| | 
Part, Chapter, Paragraph
1501 III, 10. 2. 1 | and cultural differences (European Comission, 2008).~ ~
1502 III, 10. 2. 1 | in tobacco control in 30 European countries, 2005-2007~ ~The "
1503 III, 10. 2. 1 | in Tobacco Control in 30 European Counrties 2005-2007" report (
1504 III, 10. 2. 1 | tobacco control activity in 30 European countries between 2005 and
1505 III, 10. 2. 1 | death and disease in the European Union. Tobacco causes one
1506 III, 10. 2. 1 | the developing world.~ ~European youth is particularly vulnerable
1507 III, 10. 2. 1 | should become a priority for European governments.~ ~
1508 III, 10. 2. 1 | Tobacco or health in the European Union: past, present and
1509 III, 10. 2. 1 | past, present and future. European Commission, DG Health and
1510 III, 10. 2. 1 | McNeill A, Ramström L (2003): European Union policy on smokeless
1511 III, 10. 2. 1 | W, zur Hausen H (2003): European Code Against Cancer and
1512 III, 10. 2. 1 | 62. Available at:~htt ~ ~European Commission (2003): European
1513 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Commission (2003): European Opinion Research Group Smoking
1514 III, 10. 2. 1 | 183. Available at:~htt ~ ~European Commission (2004), ASPECT
1515 III, 10. 2. 1 | Tobacco or health in the European Union: past, present and
1516 III, 10. 2. 1 | past, present and future. European Commission, DG Health and
1517 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2004. Available at: htt ~ ~European Commission (2007): SCENHIR –
1518 III, 10. 2. 1 | Products, Preliminary Report. European Commission, 2007. Available
1519 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2007. Available at:~htt ~ ~European Commission (2008): SCENHIR –
1520 III, 10. 2. 1 | Products, Preliminary Report. European Commission, 2007. Available
1521 III, 10. 2. 1 | docs/scenihr_o_013.pdf~ ~European Network for Smoking Prevention (
1522 III, 10. 2. 1 | Tobacco. Available at: htt ~ ~European Respiratory Society (ERS) (
1523 III, 10. 2. 1 | and passive smoking in the European Community Respiratory Health
1524 III, 10. 2. 1 | in tobacco control in 30 European countries, 2005 to 2007.
1525 III, 10. 2. 1 | inequalities in smoking in the European Union: applying an equity
1526 III, 10. 2. 1 | Products, Preliminary Report. European Commission, 2007~Warren
1527 III, 10. 2. 1 | WHO (2002): The European health report 2002. European
1528 III, 10. 2. 1 | European health report 2002. European Series no. 97. Copenhagen:
1529 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Database of the European Union~OECD Health Data.
1530 III, 10. 2. 1 | alcohol and medicine~ECAS~European Comparative Alcohol Study~
1531 III, 10. 2. 1 | marketing of Alcohol~ESPAD~European Schools Project on Alcohol
1532 III, 10. 2. 1 | PHEPA~Primary Health Care European Project~WHO~World Health
1533 III, 10. 2. 1 | Baumberg (2006) are:.~ ~European Commission~ ~· Updated country
1534 III, 10. 2. 1 | APN), co-financed by the European Commission (http://www.ias.
1535 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission-funded projects~ ~· European Comparative Alcohol Study (
1536 III, 10. 2. 1 | comparative surveys~ ~· European Schools Project on Alcohol
1537 III, 10. 2. 1 | patterns of drinking~ ~The European Union is the heaviest drinking
1538 III, 10. 2. 1 | levels visible in non-EU European countries such as Iceland
1539 III, 10. 2. 1 | age. Data from the 2003 European School Survey Project on
1540 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption.~ ~Each year in the European Union, it has been estimated
1541 III, 10. 2. 1 | which took place in Southern European Countries after the 70s
1542 III, 10. 2. 1 | estimated that each year in the European Union, alcohol causes:~-
1543 III, 10. 2. 1 | and premature death in the European Union is due to alcohol,
1544 III, 10. 2. 1 | death and ill-health in the European Union~ ~Economic costs of
1545 III, 10. 2. 1 | the central and eastern European countries, the proportions
1546 III, 10. 2. 1 | in alcohol in the whole European Union accounts for 1.3%
1547 III, 10. 2. 1 | necessarily affected by European and domestic policy to reduce
1548 III, 10. 2. 1 | Evin was challenged in the European Court of Justice, it was
1549 III, 10. 2. 1 | adolescents, 2001~http ~ ~European Commission Road Safety Action
1550 III, 10. 2. 1 | Programme 2003-2010~http ~ ~European Commission Communication
1551 III, 10. 2. 1 | alcohol strategy, 2006~http ~ ~European alcohol and health forum,
1552 III, 10. 2. 1 | PHEPA: Primary Health Care European Project~http ~ ~EUROCARE –
1553 III, 10. 2. 1 | treatment of addiction~http ~ ~European Prospective Investigation
1554 III, 10. 2. 1 | Perspective - Report to the European Commission. London: Institute
1555 III, 10. 2. 1 | Accessed June 2007.~ ~European Court of Justice (ECJ) (
1556 III, 10. 2. 1 | in Middle Aged Men in 11 European Countries: Comparison of
1557 III, 10. 2. 1 | Burden of Disease in the European Region - Implications for
1558 III, 10. 2. 1 | alcohol policy in the WHO European Region, Stockoholm 13-15
1559 III, 10. 2. 1 | Adjusted Life Year~EMCDDA~European Monitoring Centre for Drugs
1560 III, 10. 2. 1 | and Drug Addiction~ESPAD~European School Survey Project on
1561 III, 10. 2. 1 | Problem Opioid Use~REITOX~European Information Network on Drugs
1562 III, 10. 2. 1 | haveb been collected by the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs
1563 III, 10. 2. 1 | of different drugs in the European Union and Norway~ ~Cannabis
1564 III, 10. 2. 1 | from more than 40% in some European countries to below 10% in
1565 III, 10. 2. 1 | to 34)~ ~Drug use in the European Union has generally increased
1566 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggested that around 1% of European adults, or about 3 million
1567 III, 10. 2. 1 | during the 90s in almost all European countries. This trend seems
1568 III, 10. 2. 1 | provided to the EMCDDA and the European Centre for the Epidemiological
1569 III, 10. 2. 1 | several countries of the European Union. In Estonia, Latvia
1570 III, 10. 2. 1 | cocaine use more than doubled. European data on drug users entering
1571 III, 10. 2. 1 | tools and policies~ ~The European Union has developed a specific
1572 III, 10. 2. 1 | problems have been a concern at European Union level since the late
1573 III, 10. 2. 1 | eighties, with the first European action plan to combat drug
1574 III, 10. 2. 1 | adopted in 1990. The current European drug strategy runs for the
1575 III, 10. 2. 1 | agreed targets.~ ~Almost all European countries now have a national
1576 III, 10. 2. 1 | possible to talk about common European patterns of drug use.~ ~
1577 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe: a project of the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs
1578 III, 10. 2. 1 | Addiction, 99: 1315-1322.~ ~European Monitoring Centre for Drugs
1579 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006. Available at: htt ~ ~European School Survey Project on
1580 III, 10. 2. 1 | 12 Member States of the European Union, European Commission,
1581 III, 10. 2. 1 | States of the European Union, European Commission, Luxembourg.~
1582 III, 10. 2. 1 | Acronyms~ ~EGOHID European Global Oral Health Indicators
1583 III, 10. 2. 1 | improving the performance of the European dental health system could
1584 III, 10. 2. 1 | data are available yet on a European scale (Bourgeois et al,
1585 III, 10. 2. 1 | was observed in most East European countries i.e. Lithuania (
1586 III, 10. 2. 1 | accounts for 18.5% of the European oral hygiene market. Total
1587 III, 10. 2. 1 | recommendations issue from the European health Strategy (2007) underlined
1588 III, 10. 2. 1 | O'Mullane DM (2006): A European perspective on fluoride
1589 III, 10. 2. 1 | Surveillance in Europe. European Global Oral Health Indicators
1590 III, 10. 2. 1 | in Europe recommended by European Global Oral Health Indicators
1591 III, 10. 2. 1 | In Press).~ ~ ~Council of European Dentists’ (CED) (2007):
1592 III, 10. 2. 1 | CED) (2007): Council of European Dentists’ position paper “
1593 III, 10. 2. 1 | paper “Responses to the European Commission’s discussion
1594 III, 10. 2. 1 | toothpaste: conclusions of European Union-funded multicentre
1595 III, 10. 2. 1 | frequently used across the WHO European Region. It emphasizes the
1596 III, 10. 2. 1 | to 10% of deaths in the European Region (WHO, 2002; WHO,
1597 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity prevalence in the European Union. Data is currently
1598 III, 10. 2. 1 | Candidate and EFTA Countries.~ ~European surveys~ ~a) Eurobarometer
1599 III, 10. 2. 1 | conducted on behalf of the European Commission in all member
1600 III, 10. 2. 1 | all member States of the European Union. Starting with Eurobarometer
1601 III, 10. 2. 1 | 62.0: The citizens of the European Union and Sport (TNS Opinion
1602 III, 10. 2. 1 | multicentre studies~ ~- European Youth Heart study (Riddoch
1603 III, 10. 2. 1 | year-old children in the European Region, 2001/2002~ ~In most
1604 III, 10. 2. 1 | selected countries in the WHO European Region, 2001/2002~ ~Impact
1605 III, 10. 2. 1 | of total DALYs) in the European WHO Region alone. In many
1606 III, 10. 2. 1 | minutes of brisk walking (European Commission, 2000a). It has
1607 III, 10. 2. 1 | by cycling and walking (European Commission, 2000b).~ ~In
1608 III, 10. 2. 1 | last ten years by both the European Commission and WHO. Some
1609 III, 10. 2. 1 | a side event of the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1610 III, 10. 2. 1 | document Steps to health: a European framework to promote physical activity
1611 III, 10. 2. 1 | working documents for the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1612 III, 10. 2. 1 | Member States of the WHO European Region, experts and policy-makers
1613 III, 10. 2. 1 | Member States of the WHO European Region in promoting physical activity
1614 III, 10. 2. 1 | who.int/healthy-cities).~ ~European Commission~ ~In 2005, the
1615 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity and health (European Commission, 2005a). Under
1616 III, 10. 2. 1 | Under the leadership of the European Commission, the platform
1617 III, 10. 2. 1 | under the leadership of the European Commission and to provide
1618 III, 10. 2. 1 | problem.~ ~In 2007, the European Union launched the White
1619 III, 10. 2. 1 | Obesity related health issues (European Commission, 2007a). The
1620 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention
1621 III, 10. 2. 1 | obesity and chronic diseases (European Commission, 2005b, RIVM,
1622 III, 10. 2. 1 | part of this goal.~ ~The European Commission is preparing
1623 III, 10. 2. 1 | Paper on Urban Mobility (European Commission, 2007b).~ ~The
1624 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission, 2007b).~ ~The European Commission has also published
1625 III, 10. 2. 1 | a White Paper on Sport (European Commision, 2007c), which
1626 III, 10. 2. 1 | the role of sport in the European Union, including physical activity.
1627 III, 10. 2. 1 | accompanied by an Action Plan (European Commission, 2007d), which
1628 III, 10. 2. 1 | Medicine, 25(2):100–104.~ ~European Commission (2000a): EU Transport
1629 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical pocketbook. Brussels, European Commission Directorate-General
1630 III, 10. 2. 1 | Energy and Transport.~ ~European Commission (2000b): WalCyng:
1631 III, 10. 2. 1 | modes safer. Brussels.~ ~European Commission (2005a): EU platform
1632 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity and health. Brussels, European Commission, Directorate-General
1633 III, 10. 2. 1 | Consumer Protection. [ht ~ ~European Commission (2005b): Green
1634 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention
1635 III, 10. 2. 1 | Brussels, Commission of the European Communities (COM(2005) 637
1636 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2005) 637 final.~[ht ~ ~European Commission (2007a): White
1637 III, 10. 2. 1 | Brussels, Commission of the European Communities. [ht ~ ~European
1638 III, 10. 2. 1 | European Communities. [ht ~ ~European Commission (2007b): GREEN
1639 III, 10. 2. 1 | urban_mobility_en.pdf]~ ~European Commission (2007c): WHITE
1640 III, 10. 2. 1 | whitepaper/wp_on_sport_en.pdf]~ ~European Commission (2007d): COMMISSION
1641 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity across European Union countries: the Eurobarometer
1642 III, 10. 2. 1 | 62.0: The citizens of the European Union and Sport. Requested
1643 III, 10. 2. 1 | Organization (WHO) (2006b): European Strategy for the Prevention
1644 III, 10. 2. 1 | Regional Office for Europe: European Charter on Counteracting
1645 III, 10. 2. 1 | Challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategies
1646 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe: Steps to health: a European framework to promote physical activity
1647 III, 10. 2. 1 | Dietary Reference Intake~EHES~European Heath Examination Survey~
1648 III, 10. 2. 1 | Examination Survey~EHIS~European Health Interview Survey~
1649 III, 10. 2. 1 | Health Interview Survey~EHN~European Hearth Network~FBDG~Food-Based
1650 III, 10. 2. 1 | growing rapidly in many European countries for both women
1651 III, 10. 2. 1 | the Member States of the European Union (EU) (Commission of
1652 III, 10. 2. 1 | EU) (Commission of the European Communities, 2005; WHO,
1653 III, 10. 2. 1 | is progressing in the WHO European region(53, Member States)
1654 III, 10. 2. 1 | trends (Commission of the European Communities, 2005). In 2002,
1655 III, 10. 2. 1 | was prepared for the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1656 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005a; Statistical
1657 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005b; Statistical
1658 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005c; Statistical
1659 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005d; Statistics
1660 III, 10. 2. 1 | contrast to national surveys, European surveys can be used for
1661 III, 10. 2. 1 | are carried out in many European countries and provide valuable
1662 III, 10. 2. 1 | To overcome this, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
1663 III, 10. 2. 1 | is developing a concise European food consumption database
1664 III, 10. 2. 1 | EFSA has established a European Network of Food Consumption
1665 III, 10. 2. 1 | members, each representing a European country and responsible
1666 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption surveys of each European country represented in the
1667 III, 10. 2. 1 | represented in the EFSA European Network of Food Consumption
1668 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption surveys of the European countries represented in
1669 III, 10. 2. 1 | represented in the EFSA European Network of Food Consumption
1670 III, 10. 2. 1 | Food and nutrient intake in European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1671 III, 10. 2. 1 | of food to consumers.~ ~European studies on dietary intake
1672 III, 10. 2. 1 | an ongoing project – the European Union DAFNE (DAta Food NEtworking) –
1673 III, 10. 2. 1 | data from 75 surveys in 16 European countries(15 EU Member States
1674 III, 10. 2. 1 | web (htt ~ ~A total of 23 European countries participated in
1675 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries participated in the European Food Consumption Survey
1676 III, 10. 2. 1 | research is continued in the European Food Consumption Validation(
1677 III, 10. 2. 1 | hazardous chemicals within the European population. One of the main
1678 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption patterns.~ ~The European Prospective Investigation
1679 III, 10. 2. 1 | intake data were collected at European level.~ ~The rationale of
1680 III, 10. 2. 1 | is to establish a large European prospective cohort study
1681 III, 10. 2. 1 | from 27 study centres in 10 European countries (France, Italy,
1682 III, 10. 2. 1 | national surveys from fourteen European countries was realised in
1683 III, 10. 2. 1 | was realised in the first European Nutrition and Health Report
1684 III, 10. 2. 1(24)| Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005d), Cyprus (
1685 III, 10. 2. 1(24)| Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005c), Czech Republic (
1686 III, 10. 2. 1(24)| Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005a), Slovakia (
1687 III, 10. 2. 1(24)| Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005b), Slovenia (
1688 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities, 2005a) and
1689 III, 10. 2. 1 | school-age children in the WHO European Region will be overweight
1690 III, 10. 2. 1 | lost (Commission of the European Communities, 2005; National
1691 III, 10. 2. 1 | Health Organization (WHO) European Region (at present comprising
1692 III, 10. 2. 1 | total population in the WHO European Region (James et al, 2004).~ ~
1693 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries, the northern European states and Austria, and
1694 III, 10. 2. 1 | fifty all over the world (European Commission, 2005). The main
1695 III, 10. 2. 1 | deficiency is endemic in many European countries, especially in
1696 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption is generally high in European States so that its use should
1697 III, 10. 2. 1 | is generally high in most European countries, iron is considered
1698 III, 10. 2. 1 | maintain stores. Overall, European soils are poor in selenium
1699 III, 10. 2. 1 | appropriate for a large number of European citizens to:~ ~· have a
1700 III, 10. 2. 1 | 7.6. Comparisons between European Hearth Network (EHN) and
1701 III, 10. 2. 1 | last ten years by both the European Commission and the WHO:~ ~·
1702 III, 10. 2. 1 | Global Epidemic” (1997)~· European Council Resolution on “Health
1703 III, 10. 2. 1 | Health and Nutrition” (European Council, 2000a)~· WHO/FAO
1704 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity and health (European Commission, 2005a). This
1705 III, 10. 2. 1 | under the leadership of the European Commission and to provide
1706 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: A European dimension for the prevention
1707 III, 10. 2. 1 | obesity and chronic diseases (European Commission, 2005b; RIVM,
1708 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2005b; RIVM, 2006)~· The European Charter on counteracting
1709 III, 10. 2. 1 | November 2006 at the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1710 III, 10. 2. 1 | Office for Europe, 2007b)~· European Parliament resolution on
1711 III, 10. 2. 1 | Related to Health Issues” (European Commission, 2007)~· Second
1712 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission, 2007)~· Second WHO European Action Plan for Food and
1713 III, 10. 2. 1 | and food-borne diseases.~· European Parliament resolution of
1714 III, 10. 2. 1 | follow-up actions of the European Charter on Counteracting
1715 III, 10. 2. 1 | the Member States and the European Community. When dealing
1716 III, 10. 2. 1 | Most countries in the WHO European Region have developed nutrition
1717 III, 10. 2. 1 | background paper for the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1718 III, 10. 2. 1 | background document for the WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1719 III, 10. 2. 1 | in the White Paper of the European Commission (Commission of
1720 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission (Commission of the European Communities, 2007), monitoring
1721 III, 10. 2. 1 | Europe is establishing a European childhood obesity surveillance
1722 III, 10. 2. 1 | within the context of the European Community Health Indicators–
1723 III, 10. 2. 1 | response” (Commission of the European Communities, 2007).~ ~In
1724 III, 10. 2. 1 | In September 2007, the European Union adopted a wide-ranging
1725 III, 10. 2. 1 | for Fruit and Vegetables (European Council, 2007a) to promote
1726 III, 10. 2. 1 | Overweight and Obesity' (European Commission, 2007), which
1727 III, 10. 2. 1 | need for coherent action at European level and draws attention
1728 III, 10. 2. 1 | could play in shaping the European diet, especially to combat
1729 III, 10. 2. 1 | the following declaration (European Council 2007b): "In light
1730 III, 10. 2. 1 | In keeping with the European Commission's commitment
1731 III, 10. 2. 1 | demonstrating its added value at European level and analysing the
1732 III, 10. 2. 1 | identified four options for a European 'School Fruit Scheme':~Option
1733 III, 10. 2. 1 | certainly not be developed on a European level but at the most on
1734 III, 10. 2. 1 | foodstuffs to the final consumer (European Council, 2000b) is the main
1735 III, 10. 2. 1 | health claims for foods (European Council, 2006a) was adopted
1736 III, 10. 2. 1 | Regulation 1925/2006 (European Council, 2006b) harmonises
1737 III, 10. 2. 1 | Directive 2002/46/EC (European Council, 2002) establishes
1738 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission Directive 2001/15/EC (European Commission, 2001) and Commission
1739 III, 10. 2. 1 | Commission Directive 2006/34/EC (European Commission, 2006).~ ~
1740 III, 10. 2. 1 | developments~ ~In adopting the European Charter on counteracting
1741 III, 10. 2. 1 | objectives” (Commission of the European Communities, 2007).~ ~Action
1742 III, 10. 2. 1 | Action key areas for the WHO European Action Plan for Food and
1743 III, 10. 2. 1 | challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategy
1744 III, 10. 2. 1 | challenge of obesity in the WHO European Region and the strategy
1745 III, 10. 2. 1 | cure. Lancet 360:473-482.~ ~European Food Sicurety Agency EFSA (
1746 III, 10. 2. 1 | Womens Health 48:338–345.~ ~European Commission (2001): Directive
1747 III, 10. 2. 1 | CELEX:32001L0015:EN:HTML]~ ~European Commission (2005a): EU platform
1748 III, 10. 2. 1 | physical activity and health. Brussels, European Commission, Directorate-General
1749 III, 10. 2. 1 | accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~European Commission (2005b): Green
1750 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention
1751 III, 10. 2. 1 | Brussels, Commission of the European Communities (COM(2005):
1752 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2005): 637 final.~[ht ~ ~European Commission (2006): Directive
1753 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006:083:0014:01:EN:HTML]~ ~European Commission (2007): White
1754 III, 10. 2. 1 | Brussels, Commission of the European Communities. [ht ] (report
1755 III, 10. 2. 1 | accessed on 8 October 2007).~ ~European Council (2000a): Council
1756 III, 10. 2. 1 | C20 of 23 January 2001].~European Council (2000b): Directive
1757 III, 10. 2. 1 | Directive 2000/13/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
1758 III, 10. 2. 1 | CELEX:32000L0013:EN:HTML].~European Council (2002): Directive
1759 III, 10. 2. 1 | Directive 2002/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council
1760 III, 10. 2. 1 | CELEX:32002L0046:EN:HTML]~European Council (2006a): Regulation (
1761 III, 10. 2. 1 | EC): No 1924/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council
1762 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006:404:0009:01:EN:HTML]~European Council (2006b): Regulation (
1763 III, 10. 2. 1 | EC): No 1925/2006 of the European Parliament and of the Council
1764 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2006:404:0026:01:EN:HTML].~European Council (2007a): COUNCIL
1765 III, 10. 2. 1 | 273:0001:0030:EN:PDF]~ ~European Council (2007b): Council
1766 III, 10. 2. 1 | overview of trends since 1983. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1767 III, 10. 2. 1 | burden of disease in the European Union. Stockholm, National
1768 III, 10. 2. 1 | WHO Regional Publications European Series, No. 96. [ht ] (report
1769 III, 10. 2. 1 | four different definitions. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1770 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention
1771 III, 10. 2. 1 | preschool children in Cyprus. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
1772 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities (2005a): Health
1773 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities. [database online,
1774 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities (2005b): Health
1775 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities. [database online,
1776 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities (2005c): Health
1777 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities. [database online,
1778 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities (2005d): Health
1779 III, 10. 2. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities.~[database online,
1780 III, 10. 2. 1 | suggested approach. Brussels, European Centre for Health Policy;
1781 III, 10. 2. 1 | Office for Europe (2005): The European health report 2005 – Public
1782 III, 10. 2. 1 | Office for Europe (2006a): European Charter on Counteracting
1783 III, 10. 2. 1 | developments in the WHO European Region. Copenhagen, World
1784 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2007a): Proposed Second WHO European Action Plan for Food and
1785 III, 10. 2. 1 | for Europe (2007b): WHO European Ministerial Conference on
1786 III, 10. 2. 1 | 2007c): Steps to health: a European framework to promote physical activity
1787 III, 10. 2. 1 | fruit and vegetables in European children and their mothers,
1788 III, 10. 2. 1 | Weichselbaum E (eds) (2005): European Nutrition and Health Report
1789 III, 10. 2. 1 | and energy intakes for the European Community. Commission of
1790 III, 10. 2. 1 | Community. Commission of the European Communities, Directorate
1791 III, 10. 2. 1 | other plant foods in the European Prospective Investigation
1792 III, 10. 2. 1 | EPIC): cohorts from 10 European countries. Public Health
1793 III, 10. 2. 1 | Group (2002): Summary - European food consumption survey
1794 III, 10. 2. 1 | Nutr 56 Suppl 2: S1-S3.~ ~European Commission (2005): Promoting
1795 III, 10. 2. 1 | and physical activity: a European dimension for the prevention
1796 III, 10. 2. 1 | farm to fork statistics. European Commission. Agriculture
1797 III, 10. 2. 1 | of dairy products in the European Prospective Investigation
1798 III, 10. 2. 1 | hour dietary recalls in 10 European countries. Public Health
1799 III, 10. 2. 1 | product consumption in 10 European countries: the European
1800 III, 10. 2. 1 | European countries: the European Prospective Investigation
1801 III, 10. 2. 1 | added fats and oils in the European Prospective Investigation
1802 III, 10. 2. 1 | EPIC): centres across 10 European countries as assessed by
1803 III, 10. 2. 1 | Meat consumption in the European Prospective Investigation
1804 III, 10. 2. 1 | hour diet recalls in the European Prospective Investigation
1805 III, 10. 2. 1 | alcohol consumption in 10 European countries participating
1806 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries participating in the European Prospective Investigation
1807 III, 10. 2. 1 | consumption within the 10 European countries participating
1808 III, 10. 2. 1 | countries participating in the European Investigation into Cancer
1809 III, 10. 2. 3 | 139/85-89, quite common in European countries and about 2 times
1810 III, 10. 2. 4 | Consumer Protection~ ~of the European Commission~DNA~Deoxyribonucleic
1811 III, 10. 2. 4 | Deoxyribonucleic Acid~EGAN~European Genetic Alliances’ Network~
1812 III, 10. 2. 4 | Alliances’ Network~EURORDIS~European Organisation for Rare Diseases~
1813 III, 10. 2. 4 | and Development~Orphanet~European Database of Rare Diseases
1814 III, 10. 2. 4 | PHGEN~Public Health Genomics European Network~REACH~Registration,
1815 III, 10. 2. 4 | statistics in genomics. Up to now European health statistics cover
1816 III, 10. 2. 4 | disease and mutation specific. European networks like Orphanet and
1817 III, 10. 2. 4 | have a low frequency in European populations. Rare diseases
1818 III, 10. 2. 4 | context of genomics. The European Union has regulated certain
1819 III, 10. 2. 4 | are well grounded. Several European initiatives such as EGAN,
1820 III, 10. 2. 4 | Public Health Genomics European Network (PHGEN)” is currently
1821 III, 10. 2. 4 | is currently drafting a European policy perspective which
1822 III, 10. 2. 4 | The Commission and the European Parliament are obliged to
1823 III, 10. 2. 4 | become difficult. Thus, European and global initiatives are
1824 III, 10. 2. 4 | a dangerous combination? European Journal of Public Health,
1825 III, 10. 2. 5 | available in Europe. The European Community Health Indicator (
1826 III, 10. 2. 5 | relevant section.~ ~The European Early Promotion Project (
1827 III, 10. 2. 5 | provides the only comparative European data on early mother-child
1828 III, 10. 2. 5 | cancer is increasing in the European population. The cancer appears
1829 III, 10. 2. 5 | Cox A, Day C (2002) The European Early Promotion Project:
1830 III, 10. 3. 1 | children and workers. Every European citizen today is exposed
1831 III, 10. 3. 1 | skin cancers in the Western European population is connected
1832 III, 10. 3. 1 | Environmental Noise Directive (European Commission, 2002), exposure
1833 III, 10. 3. 1 | these activities to the European Commission. However, it
1834 III, 10. 3. 1 | EEA report 10, 2005),the European Environment Agency (EEA)
1835 III, 10. 3. 1 | press May 2007) and the European Union Scientific Committee
1836 III, 10. 3. 1 | A pooled analysis of all European epidemiological studies
1837 III, 10. 3. 1 | radon exposure. Almost all European countries have monitoring
1838 III, 10. 3. 1 | maps. The vast majority of European countries do not consider
1839 III, 10. 3. 1 | years) annually in the WHO European region (GLOBOCAN, 2002).
1840 III, 10. 3. 1 | socio-economic status and in Northern European populations. This is probably
1841 III, 10. 3. 1 | incidence differ between European countries. Sharp increases
1842 III, 10. 3. 1 | increase further in Southern European countries. However, in some
1843 III, 10. 3. 1 | some Northern and Western European countries incidence rates
1844 III, 10. 3. 1 | Electromagnetic fields~ ~Every European citizen is today exposed
1845 III, 10. 3. 1 | of higher frequency. The European Union Scientific Committee
1846 III, 10. 3. 1 | exposures above 0.4 µT. In European countries, the proportion
1847 III, 10. 3. 1 | childhood leukaemia. In European countries the incidence
1848 III, 10. 3. 1 | 60 dB(A) in different European countries~ ~The main health
1849 III, 10. 3. 1 | Network (CALM, 2007).~ ~Some European countries estimate that
1850 III, 10. 3. 1 | Europe cover either the whole European region with generic data
1851 III, 10. 3. 1 | generic data or parts of the European region (e.g. regions or
1852 III, 10. 3. 1 | ionizing radiation, the European Commission issued a Recommendation (
1853 III, 10. 3. 1 | ozone depleting substances. European countries have successfully
1854 III, 10. 3. 1 | technical evidence.~ ~The European Parliament and Council adopted
1855 III, 10. 3. 1 | should be implemented at pan European level. The complete phasing-out
1856 III, 10. 3. 1 | individual data from 13 European case-control studies. Brit.
1857 III, 10. 3. 1 | The fourth assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen~
1858 III, 10. 3. 1 | Agency, Copenhagen~EEA (European Environment Agency), 2005.
1859 III, 10. 3. 1 | 10/2005. EEA, Copenhagen.~European Commission (2002): Noise
1860 III, 10. 3. 1 | Noise directive (htt )~European Union Scientific Committee
1861 III, 10. 3. 1 | WHO Regional Publications, European Series, No. 23 and 91~World
1862 III, 10. 3. 2 | Environment Action Program~EC~European Commission~ECB~European
1863 III, 10. 3. 2 | European Commission~ECB~European Chemicals Bureau~ECHA~European
1864 III, 10. 3. 2 | European Chemicals Bureau~ECHA~European Chemicals Agency~EEA~European
1865 III, 10. 3. 2 | European Chemicals Agency~EEA~European Environment Agency~EECCA~
1866 III, 10. 3. 2 | Caucasus and Central Asia~EPER~European Pollutant Emission Register~
1867 III, 10. 3. 2 | Pollutant Emission Register~EU~European Union~European PRTR~European
1868 III, 10. 3. 2 | Register~EU~European Union~European PRTR~European Pollutant
1869 III, 10. 3. 2 | European Union~European PRTR~European Pollutant Release and Transfer~
1870 III, 10. 3. 2 | Statistical Office of the European Communities~GDP~Gross Domestic
1871 III, 10. 3. 2 | 4% of world imports. The European chemical industry is the
1872 III, 10. 3. 2 | respect to economic turn-over. European legislation is distinguishing
1873 III, 10. 3. 2 | diseases of adults. The European environment and health action
1874 III, 10. 3. 2 | production and trade. The European Union adopted in December
1875 III, 10. 3. 2 | chemical products~Source: European Environment Agency (2007)~ ~ ~ ~
1876 III, 10. 3. 2 | based on extracts from the European Environment Agency (EEA)
1877 III, 10. 3. 2 | based on a wide array of European and global information sources.
1878 III, 10. 3. 2 | national authorities and European Commission Services.~ ~·
1879 III, 10. 3. 2 | Commission Services.~ ~· European Chemicals Bureau http /.
1880 III, 10. 3. 2 | In the future the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA)
1881 III, 10. 3. 2 | Chemical production~ ~European countries contribute significantly
1882 III, 10. 3. 2 | has been available via the European Pollutant Emission Register (
1883 III, 10. 3. 2 | progress report from the European commission, EU countries
1884 III, 10. 3. 2 | information to the public (European Commission, 2007).~ ~Globalisation
1885 III, 10. 3. 2 | health problems. 14 of the 16 European companies that belong to
1886 III, 10. 3. 2 | typical representative of a European industrialised and urbanised
1887 III, 10. 3. 2 | exposures at low doses~Source: European Environment Agency & Joint
1888 III, 10. 3. 2 | cancer is increasing in the European population. The cancer appears
1889 III, 10. 3. 2 | the EU Mercury strategy (European Commission, 2005), and UNEPs
1890 III, 10. 3. 2 | data on lead exposure of European citizens are necessary and
1891 III, 10. 3. 2 | Biomonitoring~ ~Every European citizen has man-made chemicals
1892 III, 10. 3. 2 | round in 1987/8 included 12 European countries and indicated
1893 III, 10. 3. 2 | Control (IPPC) Directive (European Commission, 1996), through
1894 III, 10. 3. 2 | have to be reported to the European Pollutant Emission Register (
1895 III, 10. 3. 2 | negotiation. REACH is seen as the European contribution to SAICM. Its
1896 III, 10. 3. 2 | picture – and also include the European human health fingerprint
1897 III, 10. 3. 2 | verbraucher nachen Produkten.~ ~European Chemical Industry Council (
1898 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2003. Available at: htt ~ ~European Chemical Industry Council (
1899 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2015: Perspectives for the European Chemical Industry.~ ~CEFIC (
1900 III, 10. 3. 2 | 9). Available at: htt ~ ~European Commission (1996): COUNCIL
1901 III, 10. 3. 2 | control.~Available at: htt ~ ~European Commission (2007): Report
1902 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2005. Available at: htt ~ ~European Pollutant Emission Register (htt ~ ~
1903 III, 10. 3. 2 | Emission Register (htt ~ ~European Commission (2005): Communication
1904 III, 10. 3. 2 | Commission to the Council and the European Parliament on Community
1905 III, 10. 3. 2 | strategy website: htt ~ ~European Environment Agency (EEA) (
1906 III, 10. 3. 2 | 2005. Available at: htt ~ ~European Environment Agency (2007):
1907 III, 10. 3. 2 | A Joint Report from the European Environment Agency and the
1908 III, 10. 3. 2 | Office for Europe. Copenhagen:European Environment Agency. Available: htt f [
1909 III, 10. 3. 3 | Acronyms~ ~ECDC~European Centre for Diseases Control~
1910 III, 10. 3. 3 | under surveillance by the European Centre for Diseases Control (
1911 III, 10. 3. 3 | three million people in the European Union catch a healthcare-associated
1912 III, 10. 3. 4 | on the Epidemiology~ECCP~European Climate Change Programme~
1913 III, 10. 3. 4 | loss each year in the WHO European Region. Between 1990 and
1914 III, 10. 3. 4 | 76.250 deaths in the 25 European Union countries26, affecting
1915 III, 10. 3. 4 | rainfall: in recent years, European countries have been experiencing
1916 III, 10. 3. 4 | are the most vulnerable.~ ~European Ministers acknowledged already
1917 III, 10. 3. 4 | Menne & Ebi, 2006). The 2005 European Commission’s Communication "
1918 III, 10. 3. 4 | global climate change. The European Council and Parliament have
1919 III, 10. 3. 4 | pre-industrial levels. The European Council expressed the need
1920 III, 10. 3. 4 | reductions and requested the European Commission to deepen its
1921 III, 10. 3. 4 | respond to this request (European Commission, 2007).~ ~The
1922 III, 10. 3. 4 | measures. A second phase of the European Climate Change Programme (
1923 III, 10. 3. 4 | started in October 2005. The European Commission has since come
1924 III, 10. 3. 4 | overview of events recorded in European Union countries. Extreme
1925 III, 10. 3. 4 | extreme weather events in 25 European Union countries, 1990–2006~ ~
1926 III, 10. 3. 4 | help Member States in the European Region to adopt measures
1927 III, 10. 3. 4 | ageing populations in many European countries, this is of particular
1928 III, 10. 3. 4 | during heatwave 2003 in 25 European Union countries~Vulnerability
1929 III, 10. 3. 4 | Cold-related mortality in European populations has declined
1930 III, 10. 3. 4 | frequent natural disaster in European Union countries, with important
1931 III, 10. 3. 4 | of related deaths in the European Region, 1990–2006~ ~Exposure
1932 III, 10. 3. 4 | 6 million people in the European Union during the period
1933 III, 10. 3. 4 | Southern Europe and in the European islands, droughts represent
1934 III, 10. 3. 4 | died from wildfires in the European Region, and the devastation
1935 III, 10. 3. 4 | state that the situation in European Union countries fortunately
1936 III, 10. 3. 4 | At the same time, the European Region should address the
1937 III, 10. 3. 4 | Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt.~ ~European Commission, 2007~Ahern et
1938 III, 10. 4. 1 | Environment Action Program~EC~European Commission~EC4MACS~European
1939 III, 10. 4. 1 | European Commission~EC4MACS~European Consortium for Modelling
1940 III, 10. 4. 1 | of Air Pollution and~EEA~European Environment Agency~EECCA~
1941 III, 10. 4. 1 | Statistical Office of the European Communities~ExternE~Externalities
1942 III, 10. 4. 1 | Today, the drivers of the European air pollution problem are
1943 III, 10. 4. 1 | problem are different between European regions. However, traffic
1944 III, 10. 4. 1 | chapter is based on the European Environment Agency (EEA)
1945 III, 10. 4. 1 | national authorities and the European Commission Services.~ ~WHO
1946 III, 10. 4. 1 | Research consortia.~ ~· European Commission : ht CAFE CBA: htt
1947 III, 10. 4. 1 | data that have been used in European air pollution management.
1948 III, 10. 4. 1 | data, compared to current European guidelines, target values
1949 III, 10. 4. 1 | including children) in European cities, where PM10 is monitored,
1950 III, 10. 4. 1 | For 14% of people, the European Union (EU) limit value of
1951 III, 10. 4. 1 | statistical life expectancy of the European population by approximately
1952 III, 10. 4. 1 | annually in a selection of European cities (WHO, 2004). The
1953 III, 10. 4. 1 | pollution impact made within the European Commission Clean Air For
1954 III, 10. 4. 1 | Commission Clean Air For Europe (European Commission, 2005d) programme
1955 III, 10. 4. 1 | particularly important since European children spend more than
1956 III, 10. 4. 1 | prevalence in children across the European study centres (ISAAC) varied
1957 III, 10. 4. 1 | light of the total time European children and adults spend
1958 III, 10. 4. 1 | quality. There are several European directives that regulate
1959 III, 10. 4. 1 | outdoor air quality but no European guidelines for indoor air
1960 III, 10. 4. 1 | for the listed pollutants (European Commission, 2005a; European
1961 III, 10. 4. 1 | European Commission, 2005a; European Commission 2005b).~The air
1962 III, 10. 4. 1 | information.~In 2001, the European Commission launched the
1963 III, 10. 4. 1 | of the other pollutants (European Commission, 2005b).~Following
1964 III, 10. 4. 1 | policy of South-eastern European countries is driven by the
1965 III, 10. 4. 1 | References~ ~AirBase – the European air quality database. Copenhagen,
1966 III, 10. 4. 1 | quality database. Copenhagen, European Environment Agency, 2006 (
1967 III, 10. 4. 1 | accessed 7 March 2007).~ ~European Environment Agency (EEA) (
1968 III, 10. 4. 1 | The fourth assessment. European Environment Agency, Copenhagen~ ~
1969 III, 10. 4. 1 | Environment Agency, Copenhagen~ ~European Environment Agency (EEA) &
1970 III, 10. 4. 1 | and the new www. ~ ~European Commission (2005a): Proposed
1971 III, 10. 4. 1 | accessed August 2007)~ ~European Commission (2005b): Commission
1972 III, 10. 4. 1 | 2005). Available at: htt ~ ~European Commission, Clean Air for
1973 III, 10. 4. 1 | Access April 2005)~ ~European Commission (2005d): Science
1974 III, 10. 4. 1 | europe (CAFE) Programme. 10th European Health Forum Gastain.~ ~
1975 III, 10. 4. 2 | Cumulative Risk Assessment~EFSA~European Food Safety Authority~EU-RAIN~
1976 III, 10. 4. 2 | Safety Authority~EU-RAIN~European Union Risk Analysis Information
1977 III, 10. 4. 2 | of food safety within the European Union face unprecedented
1978 III, 10. 4. 2 | As a consequence, most European countries and the EU institutions
1979 III, 10. 4. 2 | GFL) and established the European Food Safety Agency (EFSA).
1980 III, 10. 4. 2 | Regulation is the protection of European public health while at the
1981 III, 10. 4. 2 | consumer confidence in the European food supply. Indeed, this
1982 III, 10. 4. 2 | of the challenges facing European authorities is to identify
1983 III, 10. 4. 2 | consumer confidence in the European food supply, an innovative
1984 III, 10. 4. 2 | identified several weaknesses in European food legislation systems,
1985 III, 10. 4. 2 | establishment of an independent European food authority;~· an improved
1986 III, 10. 4. 2 | On 28th January 2002 the European Parliament and the Council
1987 III, 10. 4. 2 | which are undertaken by the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).~ ~
1988 III, 10. 4. 2 | and the creation of the European Food Safety Authority, the
1989 III, 10. 4. 2 | continue to be exercised by the European institutions.~ ~Risk assessment
1990 III, 10. 4. 2 | risk communication: the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)~ ~
1991 III, 10. 4. 2 | Founding Regulation, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA)
1992 III, 10. 4. 2 | EC) No 178/2002 of the European Parliament on 28 January
1993 III, 10. 4. 2 | on 28 January 2002.~ ~The European Food Authority would base
1994 III, 10. 4. 2 | with the EU institutions (European Commission, European Parliament
1995 III, 10. 4. 2 | institutions (European Commission, European Parliament and the Council,
1996 III, 10. 4. 2 | advice mainly coming from the European Commission, the European
1997 III, 10. 4. 2 | European Commission, the European Parliament and EU Member
1998 III, 10. 4. 2 | methodologies across the Panels, the European Union and internationally.~ ~
1999 III, 10. 4. 2 | scientific data to ensure European risk assessment is supported
2000 III, 10. 4. 2 | a border post within the European Union.~There are two categories
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