Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1 II, 5. 1. 1| is strong evidence that infection with a certain bacteria,
2 II, 5. 1. 1| main risk factor is the infection by some forms of genital
3 II, 5. 1. 1| cells, derived from HPV infection, take many years to progress
4 II, 5. 1. 1| and C virus (HBV and HCV) infection and alcohol drinking.~Dermatological
5 II, 5. 3. 4| is strong evidence that infection with a certain bacteria,
6 II, 5. 3. 4| main risk factor is the infection by some forms of genital
7 II, 5. 3. 4| cells, derived from HPV infection, take many years to progress
8 II, 5. 3. 5| Human Papilloma Virus) infection (Stewart and Kleihues, 2003).
9 II, 5. 3. 5| cervical lesions caused by HPV infection before becoming cervical
10 II, 5. 3. 5| countries have similar HPV infection exposure and the organised
11 II, 5. 6. 3| environmental triggers for RA. Infection may play a part in some
12 II, 5. 6. 3| prolapsed intervertebral disc, infection, spondyloarthropathy, fracture
13 II, 5. 8. 2| acute lower respiratory infection~ ~ ~Excludes:~with influenza ( J9 )~
14 II, 5. 8. 2| acute lower respiratory infection ( J4 )~J44.9~ ~Chronic obstructive
15 II, 5. 9. FB| a shift that occurs when infection rates decline.~ ~Obesity
16 II, 5. 9. 7| DS, Drake-Lee AB (2003). Infection, allergy and the hygiene
17 II, 5. 12. 1| and C virus (HBV and HCV) infection and alcohol drinking: the
18 II, 5. 12. 4| and C virus (HBV and HCV) infection (see also Chapter 6) and
19 II, 5. 12. 5| against HBV and control of HCV infection will also have favourable
20 II, 5. 12. 5| declined prevalence of HBV infection in younger generations.
21 II, 5. 12. 7| prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988
22 II, 5. 12. 7| incidence of hepatitis C virus infection: implications for the future
23 II, 5. 12. 7| action of hepatitis C virus infection and alcohol consumption
24 II, 5. 12. 7| lymphoma and hepatitis C virus infection: a systematic review. Int
25 II, 5. 12. 7| epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection. Lancet Infect Dis 5:558-
26 II, 5. 12. 7| pattern of hepatitis B virus infection over the past three decades
27 II, 5. 14. 1| initially caused by bacterial infection with the destruction of
28 II, 6. 3. 1| rates in the EU (Chlamydia infection and campylobacteriosis)
29 II, 6. 3. 1| hold at all: HIV, Chlamydia infection, hepatitis C, toxoplasmosis,
30 II, 6. 3. 1| the ‘true’ incidence of an infection.~ ~This shift from a ‘clinic-based’
31 II, 6. 3. 1| HIV/AIDS and hospital-acquired infection treatment are included.
32 II, 6. 3. 2| as the consequence of the infection. Of 87 000 patients staying
33 II, 6. 3. 2| preventable by an intensive infection control programme that includes
34 II, 6. 3. 2| performance using risk-adjusted infection rates. Since the latter
35 II, 6. 3. 2| involvement of clinicians, infection control staff and microbiologists,
36 II, 6. 3. 2| intensive care patients) or infection types (surgical site infections,
37 II, 6. 3. 2| order to set up or reinforce infection control programmes with
38 II, 6. 3. 3| 6.3.3. HIV infection, sexually transmitted infections (
39 II, 6. 3. 3| 1. Human papilloma virus infection~ ~Infection with human papilloma
40 II, 6. 3. 3| papilloma virus infection~ ~Infection with human papilloma virus (
41 II, 6. 3. 3| 6.3.3.2. HIV infection~ ~HIV remains one of the
42 II, 6. 3. 3| effect on the course of HIV infection, improving the quality of
43 II, 6. 3. 3| the possible location of infection. Overall, nearly half (47%)
44 II, 6. 3. 3| newly diagnosed cases of HIV infection believed to have been acquired
45 II, 6. 3. 3| EU are unaware of their infection. There is evidence to suggest
46 II, 6. 3. 3| populations at higher risk of infection and therefore best practices
47 II, 6. 3. 3| and syphilis.~ ~Chlamydia infection~ ~Chlamydia infection, caused
48 II, 6. 3. 3| Chlamydia infection~ ~Chlamydia infection, caused by the bacterium
49 II, 6. 3. 3| European countries, Chlamydia infection is the most commonly reported
50 II, 6. 3. 3| in several countries the infection is not notifiable. Comparisons
51 II, 6. 3. 3| 203 691 cases of Chlamydia infection were reported by 17 countries,
52 II, 6. 3. 3| 15–24 age group and that infection is reported more often in
53 II, 6. 3. 3| gonorrhoea. The extent of the infection can range from genital infection
54 II, 6. 3. 3| infection can range from genital infection to a variety of systemic
55 II, 6. 3. 3| Hepatitis B~ ~Hepatitis B is an infection of the liver caused by hepatitis
56 II, 6. 3. 3| asymptomatic or symptomatic infection. As for other types of acute
57 II, 6. 3. 3| acute viral hepatitis, acute infection may vary from mild to severe
58 II, 6. 3. 3| severe symptoms, and HBV infection in children usually goes
59 II, 6. 3. 3| and patients with chronic infection serve as a reservoir for
60 II, 6. 3. 3| important in spreading HBV infection. The infection remains concentrated
61 II, 6. 3. 3| spreading HBV infection. The infection remains concentrated in
62 II, 6. 3. 3| effective way to prevent HBV infection. Most of the EU Member States
63 II, 6. 3. 3| incidence of acute hepatitis B infection had been declining slowly
64 II, 6. 3. 3| infected develops a chronic infection and many of those go on
65 II, 6. 3. 3| recent introduction of HCV infection into the list of diseases
66 II, 6. 3. 4| illness or acute respiratory infection were not especially high
67 II, 6. 3. 4| current form. The risk of infection is almost entirely confined
68 II, 6. 3. 4| infected develop active TB. HIV infection increases the likelihood
69 II, 6. 3. 4| largely spared from the infection. No SARS cases were reported
70 II, 6. 3. 4| the most likely sources of infection with SARS-CoV would be exposure
71 II, 6. 3. 5| trend is seen for invasive infection with Haemophilus influenzae
72 II, 6. 3. 5| for invasive pneumococcal infection seem to remain stable across
73 II, 6. 3. 5| Bacterial infections~ ~Infection due to Streptococcus pneumoniae (
74 II, 6. 3. 5| incidence rates.~ ~Invasive infection caused by Haemophilus influenzae
75 II, 6. 3. 5| available against invasive Hib infection, and there has been a clearly
76 II, 6. 3. 5| Pertussis is an acute bacterial infection of the respiratory tract
77 II, 6. 3. 5| contaminated injuries, and the infection is not transmissible between
78 II, 6. 3. 5| measles and congenital rubella infection in the European Region of
79 II, 6. 3. 5| of rubella results from infection during the first trimester
80 II, 6. 3. 5| pregnancy, when rubella infection can cause miscarriage, foetal
81 II, 6. 3. 6| VTEC) causes an enteric infection, with often non-specific
82 II, 6. 3. 6| route for acquiring the infection. Controls of VTEC infections
83 II, 6. 3. 6| cattle are known reservoirs. Infection is often acquired by eating
84 II, 6. 3. 6| pig meat. Other sources of infection have been vegetables kept
85 II, 6. 3. 6| Listeria monocytogenes. The infection is mostly mild and self-limiting,
86 II, 6. 3. 6| Cholera is an acute enteric infection caused by the bacterium
87 II, 6. 3. 6| parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is asymptomatic in most
88 II, 6. 3. 6| toxoplasmosis is a very common infection in humans and animals, the
89 II, 6. 3. 6| Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Giardia intestinalis (
90 II, 6. 3. 6| surface waters and humans. Infection occurs after ingestion of
91 II, 6. 3. 6| The main source of human infection is the consumption of raw
92 II, 6. 3. 7| tularaemia, puumala virus infection, borreliosis, tick-borne
93 II, 6. 3. 7| rabies, and West Nile virus infection). Some of these diseases
94 II, 6. 3. 7| describe. Puumala virus infection (nephropathia epidemica)
95 II, 6. 3. 7| domestic animals. Human infection occurs through a variety
96 II, 6. 3. 7| urine of infected animals. Infection in humans may follow direct
97 II, 6. 3. 7| mosquito bites, although infection through organ transplantation
98 II, 6. 3. 7| in Romania in 1996, WNV infection has become recognised as
99 II, 6. 3. 7| countries. The origin of infection of most imported cases is
100 II, 6. 3. 7| indicates that repeated infection increases the risk of the
101 II, 6. 4. 5| training on hygiene and infection control standards) and the
102 II, 6. 4. 5| d) reinforce and promote infection prevention programmes, in
103 II, 9. 1. 2| maternal nutrition, maternal infection, maternal drug exposure,
104 II, 9. 2. 3| under-reporting rates of infection).~ ~HIV/AIDS: In Europe
105 II, 9. 2. 3| needs to be done to avoid infection and many children are unclear
106 II, 9. 3. 1| the prevalence of chronic infection is low, but there is a notable
107 II, 9. 3. 1| North-South gradient in infection patterns, with an infection
108 II, 9. 3. 1| infection patterns, with an infection rate of 0.1% in the Northern
109 II, 9. 3. 1| estimates of trends in terms of infection with HIV (rather than AIDS) (
110 II, 9. 3. 1| are more vulnerable to HIV infection than men. Thirteen per cent
111 II, 9. 3. 1| them at a greater risk of infection. Those who lack adequate
112 II, 9. 3. 1| high risk of acquiring an infection. The gender stereotypes
113 II, 9. 3. 1| repercussions from such an infection.~Neisseria gonorrhoea remains
114 II, 9. 3. 1| and can occur years after infection. HPV produces genital warts
115 II, 9. 3. 1| cancer shows evidence of HPV infection (Madeleine et al, 1997).
116 II, 9. 3. 1| collect surveillance data on infection with genital warts. A vaccine
117 II, 9. 3. 1| favours vaginal and urethral infection. It is important to identify
118 II, 9. 3. 1| STI~Sexually transmitted infection~UNAIDS~The Joint United
119 II, 9. 3. 3| behaviour and the risk of HIV infection that presents cross-national
120 II, 9. 4. 3| under-diagnosed reserve of infection, as surveillance and epidemiological
121 II, 9. 4. 8| STI~Sexually transmitted infection~TB~Tuberculosis~UK~United
122 II, 9. 5. 7| STI~Sexually Transmitted Infection~UK~United Kingdom~UNIFEM~
123 III, 10. 2. 1| health problems such as infection with HIV or hepatitis or
124 III, 10. 2. 1| critical issue.~ ~While HIV infection in IDUs in Europe is mainly
125 III, 10. 2. 1| hepatitis, and in particular infection caused by the hepatitis
126 III, 10. 2. 1| people living with an HCV infection in the EU who have been
127 III, 10. 2. 1| prevalence of markers for HBV infection varies to a greater extent
128 III, 10. 3. 3| rates in the EU (Chlamydia infection and Campylobacteriosis)
129 III, 10. 3. 3| a healthcare-associated infection and approximately 50 000
130 III, 10. 3. 3| period. The end-stage of the infection, acquired immunodeficiency
131 III, 10. 3. 3| of rubella results from infection during the first trimester
132 III, 10. 3. 3| pregnancy, when rubella infection can cause miscarriage, foetal
133 III, 10. 3. 3| Pertussis is an acute bacterial infection of the respiratory tract
134 III, 10. 3. 3| from animals to humans. The infection can be acquired directly
135 III, 10. 3. 3| parasite Toxoplasma gondii. The infection is asymptomatic in most
136 III, 10. 3. 3| Giardiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Giardia intestinalis,
137 III, 10. 4. 2| conditions (Table 10.4.2.3 The infection can be acquired directly
138 III, 10. 4. 2| species~GE~Sepsis, wound infection~ ~High (V. vulnificus),~ ~ ~ ~
139 III, 10. 4. 2| from animals to humans. The infection can be acquired directly
140 III, 10. 4. 2| frequent vehicles of the infection. For Campylobacter outbreaks
141 III, 10. 4. 2| remained the major source of infection, though the largest Campylobacter
142 III, 10. 4. 2| current understanding of the infection and disease, and realistic
143 III, 10. 5. 1| 25 reported outbreaks of infection associated with private
144 III, 10. 5. 1| 1970–2000. Epidemiology and infection, 2003, 130:469–479.~Seltzer
145 III, 10. 5. 2| rural settings.~ ~Figure 10.5.2.12. Infection prevalence in urban and
146 IV, 12. 2 | the Human Papilloma Virus infection (HPV), which is a risk factor
147 IV, 12. 10 | and the management of HIV infection. According to the data the
148 IV, 12. 10 | Incidence of chlamydia infection in the 15–29 year age group~ ~
