Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 5.Int| not readily available.~ ~Epilepsy: The prevalence of epilepsy
2 II, 5. 5.Int| Epilepsy: The prevalence of epilepsy in the EU varies between
3 II, 5. 5.Int| incidence and mortality of epilepsy are declining. The estimated
4 II, 5. 5.Int| adolescents in Europe with active epilepsy is 0.9 million (prevalence
5 II, 5. 5.Int| Approximately 20-30% of the epilepsy population have more than
6 II, 5. 5. 3| conducted by Fombonne mentions epilepsy as the most frequent co-morbid
7 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.5.3.4. Epilepsy~ ~
8 II, 5. 5. 3| 3.4.1. Introduction~ ~ ~Epilepsy is a chronic clinical disorder
9 II, 5. 5. 3| worldwide distribution. Epilepsy is a symptom complex arising
10 II, 5. 5. 3| cardinal manifestations of epilepsy are the epileptic seizures,
11 II, 5. 5. 3| epileptic process. Incidence of epilepsy is expected to increase
12 II, 5. 5. 3| the European population. Epilepsy is linked to educational
13 II, 5. 5. 3| the stigma associated with epilepsy~ ~While all people with
14 II, 5. 5. 3| While all people with epilepsy experience seizures, not
15 II, 5. 5. 3| individuals with seizures have epilepsy. Epileptic seizures may
16 II, 5. 5. 3| acute phase has elapsed. Epilepsy in remission with treatment
17 II, 5. 5. 3| AEDs)(Commission, 1993). Epilepsy in remission without treatment (
18 II, 5. 5. 3| to the so-called inactive epilepsy. In contrast, epilepsy is
19 II, 5. 5. 3| inactive epilepsy. In contrast, epilepsy is the occurrence of two
20 II, 5. 5. 3| seizures may have “potential” epilepsy, seizure recurrence can
21 II, 5. 5. 3| epidemiological indexes. Although epilepsy is, by definition, a chronic
22 II, 5. 5. 3| Forsgren, 2004). Active epilepsy is defined as having at
23 II, 5. 5. 3| Commission, 1993). Intractable epilepsy still requires a standard
24 II, 5. 5. 3| cohort of childhood-onset epilepsy (Berg et al, 2001), intractability
25 II, 5. 5. 3| sources~ ~The patients with epilepsy enrolled in the epidemiological
26 II, 5. 5. 3| representative of the general epilepsy population. Thus, multiple
27 II, 5. 5. 3| conducted on all patients with epilepsy or in patients in different
28 II, 5. 5. 3| existing on the epidemiology of epilepsy was largely obtained from
29 II, 5. 5. 3| majority of patients with epilepsy no cause can be found and
30 II, 5. 5. 3| differential diagnosis of epilepsy encompasses a number of
31 II, 5. 5. 3| prevalence and mortality of epilepsy are fairly homogeneous across
32 II, 5. 5. 3| distributed.~ ~Incidence of epilepsy and seizures~Thirteen incidence
33 II, 5. 5. 3| while the incidence of epilepsy ranges from 24 to 57 per
34 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.5.3.4.1. Incidence of epilepsy in Europe~ ~Table 5.5.3.
35 II, 5. 5. 3| Incidence (per 100,000) of epilepsy in Europe, by age~ ~With
36 II, 5. 5. 3| 1995), the incidence of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures
37 II, 5. 5. 3| different distribution of epilepsy in men and women can be
38 II, 5. 5. 3| on the temporal trends of epilepsy in Europe. No overall trends
39 II, 5. 5. 3| age-specific incidence rates of epilepsy tended to decrease in the
40 II, 5. 5. 3| decreasing incidence of epilepsy in children, the introduction
41 II, 5. 5. 3| increasing incidence of epilepsy in the elderly has been
42 II, 5. 5. 3| unprovoked seizures and epilepsy was prospectively studied
43 II, 5. 5. 3| per year). Undetermined epilepsy (without unequivocal evidence
44 II, 5. 5. 3| cryptogenic localization-related epilepsy in 16% (8.8 per 100,000
45 II, 5. 5. 3| symptomatic localization-related epilepsy in 15% (8.4 per 100,000
46 II, 5. 5. 3| and idiopathic generalized epilepsy in 6% (3.4 per 100,000 per
47 II, 5. 5. 3| purposes.~ ~Prevalence of epilepsy~There are numerous studies
48 II, 5. 5. 3| studies on the prevalence of epilepsy in Europe (Forsgren et al,
49 II, 5. 5. 3| overall prevalence of active epilepsy ranges from 3.2 to 7.8 per
50 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence, prevalence of epilepsy tends to prevail in men.
51 II, 5. 5. 3| 3. Prevalence of active epilepsy in Europe~Modified from
52 II, 5. 5. 3| different distribution of epilepsy syndromes in children and
53 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence, the prevalence of epilepsy syndromes has been calculated
54 II, 5. 5. 3| follows: idiopathic partial epilepsy with centro-temporal spikes
55 II, 5. 5. 3| centro-temporal spikes 5-17%, absence epilepsy 6-8%, juvenile myoclonic
56 II, 5. 5. 3| 6-8%, juvenile myoclonic epilepsy 1-5%, West syndrome 0.5-
57 II, 5. 5. 3| affect the frequency of epilepsy reports. In a study made
58 II, 5. 5. 3| between the prevalence of epilepsy and social deprivation,
59 II, 5. 5. 3| The mortality rate due to epilepsy ranges from 1 to 8 per 100,
60 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with childhood-onset epilepsy followed up for 35 years,
61 II, 5. 5. 3| past 100 years, the SMR for epilepsy in Europe was found to range
62 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence cohorts, the SMR for epilepsy ranges from 1.6 to 5.3 in
63 II, 5. 5. 3| studies of mortality in epilepsy~Modified from Shackleton
64 II, 5. 5. 3| source.~ ~ ~Aetiology of epilepsy is one of the strongest
65 II, 5. 5. 3| predictors of mortality in epilepsy. Patients with symptomatic
66 II, 5. 5. 3| Patients with symptomatic epilepsy have a two- to six-fold
67 II, 5. 5. 3| seizures and refractory epilepsy mostly account for the increased
68 II, 5. 5. 3| mortality in childhood-onset epilepsy. Mortality is greater in
69 II, 5. 5. 3| idiopathic or cryptogenic epilepsy in remission, mortality
70 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with childhood epilepsy followed into adulthood (
71 II, 5. 5. 3| between SMR and duration of epilepsy during the first 10 to 14
72 II, 5. 5. 3| Sander, 2004). Patients with epilepsy are reported to be at higher
73 II, 5. 5. 3| analysis. Patients with severe epilepsy have a fivefold and patients
74 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with temporal lobe epilepsy a 25-fold increased risk
75 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with temporal lobe epilepsy undergoing surgical treatment (
76 II, 5. 5. 3| suicide in patients with epilepsy. While seizure-related mortality
77 II, 5. 5. 3| mortality is rare in new onset epilepsy, in patients with chronic
78 II, 5. 5. 3| in patients with chronic epilepsy most deaths appear to be
79 II, 5. 5. 3| previously healthy patient with epilepsy in whom no cause of death
80 II, 5. 5. 3| with chronic refractory epilepsy, generalized tonic-clonic
81 II, 5. 5. 3| community-based series of childhood epilepsy (Callenbach et al, 2001).
82 II, 5. 5. 3| In patients undergoing epilepsy surgery, the SMR was found
83 II, 5. 5. 3| comorbidity in patients with epilepsy (Gaitatzis et al, 2004).
84 II, 5. 5. 3| was 86% in patients with epilepsy and 75% in controls (p<0.
85 II, 5. 5. 3| Patients with and without epilepsy were compared. Several somatic
86 II, 5. 5. 3| more common in people with epilepsy than in non-epileptic controls,
87 II, 5. 5. 3| Prognosis~Treatment of epilepsy is generally started at
88 II, 5. 5. 3| long-term prognosis of treated epilepsy reported a 69% cumulative
89 II, 5. 5. 3| patients with childhood-onset epilepsy, 64% of cases were in 5-
90 II, 5. 5. 3| Sillanpaa et al, 1998).~ ~Epilepsy and learning ability~About
91 II, 5. 5. 3| 25-50% of children with epilepsy experience some degree of
92 II, 5. 5. 3| Wight found children with epilepsy of average intelligence
93 II, 5. 5. 3| showed 53% of children with epilepsy attending mainstream schools
94 II, 5. 5. 3| that 27% of children with epilepsy did not complete basic or
95 II, 5. 5. 3| education in patients with epilepsy and non-epileptic controls.
96 II, 5. 5. 3| for having children with epilepsy in their classes (Pazzaglia
97 II, 5. 5. 3| there is no evidence that epilepsy education of teachers has
98 II, 5. 5. 3| teachers has improved.~ ~Epilepsy and employment~People with
99 II, 5. 5. 3| and employment~People with epilepsy experience difficulties
100 II, 5. 5. 3| higher in patients with epilepsy than in the general population (
101 II, 5. 5. 3| However, most studies on epilepsy and employment have been
102 II, 5. 5. 3| adopted in patients with epilepsy. However, recent studies
103 II, 5. 5. 3| attitude towards people with epilepsy (Jacoby et al, 2004). In
104 II, 5. 5. 3| idiopathic or remote symptomatic epilepsy from several Western and
105 II, 5. 5. 3| accident rates in people with epilepsy (Van den Broek and Beghi,
106 II, 5. 5. 3| Intervention studies on epilepsy and vocational rehabilitation
107 II, 5. 5. 3| Smeets et al, 2007).~ ~Epilepsy and driving~In the European
108 II, 5. 5. 3| for patients with active epilepsy (seizures during sleep or
109 II, 5. 5. 3| 5.5.3.4.5). The issue of epilepsy and driving varies depending
110 II, 5. 5. 3| mandatory reporting of epilepsy may have negative implications
111 II, 5. 5. 3| National legislations on epilepsy and driving in Europe~ ~__ __~
112 II, 5. 5. 3| reasons for patients with epilepsy Although one gets the impression
113 II, 5. 5. 3| attitude of the society towards epilepsy, patients with epilepsy
114 II, 5. 5. 3| epilepsy, patients with epilepsy still face relevant problems
115 II, 5. 5. 3| European Working Group on Epilepsy and Driving (SEWGED) has
116 II, 5. 5. 3| experts in the field of epilepsy, collected all the available
117 II, 5. 5. 3| universal understanding of epilepsy”. This statement aims at
118 II, 5. 5. 3| current scientific position on epilepsy and recommends a set of
119 II, 5. 5. 3| policy for hiring people with epilepsy and considers that job restrictions
120 II, 5. 5. 3| programmes for people with epilepsy achieve better results than
121 II, 5. 5. 3| in promoting education on epilepsy towards patients, their
122 II, 5. 5. 3| involved society members. Epilepsy and any other disabling
123 II, 5. 5. 3| removing prejudice against epilepsy and stigma.~A number of
124 II, 5. 5. 3| regarding the management of epilepsy have been developed in several
125 II, 5. 5. 3| diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy, these instruments can be
126 II, 5. 5. 3| situations.~Consortia of epilepsy centres and other specialized
127 II, 5. 5. 3| In Italy, a network of epilepsy centres was founded in the
128 II, 5. 5. 3| of European comprehensive epilepsy programs.~ ~
129 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence and prevalence of epilepsy in countries with no population-based
130 II, 5. 5. 3| age-specific incidence rates of epilepsy in the younger and older
131 II, 5. 5. 3| geographic and temporal trends of epilepsy in children and in the elderly
132 II, 5. 5. 3| recurrent unprovoked seizures (epilepsy). Cohorts of patients with
133 II, 5. 5. 3| patients at high risk of epilepsy.~The variability of the
134 II, 5. 5. 3| driving in patients with epilepsy and the scarce attention
135 II, 5. 5. 3| to the heterogeneity of epilepsy syndromes must change. Harmonization
136 II, 5. 5. 3| educational issues, children with epilepsy should be admitted into
137 II, 5. 5. 3| recognizing that, where epilepsy is not a single complication,
138 II, 5. 5. 3| educating children with epilepsy should be an integral part
139 II, 5. 5. 3| provision for children with epilepsy. Increased knowledge about
140 II, 5. 5. 3| Increased knowledge about epilepsy amongst school children
141 II, 5. 5. 3| of care to patients with epilepsy to reduce the risk of seizure
142 II, 5. 5. 3| diagnosis and treatment of epilepsy should be disseminated into
143 II, 5. 5. 3| comprehensive management of epilepsy in well-defined geographic
144 II, 5. 5. 3| networks should include epilepsy centres and centres for
145 II, 5. 5. 3| centres for the surgery of epilepsy. Using the available web
146 II, 5. 5. 3| Anonymous (2003): Living with epilepsy. Employment. Epilepsia 44 (
147 II, 5. 5. 3| 1987): The suicide rate of epilepsy. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
148 II, 5. 5. 3| correlates of employment in epilepsy. Epilepsia 21:235-242.~Beghi
149 II, 5. 5. 3| accidents in patients with epilepsy: results of a European cohort
150 II, 5. 5. 3| Beghi E (2004): Aetiology of epilepsy. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy (
151 II, 5. 5. 3| epilepsy. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy (2nd edition) (Edited by:
152 II, 5. 5. 3| Beghi E, Sander JW (2005): Epilepsy and driving. Regulations
153 II, 5. 5. 3| Prevalence of childhood epilepsy in Estonia. Epilepsia 40:
154 II, 5. 5. 3| development of intractable epilepsy in children: a prospective
155 II, 5. 5. 3| Black AB, Lay NY (1997): Epilepsy and driving in South-Australia –
156 II, 5. 5. 3| PG (1978): Incidence of epilepsy in children: a follow-up
157 II, 5. 5. 3| Mortality risk in children with epilepsy: the Dutch study of epilepsy
158 II, 5. 5. 3| epilepsy: the Dutch study of epilepsy in childhood. Pediatrics
159 II, 5. 5. 3| Goodridge DM, et al (1995): Epilepsy in a population of 6000
160 II, 5. 5. 3| International League Against Epilepsy (1989): Proposal for revised
161 II, 5. 5. 3| International League Against Epilepsy (1993): Guidelines for epidemiologic
162 II, 5. 5. 3| epidemiologic studies on epilepsy. Epilepsia 34:592-596.~Employment
163 II, 5. 5. 3| International Bureau for Epilepsy (1989): Employing people
164 II, 5. 5. 3| Employing people with epilepsy: principles for good practice.
165 II, 5. 5. 3| Prevalence of childhood epilepsy in Kaunas, Lithuania. Brain
166 II, 5. 5. 3| classification, and severity of epilepsy and epileptic syndromes
167 II, 5. 5. 3| 1282.~Fisher RS (2000): Epilepsy from the patient’s perspective:
168 II, 5. 5. 3| community-based survey. Epilepsy Behav 1:S9-S14.~Forsgren
169 II, 5. 5. 3| Epidemiology and prognosis of epilepsy and its treatment. In: The
170 II, 5. 5. 3| treatment. In: The Treatment of Epilepsy (2nd edition). (Edited by:
171 II, 5. 5. 3| 2005): The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe – a systematic
172 II, 5. 5. 3| Program evaluation in epilepsy rehabilitation. Epilepsia
173 II, 5. 5. 3| 2004): The mortality of epilepsy revisited. Epileptic Disord
174 II, 5. 5. 3| epidemiology of the comorbidity of epilepsy in the general population.
175 II, 5. 5. 3| Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in the Aeolian islands.
176 II, 5. 5. 3| study of public attitudes to epilepsy in the United Kingdom and
177 II, 5. 5. 3| Mortality in patients with epilepsy’ Curr Opin Neurol 17:141-
178 II, 5. 5. 3| of incidence studies of epilepsy and unprovoked seizures.
179 II, 5. 5. 3| dynamics of drug treatment in epilepsy: an observational study
180 II, 5. 5. 3| cohort with newly diagnosed epilepsy followed up prospectively
181 II, 5. 5. 3| BS (1985): Mortality from epilepsy. International patterns
182 II, 5. 5. 3| deprivation and prevalence of epilepsy and associated health usage.
183 II, 5. 5. 3| 1995): Sudden death in epilepsy : a study of incidence in
184 II, 5. 5. 3| incidence in a young cohort with epilepsy and learning difficulty.
185 II, 5. 5. 3| relation to sudden death in epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
186 II, 5. 5. 3| Cause-specific mortality in epilepsy: a cohort study of more
187 II, 5. 5. 3| patients once hospitalized for epilepsy. Epilepsia 38:1062-1068.~
188 II, 5. 5. 3| Risk factors for suicide in epilepsy: a case control study. Epilepsia
189 II, 5. 5. 3| population-based cohort of epilepsy surgery patients. Epilepsia
190 II, 5. 5. 3| mortality associated with epilepsy, with particular reference
191 II, 5. 5. 3| unprovoked seizures and epilepsy in Iceland and assessment
192 II, 5. 5. 3| Iceland and assessment of the epilepsy syndrome classification:
193 II, 5. 5. 3| grade school of pupils with epilepsy: an epidemiological study.
194 II, 5. 5. 3| 2002): Sudden death in epilepsy: a wake-up call for management.
195 II, 5. 5. 3| Survival of patients with epilepsy: an estimate of the mortality
196 II, 5. 5. 3| Li G (2004): Mortality in epilepsy: driving fatalities vs other
197 II, 5. 5. 3| of death in patients with epilepsy. Neurology 63:1002-1007.~
198 II, 5. 5. 3| Prevalence and characteristics of epilepsy in children in Northern
199 II, 5. 5. 3| 146.~Sillanpaa M (1992): Epilepsy in children: prevalence,
200 II, 5. 5. 3| Vanhoutvin JPG, et al (2007): Epilepsy and employment: literature
201 II, 5. 5. 3| employment: literature review. Epilepsy Behav 10:354-362.~Taylor
202 II, 5. 5. 3| accidents in drivers with epilepsy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry
203 II, 5. 5. 3| 2000): Social aspects of epilepsy in the adult in seven European
204 II, 5. 5. 3| PJ (1995): The impact of epilepsy on behavior and emotional
205 II, 5. 5. 3| emotional development. In: Epilepsy in children and adolescents (
206 II, 5. 5. 3| 2004): Medical risks in epilepsy: a review with focus on
207 II, 5. 5. 3| accidents and their prevention. Epilepsy Res 60:1-16.~Vaa T (2005):
208 II, 5. 5. 3| Accidents in patients with epilepsy: types, circumstances and
209 II, 5. 5. 3| classification, and severity of epilepsy in children in Western Norway.
210 II, 5. 5. 3| 810.~Zielinski JJ (1974): Epilepsy and mortality rate and cause
211 II, 5. 5. 3| International Bureau for Epilepsy~ILAE~International League
212 II, 5. 5. 3| International League Against Epilepsy~LICE~Lega Italiana contro
213 II, 5. 5. 3| European Working Group on Epilepsy and Driving~SIGN~Scottish
214 II, 5. 5. 3| Sudden Unexplained Death in Epilepsy~ ~
215 II, 8. 1. 3| affected by mental problems or epilepsy; by about 30% of those affected
216 II, 8. 2. 1| disabilities, not to mention epilepsy and mental health difficulties
217 II, 9 | disease status. Diabetes and epilepsy are both associated with
218 II, 9 | EUROCAT, 2004). In the case of epilepsy and diabetes, appropriate
219 II, 9. 1. 2| disease status. Diabetes and epilepsy are both associated with
220 II, 9. 1. 2| EUROCAT, 2004). In the case of epilepsy and diabetes, appropriate
221 II, 9. 3. 1| not readily available.~ ~Epilepsy. The prevalence of epilepsy
222 II, 9. 3. 1| Epilepsy. The prevalence of epilepsy in the EU varies between
223 II, 9. 3. 1| incidence and mortality of epilepsy were declining. This trend
224 II, 9. 3. 1| people in Europe with active epilepsy is 0.9 million children
225 II, 9. 3. 1| Approximately 20–30% of the epilepsy population have more than
226 II, 9. 3. 1| 2005): The epidemiology of epilepsy in Europe – a systematic
227 III, 10. 4. 2| Nausea, neurotoxicity,~epilepsy, hallucinations,~various
228 IV, 11. 6. 2| diseases (e.g. diabetes, epilepsy, transplantation, leprosy,
229 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| epidemics~epidermolysis~epilepsy~epithelium~epitope~epizootic~
