has many systemic
43 II, 5. 11. 3 | and wasp venom allergy, drug rashes such as the carbamazepine
44 II, 5. 11. 4 | diseases such as blistering drug reactions can result in
45 II, 5. 12. 3 | including endoscopic banding, drug treatment and transjugular
46 II, 5. 15. 1 | potential market size for drug development. In this case,
47 II, 5. 15. 1 | the cost of developing a drug will not be counterbalanced
48 II, 5. 15. 1 | and biomedical research, drug research and development,
49 II, 5. 15. 6 | call for a national orphan drug review policy. CMAJ. 2006
50 II, 6.Acr | Papilloma Virus~IDU~Injecting Drug Users~LGV~Lymphogranuloma
51 II, 6.Acr | Escherichia coli~XDR~Extensive Drug Resistance~YFV~Yellow Fever
52 II, 6. 3. 2 | line antibiotics (extensive drug resistance, XDR), poses
53 II, 6. 3. 2 | countries in surveillance of drug resistance is needed to
54 II, 6. 3. 3 | cases of HIV among injecting drug users (IDU) accounts for
55 II, 6. 3. 3 | cirrhosis or cancer. Injecting drug use is the dominant mode
56 II, 6. 3. 4 | TB and high frequency of drug resistance and where HIV
57 II, 6. 3. 4 | rare, and levels of HIV and drug resistance low.~ ~ ~In 2005,
58 II, 6. 3. 4 | homeless, prisoners and drug users.~ ~TB is more common
59 II, 6. 3. 4 | surveillance on risk groups and drug resistance and to better
60 II, 6. 3. 6 | infections do not require any drug treatment, invasive infections
61 II, 7. 4. 6 | schizophrenia, alcohol and other drug use, and anxiety disorders;~·
62 II, 9 | environmental teratogen (such as a drug taken during early pregnancy).
63 II, 9 | selection of the type of drug is needed to balance risks
64 II, 9 | difficult to study, as the drug use may be illegal and there
65 II, 9. 1. 2 | environmental teratogen (such as a drug taken during early pregnancy).
66 II, 9. 1. 2 | selection of the type of drug is needed to balance risks
67 II, 9. 1. 2 | difficult to study, as the drug use may be illegal and there
68 II, 9. 1. 2 | maternal infection, maternal drug exposure, occupational exposures
69 II, 9. 1. 2 | diseases and towards developing drug treatments for genetic diseases.
70 II, 9. 2. 1 | consumption, tobacco use, illegal drug use, obesity/overweight,
71 II, 9. 2. 3 | foreign-born and intravenous drug users. It is also thought
72 II, 9. 2. 3 | alcohol, tobacco and illegal drug use (WHO, 2005a).~ ~Good
73 II, 9. 3. 1 | change is more effective than drug treatment in reducing the
74 II, 9. 3. 1 | transfusion and intravenous drug, while in Eastern Europe
75 II, 9. 3. 1 | transmission and intravenous drug use. The public health impact
76 II, 9. 3. 1 | more recently, intravenous drug users (IDUs) with an HIV
77 II, 9. 3. 1 | been amongst intravenous drug users, while a growing proportion
78 II, 9. 3. 1 | Federation Atlas~IDUs~Injecting drug users~LOH~Late Onset Hypogonadism~
79 II, 9. 3. 3 | risk behaviours (especially drug and alcohol use), school
80 II, 9. 4. 5 | pressure sores and adverse drug reactions if not treated
81 II, 9. 4. 5 | of quality indicators for drug use and better co-ordination
82 III, 10. 1. 1 | resources, ability to cope and drug protective competence. The
83 III, 10. 1. 3 | of multilevel analyses. Drug Alcohol Depend 84(2):167-
84 III, 10. 1. 3 | O (1998): Competence and drug use: theoretical frameworks,
85 III, 10. 1. 3 | evidence and measurement. J Drug Educ 28(2):117-134.~Marcus
86 III, 10. 1. 3 | Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol addiction. Cleve
87 III, 10. 1. 3 | Suicide risk associated with drug and alcohol dependence.
88 III, 10. 2. 1 | Cigarette is a very efficient drug delivery system. When tobacco
89 III, 10. 2. 1 | kick” caused in part by the drug’s stimulation of the adrenal
90 III, 10. 2. 1 | nicotine as an addictive drug has been instrumental in
91 III, 10. 2. 1 | Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that reduces withdrawal
92 III, 10. 2. 1 | Estimate of the social costs of drug abuse in Australia in 1998-
93 III, 10. 2. 1 | Australia in 1998-1999. National Drug Strategy Monograph Series
94 III, 10. 2. 1 | past, present and future. Drug and Alcohol Review, 2006;
95 III, 10. 2. 1 | National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA, USA) (2006):
96 III, 10. 2. 1 | in Sweden. Contemporary Drug Problems 11, 325-353.~ ~
97 III, 10. 2. 1 | Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction~ESPAD~European
98 III, 10. 2. 1 | Hepatitis C Virus~IDU~Injecting Drug Users~NSP~Needle and Syringe
99 III, 10. 2. 1 | Population with Problem Drug Use~POU~Problem Opioid Use~
100 III, 10. 2. 1 | Information Network on Drugs and Drug Addiction~TDI~Treatment
101 III, 10. 2. 1 | substances are also increasing.~ ~Drug use occurs overall mainly
102 III, 10. 2. 1 | when considering regular drug use. The routes of administration
103 III, 10. 2. 1 | an indicator of problem drug use. The frequency of use
104 III, 10. 2. 1 | understand the characteristics of drug problems at individual and
105 III, 10. 2. 1 | health problems related to drug use include acute problems
106 III, 10. 2. 1 | chronic problems such as drug dependence and other mental
107 III, 10. 2. 1 | situation of long term problem drug users should also be taken
108 III, 10. 2. 1 | health burden associated with drug use in Europe is still difficult
109 III, 10. 2. 1 | 200 000 former or current drug injectors living with HIV
110 III, 10. 2. 1 | Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) through
111 III, 10. 2. 1 | an annual report on the drug situation in Europe and
112 III, 10. 2. 1 | others intensive forms of drug use, including problem drug
113 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug use, including problem drug use and addiction/dependence.~
114 III, 10. 2. 1 | epidemiological indicators ((i) drug use among the general population; (
115 III, 10. 2. 1 | population; (ii) problem drug use; (iii) drug related
116 III, 10. 2. 1 | problem drug use; (iii) drug related infectious diseases; (
117 III, 10. 2. 1 | deaths and mortality among drug users; (v) demand for drug
118 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug users; (v) demand for drug treatment), but also other
119 III, 10. 2. 1 | harm reduction, etc.), drug market and crime (seizures,
120 III, 10. 2. 1 | frequently used illicit drug in Europe, but most individuals
121 III, 10. 2. 1 | associated with current drug use across the EU are young
122 III, 10. 2. 1 | nightclubs and bars5.~ ~Early drug use~ ~Use of illicit drugs
123 III, 10. 2. 1 | who have already used the drug 40 or more times in their
124 III, 10. 2. 1 | rates for other illicit drug use are much lower than
125 III, 10. 2. 1(5) | 2006 selected issues on drug use in recreational settings: htt l)~
126 III, 10. 2. 1 | among 15-16y-old students~ ~Drug use among young adults (
127 III, 10. 2. 1 | 15-34 year old)~ ~Most drug use is taking place among
128 III, 10. 2. 1 | young adults have used the drug and 1% have used it in the
129 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2. Overview of last year drug prevalence estimates from
130 III, 10. 2. 1 | adults (aged 15 to 34)~ ~Drug use in the European Union
131 III, 10. 2. 1 | surveys~ ~Most of illicit drug use recorded in general
132 III, 10. 2. 1 | cannabis users.~ ~Problem drug use~ ~General population
133 III, 10. 2. 1 | intensive to dependent forms of drug use, especially for substances
134 III, 10. 2. 1 | population consisting of problem drug users (PDUs), treatment
135 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment demands and drug overdoses statistics also
136 III, 10. 2. 1 | to be considered.~Problem drug use is defined by the EMCDDA
137 III, 10. 2. 1 | the EMCDDA as ‘injecting drug use or long duration / regular
138 III, 10. 2. 1 | methods. In total, problem drug users estimates from different
139 III, 10. 2. 1 | estimates include only injecting drug users (IDUs) and problem
140 III, 10. 2. 1 | opioid users and injecting drug users still remain the main
141 III, 10. 2. 1 | remain the main problem drug use subgroups found in almost
142 III, 10. 2. 1 | Table 10.2.1.3.2 – Problem Drug Use estimates: Problem opioid
143 III, 10. 2. 1 | opioid use and injecting drug use~ ~Recent estimates on
144 III, 10. 2. 1 | with HIV or hepatitis or drug overdose. National estimates
145 III, 10. 2. 1 | problem.~ ~Time trends in drug use~ ~The important development
146 III, 10. 2. 1 | the main trends regarding drug use and drug-related problems.
147 III, 10. 2. 1 | mainly heroin, and injecting drug use during the 80s and the
148 III, 10. 2. 1 | infectious diseases among drug users. While EU Member States
149 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug-related problems, other drug use patterns surfaced. Cannabis
150 III, 10. 2. 1 | only the second wave of drug use increase during the
151 III, 10. 2. 1 | be observed that illicit drug use has increased during
152 III, 10. 2. 1 | between countries.~ ~Problem drug use has also changed in
153 III, 10. 2. 1 | transmission of HIV in injecting drug users (IDUs) continued in
154 III, 10. 2. 1 | number of IDUs and problem drug users it has been estimated
155 III, 10. 2. 1 | living with HIV who have been drug injectors in their lives.~ ~
156 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence among injecting drug users – studies with national
157 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2004-2005, all injecting drug users~ ~In recent years,
158 III, 10. 2. 1 | infections among injecting drug users is very widespread
159 III, 10. 2. 1 | number of IDUs and problem drug users lead to an estimate
160 III, 10. 2. 1 | in the EU who have been drug injectors in their lives.~ ~
161 III, 10. 2. 1 | prevalence among injecting drug users, 2004-2005, all injecting
162 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2004-2005, all injecting drug users~ ~Among the other
163 III, 10. 2. 1 | levels.~ ~Mortality among drug users12~ ~A multi-country
164 III, 10. 2. 1 | found that mortality among drug users is 6-20 times higher
165 III, 10. 2. 1 | attributed to opioids use, mainly drug overdoses, AIDS accidents
166 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| Information on the mortality of drug users comes from cohort
167 III, 10. 2. 1(12)| generalizable to all problem drug users in the country.~
168 III, 10. 2. 1 | and Norway~ ~More than one drug is mentioned in 60-90% of
169 III, 10. 2. 1 | heroin, have been the main drug for which treatment is seeked.
170 III, 10. 2. 1 | were recorded as the main drug in about 40% of all cases.
171 III, 10. 2. 1 | cannabis, cocaine is the drug most commonly reported as
172 III, 10. 2. 1 | doubled. European data on drug users entering treatment
173 III, 10. 2. 1 | increasing, this form of drug use is rarely the primary
174 III, 10. 2. 1 | primary reason for attending drug treatment in the EU.~ ~Figure
175 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment, subdivided by primary drug used~ ~
176 III, 10. 2. 1 | psychoactive substances18.~Drug related problems have been
177 III, 10. 2. 1 | European action plan to combat drug problems was adopted in
178 III, 10. 2. 1 | 1990. The current European drug strategy runs for the period
179 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries now have a national drug strategy and/or a national
180 III, 10. 2. 1 | strategy and/or a national drug action plan. These encompass
181 III, 10. 2. 1 | action plan. These encompass drug supply reduction (law enforcement)
182 III, 10. 2. 1 | reduction (law enforcement) and drug demand reduction (prevention,
183 III, 10. 2. 1 | better understanding of the drug problem and of the impact
184 III, 10. 2. 1 | main priority in national drug strategies and action plans.
185 III, 10. 2. 1 | reducing the acceptance of drug use. However, so far only
186 III, 10. 2. 1 | development of municipal drug plans has been reported
187 III, 10. 2. 1 | opiate use and injecting drug use in the eighties and
188 III, 10. 2. 1 | hepatitis B and C) among drug users have triggered the
189 III, 10. 2. 1 | 000 opioid users received drug substitution treatment in
190 III, 10. 2. 1 | helping former problem drug users to access a job and
191 III, 10. 2. 1 | part of the response to the drug problem in Europe. However,
192 III, 10. 2. 1 | health-risks related to drug injecting. The exchange
193 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries also have supervised drug consumption facilities.
194 III, 10. 2. 1 | After a dramatic increase in drug use and drug-related problems
195 III, 10. 2. 1 | historical standards levels of drug use are high and, although
196 III, 10. 2. 1 | observable and patterns of drug use still differ, the polarised
197 III, 10. 2. 1 | common European patterns of drug use.~ ~Historically, the
198 III, 10. 2. 1 | the changing picture of drug use has prompted an awareness
199 III, 10. 2. 1 | concern for those providing drug services. This ’widening
200 III, 10. 2. 1 | heterogonous patterns of drug consumption resulting into
201 III, 10. 2. 1 | pattern among many groups of drug users and problem drug users
202 III, 10. 2. 1 | of drug users and problem drug users in Europe. Poly–drug
203 III, 10. 2. 1 | drug users in Europe. Poly–drug use issues are not restricted
204 III, 10. 2. 1 | marketplace.~ ~It is not just new drug consumption patterns and
205 III, 10. 2. 1 | will remain the focus for drug responses in the future.
206 III, 10. 2. 1 | current or past use of this drug will remain major consumers
207 III, 10. 2. 1 | ageing population of problem drug users presents multiple
208 III, 10. 2. 1 | involved in helping problem drug users or regarding the accessibility
209 III, 10. 2. 1 | The description of the drug situation presented above
210 III, 10. 2. 1 | considerable investments in drug research and monitoring
211 III, 10. 2. 1 | over the last twenty years. Drug policies and their evaluation
212 III, 10. 2. 1 | mentioned, risk behaviours among drug users, long-term treatment
213 III, 10. 2. 1 | Mortality among problem drug users in Europe: a project
214 III, 10. 2. 1 | Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), Heroin
215 III, 10. 2. 1 | Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). Annual
216 III, 10. 2. 1 | EMCDDA (2000): Opioid use and drug injection http ~ ~EMCDDA (
217 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006): Select issue on Drug Use In Recreational Settings.
218 III, 10. 2. 1 | Implementing School Surveys on Drug Abuse . Available at:~htt ~ ~
219 III, 10. 2. 1 | Farrell, M. (1995) Drug prevention: a review of
220 III, 10. 2. 4 | drugs and the development of drug targets~· the role of genomic
221 III, 10. 3. 3 | infections do not require any drug treatment, invasive infections
222 III, 10. 4. 3 | sludge. Increased levels of drug residues have been observed
223 III, 10. 5. 2 | pathologies such as alcohol and drug dependence being more prevalent
224 III, 10. 6. 2 | mental health problems or drug abuse. The project is located
225 III, 10. 6. 2 | is to reduce alcohol and drug abuse and improve health
226 IV, 11. 1. 3 | introducing prescription drug budgets (e.g. in Germany).~ ~
227 IV, 11. 1. 5 | traditional responsibilities of drug preparation and verification.
228 IV, 11. 1. 5 | developed to facilitate drug treatment decision-making
229 IV, 11. 1. 5 | patients have avoidable adverse drug events and, consequently,
230 IV, 11. 2. 2 | health promotion, cancer, AIDS, drug dependence, health monitoring,
231 IV, 11. 3. 2 | of the original branded drug (as in Belgium, fixed at
232 IV, 11. 3. 2 | the therapeutic value of a drug and clinical gains. While
233 IV, 11. 3. 2 | equivalent for a branded drug. In some countries physicians
234 IV, 11. 3. 2 | countries to global prescription drug market by value (2006)~ ~
235 IV, 11. 3. 2 | world with prescription drug sales of $181.8bn in 2006.
236 IV, 11. 6. 2 | Level of income~Age~Type of drug~ ~Pregnancy services:~-
237 IV, 11. 6. 2 | UK~ ~Cheapest effective drug:~- Czech Republic~ ~Related
238 IV, 11. 6. 5 | European survey of independent drug information centres,." Annals
239 IV, 11. 6. 5 | severity of intravenous drug errors." British Medical
240 IV, 12.Acr | Tobacco Control~FDA~Food and Drug Administration~GNP~Gross
241 IV, 12. 1 | risks associated with them. ~Drug prevention~The aim was to
242 IV, 12. 1 | was to help in combating drug dependence, in particular
243 IV, 12. 2 | Bupropion is an antidepressant drug that reduces withdrawal
244 IV, 12. 4 | Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (Lisbon, Portugal) -
245 IV, 12. 4 | level concerning drugs and drug addiction and their consequences.~ ~
246 IV, 12. 8 | example the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and
247 IV, 12. 10 | Koch-Institute (see www.rki.de); Drug Affinity among Young People (
248 IV, 12. 10 | Koch-Institute (see www. e) and Drug Affinity among Young People (
249 IV, 12. 10 | important tasks of Federal Drug Coordinator (Bundesdrogenbeauftragte,
250 IV, 12. 10 | together). Alcohol (and drug addiction in general) prevention
251 IV, 12. 10 | Security. Legislation and drug policy are as well part
252 IV, 12. 10 | Institutions exists for illegal drug dependants (Suchtkrankenhilfe).
253 IV, 12. 10 | self-help organizations (e. g. drug counselling centres).~ ~
254 IV, 12. 10 | centres).~ ~ Prevention of drug and substance abuse is one
255 IV, 12. 10 | important tasks of Federal Drug Coordinator (Bundesdrogenbeauftragte,
256 IV, 12. 10 | Intervention Of First Time Noticed Drug Users: FreD” – aimed to
257 IV, 12. 10 | aimed to discourage further drug abuse among young people (
258 IV, 12. 10 | ex-user and people receiving drug substitution” – networking
259 IV, 12. 10 | Addiction Report” of Federal Drug Coordinator (annually release,
260 IV, 12. 10 | European data-bank for drug related programs and interventions).~
261 IV, 12. 10 | Action Plan to optimize drug safety (Aktionsplan 2008/
262 IV, 12. 10 | of medical devices.~The Drug Commission of the German
263 IV, 12. 10 | information and guidelines on drug safety.~Critical incident
264 IV, 12. 10 | action plans to deal with~drug misuse within their areas
265 IV, 12. 10 | co-ordinated response to illicit drug use~at local/regional level,
266 IV, 12. 10 | Treatment~Services with Serious Drug Problems~was published in
267 IV, 12. 10 | meet changing patterns of drug use~particularly regarding
268 IV, 12. 10 | are indirectly related to drug use. ~To remedy these limitations,
269 IV, 12. 10 | jointly asked the Alcohol and~Drug Research Unit of the Health~
270 IV, 12. 10 | in Ireland - Evaluating Drug Treatment Effectiveness)
271 IV, 12. 10 | follow~up to the 2002/2003 Drug Prevalence Study~was carried
272 IV, 12. 10 | in January 2008~examined drug use in Ireland & Northern~
273 IV, 12. 10 | Products~ State Program on drug Control and Drug Addiction
274 IV, 12. 10 | Program on drug Control and Drug Addiction Restriction 2005-
275 IV, 12. 10 | national level~Action Plan on Drug Abuse Control for the Period
276 IV, 12. 10 | Period 2006-2009~National Drug Control Strategy in the
277 IV, 13.Acr | health promotion, cancer, AIDS, drug dependence, health monitoring,
278 IV, 13. 5 | tobacco related mortality, and drug resistant tuberculosis.
279 IV, 13. 8 | NGOs. Most notably, for drug prevention, preventive sexual
280 Key, Ap5. 0. 0 | drought~droughts~drowning~drug~drug-induced~drug-resistant~
