Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 1. 1| Mood/anxiety disorders and suicide~The following are main causes
2 II, 5. 1. 1| following are main causes of suicide: mental illness (including
3 II, 5. 1. 1| and access to means of suicide.~ ~· Eating disorders~Social
4 II, 5. 5.Int| There is evidence that suicide can be prevented through
5 II, 5. 5.Int| illnesses can prevent both suicide and attempted suicide. Behavioural
6 II, 5. 5.Int| both suicide and attempted suicide. Behavioural therapies have
7 II, 5. 5.Int| reducing the repetition of suicide attempts.~The Community’
8 II, 5. 5. 1| increased mortality for suicide. For example in 2004 the
9 II, 5. 5. 1| loss of productivity.~ ~Suicide. 90% of completed suicides
10 II, 5. 5. 1| 60% of those who commit suicide. Several factors interact
11 II, 5. 5. 1| individual at higher risk of suicide including psychiatric conditions,
12 II, 5. 5. 1| and 14 000 women committed suicide in 2006 (Eurostat). This
13 II, 5. 5. 1| each other considerably in suicide rates. Seven of the 27 EU
14 II, 5. 5. 1| top 15 countries in male suicide rates, and five in female
15 II, 5. 5. 1| rates, and five in female suicide rates (WHO, most recent
16 II, 5. 5. 1| Latvia have the highest total suicide rates (standardised death
17 II, 5. 5. 1| In most Member States, suicide rates are higher for people
18 II, 5. 5. 1| eurostat.ec.europa.eu). Still, suicide is an important contributor
19 II, 5. 5. 1| young people. In addition, suicide is one of the leading causes
20 II, 5. 5. 1| age group for both sexes. Suicide methods vary from a country
21 II, 5. 5. 1| self-poisoning are the most used suicide means (Värnik et al., 2008).~ ~
22 II, 5. 5. 1| 80% of cases of completed suicide. Furthermore, one study
23 II, 5. 5. 1| of people who committed suicide had had health care within
24 II, 5. 5. 1| that economic costs from suicide in Ireland at the beginning
25 II, 5. 5. 1| behaviour and completed suicide (e.g. Owens et al, 2002).
26 II, 5. 5. 1| than that of a completed suicide, especially among women (
27 II, 5. 5. 1| statistics on mortality due to suicide are not totally reliable
28 II, 5. 5. 1| process for determining suicide rates. ~ ~Routinely collected
29 II, 5. 5. 1| is heavily compromised.~ ~Suicide. HfA offers data on age-standardised
30 II, 5. 5. 1| age-standardised death rate from suicide and self-inflicted injury
31 II, 5. 5. 1| the year.~ ~· Eurostat~ ~Suicide. Eurostat contains annual
32 II, 5. 5. 1| based on ICD-10, including suicide and intentional self-harm.
33 II, 5. 5. 1| and intentional self-harm. Suicide data is available for five
34 II, 5. 5. 1| suicidal thoughts. Lifetime suicide attempts were higher among
35 II, 5. 5. 1| The mortality rate for suicide and intentional self-harm
36 II, 5. 5. 1| highest mortality rates of suicide and intentional self-harm
37 II, 5. 5. 1| Figure 5.5.1.5. Death due to suicide and intentional self-harm
38 II, 5. 5. 1| adjusted mortality rates due to suicide and self inflicted accidents
39 II, 5. 5. 1| adjusted mortality rates due to suicide and self inflicted accidents (
40 II, 5. 5. 1| rates and trends due to suicide and self inflicted accidents (
41 II, 5. 5. 1| most impressive declines in suicide and self inflicted accidents
42 II, 5. 5. 1| group (Table 5.5.1.8) the suicide rates were considerably
43 II, 5. 5. 1| 64 age group the lowest suicide rates were found in Greece,
44 II, 5. 5. 1| Croatia whereas the lowest suicide rates were in Greece, United
45 II, 5. 5. 1| last 3 available years for suicide and self inflicted accidents
46 II, 5. 5. 1| countries have much lower suicide mortality rates compared
47 II, 5. 5. 1| men.~ ~Mortality rates for suicide are higher in EU27 for both
48 II, 5. 5. 1| highest rate of mortality for suicide in the world with 14 per
49 II, 5. 5. 1| 2001 as a risk factor for suicide.~ ~A special report “Actions
50 II, 5. 5. 1| prevention of depression and suicide and combating stigma (European
51 II, 5. 5. 1| mental/mood disorders and suicide~ ~The first mental health
52 II, 5. 5. 1| anxiety, depression and suicide and related disorders.~·
53 II, 5. 5. 1| o The European Review of Suicide and Violence Epidemiology (
54 II, 5. 5. 1| statistics on deaths from suicide and results from studies
55 II, 5. 5. 1| mental/mood disorders and suicide~ ~Several initiatives under
56 II, 5. 5. 1| macroeconomic variables on suicide. Psychol Med 36(2):181-9.~ ~
57 II, 5. 5. 1| 2003). Unemployment and suicide. Evidence for a causal association?
58 II, 5. 5. 1| 2007). The economic cost of suicide in Ireland. Crisis 28(2):
59 II, 5. 5. 1| primary care providers before suicide: a review of the evidence.
60 II, 5. 5. 1| Feltz-Cornelius CM, Mar , (2008). Suicide methods in Europe: a gender-specific
61 II, 5. 5. 3| such as mortality (death, suicide), diagnostic, personality
62 II, 5. 5. 3| of affected people commit suicide. Thus, suicide accounts
63 II, 5. 5. 3| people commit suicide. Thus, suicide accounts for 28% of the
64 II, 5. 5. 3| co-morbid disorders and suicide (Saha et al, 2007). Databases
65 II, 5. 5. 3| prevalence, such as recovery, suicide or other forms of early
66 II, 5. 5. 3| factor of 2.5 (median value). Suicide was associated with the
67 II, 5. 5. 3| deaths assignment.~Lifetime suicide rates for schizophrenia
68 II, 5. 5. 3| published estimates of lifetime suicide prevalence in schizophrenia
69 II, 5. 5. 3| schizophrenics will commit suicide during their lifetime, usually
70 II, 5. 5. 3| 2005), a comparison of suicide rates from the pre-community
71 II, 5. 5. 3| Currently available statistical suicide data - if not based on psychiatric
72 II, 5. 5. 3| premature deaths not related to suicide. According to a recent review
73 II, 5. 5. 3| Roberts AP (2006): Lifetime suicide rates in treated schizophrenia:
74 II, 5. 5. 3| 2005): The lifetime risk of suicide in schizophrenia: a re-examination.
75 II, 5. 5. 3| to be at higher risk of suicide than the general population.
76 II, 5. 5. 3| 25-fold increased risk of suicide (Barraclough, 1987). Suicide
77 II, 5. 5. 3| suicide (Barraclough, 1987). Suicide rates may be even higher (
78 II, 5. 5. 3| increase in the risk of suicide in a Swedish case-control
79 II, 5. 5. 3| explain the increased risk of suicide in patients with epilepsy.
80 II, 5. 5. 3| Barraclough BM (1987): The suicide rate of epilepsy. Acta Psychiatrica
81 II, 5. 5. 3| EC, Barraclough B (1997): Suicide as an outcome for mental
82 II, 5. 5. 3| 2002): Risk factors for suicide in epilepsy: a case control
83 II, 7. 3. 5| Intentional injuries (suicide and homicide, assault, other
84 II, 7. 3. 5| cases (See Table 7.1).~ ~Suicide and self harm~ ~Suicides
85 II, 7. 3. 5| see Figure 7.2 ) In Europe suicide rates vary from about 2
86 II, 7. 3. 5| 15.A).~ ~Figure 7.15.a. Suicide and self harm in the EU27~ ~ ~
87 II, 7. 3. 5| More men than women commit suicide in the European Union (Figure
88 II, 7. 3. 5| European Union (Figure 7.15.b. Suicide and intentional self-harm
89 II, 7. 3. 5| whereas more women commit more suicide attempts (Figure 7.16).~ ~
90 II, 7. 3. 5| 7.16).~ ~Figure 7.15.b. Suicide and intentional self-harm
91 II, 7. 3. 5| professionals involved in suicide prevention agree that suicide
92 II, 7. 3. 5| suicide prevention agree that suicide is associated with a complex
93 II, 7. 3. 5| social isolation~· a previous suicide attempt~· physical illness~·
94 II, 7. 3. 5| violence~· access to means of suicide.~ ~Research has shown that
95 II, 7. 3. 5| 90% of people who commit suicide had depression or another
96 II, 7. 3. 5| be a sufficient cause of suicide (Guo and Harstall, 2004).~ ~
97 II, 7. 3. 5| still a lack of awareness of suicide as a major health problem.
98 II, 7. 3. 5| manner.~ ~Morbidity data on suicide attempts and self harms
99 II, 7. 3. 5| background and risk factors of suicide attempts and self-harm.~ ~
100 II, 7. 3. 5| deaths and discharges due to suicide and suicide attempts by
101 II, 7. 3. 5| discharges due to suicide and suicide attempts by sex, selected
102 II, 7. 3. 5| tackling the problem of suicide and self harm requires a
103 II, 7. 4. 6| self-harm~ ~Self-harm and suicide are other important causes
104 II, 7. 4. 6| traits (family history of suicide);~· life events (loss of
105 II, 7. 4. 6| availability of the means of suicide (firearms, toxic gases,
106 II, 7. 4. 6| factors may reduce the risk of suicide. Protective factors are
107 II, 7. 4. 6| Health which emphasised suicide prevention. In this context,
108 II, 7. 4. 6| general school population, suicide prevention programmes based
109 II, 7. 4. 6| high risk, school-based suicide prevention programmes based
110 II, 7. 4. 6| patients who have attempted suicide or deliberate self-harm,
111 II, 7. 4. 6| medicinal products.~ ~As suicide is an outcome of complex
112 II, 7. 4. 6| suggested that a broad array of suicide preventive interventions
113 II, 7. 4. 6| reduction in the population suicide rate in the long term. Consequently,
114 II, 7. 4. 6| establishing national or regional suicide prevention strategies (Guo
115 II, 7. 4. 7| searching policy guidance on suicide prevention and the prevention
116 II, 7. 5 | during leisure activities, suicide and self-harm. Many measures
117 II, 7. 5 | products and services, suicide & self-harm, interpersonal
118 II, 7. 6 | leisure activities or of suicide and self-harm. The potential
119 II, 7. 7 | of eligible HDD that are suicide and suicide attempts. BG,
120 II, 7. 7 | HDD that are suicide and suicide attempts. BG, CZ, ES, FI,
121 II, 7. 7 | per 100 000 inhabitants), Suicide and intentional self-harm (
122 II, 7. 7 | For which strategies of suicide prevention is there evidence
123 II, 7. 7 | Conference on Mental Health, Suicide prevention. Copenhagen,
124 II, 9. 2. 2| the valuable analysis of suicide rates in Europe has 15-24
125 II, 9. 2. 3| measure of service failure, suicide data are available from
126 II, 9. 2. 3| help when they need it.~ ~Suicide: Suicide can be seen as
127 II, 9. 2. 3| they need it.~ ~Suicide: Suicide can be seen as an ultimate
128 II, 9. 2. 3| complex social phenomenon. Suicide rates among people under
129 II, 9. 2. 3| reporting, the true rates of suicide are difficult to establish.~ ~
130 II, 9. 2. 3| establish.~ ~School based suicide prevention programmes are
131 II, 9. 2. 3| associated to a lower rate of suicide attempts but no single intervention
132 II, 9. 2. 3| effective in reducing the suicide rate. Services and staff
133 II, 9. 3. 1| cancer, accidents, violence, suicide and alcohol, the overall
134 II, 9. 3. 1| cardiovascular disease, cancer, suicide, addiction to smoking and
135 II, 9. 3. 1| Forsgren et al, 2005).~ ~Suicide. As suicide has important
136 II, 9. 3. 1| al, 2005).~ ~Suicide. As suicide has important negative cultural,
137 II, 9. 3. 1| citizens each year commit suicide, a number that is greater
138 II, 9. 3. 1| toll from road accidents. Suicide is an important contributor
139 II, 9. 3. 1| all age groups (EUROSTAT). Suicide rates are generally higher
140 II, 9. 3. 1| among women, but rates of suicide attempts are higher among
141 II, 9. 3. 1| Depression is the main cause of suicide. The World Bank has found
142 II, 9. 3. 1| Infections. Geneva.~ ~WHO (2002): Suicide Prevention in Europe. WHO
143 II, 9. 4. 3| actions against violence and suicide. The individual approach
144 II, 9. 4. 3| 2007).~ ~Depression and Suicide: Only cardiovascular disease
145 II, 9. 4. 3| Depression is the major cause of suicide in elderly Europeans. Rates
146 II, 9. 4. 3| elderly Europeans. Rates of suicide and self harm are approximately
147 II, 9. 4. 3| 2003). The highest rates of suicide are found among males in
148 II, 9. 4. 3| 90% of EU countries, the suicide rate is higher in those
149 II, 9. 5. 3| epidemiological studies~ ~Table 9.5.3. Suicide Rates~ ~Gender differences
150 II, 9. 5. 4| well as for prevention of suicide among older men. The Finnish
151 II, 9. 5. 4| programmes to tackle male suicide and accidental death.~ ~ ~
152 III, 10. 1. 3| of alcohol in late-life suicide. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 28(
153 III, 10. 1. 3| Giannini AJ, Gold MS (1992): Suicide risk associated with drug
154 III, 10. 1. 3| Mahler JC, Gold MS (1991): Suicide risk associated with drug
155 III, 10. 2. 1| a major risk factor for suicide and suicidal behaviour among
156 III, 10. 2. 1| consumption and the risk of suicide and attempted suicide, which
157 III, 10. 2. 1| of suicide and attempted suicide, which is stronger for intoxication
158 III, 10. 2. 1| psychosis, depression, suicide) or physical health (infectious
159 III, 10. 3. 4| studies suggest an increase in suicide after a flood, although
160 III, 10. 5. 2| for rural settings, and suicide rates have increased (Wood,
161 IV, 12. 10 | National Strategy for Action~on Suicide Prevention~http ~ ~Establishment
162 IV, 12. 10 | the National Office for~Suicide Prevention (2005)~ ~Obesity~
163 IV, 12. 10 | and to reduce levels of suicide and deliberate self harm
164 IV, 12. 10 | recommendations of Reach Out - the Suicide Prevention Strategy published
165 Key, Ap5. 0. 0| streptococcus~stress~stroke~suicidal~suicide~suicides~sulfonate~sulphide~
