Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 3 | fertility and extended life expectancy on the age distribution
2 I, 2. 4 | substantial inequalities in life expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among
3 I, 2. 4 | inequalities in 'healthy life expectancy' (number of years lived
4 I, 2. 5 | improved health status and life expectancy, reforms and modernisation
5 I, 2. 5 | to the increase in life expectancy. With increased reliance
6 I, 2. 6 | the large increase of life expectancy and the rapidly charging
7 I, 3.Acr | International Migration~LE Life Expectancy~NMS New Member States of
8 I, 3. 2 | fertility and extended life expectancy on the age distribution
9 I, 3. 3 | fertility and increasing life expectancy. Young populations normally
10 I, 3. 3 | woman) and mortality (life expectancy) in combination with the
11 I, 3. 3 | or declines, or if life expectancy changes.~ ~Figure 3.4. Age
12 I, 3. 3 | effect of increasing life expectancy. Migration usually only
13 I, 3. 3 | and by an increased life expectancy. In 2004, Italy was the
14 II, 4.Acr | DFLE~Disability Free Life Expectancy (DFLE0 at birth; DFLE65
15 II, 4.Acr | Panel~EHEMU~European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit~EHIS~European
16 II, 4.Acr | Healthy Life Years~LE~Life Expectancy (LE0 at birth; LE65 at 65
17 II, 4. 1 | 4.1. Life expectancy and healthy life years~ ~
18 II, 4. 1 | years~ ~In 1980, male life expectancy was around 70 years as compared
19 II, 4. 1 | a further rise in life expectancy is expected.~Whether the
20 II, 4. 1 | time, increases in life expectancy at birth (LE0 ) were used
21 II, 4. 1 | as disability-free life expectancy (DFLE). These indicators
22 II, 4. 1 | previously, on the quantity (life expectancy) by dividing life expectancy
23 II, 4. 1 | expectancy) by dividing life expectancy into life spent in various
24 II, 4. 1 | Life Years” (HLY), a health expectancy indicator among the Structural
25 II, 4. 1 | continued inclusion of life expectancy at birth (and at age 50
26 II, 4. 1 | measures the proportion of life expectancy lived in good health.~ ~
27 II, 4. 1 | review the trends in life expectancy at birth and at 65 in the
28 II, 4. 1 | interrelationships between life expectancy and HLY as the preliminary
29 II, 4. 1 | through the European Health Expectancy Monitoring Unit (EHEMU)
30 II, 4. 1 | the EHEMU website.1 Life expectancy estimates for 2005 were
31 II, 4. 1 | see above).~ ~All health expectancy calculations were made following
32 II, 4. 1 | estimating disability-free life expectancy from cross-sectional data (
33 II, 4. 1 | EU25) per gender: life expectancy (LE), Healthy Life Years (
34 II, 4. 1 | LEwSL) and the ratio of life expectancy to the Healthy Life Years
35 II, 4. 1 | gaps.~ ~Table 4.1.1. Life expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (
36 II, 4. 1 | and 77% of the total life expectancy at birth for men and women,
37 II, 4. 1 | Although in 2005 the EU life expectancy at birth ranks amongst the
38 II, 4. 1 | 62% and 57% of total life expectancy respectively. This provides
39 II, 4. 1 | and 49% of the total life expectancy for men and women respectively.
40 II, 4. 1 | proportion of their shorter life expectancy free of activity limitations.
41 II, 4. 1 | gives estimates of life expectancy (LE65 ) and disability-free
42 II, 4. 1 | and disability-free life expectancy (DFLE65 ) at 65 as well
43 II, 4. 1 | survey.~ ~Table 4.1.2. Life expectancy and Disability-free life
44 II, 4. 1 | and Disability-free life expectancy at the age of 65 in EU15~ ~
45 II, 4. 1 | disability than in total life expectancy, resulting in a slight decrease
46 II, 4. 1 | shows 10-year trends in life expectancy at birth (LE0 ) in the EU27
47 II, 4. 1 | EU27.~ ~Table 4.1.3. Life expectancy at birth (LE0), in the European
48 II, 4. 1 | year period 1995-2005, life expectancy at birth steadily increased
49 II, 4. 1 | and maximum values of life expectancy (LE) and Healthy Life Years (
50 II, 4. 1 | MS level, values of life expectancy at birth in 2005 range from
51 II, 4. 1 | Detailed values of life expectancy at birth (LE0 ) and healthy
52 II, 4. 1 | 2.~ ~Figure 4.1.1. Life Expectancy, broken down as Healthy
53 II, 4. 1 | Men~ ~Figure 4.1.2. Life Expectancy, broken down as Healthy
54 II, 4. 1 | for women) of the life expectancy at birth is lived with some
55 II, 4. 1 | convergence in their life expectancy values in the aftermath
56 II, 4. 1 | increasing trend in life expectancy. However, during the 1960s
57 II, 4. 1 | countries, the growth in life expectancy hardly slowed down during
58 II, 4. 1 | group, where growth in life expectancy slowed down more in the
59 II, 4. 1 | included though its life expectancy trend varied from the mid-1970s,
60 II, 4. 1 | presents the values of life expectancy at birth in the EU27, USA
61 II, 4. 1 | Table 4.1.5. Life expectancy at birth (LE0) in the European
62 II, 4. 1 | largest increase in male life expectancy over the 10-year period
63 II, 4. 1 | to Japan) for female life expectancy.~ ~Since its introduction
64 II, 4. 2 | 4.2. Life expectancy and causes of death~ ~ ~
65 II, 4. 2 | the EU15 countries life expectancy at birth has increased,
66 II, 4. 2 | Slovakia) countries life expectancy has developed less favourably,
67 II, 4. 2 | but in recent years life expectancy has been increasing in the
68 II, 4. 2 | increasing trend in life expectancy at birth there have been
69 II, 4. 2 | future development of life expectancy, one important question
70 II, 4. 2 | limit to the growth in life expectancy. Since in recent years the
71 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy, this question comes down
72 II, 4. 2 | be near.~Even though life expectancy has risen in most European
73 II, 4. 2 | whether inequalities in life expectancy across European countries
74 II, 4. 2 | whether changes in life expectancy at birth across EU countries
75 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth and at other ages.
76 II, 4. 2 | decades.~ ~ ~Pattern of life expectancy changes by age groups. Based
77 II, 4. 2 | during the last decades, life expectancy at birth has increased by
78 II, 4. 2 | has risen over time. Life expectancy increased by 1.8 years in
79 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth during the last
80 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth: for men one third
81 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy and for women one fourth.
82 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy, but increasingly declines
83 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy. For men, age groups 65-
84 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth, and for women
85 II, 4. 2 | the total increase in life expectancy. In the 1990s, the contribution
86 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth was large: one
87 II, 4. 2 | decomposition of changes in life expectancy, EU 15 average.~ ~These
88 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy in the 1970s. In the 1980s
89 II, 4. 2 | cause of the rise of life expectancy. In most countries, mortality
90 II, 4. 2 | on the increase in life expectancy in the 1980s, even though
91 II, 4. 2 | a larger effect on life expectancy than in the other three
92 II, 4. 2 | on the increase in life expectancy in all EU countries. In
93 II, 4. 2 | countries, the increase in life expectancy was mainly caused by a decline
94 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy can be attributed to men
95 II, 4. 2 | Eastern EU countries, life expectancy had developed less favourably
96 II, 4. 2 | 1990s.~ ~Pattern of life expectancy changes by causes of death.
97 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy at birth in the EU15 since
98 II, 4. 2 | fourth of the rise in life expectancy at birth. In addition, the
99 II, 4. 2 | fourth in the rise of life expectancy as well. Smoking related
100 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on life expectancy in the 1970s. For women,
101 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy. The negative impact of
102 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy could not be attributed
103 II, 4. 2 | diseases to the rise in life expectancy increased to 50% for both
104 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy for men. In addition, in
105 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy. Whereas smoking related
106 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on life expectancy in the 1970s, due to the
107 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy in the 1990s. In addition,
108 II, 4. 2 | decomposition of changes in life expectancy at birth by cause of death,
109 II, 4. 2 | Arriaga decomposition of life expectancy by cause of death for selected
110 II, 4. 2 | decomposition of changes in life expectancy at birth by cause of death,
111 II, 4. 2 | to the increase in life expectancy since the 1980s, even though
112 II, 4. 2 | on the increase in life expectancy than circulatory diseases.
113 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on the life expectancy of women in the 1980s in
114 II, 4. 2 | positive impact on life expectancy of women in almost all countries.
115 II, 4. 2 | have a large effect on life expectancy in the 1980s and 1990s.
116 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on life expectancy of men in 9 out of the 13
117 II, 4. 2 | negative effect on life expectancy in the Eastern European
118 II, 4. 2 | the cause of death on life expectancy seems to be similar. The
119 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy since the 1980s has been
120 II, 4. 2 | shows by how many years life expectancy at birth increased between
121 II, 4. 2 | the total increase in life expectancy at birth. The table shows
122 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy; the same occurred for women
123 II, 4. 2 | the total increase in life expectancy.~ ~Table 4.2.4. Contribution
124 II, 4. 2 | diseases to changes in life expectancy at birth 1980-2000, selected
125 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on life expectancy in the 1980s for men in
126 II, 4. 2 | negative impact on life expectancy in 12 of the 13 countries.
127 II, 4. 2 | related cancers on life expectancy at birth, selected countries.~ ~
128 II, 4. 2 | of the increase in life expectancy at birth since the 1980s.
129 II, 4. 2 | limit to the growth in life expectancy, which will manifest itself
130 II, 4. 2 | the average change in life expectancy at 65 for selected EU countries.
131 II, 4. 2 | data on the change in life expectancy at 65 during at least three
132 II, 4. 2 | Average annual change in life expectancy at 65, selected countries.~ ~
133 II, 4. 2 | countries the increase in life expectancy at 65 for men in the 1990s
134 II, 4. 2 | countries, the increase in life expectancy for the elderly in the 1990s
135 II, 4. 2 | other EU countries, life expectancy has increased for the oldest
136 II, 4. 2 | Average annual change in life expectancy at the age of 80, selected
137 II, 4. 2 | approaching an upper limit of life expectancy as there is no sign of a
138 II, 4. 2 | 2005~ ~Inequalities in life expectancy. One important question
139 II, 4. 2 | making projections of life expectancy for European countries is
140 II, 4. 2 | in countries where life expectancy used to be rather low, the
141 II, 4. 2 | in countries where life expectancy has been relatively high
142 II, 4. 2 | compares the level of life expectancy at birth across European
143 II, 4. 2 | annual increase in life expectancy since 1970 it turns out
144 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy in 1970 and the average
145 II, 4. 2 | which implies that if life expectancy in 1970 is one year higher,
146 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy at birth in 1970 and the
147 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy at birth in 1970 and the
148 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy in 1970 and the increase
149 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy at birth in 1970 and the
150 II, 4. 2 | between the level of life expectancy at birth in 1970 and the
151 II, 4. 2 | converging trend in life expectancy at birth since 1970. If
152 II, 4. 3 | Team (2005): Healthy life expectancy in the EU 15. Montpellier,
153 II, 4. 3 | Jagger (2007): Healthy life expectancy in the UN-European region.
154 II, 4. 3 | 2005): Changes in life expectancy in the European Union since
155 II, 5. 3.Acr| Classification of Diseases~LE~Life Expectancy~MOSES~Medical Oncology Status
156 II, 5. 3. 1| also due to increased life expectancy at birth (LE). In fact,
157 II, 5. 3. 8| European increase of life expectancy makes cancer a disease of
158 II, 5. 3. 9| Working Group (2003): Life expectancy and cancer survival in the
159 II, 5. 4. 6| causes inequalities in life expectancy, health status and access
160 II, 5. 5. 3| community and have a lower life expectancy. Despite improvements in
161 II, 5. 5. 3| attributed to the increased life expectancy (followed by an increasing
162 II, 5. 5. 3| generally increased life expectancy and previous diagnoses.
163 II, 5. 5. 3| with a 15-year shorter life expectancy than the general population.
164 II, 5. 5. 3| age at disease onset, life expectancy at disease onset, age at
165 II, 5. 5. 3| countries with higher life expectancy are found to also have higher
166 II, 5. 6. 3| obesity, extending life expectancy will result in greater numbers
167 II, 5. 6. 3| associated to reduced life expectancy. Mortality is generally
168 II, 5. 11. 4| associated with reduced life expectancy: collagen vascular diseases,
169 II, 5. 15. 3| diseases do not affect life expectancy. For 39% of the diseases
170 II, 5. 15. 3| of the diseases the life expectancy is rather short. An analysis
171 II, 8. 2. 1| made marked gains in life expectancy in recent decades (WHO 2000).
172 II, 8. 2. 1| grow in importance as life expectancy increases (Walsh 2005).
173 II, 9 | studies demonstrate that life expectancy and ‘positive health experiences’
174 II, 9. 3. 1| of age, the gap in life expectancy, as compared to women, is
175 II, 9. 3. 1| this male to female life expectancy gap occurs in conditions
176 II, 9. 3. 1| determinants of the shorter life expectancy in men are most certainly
177 II, 9. 3. 1| men have a reduced life expectancy coupled with significant
178 II, 9. 3. 1| 60 years, the gap in life expectancy, as compared to women, is
179 II, 9. 3. 1| is a suggestion that life expectancy without disability is either
180 II, 9. 3. 1| suggest that increased life expectancy does not bring an increase
181 II, 9. 3. 1| studies demonstrate that life expectancy and ‘positive health experiences’
182 II, 9. 3. 1| European level.~ ~As life expectancy continues to increase, a
183 II, 9. 3. 1| on the gender gap in life expectancy. International Organisation
184 II, 9. 3. 1| International Network on Health Expectancy and the Disability Process
185 II, 9. 4. 1| of which are women. Life expectancy for women in the EU is currently
186 II, 9. 4. 3| estimate disability-free life expectancy. The most recent findings
187 II, 9. 4. 3| WHO, 1999). Data on life expectancy without disability are limited,
188 II, 9. 4. 3| limited, but suggest that life expectancy without disability is either
189 II, 9. 4. 3| suggests that increased life expectancy is not accompanied by an
190 II, 9. 4. 5| female advantage in life expectancy over males ranges from five
191 II, 9. 4. 5| Important inequalities in life expectancy and overall health status
192 II, 9. 4. 5| gender difference in life expectancy is also smaller when years
193 II, 9. 4. 6| a steep increase in life expectancy for both men and women throughout
194 II, 9. 4. 6| However, this increase in life expectancy has also led to an increasing
195 II, 9. 5. 1| men although women’s life expectancy is higher. As the proportion
196 II, 9. 5. 1| between men’s and women’s life expectancy is low by historical standards (
197 II, 9. 5. 2| International Network on Health Expectancy and the Disability Process
198 II, 9. 5. 3| studies demonstrate that life expectancy and ‘positive health experiences’
199 II, 9. 5. 3| Due to the higher life expectancy of women and their lower
200 III, 10. 2. 1| average 21 years of life expectancy. In the EU, tobacco kills
201 III, 10. 2. 1| with a difference in life expectancy at birth between EU countries
202 III, 10. 2. 1| of the difference in life expectancy between the three Baltic
203 III, 10. 4. 1| it shortens average life expectancy in Western and Central Europe
204 III, 10. 4. 1| reduce the statistical life expectancy of the European population
205 III, 10. 4. 1| the average loss in life expectancy may be more than one year.~ ~
206 III, 10. 4. 1| an average loss of life expectancy of about 9 months for every
207 III, 10. 4. 1| loss of statistical life expectancy attributed to anthropogenic
208 III, 10. 5. 1| estimated that the life expectancy of Roma is shorter on average
209 III, 10. 5. 2| mortality differences and life expectancy in urban and rural settings.
210 III, 10. 5. 2| Figure 10.5.2.7. Life expectancy by gender in urban and rural settings
211 III, 10. 5. 2| future, the data for life expectancy indicate that for children
212 III, 10. 5. 2| in 2006, the average life expectancy of male children is one
213 III, 10. 5. 2| inequities in mortality and life expectancy which clearly bring disadvantages
214 III, 10. 6. 2| associated to health and life expectancy. The fact someone is imbedded
215 III, 10. 6. 2| inequalities in health and life expectancy in all Western societies.
216 III, 10. 6. 2| inequalities.~ ~Mortality and life expectancy~ ~ ~The expert Report on “
217 III, 10. 6. 2| substantial inequalities in life expectancy at birth (4 to 6 years among
218 III, 10. 6. 2| inequalities in 'healthy life expectancy' (number of years lived
219 IV, 11. 1. 1| citizens in many ways. Life expectancy, disease prevention and
220 IV, 11. 1. 1| population health such as life expectancy and morbidity are largely
221 IV, 11. 1. 3| or disability-free) life expectancy, responsiveness to the needs
222 IV, 12. 2 | causes inequalities in life expectancy, health status and access
223 IV, 12. 5 | for disability-free life expectancy (DFLE) calculation (Robine,
224 IV, 12. 8 | indicators, such as life expectancy and infant mortality. It
225 IV, 12. 10 | between now and 2050. Life expectancy is also increasing. Ensuring
226 IV, 13. 1 | also been reported for life expectancy in different EU countries.~ ~
227 IV, 13. 1 | approaching an upper limit of life expectancy or of health in many different
228 IV, 13. 3 | positive: increased life expectancy - often in good health -
229 IV, 13. 5 | overall progress in life expectancy, new and re-emerging health
230 IV, 13. 5 | potentially reduce life expectancy gains. Care-giving responsibilities
231 IV, 13. 5 | significant differences in life expectancy observed among groups with
232 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| exercise~exotoxin~expectancies~expectancy~expenditure~expenditures~
