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Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | increased travel, especially by air, connecting in hours extremes
2 I, 2. 2 | increased travel, especially by air, connecting in hours extremes
3 I, 2. 2 | sector that made car and air transport affordable to
4 I, 2. 8 | large reductions in some air emissions in parts of Europe,
5 I, 2. 8 | remains a major contributor to air pollution and greenhouse
6 I, 2. 8 | chronic effects of outdoor air pollution, but magnitude
7 I, 2. 8 | health effects primarily from air pollution~ ~Forms greenhouse
8 I, 2. 8 | chronic effects of outdoor air pollution, but magnitude
9 I, 2. 8 | companies, in order to control air, soil or water pollutants’
10 I, 2. 10. 3| preventative services (e.g. air and water quality on-line
11 II, 5. 1. 1| Other risk factors are: air pollution (carbon monoxide,
12 II, 5. 1. 1| Other risk factors are: air pollution (inhalable particles,
13 II, 5. 1. 1| exposure; indoor and outdoor air pollution (sulphur dioxide,
14 II, 5. 8. 1| occupational factors and air pollution) causes a rapid
15 II, 5. 8. 5| and on improved workplace air quality. If preventive actions
16 II, 5. 9.Acr| Quality of Life~SAPALDIA~Air Pollution and Lung Diseases
17 II, 5. 9. 4| Symptoms with respect to Air Pollution and Climate) (Wü h,
18 II, 5. 9. 4| countries. The Swiss Study on Air Pollution and Lung Diseases
19 II, 5. 9. 4| Respir Rev, 2008).~ ~Outdoor air pollution aggravates respiratory
20 II, 5. 9. 4| correlate precisely with air pollution levels in different
21 II, 5. 9. 4| differences in particulate air pollution at different locations
22 II, 5. 9. 4| notion that traffic-related air pollution contributes to
23 II, 5. 9. 4| Contributors to indoor air pollution include ambient
24 II, 5. 9. 4| pollution include ambient air pollution, dust, the inefficient
25 II, 5. 9. 4| Some health effects of air pollution have been linked
26 II, 5. 9. 4| mixtures associated with air pollution. The project is
27 II, 5. 9. 4| engine exhaust and ambient air pollution – a European collaborative
28 II, 5. 9. 4| pdf/env_health_projects/air_pollution/ap-hepmeap.pdf)
29 II, 5. 9. 7| 2005): Asthma and indoor air: contrasts in the dose response
30 II, 5. 9. 7| cat and dust-mite. Indoor Air. 2005;15 Suppl 10:33-9.~ ~
31 II, 9 | higher levels of indoor air pollution and to the risk
32 II, 9. 2. 5| clean outdoor and indoor air~· RPG IV: aim at chemical-free
33 II, 9. 4. 4| higher levels of indoor air pollution and to the risk
34 III, 10. 1 | multiple sources (food, air and water), the 'cocktail-effect'
35 III, 10. 1 | Physical~Inhalation and air pollution~Housing~Genetic
36 III, 10. 1 | working environment, ambient air and food; and biological
37 III, 10. 1 | Infectious diseases~water, air and food contamination~climate
38 III, 10. 1 | pathogen life cycle~ ~Cancer~air pollution (PM), mainly PM2.
39 III, 10. 1 | Cardiovascular diseases~air pollution (carbon monoxide,
40 III, 10. 2. 1| tobacco smoke, smoke present in air, consists of exhaled mainstream
41 III, 10. 3. 1| radon from water, outdoor air and construction materials
42 III, 10. 3. 1| the gas into the outside air instead of the building.
43 III, 10. 3. 1| traffic, rail traffic or air traffic). However, due to
44 III, 10. 3. 1| environmental factors such as air pollution, radon and UV-radiation,
45 III, 10. 3. 1| environmental stressors, such as air pollution and chemicals.
46 III, 10. 3. 1| Organization (WHO) (1987 and 2000). Air Quality Guidelines for Europe.
47 III, 10. 3. 2| human-made toxic substances in air, water, soil and within
48 III, 10. 3. 2| industrial emissions into air and water, and gives access
49 III, 10. 3. 2| about two-thirds of the 50 air and water industrial pollutants
50 III, 10. 3. 2| can be as low as 0.05μg/m3 air for previously sensitised
51 III, 10. 3. 2| disorders (see also chapters on air pollution and physical stressors),
52 III, 10. 3. 2| factors (many stressors, like air pollution, POPs, dioxins,
53 III, 10. 3. 2| Infectious diseases~water, air and food contamination~climate
54 III, 10. 3. 2| pathogen life cycle~ ~Cancer~air pollution (PM), mainly PM2.
55 III, 10. 3. 2| Cardiovascular diseases~air pollution (carbon monoxide,
56 III, 10. 3. 2| Organization (WHO) (2000): Air quality guidelines – Second
57 III, 10. 3. 4| other policy domains such as air quality, energy security,
58 III, 10. 3. 4| extreme weather, e.g. outdoor air pollutants (tropospheric
59 III, 10. 3. 4| gaseous and particulate air pollutants are released
60 III, 10. 3. 4| forest fires can affect air quality for thousands of
61 III, 10. 4. 1| 10.4.1. Inhalation and air pollution~ ~ ~
62 III, 10. 4. 1| Acronyms~ ~AQG~Air Quality Guidelines~CAFÉ~
63 III, 10. 4. 1| Quality Guidelines~CAFÉ~Clean Air for Europe Climate Strategies~
64 III, 10. 4. 1| Consortium for Modelling of Air Pollution and~EEA~European
65 III, 10. 4. 1| 4.1.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Air pollution is the environmental
66 III, 10. 4. 1| environment-related diseases. Air pollution, mainly by fine
67 III, 10. 4. 1| life quality improve when air quality improves.~ ~In Europe,
68 III, 10. 4. 1| In Europe, emissions of air pollutants are projected
69 III, 10. 4. 1| The main contributor to air pollution in cities is the
70 III, 10. 4. 1| EU thematic strategic on air pollution - setting objectives
71 III, 10. 4. 1| significant damage from air pollution will still remain
72 III, 10. 4. 1| remain in 2020. Meeting air quality targets will require
73 III, 10. 4. 1| agriculture sectors.~ ~Poor indoor air quality is the source of
74 III, 10. 4. 1| led to reduced rates of air exchange in homes, schools
75 III, 10. 4. 1| buildings. Other indoor air quality problems arise from
76 III, 10. 4. 1| common pollutants, poor air quality is still associated
77 III, 10. 4. 1| deaths in Europe every year. Air pollution by fine particles
78 III, 10. 4. 1| Europe. The health risks of air pollution by fine particles
79 III, 10. 4. 1| higher than those for other air pollutants (Clean Air for
80 III, 10. 4. 1| other air pollutants (Clean Air for Europe, 2005).~ ~Today,
81 III, 10. 4. 1| drivers of the European air pollution problem are different
82 III, 10. 4. 1| economic growth, legislation on air quality, together with associated
83 III, 10. 4. 1| decrease in emissions of air pollutants since 2000. Emissions
84 III, 10. 4. 1| in the emissions of most air pollutants, because of the
85 III, 10. 4. 1| risk. Interactions between air pollutants and natural particles
86 III, 10. 4. 1| fourth assessment’ (chapters ‘Air Quality’ and ‘Environment
87 III, 10. 4. 1| indicators, proposed a list of air pollution indicators. Not
88 III, 10. 4. 1| SCALE process, the Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ) process
89 III, 10. 4. 1| description and analysis~ ~Air pollution research and monitoring
90 III, 10. 4. 1| have been used in European air pollution management. This
91 III, 10. 4. 1| levels exceeding the WHO air quality guideline level (
92 III, 10. 4. 1| last available year~Figu ~ ~Air pollution management has
93 III, 10. 4. 1| CL), in 2020~ ~Ambient air pollution and health~ ~There
94 III, 10. 4. 1| that pollutants in outdoor air have an impact on respiratory
95 III, 10. 4. 1| association was found between air pollution levels in the
96 III, 10. 4. 1| children with increased air pollution levels. Several
97 III, 10. 4. 1| lung function at higher air pollution levels.~ ~Much
98 III, 10. 4. 1| diseases resulting from air pollutants relates back
99 III, 10. 4. 1| relates back to childhood. Air pollutants augment acute
100 III, 10. 4. 1| it is uncertain whether air pollutants trigger the onset
101 III, 10. 4. 1| health benefits of improved air quality. Dublin, Ireland,
102 III, 10. 4. 1| quality of outdoor and indoor air.~ ~Air pollution is responsible
103 III, 10. 4. 1| outdoor and indoor air.~ ~Air pollution is responsible
104 III, 10. 4. 1| from respiratory problems. Air pollutants with strongly-indicated
105 III, 10. 4. 1| recent estimates of the air pollution impact made within
106 III, 10. 4. 1| European Commission Clean Air For Europe (European Commission,
107 III, 10. 4. 1| prematurely in 2000 due to outdoor air pollution with fine particulate
108 III, 10. 4. 1| site).~ ~The total cost of air pollution related health
109 III, 10. 4. 1| EU Thematic strategy on air pollution. The aim is to
110 III, 10. 4. 1| life quality improves when air quality improves. This is
111 III, 10. 4. 1| effects associated to reduced air pollution levels over several
112 III, 10. 4. 1| and community behaviour on air quality and childhood asthma
113 III, 10. 4. 1| outdoors~ ~A part of the air pollution-related disease
114 III, 10. 4. 1| exposed to outdoor and indoor air pollutants in their homes,
115 III, 10. 4. 1| ozone may be a critical air pollutant. But the issue
116 III, 10. 4. 1| although levels of many air pollutants were higher than
117 III, 10. 4. 1| the contribution of indoor air quality to respiratory symptoms
118 III, 10. 4. 1| asthma prevalence. Indoor air quality is therefore, receiving
119 III, 10. 4. 1| adults spend indoors. Indoor air pollutants can be classified
120 III, 10. 4. 1| physical agents. Many outdoor air pollutants are found indoors,
121 III, 10. 4. 1| specific indoor sources of air pollution, such as building
122 III, 10. 4. 1| policies has led to reduced air exchange in homes, schools
123 III, 10. 4. 1| of the increased use of air conditioners - as well as
124 III, 10. 4. 1| about indoor than outdoor air quality. There are several
125 III, 10. 4. 1| directives that regulate outdoor air quality but no European
126 III, 10. 4. 1| European guidelines for indoor air quality. In the US, the
127 III, 10. 4. 1| Directive 96/62/EC on ambient air quality assessment and management
128 III, 10. 4. 1| European Commission 2005b).~The air quality directives require
129 III, 10. 4. 1| Member States to assess air quality throughout their
130 III, 10. 4. 1| Commission launched the Clean Air for Europe (CAFE) programme.
131 III, 10. 4. 1| of a thematic strategy on air pollution towards the long-term
132 III, 10. 4. 1| was to achieve levels of air quality that do not give
133 III, 10. 4. 1| significant negative effects of air pollution on human health
134 III, 10. 4. 1| Thematic Strategy on Air Pollution~· Directive on
135 III, 10. 4. 1| Pollution~· Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air
136 III, 10. 4. 1| Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe (the CAFE Directive,
137 III, 10. 4. 1| The need to revise current air quality protection legislation
138 III, 10. 4. 1| its thematic strategy on air pollution by establishing
139 III, 10. 4. 1| level of ambition regarding air quality in the EU up to
140 III, 10. 4. 1| significant damage from air pollution will still remain
141 III, 10. 4. 1| made it clear that meeting air quality targets will require
142 III, 10. 4. 1| far-reaching reductions in the air pollutants that act as precursors
143 III, 10. 4. 1| also for primary particles.~Air quality protection policy
144 III, 10. 4. 1| 2007 and harmonised their air quality protection legislations
145 III, 10. 4. 1| policies for controlling air pollution relate to the
146 III, 10. 4. 1| strengthened through the use of air quality standards and national
147 III, 10. 4. 1| also by linking climate and air quality policies.~Most of
148 III, 10. 4. 1| via reduced emissions of air pollutants.~ ~In particular,
149 III, 10. 4. 1| Linkage of climate and air quality policies~· Reduced
150 III, 10. 4. 1| for polluting activities~· Air quality standards~· National
151 III, 10. 4. 1| developments~ ~The issue of air pollution and health is
152 III, 10. 4. 1| the importance of indoor air has increasingly been recognised.~ ~
153 III, 10. 4. 1| primarily by two types of air pollutants, namely fine
154 III, 10. 4. 1| risk. Interactions between air pollutants and natural particles
155 III, 10. 4. 1| considered as low levels of air pollution. This may not
156 III, 10. 4. 1| not be obvious, given that air pollution is ubiquitous
157 III, 10. 4. 1| involved in the debate on air quality. Whilst specific
158 III, 10. 4. 1| AirBase – the European air quality database. Copenhagen,
159 III, 10. 4. 1| ISSN 1725-9177.~ ~Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ) (2005):
160 III, 10. 4. 1| Proposed Directive on Ambient Air Quality and Cleaner Air
161 III, 10. 4. 1| Air Quality and Cleaner Air for Europe. COM(2005) 447. (ht e,
162 III, 10. 4. 1| the thematic strategy on air pollution and the directive
163 III, 10. 4. 1| the directive on “Ambient air quality and cleaner air
164 III, 10. 4. 1| air quality and cleaner air for Europe” ({COM(2005)446
165 III, 10. 4. 1| European Commission, Clean Air for Europe (CAFÉ) (2005c): ht m (
166 III, 10. 4. 1| Hunt A. (2007) improving air quality: the Clean Air for
167 III, 10. 4. 1| improving air quality: the Clean Air for europe (CAFE) Programme.
168 III, 10. 4. 1| 2004): Health Aspects of Air Pollution – answers to follow-up
169 III, 10. 4. 1| 2004): Health Aspects of Air Pollution. Results from
170 III, 10. 4. 1| Review of Health Aspects of Air Pollution in Europe”, June
171 III, 10. 4. 1| June 2004.~ ~WHO (2005a): Air quality guidelines for particulate
172 III, 10. 4. 1| 2005): Particulate matter air pollution: how it harms
173 III, 10. 4. 1| 2005.~ ~WHO (2005): WHO air quality guidelines global
174 III, 10. 4. 2| water, degradation kinetics, air, etc.~The PPR Panel has
175 III, 10. 4. 2| movement of pesticides in air and exposure assessment.~ ~
176 III, 10. 4. 5| Contamination from local sources and air deposition of traffic and
177 III, 10. 4. 5| resources. Unlike water and air, the protection of soil
178 III, 10. 5. 1| to transport (noise and air pollutants), household and
179 III, 10. 5. 1| material and unhealthy indoor air quality, also influenced
180 III, 10. 5. 1| saving and energy use in air conditioning. The impact
181 III, 10. 5. 1| individual conditions, such as air quality, traffic, safety,
182 III, 10. 5. 1| For example, there are air quality problems and noise
183 III, 10. 5. 1| groups. For example, large air conditioning and water cooling
184 III, 10. 5. 1| compounds affect the indoor air, from which they are inhaled
185 III, 10. 5. 1| behaviour are related to air pollution, it is especially
186 III, 10. 5. 1| pollution, it is especially the air exchange rate that plays
187 III, 10. 5. 1| conditions are traffic-related (air pollutants, noise), or stem
188 III, 10. 5. 1| Besides the indoor sources of air pollution, schools in larger
189 III, 10. 5. 1| are affected by outdoor air pollution from traffic and
190 III, 10. 5. 1| from traffic and industrial air pollution (Mi et al, 2006;
191 III, 10. 5. 1| help to reduce noise and air exposure and also have a
192 III, 10. 5. 1| health determinants: noise, air pollution and modal split
193 III, 10. 5. 1| noise include road, rail and air traffic; industries; construction
194 III, 10. 5. 1| problem of transport-related air pollution is one of the
195 III, 10. 5. 1| combustion produce a number of air pollutants such as hydrocarbons,
196 III, 10. 5. 1| and waste~ ~In addition to air pollution by transport,
197 III, 10. 5. 1| spaces. Reducing particulate air pollution from solid fuel
198 III, 10. 5. 1| plants may add to the urban air pollution (DEFRA, 2004).~ ~
199 III, 10. 5. 1| urban sprawl. Still, noise, air quality and adequate housing
200 III, 10. 5. 1| energy performance, noise, air, waste, food, water, regulations
201 III, 10. 5. 1| and Apte MG (2003): Indoor air quality, ventilation and
202 III, 10. 5. 1| existing information. Indoor Air, 13:53-64.~ DEFRA (2004):
203 III, 10. 5. 1| houses against increased air humidity, domestic mite
204 III, 10. 5. 1| Environment Agency (2006b): Air pollution at street level
205 III, 10. 5. 1| in buildings In: Indoor Air 2005; 15:246-256~Hulsmann
206 III, 10. 5. 1| formaldehyde in classrooms. Indoor Air.~Mendell MJ, Heath GA (2005):
207 III, 10. 5. 1| of the literature. Indoor Air. 2005, 15:27-52. Review.
208 III, 10. 5. 1| Review. Erratum in: Indoor Air. (2005) 15:67.~Miller DM,
209 III, 10. 5. 1| The effects of outdoor air supply rate and supply air
210 III, 10. 5. 1| air supply rate and supply air filter condition in classrooms
211 III, 10. 5. 1| effects of transport-related air pollution. WHO Regional
212 III, 10. 5. 1| WHO Guidelines for Indoor Air Quality – Report on a Working
213 III, 10. 5. 2| relates to problems such as air pollution, water quality,
214 III, 10. 5. 2| 5.2.3. Complaints due to air pollution in urban and rural settings~ ~
215 III, 10. 5. 3| supply as well as in the air transport sector the rate
216 IV, 12. 4 | Environmental health e.g. air quality, water quality,
217 IV, 12. 4 | or indirectly (chemicals, air pollution, deteriorated
218 IV, 12. 10 | High ~National/Regional~Yes~Air pollution~High ~National/
219 IV, 12. 10 | in the future efforts. ~Air pollution~ High~ ~Drinking
220 IV, 12. 10 | of Federal law concerning air quality, soil protection,
221 IV, 12. 10 | environmental health issues.~ ~Air pollution~High priority~
222 IV, 12. 10 | improve outdoor and indoor air quality have a long tradition
223 IV, 12. 10 | indoor as well as ambient air quality. Some emissions
224 IV, 12. 10 | replaced by REACH.~Outdoor air quality is regulated according
225 IV, 12. 10 | further improve outdoor air quality mainly affect emissions
226 IV, 12. 10 | determinants and settings~Air pollution~ ~High~ ~ ~ Air
227 IV, 12. 10 | Air pollution~ ~High~ ~ ~ Air Pollution Act, 1987~- Environmental
228 IV, 12. 10 | Environment Act, 1993~- Air Quality Standards Regulations
229 IV, 12. 10 | Solvents Regulations 2002~- Air Pollution Act 1987 (Marketing,
230 IV, 12. 10 | Amendment) Regulations 2003~- Air Pollution Act 1987 (Environmental
231 IV, 12. 10 | Plants Regulations 2003~- Air Pollution Act 1987 (Environmental
232 IV, 12. 10 | 2004~- Ozone in Ambient Air Regulations 2004~- European
233 IV, 12. 10 | Ceilings) Regulations, 2004.~- Air Pollution Act 1987 (Marketing,
234 IV, 12. 10 | infectious diseases, food/water/air safety, screening and emergency
235 IV, 12. 10 | determinants and settings~Air pollution~ High~o Law 3010/
236 IV, 12. 10 | exchange information about air pollution via internet.
237 IV, 12. 10 | stations for estimating air pollution. The module of
238 IV, 12. 10 | that reduce emissions to air, land and water from the
239 IV, 12. 10 | Useful information about air pollution and the measures
240 IV, 12. 10 | pollution and the measures for air protection is published
241 IV, 12. 10 | residents with the problem of air pollution and air protection
242 IV, 12. 10 | problem of air pollution and air protection measures.~o Finally,
243 IV, 12. 10 | determinants and settings~Air pollution~ high~ “environment
244 IV, 12. 10 | directive 26/03/02 about air traffic:~htt ~ Noise: special
245 IV, 12. 10 | settlements~ intermediate~ ~ See air pollution and physical stressors .
246 IV, 12. 10 | Policy Plan, 2004 - 2008~Air pollution~intermediate~Law
247 IV, 12. 10 | Environment~ ~Regulation on Air Quality~National Environmental
248 IV, 12. 10 | High~ National level~ ~Air pollution~ High~ National
249 IV, 12. 10 | weather conditions, etc.)~Air pollution~ High~Decisions
250 IV, 12. 10 | with Decision 96/62/EC on air quality.~national plans
251 IV, 12. 10 | settlements~ intermediate~ ~See air pollution and physical stressors.
252 IV, 12. 10 | objective and policy areas~Air pollution~ ~Nitrogen dioxide
253 IV, 12. 10 | Programme of Healthcare Measures~Air pollution~ High~ At national
254 IV, 13. 2. 2| infectious diseases, indoor air pollution and malnutrition.
255 IV, 13. 2. 2| were attributed to outdoor air pollution in 2004. Acute
256 IV, 13. 2. 2| infections attributable to indoor air pollution accounted for
257 IV, 13. 2. 3| poor sanitation and indoor air pollution still produce
258 IV, 13. 2. 3| make-up. Finally, urban air pollution and occupational
259 IV, 13. 2. 3| causes were due to outdoor air pollution. Acute lower respiratory
260 IV, 13. 2. 3| infections due to indoor air pollution accounted for
261 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| agriculture~agrochemicals~AIDS~air~airborne~airway~airways~
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