Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 -, 1 | Assessment of the status of health through selected indicators
2 -, 1 | period;~· Analysis of the health determinants underlying
3 -, 1 | underlying the evolution of health indicators, and related
4 -, 1 | identify priorities in public health on behalf of the European
5 -, 1 | of what is the status of health in the European Union, the
6 -, 1 | European Union, the nature of health determinants and relevant
7 -, 1 | published:~a) in 2003, “The Health Status of the European Union -
8 -, 1 | European Union - Narrowing the Health gap”;~b) in 1996, “The State
9 -, 1 | in 1996, “The State of Health in the European Community”.~
10 -, 1 | financially supported by the D.G. "Health and Consumers" of the European
11 -, 1 | designated by the Ministries of Health (or by the Scientific Institutions
12 -, 1 | and disorders as well as health determinants and main policies
13 -, 1 | understand well how the health status of each individual
14 -, 1 | on public and individual health.~ ~It is important to highlight
15 -, 1 | caution. A European public health goal should therefore seek
16 -, 1 | reports on the status of health in the European Union as
17 -, 1 | can be useful for EU D.G. “Health and Consumers” and Health
18 -, 1 | Health and Consumers” and Health Authorities of European
19 -, 1 | and information related to health status, health determinants,
20 -, 1 | related to health status, health determinants, health systems
21 -, 1 | status, health determinants, health systems and health policies
22 -, 1 | determinants, health systems and health policies as well as to facilitate
23 -, 1 | efficient manner public health priorities as well as adopt
24 -, 1 | tools to further improve the health conditions of their citizens.
25 -, 1 | European Commission D. G. Health and Consumers (http://ec.
26 -, 1 | http://ec.europa.eu/dgs/health_consumer/index_en.htm).~ ~
27 -, 1 | colleagues at the Ministry of Health and at the National Health
28 -, 1 | Health and at the National Health Institute: Nicola Begini,
29 -, 1 | seconded from the World Health Organization - European
30 I | PART I – THE CONTEXT FOR HEALTH~
31 I, 2 | THE CHANGING CONTEXT FOR HEALTH IN THE EUROPEAN UNION~ ~ ~
32 I, 2.Acr | Gross Domestic Product~HTA~Health technology assessment~ICT~
33 I, 2.Acr | Member States~PHG~Public Health Genomics~RFID~Radio Frequency
34 I, 2. 1 | context in which citizens health has been and will be pursued.
35 I, 2. 1 | same time, the national health policies and services of
36 I, 2. 1 | the growing challenges and health needs; the European (Economic)
37 I, 2. 1 | context in order to promote health and well being of the European
38 I, 2. 1 | for their major impact on health outcomes, have become more
39 I, 2. 1 | the increasing demand of health implies higher and higher
40 I, 2. 1 | important to keep in mind that health is not only a cost for Society,
41 I, 2. 1 | the economic importance of health in the labour market in
42 I, 2. 1 | studies exploring the role of health in a specific country over
43 I, 2. 1 | to past achievements in health. In addition to the direct
44 I, 2. 1 | to the direct effect of health on economy, there is also
45 I, 2. 1 | is also an impact of the health system on the economy irrespective
46 I, 2. 1 | of the ways in which the health system affects health. As
47 I, 2. 1 | the health system affects health. As one of the larger service
48 I, 2. 1 | larger service industries, health represents one of the most
49 I, 2. 1 | EU25 are employed in the health and social work sector.
50 I, 2. 1 | the performance of the health sector will affect the competitiveness
51 I, 2. 1 | to preserve and improve health take place in the EU is
52 I, 2. 1 | background conditions underlying health developments in the EU.
53 I, 2. 3 | in the EU may impact on health services demand. Poverty
54 I, 2. 3 | difficulties in accessing health care services, they may
55 I, 2. 3 | adequately and the quality of the health care services provided to
56 I, 2. 3 | attitudes to and use of health care services. On the other
57 I, 2. 3 | services. On the other hand, health workers may be less able
58 I, 2. 3 | immigrant populations. The health status and the use of health
59 I, 2. 3 | health status and the use of health services among immigrants
60 I, 2. 3 | which may face special health and social problems. Moreover,
61 I, 2. 3 | present specific challenges to health systems, not least if they
62 I, 2. 4 | cure rates, and access to health services (Report prepared
63 I, 2. 4 | American Journal of Public Health).~ ~An independent comprehensive
64 I, 2. 4 | comprehensive expert Report on “Health inequalities “, commissioned
65 I, 2. 4 | protective social, public health and healthcare institutions;
66 I, 2. 4 | better against increased health risks, and/or have been
67 I, 2. 4 | from new opportunities for health gains. An example is provided
68 I, 2. 4 | suggests that a widening of the health gap in a period of important
69 I, 2. 4 | number of years lived in good health).~Inequalities are also
70 I, 2. 4 | significant improvements in health across the EU, access to
71 I, 2. 4 | Few have begun to address health inequalities systematically
72 I, 2. 4 | preventing the ensuing health differences, or addressing
73 I, 2. 4 | or addressing the poor health that results. This would
74 I, 2. 4 | Finally, policies outside the health sector are also central
75 I, 2. 4 | central to improving the health of the population and reducing
76 I, 2. 5 | implications for workplace health and safety. They can affect
77 I, 2. 5 | conditions can contribute to health problems, although traditional
78 I, 2. 5 | management of workplace health and safety. The use of subcontractors,
79 I, 2. 5 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2002).~Detecting
80 I, 2. 5 | traditional occupational health and safety hazards still
81 I, 2. 5 | administration; education; health and social work; community
82 I, 2. 5 | an increase in delivering health and social services care
83 I, 2. 5. 0(2) | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work. Research on the
84 I, 2. 5. 0(2) | occupational safety and health in some Member States of
85 I, 2. 5 | attention is needed for health and safety issues because
86 I, 2. 5 | stress and the associated health impact.~ ~Active inclusion
87 I, 2. 5 | view of people’s improved health status and life expectancy,
88 I, 2. 5 | these jobs is that written health and safety notices are important
89 I, 2. 5 | labour market puts their health and safety at increased
90 I, 2. 5 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2006).~Both case
91 I, 2. 5 | in new risks to workers’ health.~ ~New qualifications. The
92 I, 2. 5 | know-how to manage workplace health. In SMEs, particularly in
93 I, 2. 5 | that will also affect the health and safety management process.
94 I, 2. 5 | negative impact on workplace health and safety. It is clear
95 I, 2. 5 | It is clear that public health and workplace health interventions
96 I, 2. 5 | public health and workplace health interventions among workers
97 I, 2. 6 | to preserve and promote health. Significant differences
98 I, 2. 6 | majority of those graduating in health and welfare and teacher
99 I, 2. 7 | mechanisms that influence health status and mortality of
100 I, 2. 7 | such as the provision of health care. Key dimensions of
101 I, 2. 7 | direct or indirect effects on health, it is up to the health
102 I, 2. 7 | health, it is up to the health system to provide adequate
103 I, 2. 7 | inhabitants but also the health and sustainability of the
104 I, 2. 7 | cities and settlements public health would benefit from an improved
105 I, 2. 7 | identifying the environmental health determinants in rural places
106 I, 2. 8 | may increase the public health effects. Various forms of
107 I, 2. 8 | public and occupational health impacts along the production
108 I, 2. 8 | order to analyze the public health impacts of energy production
109 I, 2. 8 | The WHO has summarized the health impacts of different forms
110 I, 2. 8 | Table 2.4.~ ~ ~Table 2.4. Health impacts of different forms
111 I, 2. 8 | Energy-generating~Resource~ ~Direct health impacts~ ~ ~ ~ ~Indirect
112 I, 2. 8 | impacts~ ~ ~ ~ ~Indirect health impacts (contribution to
113 I, 2. 8 | pollution, but magnitude of health impact depends on combustion
114 I, 2. 8 | climate change and resultant health impacts difficult to quantify;
115 I, 2. 8 | and hence probably greater health impacts~As for coal~ ~As
116 I, 2. 8 | other fossil fuels, but health effects primarily from air
117 I, 2. 8 | change and resultant health impacts difficult to quantify
118 I, 2. 8 | pollution, but magnitude of health impaci depends on combustion
119 I, 2. 8 | Source: WHO (2004)~ ~Many health outcomes depend on the technology
120 I, 2. 8 | technology used, occupational health and safety practices, measures
121 I, 2. 8 | influence the associated health effects. We have to make
122 I, 2. 8 | environment and therewith on human health. Renewable sources, such
123 I, 2. 8 | are associated with fewer health effects in general. There
124 I, 2. 8 | energy, will have positive health benefits. The production
125 I, 2. 8 | concerns about the human health consequences of nuclear
126 I, 2. 8 | also very important for health; in fact, significant increases
127 I, 2. 9 | flora, fauna and human health have been recently reviewed
128 I, 2. 9 | status of lakes and enhanced health risks, particularly in water
129 I, 2. 9 | various effects on human health. Heat waves are projected
130 I, 2. 9 | behaviour and the quality of health care services and their
131 I, 2. 9 | and act.~ ~The impact on health of extreme weather events (
132 I, 2. 10. 1 | promotion of population health which will lead to fundamental
133 I, 2. 10. 1 | systems. Medicine and public health get an increasing insight
134 I, 2. 10. 1 | in the understanding of health and diseases as well as
135 I, 2. 10. 1 | concepts of prevention and health service delivery, the emerging
136 I, 2. 10. 1 | paradigm shift in public health. As a consequence, we can
137 I, 2. 10. 1 | how it can include public health aspects in its work programme,
138 I, 2. 10. 1 | programme, while public health needs to analyse how genomics
139 I, 2. 10. 1 | changes the concept of public health. The second approach is
140 I, 2. 10. 1 | the core task of Public Health Genomics (PHG). Still there
141 I, 2. 10. 1 | directions, e.g. as Public Health services, surveillance,
142 I, 2. 10. 1 | professions and the genetic health literacy of the lay population.~ ~
143 I, 2. 10. 1 | concepts of surveillance and health statistics. So far, there
144 I, 2. 10. 1 | of genomics into public health. Indicators and statistical
145 I, 2. 10. 1 | are needed for secondary health data such as the exposure
146 I, 2. 10. 1 | the impact o food on human health (nutrigenomics). Current
147 I, 2. 10. 1 | nutrigenomics). Current health statistics and surveillance
148 I, 2. 10. 1 | future use of indicators and health statistics will also depend
149 I, 2. 10. 1 | technological applications. Public Health Genomics advocates the interdisciplinary
150 I, 2. 10. 2 | and feed additives, animal health, veterinary drugs, pesticides
151 I, 2. 10. 2 | drugs, pesticides and plant health.~ ~The existing and/or foreseen
152 I, 2. 10. 2 | prevention of the possible health and environmental risks (
153 I, 2. 10. 3 | tools include:~ ~Electronic health cards. Building on the agreement
154 I, 2. 10. 3 | Council that a European health insurance card should replace
155 I, 2. 10. 3 | paper based forms needed for health treatment in another Member
156 I, 2. 10. 3 | identifiers and electronic health record architecture through
157 I, 2. 10. 3 | secure access to personal health information.~ ~Health information
158 I, 2. 10. 3 | personal health information.~ ~Health information networks. Member
159 I, 2. 10. 3 | Member States should develop health information networks between
160 I, 2. 10. 3 | information networks of public health data and co-ordinate actions
161 I, 2. 10. 3 | Europe-wide rapid reactions to health threats.~ ~On-line health
162 I, 2. 10. 3 | health threats.~ ~On-line health services. Commission and
163 I, 2. 10. 3 | will ensure that on-line health services are provided to
164 I, 2. 10. 3 | illness prevention, electronic health records, teleconsultation,
165 I, 2. 10. 3 | e-reimbursement). Some of the health and related preventative
166 I, 2. 10. 3 | by Member States to make health information as accessible
167 I, 2. 10. 3 | criteria for websites.~ ~Health Telematics. The High Level
168 I, 2. 10. 3 | High Level Committee on Health established a Working Group
169 I, 2. 10. 3 | established a Working Group on Health Telematics to review the
170 I, 2. 10. 3 | technology (ICT) in the health sector, the factors promoting
171 I, 2. 10. 3 | particular applications of ICT in health, namely health cards, virtual
172 I, 2. 10. 3 | of ICT in health, namely health cards, virtual hospitals
173 I, 2. 10. 3 | health-related information to health professionals and patients.~ ~
174 I, 2. 10. 3 | of direct interest to DG Health and Consumer Protection'
175 I, 2. 10. 4 | realisation of associated health and economic benefits: reducing
176 I, 2. 10. 4(12)| car – UK Departament of Health – 16 Febrauary 2007~
177 I, 2. 10. 4(13)| World Health Organization – Fact sheet
178 I, 2. 10. 4(15)| World health Organization – Fact sheet
179 I, 2. 10. 4(16)| The European Health Management Association~
180 I, 2. 10. 4(17)| Creation of a Health Care Value Chain through
181 I, 2. 10. 4(19)| care – UK Depertament of health – 16 February 2007~
182 I, 2. 10. 4(20)| Vertical Integration ibn the Health Value Chain “, Dr. Alberto
183 I, 2. 10. 4 | standards21. The Department of Health in the UK already called
184 I, 2. 10. 4 | fully. The Department of Health is recommending that the
185 I, 2. 10. 4(22)| patient care” UK Department of Health – 16 February 2007~
186 I, 2. 10. 5 | 2.10.5. Health technology assessment~ ~
187 I, 2. 11 | and spatial behavior in health care utilization among residents
188 I, 2. 11 | residents of a rural region. Health Services Research, 40, 135-
189 I, 2. 11 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2002): Research
190 I, 2. 11 | occupational safety and health in some Member States of
191 I, 2. 11 | European Agency for Safety and Health at Work (2006). Research
192 I, 2. 11 | Occupational Safety and Health. htt m (accessed 21.11.06).~
193 I, 2. 11 | Promoting Finnish Heart Health for the Years 2005-2011.
194 I, 2. 11 | Understanding barriers to health care: a review of disparities
195 I, 2. 11 | review of disparities in health care services among indigenous
196 I, 2. 11 | populations. Int J Circumpolar Health. 2007 Jun;66(3):188-98.~
197 I, 2. 11 | 2006): NIOSH Safety and Health Topic: Nanotechnology. htt ch~
198 I, 2. 11 | ultrafine particles. Environ. Health Perspectives, 113(7), 823-
199 I, 2. 11 | the Workplace. Environ. Health Perspectives, 115(1), 5-
200 I, 2. 11 | J (2005): The impact of health on economy: theoretical
201 I, 2. 11 | In: The contribution of health to the economy in the European
202 I, 2. 11 | in the European Union. DG Health and Consumer Protection,
203 II | PART II – HEALTH CONDITIONS~
204 II, 4 | 4.~OVERALL HEALTH TRENDS~
205 II, 4.Acr | Household Panel~EHEMU~European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit~
206 II, 4.Acr | Monitoring Unit~EHIS~European Health Interview Survey~EHSS~European
207 II, 4.Acr | Interview Survey~EHSS~European Health Survey System~EUROPOP 2004~
208 II, 4.Acr | Care~MEHM~Minimum European Health Module~NCHS~National Center
209 II, 4.Acr | NCHS~National Center for Health Statistics~SES~Socio-Economic
210 II, 4. 1 | being spent in good or bad health is a crucial question both
211 II, 4. 1 | infer improvements in the health of populations. This was
212 II, 4. 1 | development of indicators of health expectancies, such as disability-free
213 II, 4. 1 | various states of good and bad health (Robine, Jagger and Euro-REVES,
214 II, 4. 1 | Healthy Life Years” (HLY), a health expectancy indicator among
215 II, 4. 1 | Structural Indicator on health and in its 2005 annual report
216 II, 4. 1 | at age 50 and 65) as key health indicators for the EU27
217 II, 4. 1 | expectancy lived in good health.~ ~In this chapter we present
218 II, 4. 1 | longer life implies better health.~ ~All calculations where
219 II, 4. 1 | online through the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (
220 II, 4. 1 | contains the Minimum European Health Module (MEHM) which was
221 II, 4. 1 | is to be a subset of the health module in the European Health
222 II, 4. 1 | health module in the European Health Interview Survey (EHIS).
223 II, 4. 1 | chronic morbidity, perceived health and disability, the latter
224 II, 4. 1 | last 6 months, because of health problems (Robine, Jagger
225 II, 4. 1 | chronic physical or mental health problem, illness or disability
226 II, 4. 1 | these physical or mental health problems, illnesses or disabilities.~ ~
227 II, 4. 1 | 2005 (see above).~ ~All health expectancy calculations
228 II, 4. 1 | Methodological reports on health expectancies can be found
229 II, 4. 1 | differences in reporting one’s own health, this indicator is likely
230 II, 4. 1 | comparing time trends in health in individual countries
231 II, 4. 1 | available because the European Health Survey System (EHSS) is
232 II, 4. 1 | more than 60 years in good health, as estimated by the HLY
233 II, 4. 1 | divergences coincided with health crises across the EU27 but
234 II, 4. 1 | data from the Ministry of Health and Welfare for Japan (Ministry
235 II, 4. 1 | Welfare for Japan (Ministry of Health and Welfare, 2006).5~ ~ ~
236 II, 4. 1 | significantly throughout European health strategies and the Public
237 II, 4. 1 | strategies and the Public Health programme as the means by
238 II, 4. 1 | means by which improving health of European citizens are
239 II, 4. 1 | aimed at increasing the health of European citizens. The
240 II, 4. 1 | White Paper “Together for Health: A Strategic Approach for
241 II, 4. 1 | objectives that of promoting health and preventing disease in
242 II, 4. 1 | be to redress many of the health inequities which currently
243 II, 4. 1 | and not simply to improve health of all MS equally.~ ~Moreover,
244 II, 4. 1 | Moreover, improving the health of European citizens has
245 II, 4. 1 | of an ageing population. Health means wealth and therefore
246 II, 4. 1 | means wealth and therefore health is fundamental for economic
247 II, 4. 1 | the indicator to monitor health within the EU must be recognised
248 II, 4. 1 | two overarching national health goals are to increase the
249 II, 4. 1 | healthy life and eliminate health disparities. In this framework,
250 II, 4. 1 | the US National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) developed
251 II, 4. 1 | a contribution to global health, one of the fundamental
252 II, 4. 1 | summary measures of population health to meet the EU political
253 II, 4. 1 | 20 years of research on health expectancies (Robine et
254 II, 4. 1 | ECHP are resolved in the health questions in SILC (and further
255 II, 4. 1 | process to the underlying health concept will minimise cultural
256 II, 4. 1 | Eurostat, and the Public Health Executive Agency) are working
257 II, 4. 1 | through a Task Force on Health Expectancies and through
258 II, 4. 3 | U.S. National Center for Health Statistics.~ ~Ministry of
259 II, 4. 3 | Statistics.~ ~Ministry of Health and Welfare (2006): Abridged
260 II, 4. 3 | Secretariat, Ministry of Health and Welfare.~ ~Riley, J.
261 II, 4. 3 | Plan of the Task Force on Health Expectancies, 2007-2010.
262 II, 4. 3 | of indicators to monitor health across Europe: the Euro-REVES
263 II, 4. 3 | European Journal of Public Health 13(3): 6-14.~ ~Robine, J.-
264 II, 4. 3 | Eds. (2003): Determining health expectancies. Chichester,
265 II, 4. 3 | of indicators to monitor health across Europe: The Euro-REVES
266 II, 4. 3 | European Journal of Public Health 2003; 13:6-14.~ ~Robine,
267 II, 4. 3 | mortality and morbidity. Health Services Mental Health Administration
268 II, 4. 3 | Health Services Mental Health Administration Health Reports
269 II, 4. 3 | Mental Health Administration Health Reports 86( ): 347-354.~ ~
270 II, 4. 3 | 354.~ ~U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2006):
271 II, 4. 3 | DC, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services: 34.~ ~
272 II, 4. 3 | 51(3): 153-161.~ ~World Health Organization (1997): The
273 II, 4. 3 | Organization (1997): The World Health Report 1997. Conquering
274 II, 5 | 5.~HEALTH IMPACTS OF NON COMMUNICABLE
275 II, 5. 1. 1 | to the promotion of those health determinants related to
276 II, 5. 1. 1 | factors influencing personal health and may contribute to fall
277 II, 5. 1. 1 | periodontal disease and other health problems, including heart
278 II, 5. 1. 2 | are promoted by the World Health Organization, national health
279 II, 5. 1. 2 | Health Organization, national health organizations, medical schools,
280 II, 5. 1. 2 | Organizations. At national level, health decision makers are also
281 II, 5. 1. 2 | recommendations of their national health policy. There are other
282 II, 5. 1. 2 | closely linked to personal health beliefs as well as to the
283 II, 5. 1. 3 | between the patient and his health care professional in order
284 II, 5. 1. 3 | continuous process, integrated in health care. Moreover, it is patient-centered
285 II, 5. 1. 3 | care, hospital and other health care settings, organizational
286 II, 5. 1. 3 | and behaviour related to health and illness. Therapeutic
287 II, 5. 1. 3 | treatment, cooperate with health care providers, live healthily,
288 II, 5. 1. 3 | learning process, provided by health care providers trained in
289 II, 5. 1. 3 | disease, locus of control, health beliefs, and socio-cultural
290 II, 5. 1. 3 | process and its effects. Health care providers tend to talk
291 II, 5. 1. 3 | is education managed by health care providers trained in
292 II, 5. 1. 4 | insurance company or national health service, specific courses
293 II, 5. 2.Acr | Pressure~WHO MONICA~World Health Organization MONItoring
294 II, 5. 2.Acr | CArdiovascular diseases~WHO-HFA~World Health Organization – Health for
295 II, 5. 2.Acr | World Health Organization – Health for All~
296 II, 5. 2. 1 | Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
297 II, 5. 2. 1 | greatest contributors to health expenditures. Stroke is
298 II, 5. 2. 1 | life long dependence on health services and medications.
299 II, 5. 2. 1 | only directly related to health care and social services,
300 II, 5. 2. 1 | lead to an increase in the health burden of CVD and consequent
301 II, 5. 2. 1 | priority to reduce the growing health burden and lessen its socio-economic
302 II, 5. 2. 2 | projects such as the World Health Organization MONItoring
303 II, 5. 2. 2 | were published by the World Health Organization of United Nations (
304 II, 5. 2. 3 | the environment exposures, health behaviours, diagnosis and
305 II, 5. 2. 4 | due to the high cost of health examination surveys. Table
306 II, 5. 2. 4 | habit collected through health interview surveys. Prevalence
307 II, 5. 2. 4 | attached European Heart Health Charter Annex 1). Interestingly,
308 II, 5. 2. 5 | order to improve public health through planning and implementing
309 II, 5. 2. 5 | promoting cardiovascular health, emphasize the importance
310 II, 5. 2. 5 | out in the European Heart Health Charter and its working
311 II, 5. 2. 5 | help reduce inequalities in health and in accessing healthcare.
312 II, 5. 2. 5 | promoting cardiovascular health in the Health Council conclusions~·
313 II, 5. 2. 5 | cardiovascular health in the Health Council conclusions~· The
314 II, 5. 2. 5 | of National Ministries of Health, European and National representatives
315 II, 5. 2. 5 | The purpose to protect health and improve the quality
316 II, 5. 2. 5 | prospects of the integration of health in all policies expressed
317 II, 5. 2. 5 | Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
318 II, 5. 2. 5 | 2006)~· The European Heart Health Charter was developed with
319 II, 5. 2. 5 | European Commission, the World Health Organization (WHO-Europe),
320 II, 5. 2. 5 | Cardiology.~· The European Heart Health Charter was officially launched
321 II, 5. 2. 6 | the escalating costs of health services. Therefore, we
322 II, 5. 2. 6 | problem for both adequate health planning and clinical decision
323 II, 5. 2. 6 | increase among women as health benefits of smoking cessation
324 II, 5. 2. 6 | WHO, 2007) establishes health, nutrition, food safety
325 II, 5. 2. 6 | own national policies and health system governance and for
326 II, 5. 2. 6 | nutrition and food safety in the health sector, and monitoring and
327 II, 5. 2. 7 | EUROCISS Project. Eur J Public Health 13: 55-60~European society
328 II, 5. 2. 7 | Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
329 II, 5. 2. 7 | countries, 1968-1977. World Health Stat Q. 35 (1):11–47.~Pol ):
330 II, 5. 2. 7 | diseases. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 76:419-425.~Sac p.
331 II, 5. 2. 7 | countries since 1950. World Health Stat Q 41(3-4):155–178.~
332 II, 5. 2. 7 | 1981-2000. Am J Public Health 95 (1): 103-108.~WHO Expert
333 II, 5. 3.Acr | EUROCHIP~European Cancer Health Indicator Project~FACT~Fighting
334 II, 5. 3.Acr | Human Papilloma Virus~HTA~Health Technology Assessment~IARC~
335 II, 5. 3.Acr | National Expenditure on Health~WCRF~World Cancer Research
336 II, 5. 3.Acr | Research Fund~WHO~World Health Organisation~ ~
337 II, 5. 3. 1 | cancers for their public health relevance. Table 5.3.1 shows
338 II, 5. 3. 2 | the burden and the public health impact of cancer: the minimal
339 II, 5. 3. 2 | playing a key role in public health, but not all the EU-27 Member
340 II, 5. 3. 2 | of their impact on public health. As a consequence, several
341 II, 5. 3. 2 | in the interest of public health. This would create harmonised
342 II, 5. 3. 2 | requirement as a public health tool for evaluation of cancer
343 II, 5. 3. 2 | epidemiological research, public health programme planning, and
344 II, 5. 3. 2 | essential to implement Cancer Health Information System in the
345 II, 5. 3. 2 | IARC is part of the World Health Organization and its mission
346 II, 5. 3. 2 | establishing or strengthening health information systems. See:
347 II, 5. 3. 4 | to the promotion of those health determinants related to
348 II, 5. 3. 6 | national expenditure on health (TNEH) for most countries.
349 II, 5. 3. 6 | efficiently allocating their health resources.~ ~Patients diagnosed
350 II, 5. 3. 7 | important area of public health. The cessation of smoking,
351 II, 5. 3. 7 | informed one. The public health effects of a screening programme,
352 II, 5. 3. 7 | subjects may lead to important health benefits, especially for
353 II, 5. 3. 7 | or overall investment in health care (Coleman et al, 2003).~
354 II, 5. 3. 7 | treatment and investment in health care (Coleman et al, 2003).
355 II, 5. 3. 7 | any economic evaluation or Health Technology Assessment (HTA)
356 II, 5. 3. 7 | drugs is available for the health care system and hospital
357 II, 5. 3. 7 | to be addressed up front. Health care systems and the pharmaceutical
358 II, 5. 3. 7 | innovative drugs, it comes to the health care system to integrate
359 II, 5. 3. 7 | Organising and delivering public health programmes designed both
360 II, 5. 3. 7 | at all levels within the health system.~Cancer control plans (
361 II, 5. 3. 7 | collaboration between national health authorities, research organisation,
362 II, 5. 3. 7 | on Cancer as part of its Health Strategies in Europe conference,
363 II, 5. 3. 7 | priorities in the field of health, and promoted the adoption
364 II, 5. 3. 7 | internationally recognised public health institutes in the EU, under
365 II, 5. 3. 7 | palliative care. The Parliament’s health committee has now called
366 II, 5. 3. 8 | sustained collaboration between health authorities, research organizations,
367 II, 5. 3. 8 | variation in demand for health services as a function of
368 II, 5. 3. 8 | collaboration between national health authorities, private sectors,
369 II, 5. 3. 8 | implementation of the “Gaining Health” policy and outline for
370 II, 5. 3. 8 | find ways of reducing the Health Systems expenditures in
371 II, 5. 3. 9 | EU (July – December 2007) Health Strategies in Europe, 12 –
372 II, 5. 3. 9 | EU (July – December 2007) Health Strategies in Europe, 12 –
373 II, 5. 3. 9 | proposed set of European cancer health indicators. Eur J Public
374 II, 5. 3. 9 | indicators. Eur J Public Health 13(3 Suppl):116-118.~ ~Parkin
375 II, 5. 4.Acr | ECHI~European Community Health Indicators~ESRF~End Stage
376 II, 5. 4.Acr | European Nurses in Diabetes~HIS~Health Interview Surveys~HES~Health
377 II, 5. 4.Acr | Health Interview Surveys~HES~Health Examination Surveys~IDF~
378 II, 5. 4. 1 | CODE-2 study has measured the health care costs of people with
379 II, 5. 4. 1 | estimated at €2,834 in 1999. The health care costs of diabetes as
380 II, 5. 4. 1 | even greater than direct health care costs (WHO 2002). Unfortunately,
381 II, 5. 4. 2 | representatives of Governmental Health Departments and Patients’
382 II, 5. 4. 2 | acknowledged the need to optimise health care in all EU countries
383 II, 5. 4. 2 | for which the support of health professionals is crucial,
384 II, 5. 4. 2 | major and growing European health problem, a problem at all
385 II, 5. 4. 2 | It causes prolonged ill health and early death.~It currently (
386 II, 5. 4. 2 | national governments and health departments to create conditions
387 II, 5. 4. 2 | provision and quality audit of health care~-> National, regional
388 II, 5. 4. 2 | disseminating~ information about health maintenance~-> Promoting
389 II, 5. 4. 2 | glucose tolerance. Data of health expenditure are also provided.
390 II, 5. 4. 2 | 5.4.2.4. Health Surveys~ ~Health Interview
391 II, 5. 4. 2 | 4.2.4. Health Surveys~ ~Health Interview Surveys (HIS)
392 II, 5. 4. 2 | the participants, whereas Health Examination Surveys (HES)
393 II, 5. 4. 2 | of national/international health monitoring for different
394 II, 5. 4. 2 | been described by the HMP Health surveys in the EU: HIS and
395 II, 5. 4. 2 | through national/regional health departments.~Several methodological
396 II, 5. 4. 2 | obtained through hospitals and health insurances only includes
397 II, 5. 4. 2 | having been hospitalised.~Health examination surveys detect
398 II, 5. 4. 2 | patients which is impossible health interview surveys. Whether
399 II, 5. 4. 2 | Diabetes mellitus E10–14; HES: Health Examination Survey; HIS:
400 II, 5. 4. 2 | Examination Survey; HIS: Health Interview Survey; UNN: Unique
401 II, 5. 4. 2 | the long term impact of health policies. This indicator
402 II, 5. 4. 3 | of the different public health policies.~Levels of BMI
403 II, 5. 4. 4 | analysis of the current health status and represent a fundamental
404 II, 5. 4. 4 | diabetes seem to highlight that health systems in Europe are not
405 II, 5. 4. 4 | order to push the entire health sector towards a tight control
406 II, 5. 4. 6 | the possible impact public health intervention programs may
407 II, 5. 4. 6 | Community Action on Public Health targeted the need for comparative
408 II, 5. 4. 6 | following aspects:~- measuring health status trends/determinants
409 II, 5. 4. 6 | States with appropriate health information to compare and
410 II, 5. 4. 6 | and support their national health policies.~The European Commission,
411 II, 5. 4. 6 | has now become a public health issue. We can curtail the
412 II, 5. 4. 6 | seriously. The required public health measures include promotion
413 II, 5. 4. 6 | that must be ensured by health services in each country
414 II, 5. 4. 6 | inequalities in life expectancy, health status and access to high-quality
415 II, 5. 4. 6 | and access to high-quality health services for people living
416 II, 5. 4. 6 | number of documents:~· the EU Health Council in 2004, under the
417 II, 5. 4. 6 | made Type 2 diabetes a key health priority during its Presidency
418 II, 5. 4. 6 | were adopted by the formal Health Council in June 2006 as
419 II, 5. 4. 6 | Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
420 II, 5. 4. 6 | measurable targets to track health outcomes and cost-effectiveness,
421 II, 5. 4. 6 | delivery of their respective health services, ethical, legal,
422 II, 5. 4. 6 | Identifying diabetes as a public health challenge in Europe and
423 II, 5. 4. 6 | actions in order to emphasise health determinants, promote healthy
424 II, 5. 4. 6 | comprehensive approach to health determinants at European
425 II, 5. 4. 6 | addressing the impact on public health of the promotion, marketing
426 II, 5. 4. 6 | Diet, Physical activity and Health and encouraging the development
427 II, 5. 4. 6 | and measures;~· Taking the health determinants and risk factors
428 II, 5. 4. 6 | in particular the World Health Organisation and the OECD,
429 II, 5. 4. 6 | the disease as a global health threat in December 2006
430 II, 5. 4. 7 | actions. Diabetes is a complex health problem, requiring multi-disciplinary
431 II, 5. 4. 7 | as a network collecting health information according to
432 II, 5. 4. 7 | diabetes complications);~· health system (structures, structural
433 II, 5. 4. 7 | training and involvement of health professionals that represent
434 II, 5. 4. 8 | Collection Update Report, Health Care Quality Indicators
435 II, 5. 4. 8 | Quality Indicators Project, Health Working Papers No. 29, OECD
436 II, 5. 4. 8 | 1995) A computerized health screening and follow-up
437 II, 5. 4. 8 | towards an active use of health information, Diabetes Research
438 II, 5. 4. 8 | Employment, Social Policy, Health and Consumer Affairs Council
439 II, 5. 4. 8 | European Journal of Public Health.~Dia A (2007): How does
440 II, 5. 4. 8 | of Diabetes Care at the health systems level in OECD countries,
441 II, 5. 4. 8 | in OECD countries, OECD Health Technical Papers NO. 15~
442 II, 5. 4. 8 | system for diabetes, Stud Health Technol Inform. 2002;90:
443 II, 5. 4. 8 | 2007): Economics of Health and Mortality Special Feature:
444 II, 5. 4. 8 | the socioeconomic status health gradient. Proc Natl Acad
445 II, 5. 4. 8 | review and economic modelling Health Technol Assess. 2007 May;
446 II, 5. 4. 8 | 978 92 4 159493 6 © World Health Organization 2006 [http://
447 II, 5. 5.Acr | Development~WHO HFA~World Health Organisation Health for
448 II, 5. 5.Acr | World Health Organisation Health for All database~
449 II, 5. 5.Int | suffer some form of mental health problem (European Commission
450 II, 5. 5.Int | EU economy of mental ill health is estimated to be equivalent
451 II, 5. 5.Int(8) | 2004): The State of Mental Health in the European Union. Directorate
452 II, 5. 5.Int(8) | Directorate General for Health and Consumer Protection. [
453 II, 5. 5.Int(8) | at: http://ec.europa.eu/health/ph_projects/2001/monitoring/
454 II, 5. 5.Int(9) | Liimatainen M-R (2000): Mental health in the workplace: Introduction.
455 II, 5. 5.Int | to seek specialist mental health care and are the main users
456 II, 5. 5.Int(10)| development centre for mental health. Available at: htt f.~
457 II, 5. 5.Int(11)| Austbury J. (2002): Mental Health: Gender Bias, Social Position,
458 II, 5. 5.Int(11)| Engendering International Health: The Challenge of Equity.
459 II, 5. 5.Int | further impacts on mental health.~ ~Four of the six leading
460 II, 5. 5.Int | common forms of mental ill health in the EU are anxiety disorders
461 II, 5. 5.Int(12)| Gender differences in mental health. In P. Östlin, M. Danielsson,
462 II, 5. 5.Int(12)| Gender Inequalities in Health (Boston: Harvard School
463 II, 5. 5.Int(12)| Harvard School of Public Health, 117-135).~
464 II, 5. 5.Int(13)| WHO (2002): Mental Health: Responding to the Call
465 II, 5. 5.Int | developed world14.~ ~Mental health services in Europe have
466 II, 5. 5.Int | policy challenge by the World Health Organisation and the European
467 II, 5. 5.Int | average around 6% of their health budgets on mental health,
468 II, 5. 5.Int | health budgets on mental health, while mental ill-health
469 II, 5. 5.Int | greater.~ ~The burden of ill health can be reduced by addressing
470 II, 5. 5.Int | have an impact on mental health and wellbeing such as social
471 II, 5. 5.Int | people with long-term mental health problems are working, a
472 II, 5. 5.Int | individuals with mental health problems. Countries such
473 II, 5. 5.Int(14)| WHO (2001): World Health Report 2001. [on-line publication
474 II, 5. 5.Int | places a huge burden on health care resources. More data
475 II, 5. 5.Int | attempts.~The Community’s health policy has covered mental
476 II, 5. 5.Int | policy has covered mental health since 1997 through specific
477 II, 5. 5.Int | The EU 2003-2008 Public Health Programme provides limited
478 II, 5. 5.Int | of people with mental ill health, the social inclusion of
479 II, 5. 5.Int | European research on mental health21. An example is the “MHEDEA-2000”-
480 II, 5. 5.Int(20)| 2004): Action for Mental Health. Activities co-funded from
481 II, 5. 5.Int(20)| European Community Public health Programmes 1997-2004. htt m.
482 II, 5. 5.Int | European assessment of mental health disability; Information
483 II, 5. 5.Int | infrastructure investments in the health sector that is beneficial
484 II, 5. 5.Int | policy addresses mental health as part of its policy work (
485 II, 5. 5.Int | violence can cause mental health problems.~ ~However, a comprehensive
486 II, 5. 5.Int | comprehensive strategy on mental health, which would link all these
487 II, 5. 5.Int | cooperation in the field of mental health. The Council Conclusions
488 II, 5. 5.Int | Ministerial Conference on Mental Health. The Commission was invited
489 II, 5. 5.Int | on 'Promoting the Mental Health of the Population' which
490 II, 5. 5.Int | a EU strategy on mental health. The document outlined the
491 II, 5. 5.Int | the relevance of mental health for some of the EU's strategic
492 II, 5. 5.Int | of a strategy on mental health at Community-level and brought
493 II, 5. 5.Int | organizations (e.g. Mental Health Europe, EUFAMI, EnterMentalHealth,)
494 II, 5. 5.Int | of people with mental ill health~· Prevention of mental distress~·
495 II, 5. 5.Int | Promotion of positive mental health~· Achieving a continuous
496 II, 5. 5.Int | throughout Europe in mental health, the quality of care and
497 II, 5. 5.Int | their efforts to improve health conditions in their own
498 II, 5. 5.Int | of training courses for health and social care professionals;
499 II, 5. 5. 1 | had a contact with formal health services in the previous
500 II, 5. 5. 1 | disorders (Thornicroft 2008), health service access hurdles and
