Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 I, 2. 1 | Households are small, also as an effect of population ageing. One
2 I, 2. 1 | In addition to the direct effect of health on economy, there
3 I, 2. 2 | their reservoirs. Another effect of this increased travelling
4 I, 2. 2 | where they are endemic. The effect of global warming on Europe
5 I, 2. 5 | do indeed have a positive effect on work satisfaction (EUROFOUND,
6 I, 2. 7 | South-East England has the same effect. Sao Paulo in Brazil has
7 I, 2. 10. 4(11)| Her effect van elektronisch voorschrijven
8 I, 3. 3 | coming decades. Generally the effect of fertility decline on
9 I, 3. 3 | much more profound than the effect of increasing life expectancy.
10 I, 3. 3 | usually only has a small effect on population ageing if
11 I, 3. 3 | population ageing if any effect at all. In the second half
12 I, 3. 3 | steadily afterwards. This effect was chiefly driven by a
13 II, 4. 2 | higher ages had a larger effect on life expectancy than
14 II, 4. 2 | 3) did not have a large effect on life expectancy in the
15 II, 4. 2 | diseases had a negative effect on mortality at young and
16 II, 4. 2 | Portugal they had a negative effect on mortality of men in their
17 II, 4. 2 | Portugal. In general, the effect of transport accidents on
18 II, 4. 2 | table 3) had a negative effect on life expectancy in the
19 II, 4. 2 | countries. For example, the effect of remaining causes was
20 II, 4. 2 | overall patterns in the effect of changes in the cause
21 II, 4. 2 | for women. Note that the effect of smoking on mortality
22 II, 4. 2 | men and Dutch women the effect of the decline in mortality
23 II, 4. 2 | women in most countries the effect was smaller than for men.
24 II, 4. 2 | the 1990s, even though the effect was still negative in 7
25 II, 4. 2 | later than men, the negative effect of smoking related cancers
26 II, 4. 2 | 1980s.~ ~Table 4.2.5. The effect of smoking related cancers
27 II, 5. 1. 3 | to produce a therapeutic effect additional to that of all
28 II, 5. 1. 4 | have any discriminatory effect.~In order to interact effectively
29 II, 5. 2. 5 | 2001); the hypolipidemic effect of such an healthy nutrition
30 II, 5. 2. 7 | Varigo J, Lisheng A (2004): Effect of potentially modifiable
31 II, 5. 3. 5 | al, 2005). The screening effect on the incidence trends
32 II, 5. 3. 8 | stakeholders to put into effect policies that can achieve
33 II, 5. 4. 2 | least sub-national averages (effect of different sources of
34 II, 5. 4. 3 | there is no clear age band effect.~Mortality. According to
35 II, 5. 4. 3 | to be any significant age effect.~Measurement of HDL cholesterol
36 II, 5. 4. 3 | There is a clear age band effect: the older the population,
37 II, 5. 5. 1 | Dodd S, Henry M (2006). The effect of macroeconomic variables
38 II, 5. 5. 2 | factors which have a buffering effect, might for example include
39 II, 5. 5. 2 | risk or have a buffering effect as evidence is often conflicting
40 II, 5. 5. 3 | difference, as well as no effect of urban, rural, and mixed
41 II, 5. 5. 3 | individual variability and its effect on treatment. Therefore,
42 II, 5. 5. 3 | either with individual main effect, or primed by early exposures
43 II, 5. 5. 3 | sclerosis in Ireland, an effect of genetic diversity. J
44 II, 5. 6. 3 | explained partly by a cumulative effect of chronic musculoskeletal
45 II, 5. 6. 3 | vertebral fracture. The effect is not just due to the recent
46 II, 5. 6. 3 | Back pain has a marked effect on the individual and also
47 II, 5. 6. 6 | rheumatoid arthritis. Data on the effect of multidisciplinary care
48 II, 5. 6. 6 | osteoporotic fracture and the effect of risk factors on screening
49 II, 5. 8. 3 | diabetes have a negative effect on survival. In the WHO
50 II, 5. 9. FB | 12 studies examined the effect of high body weight during
51 II, 5. 9. FB | studies that examined the effect of high birth weight on
52 II, 5. 9. FB | data about a protective effect of breastfeeding on the
53 II, 5. 9. FB | to document a protective effect of any dietary intervention
54 II, 5. 9. FB | evidence for a protective effect of any maternal exclusion
55 II, 5. 9. FB | that time. The protective effect of maternal avoidance of
56 II, 5. 9. FB | children has some protective effect. However, protection may
57 II, 5. 9. 4 | found to have a protective effect: the adjusted odds ratio (
58 II, 5. 9. 4 | infancy. The protective effect might be attributable to
59 II, 5. 9. 4 | study showed that biological effect of PM can be linked to one
60 II, 5. 10. 2 | 995.2~Unspecified adverse effect of drug, medicament and
61 II, 5. 10. 7 | S (2007): Evaluating the effect of food processing on the
62 II, 5. 11. 3 | Vries et al, 2003). The net effect is that melanoma mortality
63 II, 5. 11. 4 | disease affects people is the effect it has on personal psychological
64 II, 5. 11. 4 | functions can have a profound effect on a country’s health care
65 II, 5. 14. 3 | EUGLOREH countries~ ~The effect of dental caries on the
66 II, 6. 3. 1 | systems (with a consequential effect on the comparability of
67 II, 6. 3. 3 | countries, have had a profound effect on the course of HIV infection,
68 II, 6. 3. 3 | have had any noticeable effect, incidence of acute hepatitis
69 II, 6. 3. 4 | in childhood, but has no effect on transmission. Therefore,
70 II, 6. 3. 5 | not achieved the intended effect of preventing death in young
71 II, 6. 3. 7 | where they are endemic. The effect of global warming on Europe
72 II, 7. 3. 5 | vary in their degree of effect and no one single factor
73 II, 8. 1. 5(4) | implement policies to give effect to the present Convention~
74 II, 9. 1. 1 | Graubard BI, Isotalo L (1993): Effect of age, parity, and smoking
75 II, 9. 1. 1 | Twins and triplets: the effect of plurality and growth
76 II, 9. 1. 2 | the health services into effect.~ ~However, prenatal screening
77 II, 9. 2. 2 | unions, (and thereby the effect on children of the union)
78 II, 9. 2. 3 | these issues, though their effect is insidious. The WHO has
79 II, 9. 3. 1 | seen in men’s health or the effect of socio-economic factors
80 II, 9. 3. 1 | uteri adds other 40 000. The effect of menopausal therapies
81 II, 9. 3. 1 | ablation therapy, has a marked effect on oestrogen levels (Lee
82 II, 9. 3. 1 | unequal burden of war: the effect of armed conflict on the
83 II, 9. 3. 2 | healthcare and these may have an effect on outcomes (Alran et al,
84 II, 9. 3. 2 | Graubard BI, Isotalo L (1993): Effect of age, parity, and smoking
85 II, 9. 3. 2 | Twins and triplets: the effect of plurality and growth
86 II, 9. 4. 5 | policies would have a positive effect on community life and the
87 II, 9. 5. 3 | and in the differential effect these duties have on their
88 III, 10. 1 | generational exposure and their effect. Preventive measures require
89 III, 10. 1 | and act as confounders or effect modifiers (Figure 10.1.2) (
90 III, 10. 1. 1 | of interest or act as an effect modifier (Szklo, 2000).
91 III, 10. 1. 1 | Szklo and Nieto, 2005).~ ~Effect modification is present
92 III, 10. 1. 1 | 2000). Frequently the terms effect modification and interaction
93 III, 10. 1. 1 | interchangeably, although effect modification is by definition
94 III, 10. 1. 1 | is by definition a causal effect whereas interaction may
95 III, 10. 1. 1 | phenomenon. If there is effect modification, stratified
96 III, 10. 1. 1 | foods, which have a weak effect on satiation, may cause
97 III, 10. 1. 3 | 1998): Fitness and the effect of exercise training on
98 III, 10. 2. 1 | diseases. It has a synergistic effect with other risk factors
99 III, 10. 2. 1 | known to have a synergistic effect with risk factors causing
100 III, 10. 2. 1 | of nicotine. The calming effect of nicotine reported by
101 III, 10. 2. 1 | have contributed to this effect, commonly associated to
102 III, 10. 2. 1 | concerns include the gateway effect – snuff users may later
103 III, 10. 2. 1 | a larger disporptionate effect on young men. Alcohol consumption
104 III, 10. 2. 1 | evidence of a threshold effect, including, for example,
105 III, 10. 2. 1 | evidence of a threshold effect.~ ~The risk of coronary
106 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggested that the protective effect is due to a systematic misclassification
107 III, 10. 2. 1 | age laws can substantially effect youth drinking and alcohol-related
108 III, 10. 2. 1 | that do not find such an effect. These findings are similar
109 III, 10. 2. 1 | to have found more of an effect of commercial communications.
110 III, 10. 2. 1 | evidence for a sustained effect on behaviour (Jones et al,
111 III, 10. 2. 1 | recommendation for optimal effect being twice daily (Arnadottir
112 III, 10. 2. 1 | ppm) will have a lesser effect on caries than higher dose
113 III, 10. 2. 1 | 500 ppm, yields a better effect than toothpaste with 1,000
114 III, 10. 2. 1 | teeth. The caries preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste increased
115 III, 10. 2. 1 | for the caries preventing effect of daily supervised tooth
116 III, 10. 2. 1 | Soder B. Caries preventive effect of fluoride toothpaste:
117 III, 10. 2. 1 | settings found that the effect on eating behaviour was
118 III, 10. 2. 1 | obesity studies measure the effect of interventions at community,
119 III, 10. 2. 1 | nutritional or physiological effect whose purpose is to supplement
120 III, 10. 2. 1 | of BMI in adults and its effect on obesity prevalence estimations
121 III, 10. 2. 2 | fraction has a protective effect on CVD. HDL less than 1.
122 III, 10. 2. 5 | Hadders-Algra M, Neeleman J (2003): Effect of antenatal exposure to
123 III, 10. 3. 1 | also considers the combined effect of radon daughter exposure
124 III, 10. 3. 1 | health effects. The positive effect is that sunlight and UV
125 III, 10. 3. 1 | rickets). The negative effect is that UV radiation induces
126 III, 10. 3. 1 | In conclusion, no health effect has been consistently demonstrated
127 III, 10. 3. 1 | consistently been shown to have an effect on self-reported symptoms (
128 III, 10. 3. 1 | In conclusion, no health effect has been consistently demonstrated
129 III, 10. 3. 1 | regarded as being limited. The effect, if any, seems to be limited
130 III, 10. 3. 1 | of any other carcinogenic effect of ELF on either children
131 III, 10. 3. 1 | workplaces may have a prenatal effect resulting in hearing disabilities
132 III, 10. 3. 2 | toxicity is the adverse effect on the immune system; the
133 III, 10. 3. 4 | The Urban heat island effect increases existing health
134 III, 10. 3. 4 | lacking on a clear cause–effect relationship between chemical
135 III, 10. 3. 4 | a small but significant effect of this disorder in relation
136 III, 10. 4. 1 | damage due to PM2.5 and the effect of the implementation of
137 III, 10. 4. 1 | is little data about the effect of long-term exposures.
138 III, 10. 4. 1 | No threshold for particle effect at whole population level
139 III, 10. 4. 1 | Mortality (PM) – the dominant effect~o Development of bronchitis (
140 III, 10. 4. 1 | have a much more important effect than ozone with respect
141 III, 10. 4. 1 | likely to have the biggest effect on health. It is also important
142 III, 10. 4. 2 | standards~are exceeded, no effect~is anticipated; Various~
143 III, 10. 4. 2 | growth~promoters have no effect;~incident involving~clenbuterol:
144 III, 10. 4. 2 | estimate for~early 1990s: effect in~several thousand children~ ~ ~
145 III, 10. 4. 2 | origin, human milk~ ~Adverse effect on the~development of the~
146 III, 10. 4. 2 | origin, human milk~ ~Adverse effect on the~development of the~
147 III, 10. 4. 2 | cumulation, dose addition) effect or interaction resulting
148 III, 10. 4. 2 | or weaker than expected effect. Exposure to multiple residues
149 III, 10. 4. 2 | toxicity is the adverse effect on the immune system. The
150 III, 10. 4. 2 | Maize, wheat~Oestrogenic effect~In preparation~Exposure
151 III, 10. 4. 2 | subtropical areas~ ~Neurotoxic effect, various~effects~ ~None~ ~
152 III, 10. 4. 3 | minimising the adverse effect on the environment” in the
153 III, 10. 4. 5 | biomarkers of human exposure and effect, and compare waste-related
154 III, 10. 4. 5 | nuisance (smell, noise, litter, effect on property values, stress
155 III, 10. 4. 5 | biomarkers of exposure and effect, and compare waste–related
156 III, 10. 5. 1 | health must be split into two effect dimensions: the physical
157 III, 10. 5. 1 | indications of a protective effect of bacterial components
158 III, 10. 5. 1 | facilities has a positive effect on health. The effect seems
159 III, 10. 5. 1 | positive effect on health. The effect seems to be twofold, with
160 III, 10. 5. 1 | also have a compensating effect on the urban heat island
161 III, 10. 5. 1 | 1649–1653.~Cla W (2002): Effect of air-pollution control
162 III, 10. 5. 3 | explained by the ‘healthy worker effect’, i.e. that only people
163 III, 10. 5. 3 | do indeed have a positive effect on work satisfaction. Key
164 III, 10. 5. 3 | reduced absenteeism costs. The effect of workplace health promotion
165 III, 10. 5. 3 | this positive economic effect is a most powerful health promotion
166 III, 10. 6. 1 | community spirit and, in effect, a low social control),
167 III, 10. 6. 3 | community spirit and, in effect, a low social control),
168 IV, 11. 1. 5 | studies demonstrate minimal effect on physician prescribing
169 IV, 11. 5. 7 | organs may have an important effect.~ ~ ~
170 IV, 11. 6. 2 | though this has had little effect on the development of a
171 IV, 11. 6. 3 | the same redistributive effect as a progressive system,
172 IV, 11. 6. 3 | understand the redistributive effect of a healthcare system in
173 IV, 11. 6. 3 | wealthier people. The regressive effect of indirect taxes can be
174 IV, 11. 6. 3 | terms of the redistributive effect of tax and benefit systems,
175 IV, 11. 6. 3 | 1998).~ ~The redistributive effect of social insurance funding
176 IV, 11. 6. 4 | factor that modifies the effect of the exposure on the outcome
177 IV, 11. 6. 4 | In case of a dichotomous effect modifier, the relationship
178 IV, 11. 6. 5 | Gundersen L (2000): "The Effect of Clinical Practice Guidelines
179 IV, 11. 6. 5 | 1999): "The redistributive effect of health care finance in
180 IV, 12. 2 | factors; the hypolipidemic effect of such an healthy nutrition
181 IV, 12. 2 | age laws can substantially effect youth drinking and alcohol-related
182 IV, 12. 2 | that do not find such an effect. These findings are similar
183 IV, 12. 2 | to have found more of an effect of commercial communications.
184 IV, 12. 2 | evidence for a sustained effect on behaviour. ~ ~In general,
185 IV, 12. 7 | council conclusions in that effect were made in the Council
186 IV, 12. 10 | of demand, activity and effect.~Smoking and tobacco snuff
187 IV, 12. 10 | under age youth) came into effect in 2007. Most federal states
188 IV, 12. 10 | Parliament endorsed it. It took effect on June 1, 2007. The major
189 IV, 12. 10 | Decree (1339/2006) which took effect on January 2007. The medical
190 IV, 12. 10 | regularly evaluated and to that effect a new expert group has been
191 IV, 13. 5 | illustrate that the pure effect of an ageing population
192 IV, 13. 6. 1 | primarily economic and on the effect on the individual. However,
193 IV, 13. 6. 1 | education also has a detrimental effect. These losses of social
194 IV, 13. 6. 1 | Thus, they have an adverse effect on the child throughout
195 IV, 13. 6. 1 | his/her adult life; and~· Effect on future generations, if
196 IV, 13. 7 | similar requirements came into effect for tissues and cells of
